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Thesis Title: the Growth and Development Of Al-Quds University Deanship of Graduate studies The Growth and Development of the Palestinian Women’s Movement in Jerusalem during the British Mandate (1920s-1940s) Nadia Issam Mostafa Harhash M. Sc. Thesis Jerusalem – Palestine 2017 -1438 The Growth and Development of the Palestinian Women’s Movement in Jerusalem during the British Mandate (1920s-1940s) Prepared By: Nadia Issam Mostafa Harhash B.S. Law from Beirut Arab University/Beirut Supervisor: Dr. Salim Tamari Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Jerusalem Studies at al-Quds University 2017 -1438 جامعة القدس عمادة الدراسات العميا برنامج دراسات مقدسية إجازة الرسالة نشأة وتطور الحركة النسائية في القدس خﻻل فترة اﻻنتداب البريطاني إعداد: نادية عصام مصطفى حرحش الرقم الجامعي: 21012877 إشراف: د. سميم تماري تم مناقشة ىذه الرسالة واجزيت بتاريخ 26/2/2017 من قبل أعضاء لجنة المناقشة التالية أسماؤىم وت واقيعيم: 1. رئيس لجنة المناقشة : د. سميم تماري 2. ممتحنا داخميا : د. فدوى المبدي 3. ممتحنا خارجيا: د. نظمي الجعبة القدس –فمسطين 2017-1438 Declaration I certify that this thesis submitted for the degree of master is the result of my own research, except where otherwise acknowledged, and this thesis has not been submitted for the higher degree to any other university or institute. Signed: ………………….. Name: Nadia Issam Mostafa Harhash Date: 26 / 2/2017 I Appreciations To my daughters, who insist on inspiring me about a future that can be rewarding through the resilience of a nation whose torch they hold proudly—the power a woman of tomorrow can enhance in the footsteps of those women who marked our history in many ways with a dream of a homeland. And to Dr. Salim Tamari, for the invaluable support, and for a great voyage in your world of modesty filled with knowledge. And special appreciation to Dr. Fadwa Labadi and Dr. Nazmi Ju‘beh. II Abstract The research discusses the development of the women‘s movement in Palestine in the early British Mandate period through a photo that was taken in 1945 in Jerusalem during a meeting of women activists from Palestine with the renowned Egyptian feminist Huda Sha‘rawi. The photo sheds light on the side of Palestinian society that hasn't been well explored or realized by today's Palestinians. It shows women in a different role than a constructed "traditional" or "authentic" one. The photo gives insights into a particular constituency of the Palestinian women‘s movement: urban, secular-modernity women activists from the upper echelons of Palestinian society of the time, women without veils, contributing to certain political and social movements that shaped Palestinian life at the time and connected with other Arab women activists. Veiling or unveiling of the women is often analyzed through the frames of ‗modernity' and ‗tradition,' where for modernists unveiling women represents progress and modernity, while the veil becomes the symbolic locus of culture, backwardness and gender discrimination. A shift in the way women dressed indoors and outdoors, publically or privately might indeed be read as saying something about the margin of freedom women had, and hence the contradictions women encounter in the society, but the veil must not be simplistically equated with tradition or religious conservatism. Modernity and education, often represented as vehicles of empowerment, have in fact also had a regulatory and disciplinary effect on women's lives- they are not a panacea for women‘s emancipation. Consequently, analyzing women's movement in Palestine as elsewhere, must be set within a wider frame that analyses the politics of modernity, and the rhetoric of binary discourses juxtaposing ‗tradition', 'modernity', 'East' and ‗West' by different political actors on the ground engaged in processes of modern state building. Palestinians have been doomed to face the challenges of liberation. That time was no exception. This exploration delves into those activities, and the roles women helped to form in that period. Women‘s roles were part of a collective forgetfulness due to the brutal decades of the end of the Ottoman era—a forgetfulness that resulted in a total amnesia regarding real acts of that era. When people remember stories of forced militarization and collective punishment, III massacre, poverty, and illnesses, such negative aspects overshadow the reality of the life of that era. Hence, the thesis attempts to explore how the political disputes, national consensus affected the development of an effective social feminist agenda. The thesis will examine the question of whether the rise of women‘s movement was part of the rising modernist middle or /and elite class, due to the natural development of the period, including education, political activism, etc. within the mandate period; or it was as well, a collective awareness within the society and its different classes. IV نشأة وتطور الحركة النسائية في القدس خﻻل فترة اﻻنتداب البريطاني إعداد: نادية عصام مصطفى حرحش إشراف: د. سميم تماري الممخص يناقش البحث تطور الحركة النسائية في فمسطين في بداية فترة اﻻنتداب البريطاني من خﻻل صورة تم التقاطيا بسنة 1945 بالقدس ،خﻻل اجتماع ناشطات من فمسطين مع النسوية االرئدة ىدى الشعراوي. تسمط الصورة الضوء عمى جانب من المجتمع الفمسطيني لم يتم استكشافيا بشكل جيد أو تحقيق من قبل اﻻجيال الفمسطينية الجديدة. تظير الصورة النساء في دور مختمف من بناء "التقميدي" أو "اﻻصمي". الصورة تعطي نظرة ثاقبة لجانب اخر لمحركة النسائية الفمسطينية: الحضرية،العممانية، الحداثة ،ناشطات من الطبقات العميا في المجتمع الفمسطيني في ذلك الوقت. جانب يظير النساء بﻻ حجاب، فاعﻻت، جزء مناحرك سياسي واجتماعي شكل الحياة الفمسطينية حينئذ وربطيا مع النساء العربيات في العالم العربي. تقدم الصورة نظرة الى جانب من الحركة النسائية الفمسطينية بطريقة مدنية، عممانية، حداثية لناشطات من الطبقة اﻻعمى في المجتمع الفمسطيني في ذلك الوقت ، نساء غير محجبات، تساىم في االحرك السياسي واﻻجتماعي الذي شكل الحياة الفمسطينية حينئذ. بالعادة، يتم تحميل حجاب أو عدم حجاب المرأة من خﻻل اطر "الحداثة" و"التقميد، حيث تمثل المرأة غير المحجبة لمحداثيين، التنوير والحداثة، بينما يمثل الحجاب مصدرا لمتقميد، الرجعية والعنصرية المبنية عمى النوع اﻻجتماعي. بحجاب أو بدون حجاب، وسواء كان ىذا بمحتوى الصورة او غيره، ﻻ يعني بالضرورة أ ن نحكم عمى المجتمع من خﻻل ىذه النقطة, خصوصا ان نفس النساء كن يظيرن في مناسبات اخرى في اﻻماكن العامة بحجاب بطريقة أو بأخرى، التغيير في لباس النساء فيما بين المناطق المغمقة وخارجيا، سواء كانت عامة او خاصة، من الممكن كذلك ان يدل عمى مساحة الحريات التي كانت تتمتع بيا النساء انذاك، ومنو ممكن استقصاء التناقضات التي تتعرض ليا النساء في المجتمع، وعميو ﻻ يمكن مجرد اعتبار الحجاب في معادلة متوازية مع التقميد او التحفظ الديني. ان الحداثة والتعميم ،عادة ما تمثل كوسائل تمكين، التي ليا بالحقيقة تأثيرات تنظيمية ومركزية في حياة النساء، وليست حﻻ سحريا لتحرير المرأة. ونتيجة لذلك، ان تحميل الحركة النسائية في فمسطين، كما في اماكن اخرى، يجب ان تتم من خﻻل اطار واسع يحمل سياسة الحداثة، والخطابات الثنائية في جدلية ازدواج "التقميد"، "الحداثة"، "الشرق"، و"الغرب" من قبل العوامل السياسية المختمفة عمى ارض الواقع، التي تعمل عمى البناء الحديث لمدولة. اﻻ ان الموضوع ليس موضوع حجاب من ناحية الشعارات التقميدية أو الدينية، ولكن نتاج لطريقة حياة نعيش بنفس نيجيا حتى يومنا ىذا أ ن السؤال ىنا ،يتمحور اكثر حول مدى تأثير التمدن والتعميم والتغيير السياسي عمى صعود الحركة النسائية، مقابل الحركة السياسية، المييمن عمييا بالقومية الذكورية )اﻻبوية( التي حددت وتشكمت بالتطور الطبيعي لمحركة النسائية. لم تكن تمك الفترة مختمفة عما آل إليو مصير الفمسطينيين، فتمك الفترة تكممت بمواجية التحديات والنضال من أجل التحرر. يدخل البحث في تمك النشاطات واﻻدوار التي ساعدت النساء من خﻻليا في تشكيل تمك الفترة. V دور المرأة كان كذلك جزءا من الذاكرة الجماعية المقدر ليا التناسي، لقسوة العقود المصاحبة لنياية الفترة العثمانية التي انتيت الى مسح كامل ﻷي انجاز ايجابي بتمك الحقبة. عندما يتذكر الناس قصصا عن التجنيد اﻻجباري والعقوبات الجماعية والمجازر، الفقر، واﻻمراض، ﻻ يبقى اﻻ جانب سمبي يييمن عمى كافة نواحي الحياة في تمك الفترة. ومن ىنا، تحاول اﻻطروحة استكشاف تأثير النزاعات السياسية والتوافق الوطني عمى تطور اجندة نسوية اجتماعية فاعمة. وعايو، فان ادرسة مسألة ما اذا كان صعود الحركة النسائية جزءا من التطور الحداثي أو النخبة الفئوية، كتطور طبيعي في تمك الفترة، بما في ذلك التعميم، النشاط السياسي ورما الى ذلك في غضون فترة اﻻنتداب، ام كان كذلك جزءا من الوعي الجماعي داخل المجتمع في فئاتو المختمفة. ويبقى موضوع الحداثة واﻻستعمار وما بعد اﻻستعمار يشكل تساؤًﻻ لمجدل الخاص بالحراك النسائي وتطوره عمى الصعيد اﻻجتماعي والسياسي. وعميو ،فإن اﻻضاءات التي قدمتيا نساء كاولئك في الصورة، من الممكن ان توفر مكانا لتوضيح واقع حياة الفمسطينيين بداخل مضمون )اﻻحتﻻل( اﻻ يزل مستامر، مما يجعل ليذا البحث اىمية. VI Table of contents Declaration ............................................................................................................................I Appreciations ...................................................................................................................... II Abstract ............................................................................................................................. III Table of contents .............................................................................................................. VII Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... IX Part one ................................................................................................................................. 1 Research methodological outline ........................................................................................ 1 I. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND OBJECTIVES ......................................................................... 1 II. RESEARCH TOOLS AND
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