Long-Range Volcanic Ash Transport and Fallout During the 2008 Eruption of Chaitг©N Volcano, Chile
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Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2011) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Physics and Chemistry of the Earth journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pce Long-range volcanic ash transport and fallout during the 2008 eruption of Chaitén volcano, Chile ⇑ Adam J. Durant a,b,c, , Gustavo Villarosa d, William I. Rose b, Pierre Delmelle e, Alfred J. Prata a, José G. Viramonte f a Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway b Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, USA c Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK d INIBIOMA, CONICET – Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, 8400 Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina e Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, UK f Universidad Nacional de Salta – CONICET – INENCO-GEONORTE, Av. Bolivia 5150, 4400 Salta, Argentina article info abstract Article history: The May 2008 eruption of Chaitén volcano, Chile, provided a rare opportunity to measure the long-range Available online xxxx transport of volcanic emissions and characteristics of a widely-dispersed terrestrial ash deposit. Airborne ash mass, quantified using thermal infrared satellite remote sensing, ranged between 0.2 and 0.4 Tg dur- Keywords: ing the period 3–7 May 2008. A high level of spatiotemporal correspondence was observed between Volcanic ash cloud trajectories and changes in surface reflectivity, which was inferred to indicate ash deposition. Chaitén The evolution of the deposit was mapped for the first time using satellite-based observations of surface Fallout reflectivity. Satellite remote sensing The distal (>80 km) ash deposit was poorly sorted and fine grained, and mean particle size varied very Aggregation Ocean fertilisation little beyond a distance >300 km. There were three particle size subpopulations in fallout at distances >300 km which mirror those identified in fallout from the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, known to have a high propensity for aggregation. Discrete temporal sampling and characterisation of fall- out demonstrated contributions from specific eruptive phases. Samples collected at the time of deposi- tion were compared to bulk samples collected months after deposition and provided some evidence for winnowing. Experimentally-derived ash leachates had near-neutral pH values and charge balance which indicates minimal quantities of adsorbed acids. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analyses revealed surface enrichments in Ca, Na and Fe and the presence of coatings of mixed Ca-, Na- and Fe-rich salts on ash par- ticles prior to deposition. Low S:Cl ratios in leachates indicate that the eruption had a low S content, and high Cl:F ratios imply gas–ash interaction within a Cl-rich environment. We estimate that ash fallout had potential to scavenge 42% of total S released into the atmosphere prior to deposition. XPS analyses also revealed ash particle surfaces were strongly enriched in Fe (in contrast to the results from bulk leachate analyses), which suggests that Chaitén ash fallout over oceans had potential to influence productivity in high-nutrient, low-chlorophyl regions of the oceans. Therefore ash particle surface geochemical analysis should be applied to quantify Fe-modulated biologically-forced CO2 draw-down potential of volcanic ash fallout over oceans. Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction and long-range transport of volcanic emissions in the lower strato- sphere, and characterise associated fallout over a largely terrestrial Ash fallout from explosive volcanic eruptions is rarely deposited setting. Clouds from the eruption deposited ash over Chile and in entirety on terrestrial surfaces and some fraction inevitably ends Argentina and formed the first continental-scale ash deposit since up deposited in the oceans. The May 2008 eruption of Chaitén vol- the eruptions of Mount St. Helens in 1980 and Cerro Hudson in cano, Chile, provided a rare opportunity to measure the dispersion 1991. Adsorbed soluble (ephemeral and mobile) chemical compo- nents related to eruption of volcanic gases and associated incrusta- ⇑ Corresponding author at: Climate and Atmosphere Department, Norsk Institutt tions may generate a range of direct and indirect biological, for Luftforskning, Instituttveien 18, P.O. Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway. chemical and physical effects following deposition into terrestrial E-mail address: [email protected] (A.J. Durant). and aquatic ecosystems (Óskarsson, 1980; Witham et al., 2005). 1474-7065/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2011.09.004 Please cite this article in press as: Durant, A.J., et al. Long-range volcanic ash transport and fallout during the 2008 eruption of Chaitén volcano, Chile. J. Phys. Chem. Earth (2011), doi:10.1016/j.pce.2011.09.004 2 A.J. Durant et al. / Physics and Chemistry of the Earth xxx (2011) xxx–xxx The type and magnitude of these impacts depend on various fac- a large column that reached 17–20 km MSL (observed by G. Villa- tors, including the ash chemical and physical properties, deposit rosa at 14:15 ART/17:15 UTC) from the surface at a location near thickness and residence time, and sensitivity of the local environ- Esquel, Argentina (42.9°S 71.317°W), 124 km from the volcano). ment. Although a large number of eruptions have been investi- Low level ash emission continued to sustain an ash column with gated (Witham et al., 2005), this is the first such investigation of height of <10 km MSL between 3 and 5 May (Watt et al., 2009). a rhyolitic ash-fall and the environmental effects of associated rhy- Phase 3 of the eruption initiated on 6 May 2008 and generated a olitic ash leachates. column that was estimated to have reached in excess of 30 km In this study, we analyse: (1) changes in airborne ash mass in (GOES observations at 1200 UT on 6 May 2008) (Carn et al., the volcanic clouds produced by the eruption as a function of time 2009). Airborne ash and/or ice-coated ash in the dispersed cloud from satellite observations and related to observed fallout; (2) sed- from this phase was observed using CALIOP at a height of imentological characteristics of ash fallout collected at or very near 16 km MSL the following day between 41 and 42°S(Thomason the time of deposition, i.e., pristine and unaffected by hydrological and Pitts, 2008). Phase 4 began on 8 May 2008 with the eruption or aeolian processes post-deposition; and (3) the composition of of an ash column to 20–22 km MSL. Volcanic aerosol from this chemical leachates released through deposition of rhyolitic ash phase was observed using CALIOP at a height of 13 km MSL the fol- fallout in aqueous environments. lowing day (Carn et al., 2009; Thomason and Pitts, 2008). Emission continued into May and June at low intensities with ash columns 1.1. The May 2008 eruption of Chaitén, Chile generally reaching mid- to upper tropospheric heights. By July activity had diminished and occasional ash eruptions generated The eruption chronology reported here combines previous ac- plumes that reached between <2 and 3 km (Simkin and Siebert, counts (Carn et al., 2009; Folch et al., 2008; Lara, 2009; Watt 2002). et al., 2009) and additional surface and remote sensing observa- Ash fallout from the eruption was widespread and impacted tions of the eruption (Table 1). The May 2008 eruption of Chaitén large regions of Chile and Argentina (Watt et al., 2009). Ash emis- was unexpected as the previous documented eruption at the vol- sions from Phase 1 were dispersed to the southeast over Argentina, cano occurred nearly 10,000 years ago (Naranjo and Stern, 2004) although an early emissive pulse on 2 May was transported to the though new tephrochronological data from surface and lake re- east and northeast of Chaitén volcano, and ash fallout was cords in Argentina suggest that there were other important explo- observed at Esquel, Argentina (42.907°S 71.308°W), 110 km sive events during the Holocene (Iglesias et al., 2011). Seismic away from Chaitén volcano and Epuyén (42.233°S 71.350°W) activity increased on 30 April 2008 with swarms of volcano-tec- 130 km to the northeast (Fig. 5). Ash fallout was observed at tonic earthquakes ranging in magnitude from 3 to 5 (Carn et al., Comodoro Rivadavia on the Argentine coast (45.87°S 67.48°W) 2009). Between 1 May and 2 May 2008 the frequency of events in- over 500 km to the SE approximately 16 h after the eruption began. creased and reached a maximum of 15–20 per hour prior to the A sheared portion of the cloud was transported to the NW as far as first major eruption (Phase 1) at 08:00 UTC on 2 May (Table 1) Bariloche, Argentina (41.16°S 71.34°W), about 215 km NNE of Cha- that generated a column in excess of 21 km above mean sea level itén in the evening of 2 May 2008, although no ash-fall was re- (MSL) (Lara, 2009). Geostationary Operational Environmental Sa- ported at the time. tellite (GOES) thermal infrared imagery indicated a cloud height Emissions from Phases 2–4 were dispersed first to the southeast of 12 km MSL at 0800 UT on 2 May 2008 (Carn et al., 2009) for towards Comodoro Rivadavia on 3 May, and then east towards the the dispersed part of the cloud which was corroborated a day later Argentine coastal settlements of Trelew (43.249°S 65.307°W) and by cloud height estimates from a space-borne lidar (CALIOP; Puerto Madryn (42.754°S 65.049°W) where ash fallout was ob- Thomason and Pitts, 2008). After a period of quiescence on the served on 5 May.