Models on Diel Vertical Migration. (With 3 Figures and 3 Tables in the Text) 123-136
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5A-Cyprinol Sulfate, a Bile Salt from Fish, Induces Diel Vertical Migration in Daphnia Meike Anika Hahn1*, Christoph Effertz1, Laurent Bigler2, Eric Von Elert1
RESEARCH ARTICLE 5a-cyprinol sulfate, a bile salt from fish, induces diel vertical migration in Daphnia Meike Anika Hahn1*, Christoph Effertz1, Laurent Bigler2, Eric von Elert1 1Aquatic Chemical Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Koeln, Koeln, Germany; 2Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Abstract Prey are under selection to minimize predation losses. In aquatic environments, many prey use chemical cues released by predators, which initiate predator avoidance. A prominent example of behavioral predator-avoidance constitutes diel vertical migration (DVM) in the freshwater microcrustacean Daphnia spp., which is induced by chemical cues (kairomones) released by planktivorous fish. In a bioassay-guided approach using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, we identified the kairomone from fish incubation water as 5a-cyprinol sulfate inducing DVM in Daphnia at picomolar concentrations. The role of 5a-cyprinol sulfate in lipid digestion in fish explains why from an evolutionary perspective fish has not stopped releasing 5a- cyprinol sulfate despite the disadvantages for the releaser. The identification of the DVM-inducing kairomone enables investigating its spatial and temporal distribution and the underlying molecular mechanism of its perception. Furthermore, it allows to test if fish-mediated inducible defenses in other aquatic invertebrates are triggered by the same compound. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44791.001 Introduction Predation is recognized as an important selective force which -
Juvenile and Adult Daphnia Magna Survival in Response to Hypoxia
Juvenile and adult Daphnia magna survival in response to hypoxia Erica Strom University of Minnesota Duluth University Honors – Senior Capstone Spring 2015 UROP Project Faculty Advisor: Dr. Donn Branstrator STROM Daphnia magna Hypoxia Abstract This study was undertaken to determine survival of juvenile and adult Daphnia magna under hypoxic conditions in comparison to its predators. Because D. magna perform diel vertical migration to avoid visually-oriented predators, they spend a significant portion of the day at depth where light and oxygen levels are low. In this series of experiments, Daphnia magna were exposed to low dissolved oxygen concentrations and assessed for survival. Juvenile D. magna were hypothesized to tolerate a lower dissolved oxygen concentration than adults because of their smaller size and presumed lower oxygen consumption. The dissolved oxygen concentration lethal to 50 percent of both juvenile and adult D. magna was found to be 0.47 mg/L, which is significantly lower than the minimum dissolved oxygen limits experienced by its predators. 2 STROM Daphnia magna Hypoxia Introduction Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Cladocera) is a species of zooplankton that resides in freshwater lakes, mainly in northeastern North America (EPA 1985). At night, D. magna feed on algae near the surface, but during the day they migrate lower into the water column to avoid predation by visually-oriented fish – a behavioral pattern called diel vertical migration, DVM (Lampert 1989). Going deeper into a lake can expose D. magna to a hypoxic (low-oxygen) environment, as well as a lower light and temperature levels (Wetzel 2001). Prolonged exposure to hypoxia can induce hemoglobin production, causing some Daphnia to turn red (Gorr et al. -
Uncovering Ultrastructural Defences in Daphnia Magna – an Interdisciplinary Approach to Assess the Predator- Induced Fortification of the Carapace
Uncovering Ultrastructural Defences in Daphnia magna – An Interdisciplinary Approach to Assess the Predator- Induced Fortification of the Carapace Max Rabus1,2*, Thomas Söllradl3, Hauke Clausen-Schaumann3,4, Christian Laforsch2,5 1 Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany, 2 Department of Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Germany, 3 Department of Precision, and Micro-Engineering, Engineering Physics, University of Applied Sciences Munich, Germany, 4 Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians- University Munich, Germany, 5 Geo-Bio Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany Abstract The development of structural defences, such as the fortification of shells or exoskeletons, is a widespread strategy to reduce predator attack efficiency. In unpredictable environments these defences may be more pronounced in the presence of a predator. The cladoceran Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Cladocera) has been shown to develop a bulky morphotype as an effective inducible morphological defence against the predatory tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Notostraca). Mediated by kairomones, the daphnids express an increased body length, width and an elongated tail spine. Here we examined whether these large scale morphological defences are accompanied by additional ultrastructural defences, i.e. a fortification of the exoskeleton. We employed atomic force microscopy (AFM) based nanoindentation experiments to assess the cuticle hardness along with tapping mode AFM imaging to visualise the surface morphology for predator exposed and non-predator exposed daphnids. We used semi-thin sections of the carapace to measure the cuticle thickness, and finally, we used fluorescence microscopy to analyse the diameter of the pillars connecting the two carapace layers. We found that D. magna indeed expresses ultrastructural defences against Triops predation. -
An Overview of the Contribution of Studies with Cladocerans
Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 2015, 27(2), 145-159 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X3414 An overview of the contribution of studies with cladocerans to environmental stress research Um panorama da contribuição de estudos com cladóceros para as pesquisas sobre o estresse ambiental Albert Luiz Suhett1, Jayme Magalhães Santangelo2, Reinaldo Luiz Bozelli3, Christian Eugen Wilhem Steinberg4 and Vinicius Fortes Farjalla3 1Unidade Universitária de Biologia, Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste – UEZO, CEP 23070-200, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] 2Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Florestas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro – UFRRJ, CEP 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] 3Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, CEP 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 4Institute of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences I, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 12437, Berlin, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Cladocerans are microcrustaceans component of the zooplankton in a wide array of aquatic ecosystems. These organisms, in particular the genusDaphnia , have been widely used model organisms in studies ranging from biomedical sciences to ecology. Here, we present an overview of the contribution of studies with cladocerans to understanding the consequences at different levels of biological organization of stress induced by environmental factors. We discuss how some characteristics of cladocerans (e.g., small body size, short life cycles, cyclic parthenogenesis) make them convenient models for such studies, with a particular comparison with other major zooplanktonic taxa. -
Lineage Diversity, Morphological and Genetic Divergence in Daphnia Magna (Crustacea) Among Chinese Lakes at Different Altitudes
Contributions to Zoology 89 (2020) 450-470 CTOZ brill.com/ctoz Lineage diversity, morphological and genetic divergence in Daphnia magna (Crustacea) among Chinese lakes at different altitudes Xiaolin Ma* Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai, China Yijun Ni* Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai, China Xiaoyu Wang Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai, China Wei Hu Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai, China Mingbo Yin Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai, China [email protected] Abstract The biogeography and genetic structure of aquatic zooplankton populations remains understudied in the Eastern Palearctic, especially the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Here, we explored the population-genetic di- versity and structure of the cladoceran waterflea Daphnia magna found in eight (out of 303 investigated) waterbodies across China. The three Tibetan D. magna populations were detected within a small geo- graphical area, suggesting these populations have expanded from refugia. We detected two divergent mi- tochondrial lineages of D. magna in China: one was restricted to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the * Contributed equally. © Ma et al., 2020 | doi:10.1163/18759866-bja10011 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the cc by 4.0 license. -
Benefits of Haemoglobin in Daphnia Magna
The Journal of Experimental Biology 204, 3425–3441 (2001) 3425 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2001 JEB3379 Benefits of haemoglobin in the cladoceran crustacean Daphnia magna R. Pirow*, C. Bäumer and R. J. Paul Institut für Zoophysiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Hindenburgplatz 55, D-48143 Münster, Germany *e-mail: [email protected] Accepted 24 July 2001 Summary To determine the contribution of haemoglobin (Hb) to appendage-related variables. In Hb-poor animals, the the hypoxia-tolerance of Daphnia magna, we exposed Hb- INADH signal indicated that the oxygen supply to the limb poor and Hb-rich individuals (2.4–2.8 mm long) to a muscle tissue started to become impeded at a critical stepwise decrease in ambient oxygen partial pressure PO·amb of 4.75 kPa, although the high level of fA was (PO·amb) over a period of 51 min from normoxia largely maintained until 1.77 kPa. The obvious (20.56 kPa) to anoxia (<0.27 kPa) and looked for discrepancy between these two critical PO·amb values differences in their physiological performance. The haem- suggested an anaerobic supplementation of energy based concentrations of Hb in the haemolymph were provision in the range 4.75–1.77 kPa. The fact that INADH −1 −1 49 µmol l in Hb-poor and 337 µmol l in Hb-rich of Hb-rich animals did not rise until PO·amb fell below 1.32 animals, respectively. The experimental apparatus made kPa strongly suggests that the extra Hb available to Hb- simultaneous measurement of appendage beating rate (fA), rich animals ensured an adequate oxygen supply to the NADH fluorescence intensity (INADH) of the appendage limb muscle tissue in the PO·amb range 4.75–1.32 kPa. -
Effect of a New Feed Daphnia Magna
sustainability Article Effect of a New Feed Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820), as a Fish Meal Substitute on Growth, Feed Utilization, Histological Status, and Economic Revenue of Grey Mullet, Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus 1758) Hamdy A. Abo-Taleb 1,* , Mohamed Ashour 2,* , Mohamed A. Elokaby 2, Mohamed M. Mabrouk 3, Mohamed M. M. El-feky 4, Othman F. Abdelzaher 1, Ahmed Gaber 5 , Walaa F. Alsanie 6 and Abdallah Tageldein Mansour 7,8,* 1 Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11823, Egypt; [email protected] 2 National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo 11516, Egypt; [email protected] 3 Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11823, Egypt; [email protected] 4 Aquatic Resources, Natural Resources Studies and Research Department, College of High Asian Studies, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; [email protected] 5 Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 6 Department of Clinical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 7 Animal and Fish Production Department, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Citation: Abo-Taleb, H.A.; Ashour, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia M.; Elokaby, M.A.; Mabrouk, M.M.; 8 Fish and Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, El-feky, M.M.M.; Abdelzaher, O.F.; Alexandria 21531, Egypt Gaber, A.; Alsanie, W.F.; Mansour, * Correspondence: [email protected] (H.A.A.-T.); [email protected] (M.A.); A.T. Effect of a New Feed Daphnia [email protected] (A.T.M.) magna (Straus, 1820), as a Fish Meal Substitute on Growth, Feed Utilization, Abstract: The formulator of aquatic diets is part of a continuous search for alternative protein Histological Status, and Economic sources instead of depreciated fish meal. -
Genetic, Morphological and Ecological Relationships Among Populations of the Clam Shrimp, Caenestheriella Gynecia
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects CUNY Graduate Center 2011 Genetic, Morphological and Ecological Relationships Among Populations of the Clam Shrimp, Caenestheriella gynecia Jonelle Orridge The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/4258 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] GENETIC, MORPHOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG POPULATIONS OF THE CLAM SHRIMP, Caenestheriella gynecia by JONELLE ORRIDGE A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Biology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2011 © 2011 JONELLE IMOGENE ORRIDGE All rights reserved ii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Biology in satisfaction of the dissertation requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy. __________________ _____________________________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee Dr. John R. Waldman, Queens College __________________ _____________________________________ Date Executive Officer Dr. Laurel A. Eckhardt Dr. Stephane Boissinot, Queens College Dr. Pokay M. Ma, Queens College Dr. Robert E. Schmidt, Bard College at Simon’s Rock Dr. Frank Cantelmo, St. John’s University Supervisory Committee THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii Abstract GENETIC, MORPHOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG POPULATIONS OF THE CLAM SHRIMP, CANESTHERIELLA GYNECIA by Jonelle I. Orridge Advisor: Professor John R. Waldman Little is known about the ecology of the clam shrimp, Caenestheriella gynecia. -
Daphnia Magna (Cladocera – Daphniidae) Under Experiment Conditions
SSRG International Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Science (SSRG-IJAES) – Volume 7 Issue 2 – Mar – April 2020 The Effect of Light Intensities on the Growth and Reproduction of Daphnia magna (Cladocera – Daphniidae) under Experiment Conditions *1 Dr. Adib Hasan Zeini, *2 Mai Moeen Akel * a Professor at the Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tishreen University- Lattakia- Syria. ** a Postgraduate student at the Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tishreen University- Lattakia- Syria Abstract toxicological studies [11]. One of the interesting characteristics of Daphnia The Study was conducted on Daphnia magna is cyclical parthenogenesis i.e. they have two which is cultured as live food for fish larvae and different types of reproduction including sexual and crustaceans in fish farms. asexual (parthenogenetic) reproduction modes in The first batch of these Crustaceans was their life cycle ]12[. collected from the fresh water bodies nearest to Light can also be considered crucial for the Tishreen University. Then, the individuals have been growth of Daphnia as daily and seasonal vertical adapted in laboratory conditions to prepare them for Daphnia migrations through the water column have a series of experiments. After that, we determined the been observed as being dependent on the light effects of light intensities (0, 300, 800, 1500 lux) on climate some biological characteristics such as growth and ]13[. reproduction rates. Experiments lasted from 15/02/2019 until 14/ 12/ 2112. The results showed The aim of this work is to investigate the effect that the suitable light intensity for the growth and of light intensity on the growth and reproduction of reproduction of D.magna is 800 lux which we can Daphnia magna in laboratory experiments. -
The Role of Microbiome and Genotype in Daphnia Magna Upon Parasite Re-Exposure
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article The Role of Microbiome and Genotype in Daphnia magna upon Parasite Re-Exposure Lore Bulteel 1,*, Shira Houwenhuyse 1 , Steven A. J. Declerck 2,3 and Ellen Decaestecker 1 1 Laboratory of Aquatic Biology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven-Campus Kulak, E. Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (E.D.) 2 Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands; [email protected] 3 Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, Department of Biology, KULeuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +32-4-9772-1255 Abstract: Recently, it has been shown that the community of gut microorganisms plays a crucial role in host performance with respect to parasite tolerance. Knowledge, however, is lacking on the role of the gut microbiome in mediating host tolerance after parasite re-exposure, especially considering multiple parasite infections. We here aimed to fill this knowledge gap by studying the role of the gut microbiome on tolerance in Daphnia magna upon multiple parasite species re-exposure. Additionally, we investigated the role of the host genotype in the interaction between the gut microbiome and the host phenotypic performance. A microbiome transplant experiment was performed in which three germ-free D. magna genotypes were exposed to a gut microbial inoculum and a parasite community treatment. The gut microbiome inocula were pre-exposed to the same parasite communities or a control treatment. Daphnia performance was monitored, and amplicon sequencing was performed to characterize the gut microbial community. -
The Noncosmopolitanism Paradigm of Freshwater Zooplankton
Molecular Ecology (2009) 18, 5161–5179 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04422.x The noncosmopolitanism paradigm of freshwater zooplankton: insights from the global phylogeography of the predatory cladoceran Polyphemus pediculus (Linnaeus, 1761) (Crustacea, Onychopoda) S. XU,* P. D. N. HEBERT,† A. A. KOTOV‡ and M. E. CRISTESCU* *Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada N9B 3P4, †Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1, ‡A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Leninsky Prospect 33, Moscow 119071, Russia Abstract A major question in our understanding of eukaryotic biodiversity is whether small bodied taxa have cosmopolitan distributions or consist of geographically localized cryptic taxa. Here, we explore the global phylogeography of the freshwater cladoceran Polyphemus pediculus (Linnaeus, 1761) (Crustacea, Onychopoda) using two mitochon- drial genes, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16s ribosomal RNA, and one nuclear marker, 18s ribosomal RNA. The results of neighbour-joining and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses reveal an exceptionally pronounced genetic structure at both inter- and intra- continental scales. The presence of well-supported, deeply divergent phylogroups across the Holarctic suggests that P. pediculus represents an assemblage of at least nine, largely allopatric cryptic species. Interestingly, all phylogenetic analyses support the reciprocal paraphyly of Nearctic and Palaearctic clades. Bayesian inference of ancestral distribu- tions suggests that P. pediculus originated in North America or East Asia and that European lineages of Polyphemus were established by subsequent intercontinental dispersal events from North America. Japan and the Russian Far East harbour exceptionally high levels of genetic diversity at both regional and local scales. -
Mitochondrial Genome Diversity and Evolution in Branchiopoda (Crustacea) Andrea Luchetti1* , Giobbe Forni1, Alyza M
Luchetti et al. Zoological Letters (2019) 5:15 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-019-0131-5 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Mitochondrial genome diversity and evolution in Branchiopoda (Crustacea) Andrea Luchetti1* , Giobbe Forni1, Alyza M. Skaist2, Sarah J. Wheelan2 and Barbara Mantovani1 Abstract Background: The crustacean class Branchiopoda includes fairy shrimps, clam shrimps, tadpole shrimps, and water fleas. Branchiopods, which are well known for their great variety of reproductive strategies, date back to the Cambrian and extant taxa can be mainly found in freshwater habitats, also including ephemeral ponds. Mitochondrial genomes of the notostracan taxa Lepidurus apus lubbocki (Italy), L. arcticus (Iceland) and Triops cancriformis (an Italian and a Spanish population) are here characterized for the first time and analyzed together with available branchiopod mitogenomes. Results: Overall, branchiopod mitogenomes share the basic structure congruent with the ancestral Pancrustacea model. On the other hand, rearrangements involving tRNAs and the control region are observed among analyzed taxa. Remarkably, an unassigned region in the L. apus lubbocki mitogenome showed a chimeric structure, likely resulting from a non-homologous recombination event between the two flanking trnC and trnY genes. Notably, Anostraca and Onychocaudata mitogenomes showed increased GC content compared to both Notostraca and the common ancestor, and a significantly higher substitution rate, which does not correlate with selective pressures, as suggested by dN/dS values. Conclusions: Branchiopod mitogenomes appear rather well-conserved, although gene rearrangements have occurred. For the first time, it is reported a putative non-homologous recombination event involving a mitogenome, which produced a pseudogenic tRNA sequence. In addition, in line with data in the literature, we explain the higher substitution rate of Anostraca and Onychocaudata with the inferred GC substitution bias that occurred during their evolution.