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Coal: a Global Fuel

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Coal: a Global Fuel Coal: A Global Fuel Challenges & Perspectives Dr. M Valdelievre Politechnika - Warszaw - May 2015 Programme Day 1- Monday 20 April Coal: A Global Fuel 1- Coal: a Fossil Fuel 1H Primary Energy Fuel Geology -Origin – Ranking - Analysis World Reserves & Production: Hard Coal-Lignite-Peat 2- The Coal chain: 2H Mining Techniques Health, Safety & Environment Concerns Coal Preparation & Beneficiation Process Bulk Transportation International Coal Flow - The Seaborne Market Day 2 –Tuesday 3- Industrial Process 1H30 Methane from Coal : CBM - CMM Coal Conversion: to Gas & Liquid CTL/CTO Industry kiln: Steel mills & Cement Plants Coal & Power: a sustainable Binomial 4-Tutorial Work Session 1H 30 Day 3 - Wednesday Combustion : Effluents & CO2 Challenges 5 Coal Combustion: 1H30 general Features Effluent SOX-NOX-PM-Metal .. Formation/Reduction Emission Regulations 6- Industrial Plants: Clean Combustion Technologies-CCT 1H30 Pulverized - PC Fluidized bed - FBC-CFBC- Bubble Bed Gasification Plant- IGCC Day 4 –Thursday 7 Tutorial Work Session 1H30 8- CO2 Problematic 1H30 CO2 Emission Trend CO2 Reduction: Combustion Efficiency/Super Critical Regime… Co-Firing Biomass CO2 Capture & Storage / CCS Day 5 –Friday 9- 21st Century Coal Perspectives 1H 30 Coal Cases: INDIA-CHINA-USA-EU/Germany Last Words 10- Coal Test 1 H 1- Coal: A Primary Fuel 2013/2012 Facts ( WCA.est.) Coal World Consumption + 3 % 30.1 % of Primary Energy 41% of Electricity Generation +/- 68% Coal used for Electricity Generation Coal: a Successful Story… Thanks to Coal to have fueled the industrial revolution and the Western Country modern development …since the 19th century … Claude Monet (1840-1926)- Les charbonniers dit aussi Les déchargeurs de charbon- Vers 1875 During the 20TH century OIL became the dominant fuel steadily dropping prices and base fuel for booming Transport , Power and Industry Sectors From the Years70… Sharp Crude Oil Price increases… Oil becomes mainly dedicated to Transportation-Chemistry & Domestic sectors and shifts progressively away from the Industry and Power Coal, Natural Gas, and Nuclear: fuels for the Power sector From 2000 to 2012Y… COAL : The fastest growing fossil fuel to accompany booming Growth and Power demand PR China - India and Pacific zone Primary Energy World Consumption (Million tonnes oil equivalent) 2013/ 2012Yr. Primary Energy + 2.3% Coal + 3 % Oil- Gas & Coal # 81 % BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 © BP 2014 Coal: still a dominant Fuel +5% growth in average …. Origin & Formation late Paleozoic Era…From -330 to -250MYears Most of the Hard Coal Deposits set during the Carboniferous & Permian Periods Tropical forests: giant Ferns, Horse trails…on the Pangaea Equatorial Continent Successive Warming – Glaciations to the final Permian Desertification… Coastal and lower areas-swamps- flooded by raising waters or subsidence… Coal formation or Coalification : a Biochemical / Geochemical process Carbone amount Increases and Water ratio decreases progressively - Coalification: Molecular changes... Lignin... Vegetal Swamps…. - Final stage - The 4 Coal ranks Peat: A mass of recently accumulated to partially carbonized Lignite : The lowest rank of coal is "lignite". It is peat plant debris. This material is on its way to becoming coal but its that has been compressed, dewatered and lithified into a plant debris source is still easily recognizable rock. It often contains recognizable plant structures. Bituminous coal : Bituminous coal is typically a banded Anthracite: Anthracite is the highest rank of coal. It sedimentary rock. has a bright luster and breaks with a semi-conchoidal fracture. From http://geology.com/rocks/coal.shtml - COAL ANALYSIS 1- PROXIMATE ANALYSIS: H20 + VM+ Ash + FC = 100% Moisture H2O VOLATILE MATTER - VM COAL TOTAL Carbon… ASH ASH – MINERALS Mineral Matters FIXED CARBON FC 1-Total Moisture Warming in air # 110 DC ( or in N2 # 150 DC) 2-Volatile Matter (VM) Pyrolisis: warming (In N2) up to 650-800DC 3-Ash/mineral residue After full burning 4-Fixed carbon (FC) By difference –the remaining Carbon (% weight) References: coal / humidity -As Received- AR coal as it is… -Air Dried – AD Inherent moisture still in –after air drying at 50 DC -Dried Basis DB Total Moisture % removed -Dried ash free DAF Ash and Moisture % are removed AR and AD are the usual references for Coals The standard practice for proximate analysis of coal may be referred to ASTM D3172-07a or ISO 17246:2005. International Coal Classifications & Uses… Main Uses: -Steam coal Boilers Power Gen.- Cements- Metallurgical -Domestic 2-Additional Analysis ULTIMATE C - H - O – S – N... (organic phase) Metals...(Ni-Co-Hg.... Fluorescence X or Mass Spectrography Ash density 2.5+ variable compounds : mainly Al2O3-SiO2- Fe2O3-CaO-MgO K2O/Na2O.... CO3 and SO4 Temp Fusion – AFT Ash FusionTemp – generally 1150-1400 DC range Calorific Value Low/Net CV HGI Hard Grove Index or grindability range index :40-55 index Sizing 0- 50/70 mm - for Industry Petrography/ Maceral (vegetal Origin Nature ) Liptinite, Vitrinite, Inertinite Vegetal compounds- Microscope analysis... Vitrinite Aromatic contents - combustion reactivity Swelling Index Metallurgical – Coking Coal FUEL: Calorific Value-CV Net CV from local Markets The amount of heat released during the full Combustion of a fuel Gross CV is measured in a laboratory on a representative sample AD … Low or Net CV: for Plant Efficiency * Water always liquid in the gas Coal CV fluctuates with Geology history Coal ranking C & H content Mineral & Humidity contents sourcing / mines relation GCV/NCV annexed-l 1 TOE = 41.8 GJ •Steam Coal or coal for combustion in a vapor generator 1 TEC = 27.8GJ • -----from IEA statistics reference Hard Coal, Lignite, Peat & Biomass Indicative Analysis Range…. LCV Humidity C MV Ashes MJ/kg % % % % Coal AD Anthracite 34-36 2-3 95-98 5-10 0-1 Sub & Bituminous 20-28 3-12 60-80 15-30 10-20 Lignite 13-17 15-25 50-65 30-40 1-8 Peat 10-15 20-30 55-60 55-70 1-5 Wood AD 16-20 15-25** 50* 70-75 0-1.5 Vegetation/ AD Straw 14-15 8 45-50* 60 2-4 Bagasse Sugar cane 15-19 20-50 45-55 45 2-3 ** Humidity up to 60-80% on As Received AR *** Oxygen 40 - 45 % LCV : Low Calorific Value – MV :volatile content A D : Dried by Air 50DC Coal Analysis Objectives -Commercial CV-Ash-Humidity* With contractual Price adjustments -Handling -Burning parameters Sizing -HGI- Ash-Vol.- Humidity-Carbon & H -Pollutants S-N-Ash-Metal traces… With contractual limits & Penalty * Humidity Reference value & representative sample on AR as received or AD air dried World Resources & Reserves 140 Years Reserves… 892 GT (1052 GT) From DERA-BGR Germany 2012 6.8 GT 2013Yr 75% Reserves /90 % resources from Palaeozoic sedimentary basins in USA, China, Russia and India Also with significant reserves Australia, Indonesia and South Africa Coal Production/Consumption by region Million tonnes oil equivalent Mtoe Production by region Consumption by region Consumption: +5% during the 2000Yrs Production + 0.4% Consumption +3% BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014 Coal Reserves-to-Production (R/P) Ratios: Years BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014 2013Y - Lignite & Hard Coal Producers MT % the Top 10… PR China 3561 45.5% USA 904 11.5% INDIA 613 7.8% POLAND AUSTRALIA 459 5.9% KAZAKHSTAN 2% GERMANY 2% 2% RUSSIA 347 4.4% SOUTH AFRICA Others INDONESIA 489 6.2% 3% 9% SOUTH AFRICA 256 3.3% INDONESIA PR China 6% KAZAKHSTAN 120 1.5% RUSSIA 46% 4% POLAND 143 1.8% INDIA AUSTRALIA GERMANY 191 2.4% 8% USA 6% Others 740 9.4% 12% Total 7823 99.9% • World Coal - Hard coal production # 6 800Mt ( 5 600Mt for steam and 1.2Bt - 15% - for Metallurgy uses ) - Lignite/brown coal production # 1 023 Mt • China : the biggest producer • EU28: 521 MT of which 114 MT Hard coal & 407 MT lignite WCA -2013 stat 10 Countries 90 % production CHINA 1st World Coal Producer • Proven reserves of 114,5 Gt (BP stats) or 180 GT ? 25 to 45 Yrs Production... • Reserves widely distributed, mostly in the far Northern and Eastern • Defined Resources # 1000 Gt - Total estimated Resources 5000 Gt... North West /North provinces mainly .... GEN/TM/Charbon – GB – Journée Charbon – 22 janvier 2010 Coal in China: +/- 200-250 MT/year increase in 2000-2010Yrs… slow down in the 2010 Yrs ? Demand Capped: +/- 4 Gt in 2015Y ?- Official - Feb 2012… for the 5 Yrs plan LIGNITE/Brown COAL: Resources & Reserves From DERA-BGR Germany 2012 LIGNITE : Coal more than 35% moisture.CV less than 16.5 MJ/kg AD Lignite - Brown coal Geologically younger coal Cretaceous & Tertiary Periods. Quality - ( Indicative -Rhineland Lignites) LCV: 7.8 to 10.5MJ/kg AR ( 12 - 16MJ AD) Tot Moisture: 40-50% Ash 1.5-5% Sulphur: 0.15–0.50% Vast World reserves +/-300 Gt (+4000 Gt resources) Australia, US (Dakota) and China mainly Germany: 1st producer 26 % electricity RWE AG, 100 Mt -opencast mines Greece –Poland-Bulgary…… Badger 293 Hambach EU:407 Mt – for power in 2013Yrs RWE Bucket-wheel excavators 240 000 M3/day India (Rajasthan…), USA, Australia-Pakistan –China… Lignite: a Cheap Fuel / High Moisture Not traded on long distance… EUROPE 28: Coal & Lignite Production Peat: A Biomass Fuel ? Peat bog : 3% of the world’s land –mainly in former glacier areas (northern Europe/ Siberia- Ireland Peat also found in tropical areas (Indonesia-Cameroun… As partially & aerobic decay of accumulated vegetation / biomass from wetland- Peat holds a lot of water Moisture 50-60 %+ AR Lütt-Witt Moor, a bog in Henstedt-Uzburg 15-20% AD Northern Germany CV 10-15 MJ/kg AD Peat is soft and easily compressed to force water out Upon drying, fuel for PP (Ireland
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