Anthropogenic Space Weather
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Source of Knowledge, Techniques and Skills That Go Into the Development of Technology, and Prac- Tical Applications
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 027 216 SE 006 288 By-Newell, Homer E. NASA's Space Science and Applications Program. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C. Repor t No- EP -47. Pub Date 67 Note-206p.; A statement presented to the Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, United States Senate, April 20, 1967. EDRS Price MF-$1.00 HC-$10.40 Descriptors-*Aerospace Technology, Astronomy, Biological Sciences, Earth Science, Engineering, Meteorology, Physical Sciences, Physics, *Scientific Enterprise, *Scientific Research Identifiers-National Aeronautics and Space Administration This booklet contains material .prepared by the National Aeronautic and Space AdMinistration (NASA) office of Space Science and Applications for presentation.to the United States Congress. It contains discussion of basic research, its valueas a source of knowledge, techniques and skillsthat go intothe development of technology, and ioractical applications. A series of appendixes permitsa deeper delving into specific aspects of. Space science. (GR) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVEDFROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OMCE OFEDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. r.,; ' NATiONAL, AERONAUTICS AND SPACEADi4N7ISTRATION' , - NASNS SPACE SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS PROGRAM .14 A Statement Presented to the Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences United States Senate April 20, 1967 BY HOMER E. NEWELL Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C. 20546 +77.,M777,177,,, THE MATERIAL in this booklet is a re- print of a portion of that which was prepared by NASA's Office of Space Science and Ap- -olications for presentation to the Congress of the United States in the course of the fiscal year 1968 authorization process. -
Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: a Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 | Asifa
dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 1 Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology ofDeep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 |Asif A.Siddiqi National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA SP-2002-4524 A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 Asif A. Siddiqi NASA SP-2002-4524 Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 2 Cover photo: A montage of planetary images taken by Mariner 10, the Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2, all managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Included (from top to bottom) are images of Mercury, Venus, Earth (and Moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and its Moon, and Mars) and the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are roughly to scale to each other. NASA SP-2002-4524 Deep Space Chronicle A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 ASIF A. SIDDIQI Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 June 2002 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of External Relations NASA History Office Washington, DC 20546-0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966 Deep space chronicle: a chronology of deep space and planetary probes, 1958-2000 / by Asif A. Siddiqi. p.cm. – (Monographs in aerospace history; no. 24) (NASA SP; 2002-4524) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Space flight—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Series. III. NASA SP; 4524 TL 790.S53 2002 629.4’1’0904—dc21 2001044012 Table of Contents Foreword by Roger D. -
Appendix a Soviet and Russian Planetary Missions
Appendix A Soviet and Russian planetary missions Grouped under launch windows Related deep space Zond missions included Date Target Designator Outcome 10 Oct 1960 Mars ¯yby Unannounced Third-stage failure, reached 120 km 14 Oct 1960 Mars ¯yby Unannounced Similar 4 Feb 1961 Venus lander Tyzhuli sputnik Fourth-stage failure 12 Feb 1961 Venus lander A.I.S./Venera 1 Contact lost, passed Venus 100,000 km 25 Aug 1962 Venus lander Unannounced Fourth-stage failure 1 Sep 1962 Venus lander Unannounced Fourth-stage failure 12 Sep 1962 Venus ¯yby Unannounced Third-stage explosion before orbit 24 Oct 1962 Mars ¯yby Unannounced Third-stage explosion before orbit 1 Nov1962 Mars ¯yby Mars 1 Passed Mars, May 1963 4 Nov1962 Mars lander Unannounced Fourth-stage failure 11 Nov1963 Technology test Cosmos 21 Zond mission, fourth-stage failure 19 Feb 1964 Technology test Unannounced Zond mission, third-stage failure 27 Mar 1964 Venus ¯yby Cosmos 27 Fourth-stage failure 1 Apr 1964 Venus lander Zond 1 Passed Venus, contact lost 30 Nov1964 Mars ¯yby Zond 2 Contact lost 18 Jul 1965 Technology test Zond 3 Passed moon on deep space trajectory 12 Nov1965 Venus ¯yby Venera 2 Passed Venus, contact lost 16 Nov1965 Venus lander Venera 3 Reached surface of Venus, contact lost 23 Nov1965 Venus lander Cosmos 96 Fourth-stage failure (26 Nov1965 Venus ¯yby Unannounced Unable to launch during window) 12 June 1967 Venus lander Venera 4 Parachute descent (93 min) 17 June 1967 Venus lander Cosmos 167 Fourth-stage failure 5 Jan 1969 Venus lander Venera 5 Parachute descent (53 min) -
Türenkatalog Höning
HAUSTÜREN MIT EINSATZFÜLLUNG STERNE IN DER WELT DER HAUSTÜREN HAUSTÜR KUNSTSTOFF · KT THERMOPOWER verstehen sich –wie bei all unseren Produkten –von selbst. Langlebigkeit und Funktionalität Höchste angeboten. besonders attraktiven zu Preisen Basisserie dieser in werden Die Serie Kosmos zeichnet sich durch ihre solide Verarbeitung aus. Design, technische Werte und Ausstattung DESIGN KOSMOS 1 2 2 Ud = 1,4 W/m K Ud = 1,2 W/m K SERIE DESIGN KOSMOS 2 KOSMOS 2 2 Ud = 1,4 W/m K Ud = 1,2 W/m K DESIGN KOSMOS 3 2 2 Ud = 1,4 W/m K Ud = 1,2 W/m K DESIGN KOSMOS 4 2 2 Ud = 1,3 W/m K Ud = 1,2 W/m K DESIGN KOSMOS 5 2 2 Ud = 1,4 W/m K Ud = 1,2 W/m K DESIGN KOSMOS 6 2 2 Ud = 1,4 W/m K Ud = 1,2 W/m K ALUMINIUM · AT70 E AUSSTATTUNG AT 70 E KT THERMOPOWER Heavy Duty für erhöhte Eigen stabilität Anschlagdichtung, flächenversetzt, Bautiefe 70mm Bau tiefe 82,5mm Schlagregendicht bis Klasse 4a Schlagregendicht bis Klasse 4a flächenbündiges, umlaufendes Flügelprofil thermisch getrennte Anschlagschwelle aus Alu minium mit verdeckt liegender Befesti- 2 Dichtungsebenen für optimalen Schutz gungsmöglichkeit gegen Wind und Regen Wetterschenkel aus Aluminium zur Verlager- eckige Glasleisten mit isolierender ung der Wasserabreißkante Glasleisten dichtung Schleif- und Bürstendichtung im Schwellen- Verbundleisten für thermische Trennung bereich für erhöhte Wärmedämmung der Alu miniumprofile weiß oder foliert barrierereduzierte Anschlagschwelle aus Kunststoff Kombinations- und Variationsmöglichkeiten der Farbe mittels RAL- und Sonderfarben SCHÜCO Rollentürbänder: -
Beyond Earth a CHRONICLE of DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016
Beyond Earth A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 Asif A. Siddiqi Beyond Earth A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016 by Asif A. Siddiqi NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Office of Communications NASA History Division Washington, DC 20546 NASA SP-2018-4041 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966– author. | United States. NASA History Division, issuing body. | United States. NASA History Program Office, publisher. Title: Beyond Earth : a chronicle of deep space exploration, 1958–2016 / by Asif A. Siddiqi. Other titles: Deep space chronicle Description: Second edition. | Washington, DC : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Communications, NASA History Division, [2018] | Series: NASA SP ; 2018-4041 | Series: The NASA history series | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017058675 (print) | LCCN 2017059404 (ebook) | ISBN 9781626830424 | ISBN 9781626830431 | ISBN 9781626830431?q(paperback) Subjects: LCSH: Space flight—History. | Planets—Exploration—History. Classification: LCC TL790 (ebook) | LCC TL790 .S53 2018 (print) | DDC 629.43/509—dc23 | SUDOC NAS 1.21:2018-4041 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017058675 Original Cover Artwork provided by Ariel Waldman The artwork titled Spaceprob.es is a companion piece to the Web site that catalogs the active human-made machines that freckle our solar system. Each space probe’s silhouette has been paired with its distance from Earth via the Deep Space Network or its last known coordinates. This publication is available as a free download at http://www.nasa.gov/ebooks. ISBN 978-1-62683-043-1 90000 9 781626 830431 For my beloved father Dr. -
Deep Space Chronicle a Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000
NASA SP-2002-4524 Deep Space Chronicle A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000 ASIF A. SIDDIQI Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 June 2002 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of External Relations NASA History Office Washington, DC 20546-0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siddiqi, AsifA., 1966- Deep space chronicle: a chronology of deep space and planetary probes, 1958-2000 / by AsifA. Siddiqi, p.cm. - (Monographs in aerospace history; no. 24) (NASA SP; 2002-4524) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Space flight--History--20th century. I. Title. II. Series. III. NASA SP; 4524 TL 790,$53 2002 629.4'V0904_de21 2001044012 Table of Contents Foreword by Roger D. Launius .......................................... 1 Introduction ...................................................... 11 1958 .......................................................... 17 1) Able 1 / "Pioneer 0" . .................................................. 17 2) no name / [Luna] ..................................................... 17 3) Able 2 / "Pioneer 0" . .................................................. 18 4) no name / [Luna] ..................................................... 18 5) Pioneer 2 ........................................................... 18 6) no name / [Luna] ..................................................... 19 7) Pioneer 3 ........................................................... 19 1959 .......................................................... 21 8) Cosmic Rocket -
Anthropogenic Space Weather
Anthropogenic Space Weather The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Gombosi, T. I., et al. “Anthropogenic Space Weather.” Space Science Reviews, vol. 212, no. 3–4, Nov. 2017, pp. 985–1039. As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0357-5 Publisher Springer Netherlands Version Author's final manuscript Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/116317 Terms of Use Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. SPAC357_source [04/03 13:06] SmallCondensed, APS, NameYear, rh:Option 1/69 Space Science Reviews manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Anthropogenic Space Weather T. I. Gombosi · D. N. Baker · A. Balogh · P. J. Erickson · J. D. Huba · L. J. Lanzerotti Received: April 3, 2017/ Accepted: April 3, 2017 Abstract Anthropogenic effects on the space environment started in the late 19th century and reached their peak in the 1960s when high-altitude nuclear explosions were carried out by the USA and the Soviet Union. These explosions created artificial radiation belts near Earth that resulted in major damages to several satellites. Another, unexpected impact of the high-altitude nuclear tests was the electromagnetic pulse (EMP) that can have devastating effects over a large geographic area (as large as the continental United States). Other anthropogenic impacts on the space environment include chemical release ex- periments, high-frequency wave heating of the ionosphere and the interaction of VLF waves with the radiation belts. -
Planetary Landers and Entry Probes
This page intentionally left blank PLANETARY LANDERS AND ENTRY PROBES This book provides a concise but broad overview of the engineering, science and flight history of planetary landers and atmospheric entry probes – vehicles designed to explore the atmospheres and surfaces of other worlds. It covers engineering aspects specific to such vehicles, such as landing systems, parachutes, planetary protection and entry shields, which are not usually treated in traditional spacecraft engineering texts. Examples are drawn from over thirty different lander and entry probe designs that have been used for lunar and planetary missions since the early 1960s. The authors provide detailed illustrations of many vehicle designs from space programmes worldwide, and give basic information on their missions and payloads, irrespective of the mission’s success or failure. Several missions are discussed in more detail, in order to demonstrate the broad range of the challenges involved and the solutions implemented. Planetary Landers and Entry Probes will form an important reference for professionals, academic researchers and graduate students involved in planetary science, aerospace engineering and space mission development. Andrew Ball is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute at The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK. He is a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society and the British Interplanetary Society. He has twelve years of experience on European planetary missions including Rosetta and Huygens. James Garry is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the School of Engineering Sciences at the University of Southampton, UK, and a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society. He has worked on ESA planetary missions for over ten years and has illustrated several space-related books.