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Genetic, Morphological and Ecological Relationships Among Populations of the Clam Shrimp, Caenestheriella Gynecia

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Genetic, Morphological and Ecological Relationships Among Populations of the Clam Shrimp, Caenestheriella Gynecia City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects CUNY Graduate Center 2011 Genetic, Morphological and Ecological Relationships Among Populations of the Clam Shrimp, Caenestheriella gynecia Jonelle Orridge The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/4258 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] GENETIC, MORPHOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG POPULATIONS OF THE CLAM SHRIMP, Caenestheriella gynecia by JONELLE ORRIDGE A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Biology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2011 © 2011 JONELLE IMOGENE ORRIDGE All rights reserved ii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Biology in satisfaction of the dissertation requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy. __________________ _____________________________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee Dr. John R. Waldman, Queens College __________________ _____________________________________ Date Executive Officer Dr. Laurel A. Eckhardt Dr. Stephane Boissinot, Queens College Dr. Pokay M. Ma, Queens College Dr. Robert E. Schmidt, Bard College at Simon’s Rock Dr. Frank Cantelmo, St. John’s University Supervisory Committee THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii Abstract GENETIC, MORPHOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG POPULATIONS OF THE CLAM SHRIMP, CANESTHERIELLA GYNECIA by Jonelle I. Orridge Advisor: Professor John R. Waldman Little is known about the ecology of the clam shrimp, Caenestheriella gynecia. Caenestheriella gynecia was first discovered in 1939 in a single pool in Oxford, Ohio. Schmidt and Kiviat (2007) reported four new localities of C. gynecia in New York and New Jersey, three within the Hudson Valley of New York and one in northeastern New Jersey. Caenestheriella gynecia may have originated from a very small founder population due possibly to unusual dispersal vectors from its natural range to the west, in Ohio. Egg samples and hatched individuals were obtained from all study sites and specimens were raised in the lab to estimate several growth and survivorship traits. In the field, puddle habitats were observed between the months of May and August where water quality parameters (i.e., dissolved oxygen, temperature, conductivity and pH, and nutrient composition) were recorded. Genetic comparisons across the study sites were made using nuclear DNA sequencing and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The results of this study presented a wide range in the hydro-chemical and physical characteristics of the ephemeral pools in which C. gynecia seem to tolerate. Morphologically, New Jersey and Massachusetts populations possessed meristics counts within the range of those discovered by Mattox in 1950. However, I recommend the placement of the New York population within the Cyzicus genus as their meristic iv measurements fell outside the range for Caenestheriella . RAPD results revealed the presence of more than one clone in puddles containing C. gynecia although mtDNA sequencing did not reveal any genetic variation within or among populations. The lack of males within C. gynecia’s population and low levels of genetic variability support the clonal nature of a strictly parthenogenetic species. These investigations provide a substantial extension of fundamental knowledge of this poorly understood species. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank my mother, Lorna Orridge. She was my first field assistant and without her help and guidance throughout this journey, I would not have made it to the end. I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. John R. Waldman and my committee members, Drs. Stéphane Boissinot, Robert Schmidt and Pokay Ma for their questions, ideas and time. Special thanks go to my committee member, Dr. Frank Cantelmo whose enthusiasm in his aquatic courses sparked my interest to further my knowledge of aquatic ecosystems. To my undergraduate assistants– Jessica Chandhok, Cynthia Komar, and Jacqueline Milander – for their help with field activities and laboratory assistance. Lastly, but most recently, to my daughter for being my motivation during the last year. With this achievement, I hope to inspire you in all your future endeavors. This research was supported by the CUNY NSF/AGEP (Alliance for Graduate Education and the Professoriate), Hudson River Foundation, and the CUNY Science Now GK-12 Fellowship Program. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ ix LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xii INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ........................................................................ 1 OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER I: CAENESTHERIELLA GYNECIA POPULATIONS IN NORTH EAST AMERICA ........................................................................................................................ 11 STUDY AREAS .................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER II: LIFE HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS AMONG POPULATIONS OF CAENESTHERIELLA GYNECIA IN MASSACHUSETTS, NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK................................................................................................................................ 26 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 26 METHODS ........................................................................................................................... 29 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................ 32 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER III: MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF NORTHEASTERN CONCHOSTRACANS ..................................................................................................... 46 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 46 METHODS ........................................................................................................................... 49 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................ 50 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................... 53 vii CHAPTER IV: ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG POPULATIONS OF CAENESTHERIELLA GYNECIA IN MASSACHUSETTS, NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK................................................................................................................................ 71 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 71 METHODS ........................................................................................................................... 74 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................ 76 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER V: GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG POPULATIONS OF CAENESTHERIELLA GYNECIA IN MASSACHUSETTS, NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK.............................................................................................................................. 106 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 106 METHODS ......................................................................................................................... 110 RESULTS .......................................................................................................................... 120 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................... 123 CHAPTER VI: MATING SYSTEM OF CAENESTHERIELLA GYNECIA .................. 150 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 150 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................................................................................. 156 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................. 161 ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION ...................................................................................... 161 LIFE HISTORY AND CONSERVATION ................................................................................ 163 LITERATURE CITED ................................................................................................... 171 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Scientific classification of the clam shrimp, Caenestheriella gynecia. ..............
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