Title How to Gain and Maintain Symbolic Capital : Hans Magnus

Title How to gain and maintain symbolic capital : Hans Magnus Enzensberger as an example Sub Title Author Joch, Markus Publisher 三田社会学会 Publication year 2019 Jtitle 三田社会学 (Mita journal of sociology). No.24 (2019. 7) ,p.35- 48 Abstract Notes 特集 : 文学社会学の可能性 Genre Journal Article URL https://koara.lib.keio.ac.jp/xoonips/modules/xoonips/detail.php?koara_id=AA113 58103-20190706-0035

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特集：文学社会学の可能性 ୕⏣♫఍Ꮫ➨ ྕ㸦㸧特集：文学社会学の可能性 24 2019

How to Gain and Maintain Symbolic Capital: 㸦ࡲࡘࡋࡓ ࡺ࠺࠸ࡕ ⚄ዉᕝᕤ⛉኱Ꮫ➼㠀ᖖ໅ㅮᖌ㸧 How to Gain and Maintain Symbolic Capital: Hans Magnus Enzensberger as an Example Hans Magnus Enzensberger as an Example

Markus Joch Markus Joch

What makes a sociological approach, Pierre Bourdieu’s field theory, interesting for literary scientists? What makes a sociological approach, Pierre Bourdieu’s field theory, interesting for literary scientists? Although Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste – his study of the different lifestyles of Although Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste – his study of the different lifestyles of social groups in France – is probably his best-known work, Bourdieu regarded The Rules of Art: Genesis social groups in France – is probably his best-known work, Bourdieu regarded The Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field as his most important one. This book has been discussed over the last and Structure of the Literary Field as his most important one. This book has been discussed over the last twenty years by scholars in France, Germany, Spain and Italy and also, occasionally, in the US, because it twenty years by scholars in France, Germany, Spain and Italy and also, occasionally, in the US, because it explains how writers gain respect in the literary world and what sets the inner logic of this world apart from explains how writers gain respect in the literary world and what sets the inner logic of this world apart from the laws of economics. I will begin this essay with a short overview of the principles of field theory. Then I the laws of economics. I will begin this essay with a short overview of the principles of field theory. Then I will examine the category of symbolic capital. As you know, symbolic capital means fame and prestige or will examine the category of symbolic capital. As you know, symbolic capital means fame and prestige or just respect and recognition. But what is the advantage of describing terms we are so familiar with as a kind just respect and recognition. But what is the advantage of describing terms we are so familiar with as a kind of capital? I have chosen Hans Magnus Enzensberger, a lyricist, essayist and translator born in Nuremberg of capital? I have chosen Hans Magnus Enzensberger, a lyricist, essayist and translator born in Nuremberg in 1929 as an example. I conclude with two problem areas in theory of the literary field. in 1929 as an example. I conclude with two problem areas in theory of the literary field.

1. Basic concepts 1. Basic concepts Bourdieu’s theory of the literary field is embedded in his model of society, which lifts the terms class and Bourdieu’s theory of the literary field is embedded in his model of society, which lifts the terms class and capital out of the sheerly economic constraints of their Marxist definition. Bourdieu sees class as an capital out of the sheerly economic constraints of their Marxist definition. Bourdieu sees class as an analytical model rather than a collective that could be mobilised, and with reference to Max Weber, he analytical model rather than a collective that could be mobilised, and with reference to Max Weber, he defines class as deriving from several social characteristics. A person’s class faction is thus a combination defines class as deriving from several social characteristics. A person’s class faction is thus a combination of three different types of capital: economic capital (money, means of production, property), social capital of three different types of capital: economic capital (money, means of production, property), social capital (relatives, friends, contacts) and cultural capital (linguistic competence, education, title/qualifications, (relatives, friends, contacts) and cultural capital (linguistic competence, education, title/qualifications, manners). The fourth type of capital is the one I referred to above as symbolic capital, more usually referred manners). The fourth type of capital is the one I referred to above as symbolic capital, more usually referred to as prestige, honour etc. to as prestige, honour etc. According to Bourdieu, the different social spheres in modern societies like politics, the sciences, According to Bourdieu, the different social spheres in modern societies like politics, the sciences, the economy and art are relatively independent but not completely isolated. Although people who exercise the economy and art are relatively independent but not completely isolated. Although people who exercise a lot of power in one field may find it easier to influence another field, the legitimation criteria are different a lot of power in one field may find it easier to influence another field, the legitimation criteria are different for each field. The literary field, for example, has two opposite poles objectifying two different types of for each field. The literary field, for example, has two opposite poles objectifying two different types of capital: on the one hand, there is the subfield of large-scale production whose primary criterion is capital: on the one hand, there is the subfield of large-scale production whose primary criterion is commercial success. The opposite pole is the subfield of small-scale production, exclusive to insiders, an commercial success. The opposite pole is the subfield of small-scale production, exclusive to insiders, an autonomous pole, where recognition from other writers, respected critics and authorities like juries and prize autonomous pole, where recognition from other writers, respected critics and authorities like juries and prize

Markus Joch「How to Gain and Maintain Symbolic Capital:Hans Magnus Enzensberger as an Example」 Markus Joch「How to Gain and Maintain Symbolic Capital:Hans Magnus Enzensberger as an Example」『三田社会学』第 24 号（2019 年 7 月）35-48 頁『三田社会学』第号（年月）頁 24 2019 7 35-48 35

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committees carry more weight than commercial success, which is regarded with distaste or at best suspicion. committees carry more weight than commercial success, which is regarded with distaste or at best suspicion. At this pole symbolic capital is more important than economic capital. These authors set their own standards At this pole symbolic capital is more important than economic capital. These authors set their own standards of aesthetic legitimacy and refuse to subject themselves to the laws of the market. The small-scale production of aesthetic legitimacy and refuse to subject themselves to the laws of the market. The small-scale production is a world in which the basic laws of economics are reversed: „The artist cannot triumph on the symbolic is a world in which the basic laws of economics are reversed: „The artist cannot triumph on the symbolic terrain except by losing on the economic terrain (at least in the short run), and vice versa (at least in the long terrain except by losing on the economic terrain (at least in the short run), and vice versa (at least in the long run).“１） The small-scale production thus tends to produce long sellers rather than bestsellers. run).“１） The small-scale production thus tends to produce long sellers rather than bestsellers. Bourdieu examines what happens when a writer’s attitude determined by his/her social background, Bourdieu examines what happens when a writer’s attitude determined by his/her social background, the unity of thought, patterns of perception, and action, i. e. the habitus, meets upon a given situation in the the unity of thought, patterns of perception, and action, i. e. the habitus, meets upon a given situation in the literary world – the space of possibilities at the moment in which the author tries to find his or her place in literary world – the space of possibilities at the moment in which the author tries to find his or her place in it. Stylistic preferences cannot simply be assigned to his or her social origin, as belonging to the proletariat, it. Stylistic preferences cannot simply be assigned to his or her social origin, as belonging to the proletariat, the lower or upper middle classes. Preferences are rather the confluence of habitus and the literary world. the lower or upper middle classes. Preferences are rather the confluence of habitus and the literary world. As the conditions of the literary field are in permanent fluctuation, people with identical social backgrounds As the conditions of the literary field are in permanent fluctuation, people with identical social backgrounds and similar habitus can easily come to occupy contrary positions in it. The literary field superimposes itself and similar habitus can easily come to occupy contrary positions in it. The literary field superimposes itself on the influences of social origin without fully neutralising them ‒ Bourdieu calls this the refraction effect on the influences of social origin without fully neutralising them ‒ Bourdieu calls this the refraction effect 2). 2). Whether consciously or not, the author of a literary text invariably relates to other authors, both Whether consciously or not, the author of a literary text invariably relates to other authors, both previous and contemporary, as they all move in a very particular social cosmos in which only that which is previous and contemporary, as they all move in a very particular social cosmos in which only that which is distinctive counts, i.e. the difference to established themes, motives, narrative styles and so on. Field theory distinctive counts, i.e. the difference to established themes, motives, narrative styles and so on. Field theory focuses on the struggle between established writers and young challengers as prompting the differences focuses on the struggle between established writers and young challengers as prompting the differences between the works themselves. Bourdieu therefore defines the social dimension of modern literature as a between the works themselves. Bourdieu therefore defines the social dimension of modern literature as a society within society: the society of writers. Why did he choose the term „literary field“ to describe this society within society: the society of writers. Why did he choose the term „literary field“ to describe this kind of society? Firstly, on account of the polar tension between commercially-oriented and autonomous kind of society? Firstly, on account of the polar tension between commercially-oriented and autonomous literature. Secondly it illustrates his view that the literary world does not simply consist of a certain number literature. Secondly it illustrates his view that the literary world does not simply consist of a certain number of writers who act independently from one another but rather a complex web of lines of force, power and of writers who act independently from one another but rather a complex web of lines of force, power and influence, attraction and repulsion. In the context of the increasing differentiation of society as a whole, the influence, attraction and repulsion. In the context of the increasing differentiation of society as a whole, the history of the literary field follows the general trend of increasing autonomy against forces outside the literary history of the literary field follows the general trend of increasing autonomy against forces outside the literary world, such as the church, the state, party politics and the market. It is therefore increasingly difficult to world, such as the church, the state, party politics and the market. It is therefore increasingly difficult to derive or predict the literary field’s condition from any knowledge about the social, political and economic derive or predict the literary field’s condition from any knowledge about the social, political and economic context beyond it. context beyond it. The increasing autonomy goes hand in hand with an increasing awareness on the part of the writers The increasing autonomy goes hand in hand with an increasing awareness on the part of the writers about themselves, what has already been produced in their field in the past and their task of transcending it. about themselves, what has already been produced in their field in the past and their task of transcending it. The task of relational analysis is showing how much of the work expresses tradition as it is incorporated, The task of relational analysis is showing how much of the work expresses tradition as it is incorporated, even in its most radical negation, and how much goes beyond it. „Any interrogation arises from a tradition, even in its most radical negation, and how much goes beyond it. „Any interrogation arises from a tradition, from a practical or theoretical mastery of the heritage which is inscribed in the very structure of the field, as from a practical or theoretical mastery of the heritage which is inscribed in the very structure of the field, as a state of things, dissimulated by its own evidence, which delimits the thinkable and the unthinkable and a state of things, dissimulated by its own evidence, which delimits the thinkable and the unthinkable and

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committees carry more weight than commercial success, which is regarded with distaste or at best suspicion. which opens the space of possible questions and answers.“ 3) The basic observation is, that the difference committees carry more weight than commercial success, which is regarded with distaste or at best suspicion. which opens the space of possible questions and answers.“ 3) The basic observation is, that the difference At this pole symbolic capital is more important than economic capital. These authors set their own standards between old and new is often less radical than artistic myth of creation would have it, but that the smallest At this pole symbolic capital is more important than economic capital. These authors set their own standards between old and new is often less radical than artistic myth of creation would have it, but that the smallest of aesthetic legitimacy and refuse to subject themselves to the laws of the market. The small-scale production deviance from the canon may actually be the defining difference. of aesthetic legitimacy and refuse to subject themselves to the laws of the market. The small-scale production deviance from the canon may actually be the defining difference. is a world in which the basic laws of economics are reversed: „The artist cannot triumph on the symbolic Bourdieu’s point of view has gained acceptance primarily because it corresponds to the image artists is a world in which the basic laws of economics are reversed: „The artist cannot triumph on the symbolic Bourdieu’s point of view has gained acceptance primarily because it corresponds to the image artists terrain except by losing on the economic terrain (at least in the short run), and vice versa (at least in the long have of themselves. Countless works of classical modernism and the avant-garde are statements on the terrain except by losing on the economic terrain (at least in the short run), and vice versa (at least in the long have of themselves. Countless works of classical modernism and the avant-garde are statements on the run).“１） The small-scale production thus tends to produce long sellers rather than bestsellers. pressure to innovate. The token quotes and patchworks of postmodernism do not escape this logic either; run).“１） The small-scale production thus tends to produce long sellers rather than bestsellers. pressure to innovate. The token quotes and patchworks of postmodernism do not escape this logic either; Bourdieu examines what happens when a writer’s attitude determined by his/her social background, they only pander to it in a more playful manner. But seeing literature as a system of deviations does not Bourdieu examines what happens when a writer’s attitude determined by his/her social background, they only pander to it in a more playful manner. But seeing literature as a system of deviations does not the unity of thought, patterns of perception, and action, i. e. the habitus, meets upon a given situation in the necessarily require a conscious will on the part of the writers to distinguish their work. Bourdieu frequently the unity of thought, patterns of perception, and action, i. e. the habitus, meets upon a given situation in the necessarily require a conscious will on the part of the writers to distinguish their work. Bourdieu frequently literary world – the space of possibilities at the moment in which the author tries to find his or her place in refers to a „sense of one’s place“ 4) (a term coined by Erving Goffman) and uses terms like intuition and literary world – the space of possibilities at the moment in which the author tries to find his or her place in refers to a „sense of one’s place“ 4) (a term coined by Erving Goffman) and uses terms like intuition and it. Stylistic preferences cannot simply be assigned to his or her social origin, as belonging to the proletariat, instinct ‒ i.e. that the author or artist’s „inner compulsion“ 5), or will to create must somehow combine with it. Stylistic preferences cannot simply be assigned to his or her social origin, as belonging to the proletariat, instinct ‒ i.e. that the author or artist’s „inner compulsion“ 5), or will to create must somehow combine with the lower or upper middle classes. Preferences are rather the confluence of habitus and the literary world. a feeling for the new and distinguishable in order to produce a work regarded as valuable. the lower or upper middle classes. Preferences are rather the confluence of habitus and the literary world. a feeling for the new and distinguishable in order to produce a work regarded as valuable. As the conditions of the literary field are in permanent fluctuation, people with identical social backgrounds Superficially, the system theory of literature as introduced by Niklas Luhmann seems to follow a As the conditions of the literary field are in permanent fluctuation, people with identical social backgrounds Superficially, the system theory of literature as introduced by Niklas Luhmann seems to follow a and similar habitus can easily come to occupy contrary positions in it. The literary field superimposes itself similar line of argument to Bourdieu’s field theory. What field theory sees as the autonomization of literature and similar habitus can easily come to occupy contrary positions in it. The literary field superimposes itself similar line of argument to Bourdieu’s field theory. What field theory sees as the autonomization of literature on the influences of social origin without fully neutralising them ‒ Bourdieu calls this the refraction effect and increasing self-reflection, system theory terms „self-reference“. Further, the two approaches agree that on the influences of social origin without fully neutralising them ‒ Bourdieu calls this the refraction effect and increasing self-reflection, system theory terms „self-reference“. Further, the two approaches agree that 2). art and literature are distinct from other fields in that they are characterised by a greater pressure to innovate. 2). art and literature are distinct from other fields in that they are characterised by a greater pressure to innovate. Whether consciously or not, the author of a literary text invariably relates to other authors, both In his later works, Luhmann favours the following combination of guiding differences (Leitdifferenzen) to Whether consciously or not, the author of a literary text invariably relates to other authors, both In his later works, Luhmann favours the following combination of guiding differences (Leitdifferenzen) to previous and contemporary, as they all move in a very particular social cosmos in which only that which is describe the art world: beautiful/ugly, fitting/unfitting, well-made/badly done, interesting/boring, but previous and contemporary, as they all move in a very particular social cosmos in which only that which is describe the art world: beautiful/ugly, fitting/unfitting, well-made/badly done, interesting/boring, but 6) distinctive counts, i.e. the difference to established themes, motives, narrative styles and so on. Field theory ultimately: new/old 6). What system theoreticians refer to as functional differentiation, the decoupling of the distinctive counts, i.e. the difference to established themes, motives, narrative styles and so on. Field theory ultimately: new/old . What system theoreticians refer to as functional differentiation, the decoupling of the focuses on the struggle between established writers and young challengers as prompting the differences art world from codes like good/bad in a moral and progressive/conservative in a political sense, is ultimately focuses on the struggle between established writers and young challengers as prompting the differences art world from codes like good/bad in a moral and progressive/conservative in a political sense, is ultimately between the works themselves. Bourdieu therefore defines the social dimension of modern literature as a also addressed by Bourdieu in his portrait of 19th century authors like Baudelaire and Flaubert. Here he between the works themselves. Bourdieu therefore defines the social dimension of modern literature as a also addressed by Bourdieu in his portrait of 19th century authors like Baudelaire and Flaubert. Here he society within society: the society of writers. Why did he choose the term „literary field“ to describe this shows how they struggled with the church, overzealous public prosecutors – and even in some instances society within society: the society of writers. Why did he choose the term „literary field“ to describe this shows how they struggled with the church, overzealous public prosecutors – and even in some instances kind of society? Firstly, on account of the polar tension between commercially-oriented and autonomous against left-wing radicals – for the freedom to select their subjects independently and choose the way in kind of society? Firstly, on account of the polar tension between commercially-oriented and autonomous against left-wing radicals – for the freedom to select their subjects independently and choose the way in literature. Secondly it illustrates his view that the literary world does not simply consist of a certain number which they wanted to portray them. literature. Secondly it illustrates his view that the literary world does not simply consist of a certain number which they wanted to portray them. of writers who act independently from one another but rather a complex web of lines of force, power and But: While the Luhmann school plays down power issues in the system of the art world (as these of writers who act independently from one another but rather a complex web of lines of force, power and But: While the Luhmann school plays down power issues in the system of the art world (as these influence, attraction and repulsion. In the context of the increasing differentiation of society as a whole, the issues are assigned to the subsystems of politics and the economy), and assumes that conflicts in all social influence, attraction and repulsion. In the context of the increasing differentiation of society as a whole, the issues are assigned to the subsystems of politics and the economy), and assumes that conflicts in all social 7) history of the literary field follows the general trend of increasing autonomy against forces outside the literary systems only have a „parasitic existence“ 7), the „bourdieusiens“ think the opposite. In their view, the literary history of the literary field follows the general trend of increasing autonomy against forces outside the literary systems only have a „parasitic existence“ , the „bourdieusiens“ think the opposite. In their view, the literary world, such as the church, the state, party politics and the market. It is therefore increasingly difficult to world is dominated by power struggles. They see literature struggling against the forces of the market, party world, such as the church, the state, party politics and the market. It is therefore increasingly difficult to world is dominated by power struggles. They see literature struggling against the forces of the market, party derive or predict the literary field’s condition from any knowledge about the social, political and economic politics and journalism on the one hand. On the other, they see internal disputes within the field. The question derive or predict the literary field’s condition from any knowledge about the social, political and economic politics and journalism on the one hand. On the other, they see internal disputes within the field. The question context beyond it. of what is valuable or legitimate in literary terms is a subject of permanent controversy. When authors try to context beyond it. of what is valuable or legitimate in literary terms is a subject of permanent controversy. When authors try to The increasing autonomy goes hand in hand with an increasing awareness on the part of the writers assert themselves and their agenda, they use all the capital they have at their disposal: the cultural capital The increasing autonomy goes hand in hand with an increasing awareness on the part of the writers assert themselves and their agenda, they use all the capital they have at their disposal: the cultural capital about themselves, what has already been produced in their field in the past and their task of transcending it. acquired at home and at school as well as their economic capital. This means that avant-garde productions, about themselves, what has already been produced in their field in the past and their task of transcending it. acquired at home and at school as well as their economic capital. This means that avant-garde productions, The task of relational analysis is showing how much of the work expresses tradition as it is incorporated, whose currency is prestige and long-term renown rather than a fast buck, requires financial reserves as the The task of relational analysis is showing how much of the work expresses tradition as it is incorporated, whose currency is prestige and long-term renown rather than a fast buck, requires financial reserves as the even in its most radical negation, and how much goes beyond it. „Any interrogation arises from a tradition, work will only have few customers in the short run. Writers with a comfortable inheritance are therefore in even in its most radical negation, and how much goes beyond it. „Any interrogation arises from a tradition, work will only have few customers in the short run. Writers with a comfortable inheritance are therefore in from a practical or theoretical mastery of the heritage which is inscribed in the very structure of the field, as the best position to afford such experiments 8). from a practical or theoretical mastery of the heritage which is inscribed in the very structure of the field, as the best position to afford such experiments 8). a state of things, dissimulated by its own evidence, which delimits the thinkable and the unthinkable and a state of things, dissimulated by its own evidence, which delimits the thinkable and the unthinkable and

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2. How Hans Magnus Enzensberger has won and maintained his symbolic capital 2. How Hans Magnus Enzensberger has won and maintained his symbolic capital Enzensberger, who has lived in Munich since 1980, has been accumulating his symbolic capital since the Enzensberger, who has lived in Munich since 1980, has been accumulating his symbolic capital since the middle of the 1950’s in two distinctly different roles: as a poet and as an essayist. In the latter role, he has middle of the 1950’s in two distinctly different roles: as a poet and as an essayist. In the latter role, he has always been able to maintain his visibility in the print media, whose reach is admittedly inferior to that of always been able to maintain his visibility in the print media, whose reach is admittedly inferior to that of television, but which have made it possible for him to keep himself in the public eye among intellectuals (in television, but which have made it possible for him to keep himself in the public eye among intellectuals (in the broadest sense of that term). The print run of the periodicals Kursbuch and TransAtlantik, which he the broadest sense of that term). The print run of the periodicals Kursbuch and TransAtlantik, which he founded himself in 1965 and 1980, respectively, reached a print run of 100,000 copies in their heyday. And founded himself in 1965 and 1980, respectively, reached a print run of 100,000 copies in their heyday. And the circulation of the quality newspapers for which he writes are also in six figures, and the numbers for Der the circulation of the quality newspapers for which he writes are also in six figures, and the numbers for Der Spiegel at times even reach seven figures. However, it must be taken into consideration that Enzensberger’s Spiegel at times even reach seven figures. However, it must be taken into consideration that Enzensberger’s collections of essays that have been issued by Suhrkamp, Germany’s foremost publishing house, have for collections of essays that have been issued by Suhrkamp, Germany’s foremost publishing house, have for the most part not quite reached the bestseller threshold. the most part not quite reached the bestseller threshold. On the other hand, the poet Enzensberger tends to produce his works for other poets. The readership On the other hand, the poet Enzensberger tends to produce his works for other poets. The readership for his poetry consists of other (potential) poets and professional interpreters of poetry, approximately in for his poetry consists of other (potential) poets and professional interpreters of poetry, approximately in equal measure, as well as for students. Compared to the essays, the sales of books of poetry are indeed small, equal measure, as well as for students. Compared to the essays, the sales of books of poetry are indeed small, the average number for a volume of poetry sold is 1,300 copies a year. This less popular genre is also subject the average number for a volume of poetry sold is 1,300 copies a year. This less popular genre is also subject to a different sales cycle. Enzensberger’s books of poetry are not bestsellers, but longsellers, which means to a different sales cycle. Enzensberger’s books of poetry are not bestsellers, but longsellers, which means that they stay in Suhrkamp’s backlist for a longer period than the volumes of essays. Enzensberger’s constant that they stay in Suhrkamp’s backlist for a longer period than the volumes of essays. Enzensberger’s constant alternation between a relatively large and relatively small readership is a suitable object for field theory. alternation between a relatively large and relatively small readership is a suitable object for field theory. Bourdieu’s approach takes note of „two markets between which one must be wary of establishing a clear Bourdieu’s approach takes note of „two markets between which one must be wary of establishing a clear boundary, since they are merely two poles, defined in and by their antagonistic relationship, of the same boundary, since they are merely two poles, defined in and by their antagonistic relationship, of the same space“ 9). space“ 9). But just how does one go about measuring symbolic capital in the literary field? Along with an author But just how does one go about measuring symbolic capital in the literary field? Along with an author having his/her works issued by a renowned publishing house, as well as being reviewed in prestige having his/her works issued by a renowned publishing house, as well as being reviewed in prestige periodicals, literary prizes are the measuring-stick for an author’s standing. The award of a literary prize is periodicals, literary prizes are the measuring-stick for an author’s standing. The award of a literary prize is what Bourdieu refers to as „literary consecration“ 10). In Enzensberger’s six-decade career, he has won no what Bourdieu refers to as „literary consecration“ 10). In Enzensberger’s six-decade career, he has won no less than 17 prizes, including one from Yugoslavia, one from Spain, and from Italy. Already in 1963, at the less than 17 prizes, including one from Yugoslavia, one from Spain, and from Italy. Already in 1963, at the age of 33, he received the Georg-Büchner Prize, the most prestigious literary award in the German-speaking age of 33, he received the Georg-Büchner Prize, the most prestigious literary award in the German-speaking countries. Already by this point it has become clear that the literary prestige that goes along with such prizes, countries. Already by this point it has become clear that the literary prestige that goes along with such prizes, as well as the other success mentioned above, can be described as a sort of capital. Just as economic capital as well as the other success mentioned above, can be described as a sort of capital. Just as economic capital can be said to accumulate, the same can be said of symbolic capital. While it was the young poet who had can be said to accumulate, the same can be said of symbolic capital. While it was the young poet who had been lionized shortly after the beginning of his career with the Büchner-Prize, the Ludwig-Börne Prize in been lionized shortly after the beginning of his career with the Büchner-Prize, the Ludwig-Börne Prize in 2002 was awarded primarily to the essayist Enzensberger. Having such a high standing in two genres adds 2002 was awarded primarily to the essayist Enzensberger. Having such a high standing in two genres adds up synergistically. In addition, when it was revealed in 1995 that Enzensberger is the top-earner among up synergistically. In addition, when it was revealed in 1995 that Enzensberger is the top-earner among Germany’s essayists, the honorarium for one of his essays in Der Spiegel earned him approximately 30,000 Germany’s essayists, the honorarium for one of his essays in Der Spiegel earned him approximately 30,000

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2. How Hans Magnus Enzensberger has won and maintained his symbolic capital Figure: Three States of the Field (Pierre 2. How Hans Magnus Enzensberger has won and maintained his symbolic capital Figure: Three States of the Field (Pierre Enzensberger, who has lived in Munich since 1980, has been accumulating his symbolic capital since the Bourdieu, The Rules of Art. Genesis and Structure Enzensberger, who has lived in Munich since 1980, has been accumulating his symbolic capital since the Bourdieu, The Rules of Art. Genesis and Structure middle of the 1950’s in two distinctly different roles: as a poet and as an essayist. In the latter role, he has of the Literary Field, Stanford, 1996, p.124) middle of the 1950’s in two distinctly different roles: as a poet and as an essayist. In the latter role, he has of the Literary Field, Stanford, 1996, p.124) always been able to maintain his visibility in the print media, whose reach is admittedly inferior to that of always been able to maintain his visibility in the print media, whose reach is admittedly inferior to that of television, but which have made it possible for him to keep himself in the public eye among intellectuals (in television, but which have made it possible for him to keep himself in the public eye among intellectuals (in the broadest sense of that term). The print run of the periodicals Kursbuch and TransAtlantik, which he the broadest sense of that term). The print run of the periodicals Kursbuch and TransAtlantik, which he founded himself in 1965 and 1980, respectively, reached a print run of 100,000 copies in their heyday. And founded himself in 1965 and 1980, respectively, reached a print run of 100,000 copies in their heyday. And the circulation of the quality newspapers for which he writes are also in six figures, and the numbers for Der the circulation of the quality newspapers for which he writes are also in six figures, and the numbers for Der Spiegel at times even reach seven figures. However, it must be taken into consideration that Enzensberger’s Spiegel at times even reach seven figures. However, it must be taken into consideration that Enzensberger’s collections of essays that have been issued by Suhrkamp, Germany’s foremost publishing house, have for collections of essays that have been issued by Suhrkamp, Germany’s foremost publishing house, have for the most part not quite reached the bestseller threshold. the most part not quite reached the bestseller threshold. On the other hand, the poet Enzensberger tends to produce his works for other poets. The readership On the other hand, the poet Enzensberger tends to produce his works for other poets. The readership for his poetry consists of other (potential) poets and professional interpreters of poetry, approximately in for his poetry consists of other (potential) poets and professional interpreters of poetry, approximately in equal measure, as well as for students. Compared to the essays, the sales of books of poetry are indeed small, equal measure, as well as for students. Compared to the essays, the sales of books of poetry are indeed small, the average number for a volume of poetry sold is 1,300 copies a year. This less popular genre is also subject the average number for a volume of poetry sold is 1,300 copies a year. This less popular genre is also subject to a different sales cycle. Enzensberger’s books of poetry are not bestsellers, but longsellers, which means to a different sales cycle. Enzensberger’s books of poetry are not bestsellers, but longsellers, which means that they stay in Suhrkamp’s backlist for a longer period than the volumes of essays. Enzensberger’s constant that they stay in Suhrkamp’s backlist for a longer period than the volumes of essays. Enzensberger’s constant alternation between a relatively large and relatively small readership is a suitable object for field theory. alternation between a relatively large and relatively small readership is a suitable object for field theory. Bourdieu’s approach takes note of „two markets between which one must be wary of establishing a clear Bourdieu’s approach takes note of „two markets between which one must be wary of establishing a clear boundary, since they are merely two poles, defined in and by their antagonistic relationship, of the same boundary, since they are merely two poles, defined in and by their antagonistic relationship, of the same space“ 9). space“ 9). But just how does one go about measuring symbolic capital in the literary field? Along with an author German Marks (15,000 Euros) 11). We can see that such a fact has to do with the point, that the Spiegel But just how does one go about measuring symbolic capital in the literary field? Along with an author German Marks (15,000 Euros) 11). We can see that such a fact has to do with the point, that the Spiegel having his/her works issued by a renowned publishing house, as well as being reviewed in prestige adorns itself with the reputation of a writer whose prestige within the exclusive small-scale production is having his/her works issued by a renowned publishing house, as well as being reviewed in prestige adorns itself with the reputation of a writer whose prestige within the exclusive small-scale production is periodicals, literary prizes are the measuring-stick for an author’s standing. The award of a literary prize is beyound doubt. In this way, symbolic capital lends itself to being converted into economic capital. periodicals, literary prizes are the measuring-stick for an author’s standing. The award of a literary prize is beyound doubt. In this way, symbolic capital lends itself to being converted into economic capital. what Bourdieu refers to as „literary consecration“ 10). In Enzensberger’s six-decade career, he has won no Conversely, the essayist’s income supports the poet who spends decades pursuing his non-profit art. what Bourdieu refers to as „literary consecration“ 10). In Enzensberger’s six-decade career, he has won no Conversely, the essayist’s income supports the poet who spends decades pursuing his non-profit art. less than 17 prizes, including one from Yugoslavia, one from Spain, and from Italy. Already in 1963, at the Furthermore, it can be observed how, since the middle of the 1960’s, the author has transferred the literary less than 17 prizes, including one from Yugoslavia, one from Spain, and from Italy. Already in 1963, at the Furthermore, it can be observed how, since the middle of the 1960’s, the author has transferred the literary age of 33, he received the Georg-Büchner Prize, the most prestigious literary award in the German-speaking recognition into the „field of power“ (Bourdieu), i. e. political influence, and has thus become an public age of 33, he received the Georg-Büchner Prize, the most prestigious literary award in the German-speaking recognition into the „field of power“ (Bourdieu), i. e. political influence, and has thus become an public countries. Already by this point it has become clear that the literary prestige that goes along with such prizes, intellectual. At that time, he interpreted this role as a spokesman for the left and saw himself as a countries. Already by this point it has become clear that the literary prestige that goes along with such prizes, intellectual. At that time, he interpreted this role as a spokesman for the left and saw himself as a as well as the other success mentioned above, can be described as a sort of capital. Just as economic capital counterweight against the German Federal Government. Such was the case in 1968, for example, when he as well as the other success mentioned above, can be described as a sort of capital. Just as economic capital counterweight against the German Federal Government. Such was the case in 1968, for example, when he can be said to accumulate, the same can be said of symbolic capital. While it was the young poet who had came out as a spokesman against the „German Emergency Acts“. can be said to accumulate, the same can be said of symbolic capital. While it was the young poet who had came out as a spokesman against the „German Emergency Acts“. been lionized shortly after the beginning of his career with the Büchner-Prize, the Ludwig-Börne Prize in Let us now take a short look at Bourdieu’s model „field of cultural production“ (see the figure). been lionized shortly after the beginning of his career with the Büchner-Prize, the Ludwig-Börne Prize in Let us now take a short look at Bourdieu’s model „field of cultural production“ (see the figure). 2002 was awarded primarily to the essayist Enzensberger. Having such a high standing in two genres adds Enzensberger’s position, which I have marked with a cross, lies at the top of this field ‒ and on the horizontal 2002 was awarded primarily to the essayist Enzensberger. Having such a high standing in two genres adds Enzensberger’s position, which I have marked with a cross, lies at the top of this field ‒ and on the horizontal up synergistically. In addition, when it was revealed in 1995 that Enzensberger is the top-earner among line in the center, since he enjoys both high symbolic and economic capital in equal measure. That is, since up synergistically. In addition, when it was revealed in 1995 that Enzensberger is the top-earner among line in the center, since he enjoys both high symbolic and economic capital in equal measure. That is, since Germany’s essayists, the honorarium for one of his essays in Der Spiegel earned him approximately 30,000 the beginning of the 1960’s, he has been among the lucky few that the literary sociologist calls „the Germany’s essayists, the honorarium for one of his essays in Der Spiegel earned him approximately 30,000 the beginning of the 1960’s, he has been among the lucky few that the literary sociologist calls „the consecrated avant-garde“. It is now interesting that this writer has been able to maintain his dominant consecrated avant-garde“. It is now interesting that this writer has been able to maintain his dominant

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position up to the present day. It is interesting because maintaining is not to be taken for granted. Field theory position up to the present day. It is interesting because maintaining is not to be taken for granted. Field theory emphasizes that those authors who have shaped the epoch of their time are precisely the ones who will be emphasizes that those authors who have shaped the epoch of their time are precisely the ones who will be sent into „retirement” and downgraded by the following generation of writers 12). Not so Enzensberger, who sent into „retirement” and downgraded by the following generation of writers 12). Not so Enzensberger, who at the tender age of 85 became the first winner of the Frank-Schirrmacher Prize (2015), which has at the tender age of 85 became the first winner of the Frank-Schirrmacher Prize (2015), which has subsequently been awarded to much younger star authors, such as Jonathan Franzen and Michel Houellebecq. subsequently been awarded to much younger star authors, such as Jonathan Franzen and Michel Houellebecq. My thesis is that his unusually rapid and astonishingly stable accumulation of symbolic capital is not My thesis is that his unusually rapid and astonishingly stable accumulation of symbolic capital is not only because of his uncontested skill as an artist. Together with that comes, that Enzensberger has above all only because of his uncontested skill as an artist. Together with that comes, that Enzensberger has above all repeatedly positioned himself as a provocative essayist ‒ whether it is in the fact that he has broken with his repeatedly positioned himself as a provocative essayist ‒ whether it is in the fact that he has broken with his own previously held standpoints, or whether it is also the fact that he has disowned political correctness. own previously held standpoints, or whether it is also the fact that he has disowned political correctness. Both of these positions have pleased influential German literary critics and scholars of literature. Secondly, Both of these positions have pleased influential German literary critics and scholars of literature. Secondly, Enzensberger is an author of international standing. It’s not merely that his books have been translated into Enzensberger is an author of international standing. It’s not merely that his books have been translated into 29 languages, or that by 1999, 19 of his works have been rendered into Japanese 13). Blessed with an 29 languages, or that by 1999, 19 of his works have been rendered into Japanese 13). Blessed with an extraordinary gift for foreign languages, he has earned a place for himself as a translator, serving to extraordinary gift for foreign languages, he has earned a place for himself as a translator, serving to internationalize the literary life ‒ having rendered works from Spanish, Italian, French, English, Hebrew, internationalize the literary life ‒ having rendered works from Spanish, Italian, French, English, Hebrew, Swedish, Russian and Hungarian into German. Nothing impresses German literary critics more than Swedish, Russian and Hungarian into German. Nothing impresses German literary critics more than cosmopolitanism 14). cosmopolitanism 14). First, let us briefly look at how Enzensberger rose to fame. Cultural capital played a role for our First, let us briefly look at how Enzensberger rose to fame. Cultural capital played a role for our author as he came from an educated family that was interested in the arts. His grandfather was a teacher, his author as he came from an educated family that was interested in the arts. His grandfather was a teacher, his father an engineer at Germany’s postal service, the Reichspost. The latter was a specialist in father an engineer at Germany’s postal service, the Reichspost. The latter was a specialist in telecommunications and liked translating English literature in his spare time (more than a dozen novels, telecommunications and liked translating English literature in his spare time (more than a dozen novels, stories and essays). With this family background, it is not surprising that the oldest son, Hans Magnus, stories and essays). With this family background, it is not surprising that the oldest son, Hans Magnus, developed into an author with a relatively high technical affinity. For example in Constituents of a Theory developed into an author with a relatively high technical affinity. For example in Constituents of a Theory of the Media (1970) he was interested in ways of turning radio and television from a medium of distribution of the Media (1970) he was interested in ways of turning radio and television from a medium of distribution into a medium of communication. Andreas Enzensberger also passed his interest in foreign languages on to into a medium of communication. Andreas Enzensberger also passed his interest in foreign languages on to his sons, as is evidenced by the fact that Hans Magnus’s younger brother, Christian Enzensberger, became his sons, as is evidenced by the fact that Hans Magnus’s younger brother, Christian Enzensberger, became a professor of English language and literature. The habitual influence at home included an educated middle- a professor of English language and literature. The habitual influence at home included an educated middle- class contempt for the Nazis: Their provincialism must be avoided! This educational stance soon paid off: class contempt for the Nazis: Their provincialism must be avoided! This educational stance soon paid off: In 1946, when the war was over and the Americans had arrived, people with good English-speaking skills In 1946, when the war was over and the Americans had arrived, people with good English-speaking skills were in high demand, but they were very scarce in and around Nuremburg at the time. As a result, Hans were in high demand, but they were very scarce in and around Nuremburg at the time. As a result, Hans Magnus Enzensberger, at the age of just 17, got a job as an interpreter, first for the Americans and then for Magnus Enzensberger, at the age of just 17, got a job as an interpreter, first for the Americans and then for the British. With the help of his British military friends, he was able to travel to England and Sweden three the British. With the help of his British military friends, he was able to travel to England and Sweden three years later. In other words, he early turned his cultural capital into contacts, or social capital. years later. In other words, he early turned his cultural capital into contacts, or social capital. The most important social capital of Enzensberger in the mid-1950s, by then a literary debutant, was The most important social capital of Enzensberger in the mid-1950s, by then a literary debutant, was his friendship with the established writer Alfred Andersch, who was 15 years his senior. Andersch had made his friendship with the established writer Alfred Andersch, who was 15 years his senior. Andersch had made a name for himself as the author of the stories The Cherries of Freedom and Flight to Afar and was appointed a name for himself as the author of the stories The Cherries of Freedom and Flight to Afar and was appointed

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position up to the present day. It is interesting because maintaining is not to be taken for granted. Field theory chief cultural editor of the south German radio station Süddeutscher Rundfunk in 1955. In the same year, he position up to the present day. It is interesting because maintaining is not to be taken for granted. Field theory chief cultural editor of the south German radio station Süddeutscher Rundfunk in 1955. In the same year, he emphasizes that those authors who have shaped the epoch of their time are precisely the ones who will be gave Enzensberger a job as assistant for his radio broadcasts. And it was thus none other than Andersch who emphasizes that those authors who have shaped the epoch of their time are precisely the ones who will be gave Enzensberger a job as assistant for his radio broadcasts. And it was thus none other than Andersch who sent into „retirement” and downgraded by the following generation of writers 12). Not so Enzensberger, who enthusiastically reviewed Enzensberger’s first volume of poetry, verteidigung der wölfe (in defence of sent into „retirement” and downgraded by the following generation of writers 12). Not so Enzensberger, who enthusiastically reviewed Enzensberger’s first volume of poetry, verteidigung der wölfe (in defence of at the tender age of 85 became the first winner of the Frank-Schirrmacher Prize (2015), which has wolves), in early 1958: „this author has written what we have not seen in Germany since Brecht: the big at the tender age of 85 became the first winner of the Frank-Schirrmacher Prize (2015), which has wolves), in early 1958: „this author has written what we have not seen in Germany since Brecht: the big subsequently been awarded to much younger star authors, such as Jonathan Franzen and Michel Houellebecq. political poem“ 15). With this act of praise, Andersch’s symbolic capital was passed on to the newcomer. subsequently been awarded to much younger star authors, such as Jonathan Franzen and Michel Houellebecq. political poem“ 15). With this act of praise, Andersch’s symbolic capital was passed on to the newcomer. My thesis is that his unusually rapid and astonishingly stable accumulation of symbolic capital is not In fact, however, the laudatory comparison with Bertolt Brecht, the representative of poésie engagée, My thesis is that his unusually rapid and astonishingly stable accumulation of symbolic capital is not In fact, however, the laudatory comparison with Bertolt Brecht, the representative of poésie engagée, only because of his uncontested skill as an artist. Together with that comes, that Enzensberger has above all is rather off the mark. As were the positive reviews that saw in the young poet a successor to Gottfried Benn, only because of his uncontested skill as an artist. Together with that comes, that Enzensberger has above all is rather off the mark. As were the positive reviews that saw in the young poet a successor to Gottfried Benn, repeatedly positioned himself as a provocative essayist ‒ whether it is in the fact that he has broken with his the representative of poésie pure, verteidigung der wölfe actually distances itself from these two giants of repeatedly positioned himself as a provocative essayist ‒ whether it is in the fact that he has broken with his the representative of poésie pure, verteidigung der wölfe actually distances itself from these two giants of own previously held standpoints, or whether it is also the fact that he has disowned political correctness. poetry, who had both recently died in 1956. To be more precise, although the younger poet takes on some own previously held standpoints, or whether it is also the fact that he has disowned political correctness. poetry, who had both recently died in 1956. To be more precise, although the younger poet takes on some Both of these positions have pleased influential German literary critics and scholars of literature. Secondly, techniques of the two older writers such as non-rhyming or breaking the rhyme, irregular rhythms, hard Both of these positions have pleased influential German literary critics and scholars of literature. Secondly, techniques of the two older writers such as non-rhyming or breaking the rhyme, irregular rhythms, hard Enzensberger is an author of international standing. It’s not merely that his books have been translated into transitions and word plays, at the same time, he sets himself apart from both of these conflicting authorities. Enzensberger is an author of international standing. It’s not merely that his books have been translated into transitions and word plays, at the same time, he sets himself apart from both of these conflicting authorities. 29 languages, or that by 1999, 19 of his works have been rendered into Japanese 13). Blessed with an In contrast to Brecht’s political poetry, Enzensberger does not pit the evil ruling class against the „wisdom 29 languages, or that by 1999, 19 of his works have been rendered into Japanese 13). Blessed with an In contrast to Brecht’s political poetry, Enzensberger does not pit the evil ruling class against the „wisdom extraordinary gift for foreign languages, he has earned a place for himself as a translator, serving to of the people“ but, despite his clear criticism for those in power, primarily expresses his disdain for the way extraordinary gift for foreign languages, he has earned a place for himself as a translator, serving to of the people“ but, despite his clear criticism for those in power, primarily expresses his disdain for the way internationalize the literary life ‒ having rendered works from Spanish, Italian, French, English, Hebrew, those who are ruled consent to being ruled over: „Who hangs with pride the tin cross / in front of their internationalize the literary life ‒ having rendered works from Spanish, Italian, French, English, Hebrew, those who are ruled consent to being ruled over: „Who hangs with pride the tin cross / in front of their Swedish, Russian and Hungarian into German. Nothing impresses German literary critics more than rumbling bellybutton? / Who takes the tips, the silver coin, / the hush penny? There are / many that are stolen Swedish, Russian and Hungarian into German. Nothing impresses German literary critics more than rumbling bellybutton? / Who takes the tips, the silver coin, / the hush penny? There are / many that are stolen cosmopolitanism 14). from, and few thieves; who / applauds them, who / pins on their badges, who / lusts for the lie?“ 16) Unlike cosmopolitanism 14). from, and few thieves; who / applauds them, who / pins on their badges, who / lusts for the lie?“ 16) Unlike First, let us briefly look at how Enzensberger rose to fame. Cultural capital played a role for our Benn’s cool and sometimes hermetic linguistic artistry which, as poésie pure, lets the subject retreat into the First, let us briefly look at how Enzensberger rose to fame. Cultural capital played a role for our Benn’s cool and sometimes hermetic linguistic artistry which, as poésie pure, lets the subject retreat into the author as he came from an educated family that was interested in the arts. His grandfather was a teacher, his background behind the language and the process of creating poetry, Enzensberger puts the emphasis on clear author as he came from an educated family that was interested in the arts. His grandfather was a teacher, his background behind the language and the process of creating poetry, Enzensberger puts the emphasis on clear father an engineer at Germany’s postal service, the Reichspost. The latter was a specialist in diction and a focus on everyday life and everyday objects. father an engineer at Germany’s postal service, the Reichspost. The latter was a specialist in diction and a focus on everyday life and everyday objects. telecommunications and liked translating English literature in his spare time (more than a dozen novels, Why am I bothering sociologists with details of the history of German poetry? Because for the telecommunications and liked translating English literature in his spare time (more than a dozen novels, Why am I bothering sociologists with details of the history of German poetry? Because for the stories and essays). With this family background, it is not surprising that the oldest son, Hans Magnus, literary sociologist Bourdieu, the most distinctive and thus most effective positions in the literary field are stories and essays). With this family background, it is not surprising that the oldest son, Hans Magnus, literary sociologist Bourdieu, the most distinctive and thus most effective positions in the literary field are developed into an author with a relatively high technical affinity. For example in Constituents of a Theory those that are against the dominant literary alternative, in other words, against the currently dominant pair of developed into an author with a relatively high technical affinity. For example in Constituents of a Theory those that are against the dominant literary alternative, in other words, against the currently dominant pair of of the Media (1970) he was interested in ways of turning radio and television from a medium of distribution opposites 17). And this is precisely what the young Enzensberger did by discarding the dichotomy of poesie of the Media (1970) he was interested in ways of turning radio and television from a medium of distribution opposites 17). And this is precisely what the young Enzensberger did by discarding the dichotomy of poesie into a medium of communication. Andreas Enzensberger also passed his interest in foreign languages on to engagée vs. poésie pure, moving away from both dominant programmes and orientating himself instead on into a medium of communication. Andreas Enzensberger also passed his interest in foreign languages on to engagée vs. poésie pure, moving away from both dominant programmes and orientating himself instead on his sons, as is evidenced by the fact that Hans Magnus’s younger brother, Christian Enzensberger, became a third path towards the Chilean poet, Pablo Neruda 18). It is from Neruda that he learns to make poetry about his sons, as is evidenced by the fact that Hans Magnus’s younger brother, Christian Enzensberger, became a third path towards the Chilean poet, Pablo Neruda 18). It is from Neruda that he learns to make poetry about a professor of English language and literature. The habitual influence at home included an educated middle- objects of everyday life, a poésie impure. The young German poet also takes on Neruda’s art of listing things. a professor of English language and literature. The habitual influence at home included an educated middle- objects of everyday life, a poésie impure. The young German poet also takes on Neruda’s art of listing things. class contempt for the Nazis: Their provincialism must be avoided! This educational stance soon paid off: „[…] no one / sees the cats starving behind the museum / sees the roses in the ash bin, sees an apple core / class contempt for the Nazis: Their provincialism must be avoided! This educational stance soon paid off: „[…] no one / sees the cats starving behind the museum / sees the roses in the ash bin, sees an apple core / In 1946, when the war was over and the Americans had arrived, people with good English-speaking skills bobbing in the mud of the canal“ 19) ‒ Enzensberger is skilled at verses like these because he translated In 1946, when the war was over and the Americans had arrived, people with good English-speaking skills bobbing in the mud of the canal“ 19) ‒ Enzensberger is skilled at verses like these because he translated were in high demand, but they were very scarce in and around Nuremburg at the time. As a result, Hans Neruda’s poetry into German. He also introduced Neruda to literary insiders in Germany with an essay were in high demand, but they were very scarce in and around Nuremburg at the time. As a result, Hans Neruda’s poetry into German. He also introduced Neruda to literary insiders in Germany with an essay Magnus Enzensberger, at the age of just 17, got a job as an interpreter, first for the Americans and then for published in 1955, which impressed his readers not least because of the foreign language of the young author, Magnus Enzensberger, at the age of just 17, got a job as an interpreter, first for the Americans and then for published in 1955, which impressed his readers not least because of the foreign language of the young author, the British. With the help of his British military friends, he was able to travel to England and Sweden three who was only in his mid-20s at the time. the British. With the help of his British military friends, he was able to travel to England and Sweden three who was only in his mid-20s at the time. years later. In other words, he early turned his cultural capital into contacts, or social capital. The essay on Neruda and his volume of poetry verteidigung der wölfe serve as a prelude to years later. In other words, he early turned his cultural capital into contacts, or social capital. The essay on Neruda and his volume of poetry verteidigung der wölfe serve as a prelude to The most important social capital of Enzensberger in the mid-1950s, by then a literary debutant, was Enzensberger’s field strategic project of internationalising German-language poetry 20). A milestone here is The most important social capital of Enzensberger in the mid-1950s, by then a literary debutant, was Enzensberger’s field strategic project of internationalising German-language poetry 20). A milestone here is his friendship with the established writer Alfred Andersch, who was 15 years his senior. Andersch had made his publication in 1960 of the anthology Museum der modernen Poesie (Museum of Modern Poetry), which his friendship with the established writer Alfred Andersch, who was 15 years his senior. Andersch had made his publication in 1960 of the anthology Museum der modernen Poesie (Museum of Modern Poetry), which a name for himself as the author of the stories The Cherries of Freedom and Flight to Afar and was appointed includes poetry from 109 authors from 31 different countries, translated into German from 16 different a name for himself as the author of the stories The Cherries of Freedom and Flight to Afar and was appointed includes poetry from 109 authors from 31 different countries, translated into German from 16 different

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languages by 65 translators. Enzensberger’s vision of a „global language of modern poetry“ is designed to languages by 65 translators. Enzensberger’s vision of a „global language of modern poetry“ is designed to be a provocation to national literature(s) and national literary studies: „The great thing about the lingua franca, be a provocation to national literature(s) and national literary studies: „The great thing about the lingua franca, which this book attempts to set out, is that […] it liberates what is special from the bonds of national which this book attempts to set out, is that […] it liberates what is special from the bonds of national 21) literature.“ 21) Understandably, Enzensberger, as the editor and author of many of the translations, gained a literature.“ Understandably, Enzensberger, as the editor and author of many of the translations, gained a huge amount of prestige with this anthology. At this time, around 1960, the most advanced West German huge amount of prestige with this anthology. At this time, around 1960, the most advanced West German writers were competing with each other to catch up with the literary modernity from which they had been writers were competing with each other to catch up with the literary modernity from which they had been cut off during the twelve years of Nazi rule. Enzensberger was ahead in this race, particularly as for him, the cut off during the twelve years of Nazi rule. Enzensberger was ahead in this race, particularly as for him, the internationalisation of German-language literature was not restricted only to European modernity, but also internationalisation of German-language literature was not restricted only to European modernity, but also included authors from the South American continent. included authors from the South American continent. One of the reasons why the poetry of Enzensberger attracted so much attention is that he had already One of the reasons why the poetry of Enzensberger attracted so much attention is that he had already made a name for himself as an essayist before he published his first volume of poetry. He became well- made a name for himself as an essayist before he published his first volume of poetry. He became well- known overnight in March 1957 with his article Die Sprache des „Spiegel“ (The language of the Spiegel). known overnight in March 1957 with his article Die Sprache des „Spiegel“ (The language of the Spiegel). This was a highly provocative text in which the then 27-year-old author dared to dismiss a news magazine This was a highly provocative text in which the then 27-year-old author dared to dismiss a news magazine regarded by most of the liberal left of the Adenauer period as a leading political light as politically overrated, regarded by most of the liberal left of the Adenauer period as a leading political light as politically overrated, anti-intellectual and linguistically mediocre. The text was written as a radio broadcast and was later printed anti-intellectual and linguistically mediocre. The text was written as a radio broadcast and was later printed in the news magazine itself with the author’s consent as proof of its liberal sovereignty. With this text, in the news magazine itself with the author’s consent as proof of its liberal sovereignty. With this text, Enzensberger developed a new model of authorship because in Germany it was the first media criticism to Enzensberger developed a new model of authorship because in Germany it was the first media criticism to appear in the media. appear in the media. If we want to understand how Enzensberger was able to maintain the symbolic capital he gained If we want to understand how Enzensberger was able to maintain the symbolic capital he gained early on over many decades, we can simply compare the eulogies held on him around 1960 with those from early on over many decades, we can simply compare the eulogies held on him around 1960 with those from around 2010. In a certain way the tributes have not really changed, have only grown more fervent, along the around 2010. In a certain way the tributes have not really changed, have only grown more fervent, along the 22) lines of the „most cosmopolitan, German intellectual of the twentieth century“ 22). He has received many lines of the „most cosmopolitan, German intellectual of the twentieth century“ . He has received many such tributes both within and beyond Germany. What has changed, however, is the praise of the basic such tributes both within and beyond Germany. What has changed, however, is the praise of the basic intellectual habitus of the author. While, around 1960, cultural supplements underline his boldness, by 2010, intellectual habitus of the author. While, around 1960, cultural supplements underline his boldness, by 2010, it is his flexibility that is being praised, the „superbly unpredictable one“ 23), who has escaped the rigidity of it is his flexibility that is being praised, the „superbly unpredictable one“ 23), who has escaped the rigidity of ideological dogma. This is mainly because Enzensberger has indeed changed his point of view many times. ideological dogma. This is mainly because Enzensberger has indeed changed his point of view many times. In 1970, he was the left-leaning son of an engineer who envisioned a democratisation of the electronic mass In 1970, he was the left-leaning son of an engineer who envisioned a democratisation of the electronic mass media because „in electronic technology there is no fundamental dichotomy between the sender and the media because „in electronic technology there is no fundamental dichotomy between the sender and the receiver“ 24). In 2000, the same author says that the internet exemplifies the downside of a utopia come true. receiver“ 24). In 2000, the same author says that the internet exemplifies the downside of a utopia come true. The World Wide Web has fulfilled his wish that every receiver can also be a sender, but unfortunately the The World Wide Web has fulfilled his wish that every receiver can also be a sender, but unfortunately the result is „overwhelming banality. 99.999% of all contributions are only of interest to their respective receiver, result is „overwhelming banality. 99.999% of all contributions are only of interest to their respective receiver, if at all, and even that is being generous“ 25). Back in 1970, Enzensberger believed that there was a real if at all, and even that is being generous“ 25). Back in 1970, Enzensberger believed that there was a real opportunity to establish a socialist Federal Republic of Germany. By 1998, however, he regarded even the opportunity to establish a socialist Federal Republic of Germany. By 1998, however, he regarded even the social democratic tax policy as too left-wing and too inhibiting of productivity (also in Germany, not only social democratic tax policy as too left-wing and too inhibiting of productivity (also in Germany, not only 26) in Sweden) 26). Around 1968, Enzensberger castigated US imperialism in Vietnam and towards Cuba, while in Sweden) . Around 1968, Enzensberger castigated US imperialism in Vietnam and towards Cuba, while

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languages by 65 translators. Enzensberger’s vision of a „global language of modern poetry“ is designed to in 1991 and 2003 he supported the military interventions of the US in Iraq. He argued that the protests of the languages by 65 translators. Enzensberger’s vision of a „global language of modern poetry“ is designed to in 1991 and 2003 he supported the military interventions of the US in Iraq. He argued that the protests of the be a provocation to national literature(s) and national literary studies: „The great thing about the lingua franca, German peace movement had unconsciously anti-Semitic motives, providing much scope for controversy. be a provocation to national literature(s) and national literary studies: „The great thing about the lingua franca, German peace movement had unconsciously anti-Semitic motives, providing much scope for controversy. which this book attempts to set out, is that […] it liberates what is special from the bonds of national As my readers can imagine, the changes in his opinions were not liked by Germany’s left-wing which this book attempts to set out, is that […] it liberates what is special from the bonds of national As my readers can imagine, the changes in his opinions were not liked by Germany’s left-wing 21) 27) literature.“ 21) Understandably, Enzensberger, as the editor and author of many of the translations, gained a intellectuals 27), but all the more so by liberal-conservatives. In praising Enzensberger’s „flexibility“, this literature.“ Understandably, Enzensberger, as the editor and author of many of the translations, gained a intellectuals , but all the more so by liberal-conservatives. In praising Enzensberger’s „flexibility“, this huge amount of prestige with this anthology. At this time, around 1960, the most advanced West German faction in the literary field is, in fact, applauding his political position 28). The fact that this contributes to the huge amount of prestige with this anthology. At this time, around 1960, the most advanced West German faction in the literary field is, in fact, applauding his political position 28). The fact that this contributes to the writers were competing with each other to catch up with the literary modernity from which they had been author’s current symbolic capital brings up a problem in Bourdieu’s model of the literary field. Why? writers were competing with each other to catch up with the literary modernity from which they had been author’s current symbolic capital brings up a problem in Bourdieu’s model of the literary field. Why? cut off during the twelve years of Nazi rule. Enzensberger was ahead in this race, particularly as for him, the cut off during the twelve years of Nazi rule. Enzensberger was ahead in this race, particularly as for him, the internationalisation of German-language literature was not restricted only to European modernity, but also 3. How autonomous is the literary field really? internationalisation of German-language literature was not restricted only to European modernity, but also 3. How autonomous is the literary field really? included authors from the South American continent. On the one hand, Enzensberger’s success story confirms the autonomy of the literary field. Judging by the included authors from the South American continent. On the one hand, Enzensberger’s success story confirms the autonomy of the literary field. Judging by the One of the reasons why the poetry of Enzensberger attracted so much attention is that he had already number of literature prizes he has received and the eulogistic biographic portraits that are published on his One of the reasons why the poetry of Enzensberger attracted so much attention is that he had already number of literature prizes he has received and the eulogistic biographic portraits that are published on his made a name for himself as an essayist before he published his first volume of poetry. He became well- milestone birthdays, he is the most renowned writer in Germany even though he has not written a bestseller made a name for himself as an essayist before he published his first volume of poetry. He became well- milestone birthdays, he is the most renowned writer in Germany even though he has not written a bestseller known overnight in March 1957 with his article Die Sprache des „Spiegel“ (The language of the Spiegel). once, during sixty years of publication. That proves the independence of symbolic capital from economic known overnight in March 1957 with his article Die Sprache des „Spiegel“ (The language of the Spiegel). once, during sixty years of publication. That proves the independence of symbolic capital from economic This was a highly provocative text in which the then 27-year-old author dared to dismiss a news magazine capital. On the other hand, he has also always been judged according to political criteria, at least in his work This was a highly provocative text in which the then 27-year-old author dared to dismiss a news magazine capital. On the other hand, he has also always been judged according to political criteria, at least in his work regarded by most of the liberal left of the Adenauer period as a leading political light as politically overrated, as an essayist. Until around 1980, it was largely the left-wing that sang his praises, after that the liberal- regarded by most of the liberal left of the Adenauer period as a leading political light as politically overrated, as an essayist. Until around 1980, it was largely the left-wing that sang his praises, after that the liberal- anti-intellectual and linguistically mediocre. The text was written as a radio broadcast and was later printed conservatives, two camps which obviously do exist in the literary field, namely on the pages of the literary anti-intellectual and linguistically mediocre. The text was written as a radio broadcast and was later printed conservatives, two camps which obviously do exist in the literary field, namely on the pages of the literary in the news magazine itself with the author’s consent as proof of its liberal sovereignty. With this text, magazines. This also becomes clear in that the admirers of the later, formerly left-wing, Enzensberger in the news magazine itself with the author’s consent as proof of its liberal sovereignty. With this text, magazines. This also becomes clear in that the admirers of the later, formerly left-wing, Enzensberger Enzensberger developed a new model of authorship because in Germany it was the first media criticism to generally reject the novels of the truly social democratic writer Günter Grass as inferior „literature of Enzensberger developed a new model of authorship because in Germany it was the first media criticism to generally reject the novels of the truly social democratic writer Günter Grass as inferior „literature of appear in the media. conviction“ ‒ while, in turn, admirers of Grass discredit Enzensberger as being a turncoat. This casts doubt appear in the media. conviction“ ‒ while, in turn, admirers of Grass discredit Enzensberger as being a turncoat. This casts doubt If we want to understand how Enzensberger was able to maintain the symbolic capital he gained on the autonomy from political evaluation criteria attributed to the literary field by Bourdieu. If we want to understand how Enzensberger was able to maintain the symbolic capital he gained on the autonomy from political evaluation criteria attributed to the literary field by Bourdieu. early on over many decades, we can simply compare the eulogies held on him around 1960 with those from Although Bourdieu himself merely attributes a relative autonomy 29) to the literary field, the only early on over many decades, we can simply compare the eulogies held on him around 1960 with those from Although Bourdieu himself merely attributes a relative autonomy 29) to the literary field, the only around 2010. In a certain way the tributes have not really changed, have only grown more fervent, along the risk to its autonomy that he identifies is the part of literary criticism that is positioned on the right-hand side around 2010. In a certain way the tributes have not really changed, have only grown more fervent, along the risk to its autonomy that he identifies is the part of literary criticism that is positioned on the right-hand side 22) lines of the „most cosmopolitan, German intellectual of the twentieth century“ 22). He has received many in his model of the field of cultural production (see figure). In other words, from journalists who attempt to lines of the „most cosmopolitan, German intellectual of the twentieth century“ . He has received many in his model of the field of cultural production (see figure). In other words, from journalists who attempt to such tributes both within and beyond Germany. What has changed, however, is the praise of the basic enforce the standards of large-scale production on literature, who interpret commercial success as an such tributes both within and beyond Germany. What has changed, however, is the praise of the basic enforce the standards of large-scale production on literature, who interpret commercial success as an intellectual habitus of the author. While, around 1960, cultural supplements underline his boldness, by 2010, indication of relevance, if not of quality, and who subject literature to economic criteria. intellectual habitus of the author. While, around 1960, cultural supplements underline his boldness, by 2010, indication of relevance, if not of quality, and who subject literature to economic criteria. it is his flexibility that is being praised, the „superbly unpredictable one“ 23), who has escaped the rigidity of it is his flexibility that is being praised, the „superbly unpredictable one“ 23), who has escaped the rigidity of ideological dogma. This is mainly because Enzensberger has indeed changed his point of view many times. „Producers attached to the major cultural bureaucracies (newspapers, radio, television) are ideological dogma. This is mainly because Enzensberger has indeed changed his point of view many times. „Producers attached to the major cultural bureaucracies (newspapers, radio, television) are In 1970, he was the left-leaning son of an engineer who envisioned a democratisation of the electronic mass increasingly forced to accept and adopt norms and constraints linked to the requirements of the In 1970, he was the left-leaning son of an engineer who envisioned a democratisation of the electronic mass increasingly forced to accept and adopt norms and constraints linked to the requirements of the media because „in electronic technology there is no fundamental dichotomy between the sender and the market and, especially, to pressure exerted more or less strongly and directly by advertisers; […]. media because „in electronic technology there is no fundamental dichotomy between the sender and the market and, especially, to pressure exerted more or less strongly and directly by advertisers; […]. receiver“ 24). In 2000, the same author says that the internet exemplifies the downside of a utopia come true. One could ask whether the division into two markets characteristic of the fields of cultural production receiver“ 24). In 2000, the same author says that the internet exemplifies the downside of a utopia come true. One could ask whether the division into two markets characteristic of the fields of cultural production The World Wide Web has fulfilled his wish that every receiver can also be a sender, but unfortunately the since the middle of the nineteenth century, with on one side the narrow field of producers for The World Wide Web has fulfilled his wish that every receiver can also be a sender, but unfortunately the since the middle of the nineteenth century, with on one side the narrow field of producers for result is „overwhelming banality. 99.999% of all contributions are only of interest to their respective receiver, producers, and on the other side the field of mass production and ,industrial literature‘, is not now result is „overwhelming banality. 99.999% of all contributions are only of interest to their respective receiver, producers, and on the other side the field of mass production and ,industrial literature‘, is not now if at all, and even that is being generous“ 25). Back in 1970, Enzensberger believed that there was a real threatening to disappear, since the logic of commercial production tends more and more to assert if at all, and even that is being generous“ 25). Back in 1970, Enzensberger believed that there was a real threatening to disappear, since the logic of commercial production tends more and more to assert opportunity to establish a socialist Federal Republic of Germany. By 1998, however, he regarded even the itself over avantgarde production (notably, in the case of literature, through the constraints of the opportunity to establish a socialist Federal Republic of Germany. By 1998, however, he regarded even the itself over avantgarde production (notably, in the case of literature, through the constraints of the social democratic tax policy as too left-wing and too inhibiting of productivity (also in Germany, not only book market).“ 30) social democratic tax policy as too left-wing and too inhibiting of productivity (also in Germany, not only book market).“ 30) 26) in Sweden) 26). Around 1968, Enzensberger castigated US imperialism in Vietnam and towards Cuba, while in Sweden) . Around 1968, Enzensberger castigated US imperialism in Vietnam and towards Cuba, while

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There is undoubtedly such a trend and threat. However, Bourdieu’s model has two inherent disadvantages. There is undoubtedly such a trend and threat. However, Bourdieu’s model has two inherent disadvantages. Firstly, the model cannot explain how it is possible for an author to be commercially successful and enjoy Firstly, the model cannot explain how it is possible for an author to be commercially successful and enjoy prestige among other writers at the same time. Secondly, Bourdieu’s field theory ignores the fact that even prestige among other writers at the same time. Secondly, Bourdieu’s field theory ignores the fact that even literary critics who hold small scale production in high regard are swayed by political evaluation criteria, literary critics who hold small scale production in high regard are swayed by political evaluation criteria, at least in the sub-fields of essays and novels. The theory therefore does not cover a second instance of at least in the sub-fields of essays and novels. The theory therefore does not cover a second instance of heteronomy, alongside the pressure of commercialisation. heteronomy, alongside the pressure of commercialisation. Politicisation is hardly a feature of the German literary field alone. What about the political neutrality Politicisation is hardly a feature of the German literary field alone. What about the political neutrality of the Swedish Academy responsible for awarding the Nobel Prize in Literature? It is strange that of the Swedish Academy responsible for awarding the Nobel Prize in Literature? It is strange that Enzensberger has never been awarded this prize, not only because he was first nominated for this award 52 Enzensberger has never been awarded this prize, not only because he was first nominated for this award 52 years ago (by Wolfgang Baumgart, then professor of theatre studies at Freie Universität Berlin). He has not years ago (by Wolfgang Baumgart, then professor of theatre studies at Freie Universität Berlin). He has not even been a candidate for the award in recent years even though he has since contributed even further to the even been a candidate for the award in recent years even though he has since contributed even further to the internationalisation of literature. His main work, Der Untergang der Titanic (The Sinking of the Titanic, internationalisation of literature. His main work, Der Untergang der Titanic (The Sinking of the Titanic, 1978) is about losing faith in socialism during a one-year stay in Cuba. This epic poem is formally oriented 1978) is about losing faith in socialism during a one-year stay in Cuba. This epic poem is formally oriented both on the works of the US poet Williams Carlos Williams and on Dante Alighieri’s Divina Commedia. It both on the works of the US poet Williams Carlos Williams and on Dante Alighieri’s Divina Commedia. It can hardly be described as too strongly national literature. A collection of Enzensberger’s translations from can hardly be described as too strongly national literature. A collection of Enzensberger’s translations from nine different languages (not only European but also Aztec) published in 1999, Geisterstimmen (Spooky nine different languages (not only European but also Aztec) published in 1999, Geisterstimmen (Spooky Voices), was met with high critical acclaim. Above all, Enzensberger exercised a long overdue self-criticism Voices), was met with high critical acclaim. Above all, Enzensberger exercised a long overdue self-criticism of his Museum der modernen Poesie for being „ignorantly Eurocentric“. „That is why the Chinese, the Arabs, of his Museum der modernen Poesie for being „ignorantly Eurocentric“. „That is why the Chinese, the Arabs, the Indians, the Japanese […] are missing from this book. The idea of world literature was therefore limited the Indians, the Japanese […] are missing from this book. The idea of world literature was therefore limited in a way that today, in this post-colonial era, seems rather strange“ 31). in a way that today, in this post-colonial era, seems rather strange“ 31). Enzensberger has expressed more clearly than any other German author of his generation that the Enzensberger has expressed more clearly than any other German author of his generation that the internationalisation of German literature has by far not reached a state of globalisation, and that every internationalisation of German literature has by far not reached a state of globalisation, and that every inclusion of foreign literature comes hand in hand with a degree of exclusion. We could term this reflected inclusion of foreign literature comes hand in hand with a degree of exclusion. We could term this reflected internationalisation. The fact that the Swedish Academy has still not distinguished the self-critical internationalisation. The fact that the Swedish Academy has still not distinguished the self-critical cosmopolitan, but instead Günter Grass and Heinrich Böll, two german novelists who have spent their lives cosmopolitan, but instead Günter Grass and Heinrich Böll, two german novelists who have spent their lives just writing about Danzig and Cologne, their home towns, does feed the suspicion that the traditionally just writing about Danzig and Cologne, their home towns, does feed the suspicion that the traditionally social-democratically inclined Nobel prize committee prefers to honour social-democratically minded social-democratically inclined Nobel prize committee prefers to honour social-democratically minded authors rather than a politically unpredictable one like Enzensberger. Evidently, the Academy is so put off authors rather than a politically unpredictable one like Enzensberger. Evidently, the Academy is so put off by Enzensberger’s abandonment of the left, and above all his position on the Iraq war, that it gives less by Enzensberger’s abandonment of the left, and above all his position on the Iraq war, that it gives less weight to his achievements as a cultural mediator. weight to his achievements as a cultural mediator. As this may sound like speculation or insinuation, let us look more closely at the reasons one may As this may sound like speculation or insinuation, let us look more closely at the reasons one may suspect political antipathy is involved here. Enzensberger’s essay Hitlers Wiedergänger (Hitler’s Revenant, suspect political antipathy is involved here. Enzensberger’s essay Hitlers Wiedergänger (Hitler’s Revenant, 1991), in which he provided a justification for the first Iraq war, was published in no less than 14 foreign 1991), in which he provided a justification for the first Iraq war, was published in no less than 14 foreign newspapers, including Sweden, after it was first published in Der Spiegel. The bellicist stance taken by newspapers, including Sweden, after it was first published in Der Spiegel. The bellicist stance taken by Enzensberger in his essay must already have seemed outrageous to the Academy. As far as I am aware, none Enzensberger in his essay must already have seemed outrageous to the Academy. As far as I am aware, none

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There is undoubtedly such a trend and threat. However, Bourdieu’s model has two inherent disadvantages. of the Nobel laureates in literature of the last three decades supported the (first or second) war with Iraq. There is undoubtedly such a trend and threat. However, Bourdieu’s model has two inherent disadvantages. of the Nobel laureates in literature of the last three decades supported the (first or second) war with Iraq. Firstly, the model cannot explain how it is possible for an author to be commercially successful and enjoy Enzensberger’s rationale for his dissonant position is even more sensitive as it violated discursive taboos. Firstly, the model cannot explain how it is possible for an author to be commercially successful and enjoy Enzensberger’s rationale for his dissonant position is even more sensitive as it violated discursive taboos. prestige among other writers at the same time. Secondly, Bourdieu’s field theory ignores the fact that even He questioned the uniqueness of Adolf Hitler as a figure and described Saddam Hussein as a successor, prestige among other writers at the same time. Secondly, Bourdieu’s field theory ignores the fact that even He questioned the uniqueness of Adolf Hitler as a figure and described Saddam Hussein as a successor, literary critics who hold small scale production in high regard are swayed by political evaluation criteria, seeing both as an „enemy of mankind“ 32). Above all, Enzensberger was the first German writer to question literary critics who hold small scale production in high regard are swayed by political evaluation criteria, seeing both as an „enemy of mankind“ 32). Above all, Enzensberger was the first German writer to question at least in the sub-fields of essays and novels. The theory therefore does not cover a second instance of the singularity of the Nazi mentality. He thought one could see resemblances of it in the collective mentality at least in the sub-fields of essays and novels. The theory therefore does not cover a second instance of the singularity of the Nazi mentality. He thought one could see resemblances of it in the collective mentality heteronomy, alongside the pressure of commercialisation. of this Middle Eastern people: „The Germans were the Iraqis of 1938-1945“ 33). The common factor which heteronomy, alongside the pressure of commercialisation. of this Middle Eastern people: „The Germans were the Iraqis of 1938-1945“ 33). The common factor which Politicisation is hardly a feature of the German literary field alone. What about the political neutrality Enzensberger believes to have identified is the fanatical readiness for self-sacrifice with which the people Politicisation is hardly a feature of the German literary field alone. What about the political neutrality Enzensberger believes to have identified is the fanatical readiness for self-sacrifice with which the people of the Swedish Academy responsible for awarding the Nobel Prize in Literature? It is strange that followed their leader, the resentment against the West and raging anti-Semitism. Just under three decades of the Swedish Academy responsible for awarding the Nobel Prize in Literature? It is strange that followed their leader, the resentment against the West and raging anti-Semitism. Just under three decades Enzensberger has never been awarded this prize, not only because he was first nominated for this award 52 ago, Enzensberger thus glaringly deviated from the left-liberal consensus in Europe that the monstrosity of Enzensberger has never been awarded this prize, not only because he was first nominated for this award 52 ago, Enzensberger thus glaringly deviated from the left-liberal consensus in Europe that the monstrosity of years ago (by Wolfgang Baumgart, then professor of theatre studies at Freie Universität Berlin). He has not Germany’s crimes during the National Socialist era prohibits any comparison with other examples of state years ago (by Wolfgang Baumgart, then professor of theatre studies at Freie Universität Berlin). He has not Germany’s crimes during the National Socialist era prohibits any comparison with other examples of state even been a candidate for the award in recent years even though he has since contributed even further to the terror, and the fact that he reaffirmed his bellicist position in 2003 certainly did not reduce the number of his even been a candidate for the award in recent years even though he has since contributed even further to the terror, and the fact that he reaffirmed his bellicist position in 2003 certainly did not reduce the number of his internationalisation of literature. His main work, Der Untergang der Titanic (The Sinking of the Titanic, opponents. internationalisation of literature. His main work, Der Untergang der Titanic (The Sinking of the Titanic, opponents. 1978) is about losing faith in socialism during a one-year stay in Cuba. This epic poem is formally oriented From the specific perspective of Swedish social democrats, Enzensberger was guilty of a second 1978) is about losing faith in socialism during a one-year stay in Cuba. This epic poem is formally oriented From the specific perspective of Swedish social democrats, Enzensberger was guilty of a second both on the works of the US poet Williams Carlos Williams and on Dante Alighieri’s Divina Commedia. It „sin“ somewhat earlier in his career. In 1982, Enzensberger wrote an extended report on Sweden for the both on the works of the US poet Williams Carlos Williams and on Dante Alighieri’s Divina Commedia. It „sin“ somewhat earlier in his career. In 1982, Enzensberger wrote an extended report on Sweden for the can hardly be described as too strongly national literature. A collection of Enzensberger’s translations from German weekly newspaper Die Zeit. This was then translated for Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm’s largest daily can hardly be described as too strongly national literature. A collection of Enzensberger’s translations from German weekly newspaper Die Zeit. This was then translated for Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm’s largest daily nine different languages (not only European but also Aztec) published in 1999, Geisterstimmen (Spooky newspaper, by Madeleine Gustavsson, one of the country’s most renowned authors. The readers were nine different languages (not only European but also Aztec) published in 1999, Geisterstimmen (Spooky newspaper, by Madeleine Gustavsson, one of the country’s most renowned authors. The readers were Voices), was met with high critical acclaim. Above all, Enzensberger exercised a long overdue self-criticism confronted with a German author who basically had nothing but criticism for the social democratic Voices), was met with high critical acclaim. Above all, Enzensberger exercised a long overdue self-criticism confronted with a German author who basically had nothing but criticism for the social democratic of his Museum der modernen Poesie for being „ignorantly Eurocentric“. „That is why the Chinese, the Arabs, hegemony of their country. Why? Because, according to Enzensberger, this form of social democracy only of his Museum der modernen Poesie for being „ignorantly Eurocentric“. „That is why the Chinese, the Arabs, hegemony of their country. Why? Because, according to Enzensberger, this form of social democracy only the Indians, the Japanese […] are missing from this book. The idea of world literature was therefore limited means more state. He argued that not only had the country’s debt reached grotesque levels, but that the tax the Indians, the Japanese […] are missing from this book. The idea of world literature was therefore limited means more state. He argued that not only had the country’s debt reached grotesque levels, but that the tax in a way that today, in this post-colonial era, seems rather strange“ 31). authority was an „institution that in most other countries would long have gone up in flames if it had placed in a way that today, in this post-colonial era, seems rather strange“ 31). authority was an „institution that in most other countries would long have gone up in flames if it had placed Enzensberger has expressed more clearly than any other German author of his generation that the such impudent, confiscatory demands on its citizens as in Sweden“ 34). In Enzensberger’s eyes, the public Enzensberger has expressed more clearly than any other German author of his generation that the such impudent, confiscatory demands on its citizens as in Sweden“ 34). In Enzensberger’s eyes, the public internationalisation of German literature has by far not reached a state of globalisation, and that every authorities were insolent and bloated with moronic red tape; the only aspect in which Sweden was recording internationalisation of German literature has by far not reached a state of globalisation, and that every authorities were insolent and bloated with moronic red tape; the only aspect in which Sweden was recording inclusion of foreign literature comes hand in hand with a degree of exclusion. We could term this reflected growth was in the number of its civil servants, a collective that was reproducing „like rabbits“ 35). He said inclusion of foreign literature comes hand in hand with a degree of exclusion. We could term this reflected growth was in the number of its civil servants, a collective that was reproducing „like rabbits“ 35). He said internationalisation. The fact that the Swedish Academy has still not distinguished the self-critical that solidarity and public welfare, the much-lauded advantages of the Swedish social state, had been achieved internationalisation. The fact that the Swedish Academy has still not distinguished the self-critical that solidarity and public welfare, the much-lauded advantages of the Swedish social state, had been achieved cosmopolitan, but instead Günter Grass and Heinrich Böll, two german novelists who have spent their lives at the cost of a paternalism towards its citizens that was well-meant but horribly intrusive. Enzensberger cosmopolitan, but instead Günter Grass and Heinrich Böll, two german novelists who have spent their lives at the cost of a paternalism towards its citizens that was well-meant but horribly intrusive. Enzensberger just writing about Danzig and Cologne, their home towns, does feed the suspicion that the traditionally sensed the „mouldy smell of an omnipresent, soft but relentless pedagogy“ 36). The fact that he rejected the just writing about Danzig and Cologne, their home towns, does feed the suspicion that the traditionally sensed the „mouldy smell of an omnipresent, soft but relentless pedagogy“ 36). The fact that he rejected the social-democratically inclined Nobel prize committee prefers to honour social-democratically minded Swedish style of politics because it threatened to smother the initiative of its citizens; that he declared the social-democratically inclined Nobel prize committee prefers to honour social-democratically minded Swedish style of politics because it threatened to smother the initiative of its citizens; that he declared the authors rather than a politically unpredictable one like Enzensberger. Evidently, the Academy is so put off basic social democratic approach as doomed and only succeeding in boring the country’s youth; and that the authors rather than a politically unpredictable one like Enzensberger. Evidently, the Academy is so put off basic social democratic approach as doomed and only succeeding in boring the country’s youth; and that the by Enzensberger’s abandonment of the left, and above all his position on the Iraq war, that it gives less person who came off best in his report was a rather vulgar businessman who took no pains to hide the by Enzensberger’s abandonment of the left, and above all his position on the Iraq war, that it gives less person who came off best in his report was a rather vulgar businessman who took no pains to hide the weight to his achievements as a cultural mediator. pleasure he got from his wealth („his vitality and his courage were unquestionable“ 37)) – none of this would weight to his achievements as a cultural mediator. pleasure he got from his wealth („his vitality and his courage were unquestionable“ 37)) – none of this would As this may sound like speculation or insinuation, let us look more closely at the reasons one may have gone down well with the paper’s left-leaning readership. Parts of Schwedischer Herbst (Swedish As this may sound like speculation or insinuation, let us look more closely at the reasons one may have gone down well with the paper’s left-leaning readership. Parts of Schwedischer Herbst (Swedish suspect political antipathy is involved here. Enzensberger’s essay Hitlers Wiedergänger (Hitler’s Revenant, Autumn) read like an early neoliberal manifesto. suspect political antipathy is involved here. Enzensberger’s essay Hitlers Wiedergänger (Hitler’s Revenant, Autumn) read like an early neoliberal manifesto. 1991), in which he provided a justification for the first Iraq war, was published in no less than 14 foreign This is not to say that Enzensberger was not awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature only for political 1991), in which he provided a justification for the first Iraq war, was published in no less than 14 foreign This is not to say that Enzensberger was not awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature only for political newspapers, including Sweden, after it was first published in Der Spiegel. The bellicist stance taken by reasons. A look at the literary genres of the 50 Nobel laureates in literature from 1967 to 2016 shows that newspapers, including Sweden, after it was first published in Der Spiegel. The bellicist stance taken by reasons. A look at the literary genres of the 50 Nobel laureates in literature from 1967 to 2016 shows that Enzensberger in his essay must already have seemed outrageous to the Academy. As far as I am aware, none the distribution is unfavourable for our author: novelists were selected thirty times, poets eleven times, the Enzensberger in his essay must already have seemed outrageous to the Academy. As far as I am aware, none the distribution is unfavourable for our author: novelists were selected thirty times, poets eleven times, the

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combination of novelist and playwright three times, playwrights twice, a poet/novelist once, a reporter once, combination of novelist and playwright three times, playwrights twice, a poet/novelist once, a reporter once, and a songwriter once (Bob Dylan). The combination of poet and essayist, the category in which Hans and a songwriter once (Bob Dylan). The combination of poet and essayist, the category in which Hans Magnus Enzensberger falls, was also only selected once in the personage of Mexican Octavio Paz (1990). Magnus Enzensberger falls, was also only selected once in the personage of Mexican Octavio Paz (1990). The facts suggest that Enzensberger’s choice of genres alone means that the odds are stacked against him The facts suggest that Enzensberger’s choice of genres alone means that the odds are stacked against him receiving a Nobel Prize. If, on top of this, the political stance of the essayist is unpopular, then he has receiving a Nobel Prize. If, on top of this, the political stance of the essayist is unpopular, then he has practically no chance of winning – no matter how much he has been translated or has translated himself. It practically no chance of winning – no matter how much he has been translated or has translated himself. It is difficult to claim that political criteria play no role whatsoever for the Swedish academy as it would then is difficult to claim that political criteria play no role whatsoever for the Swedish academy as it would then be a mystery why Enzensberger vanished from the circle of Stockholm candidates after 1991 even though be a mystery why Enzensberger vanished from the circle of Stockholm candidates after 1991 even though he is still, to this day, one of the most prominent authors on the international stage. he is still, to this day, one of the most prominent authors on the international stage. Of course, his views on the Iraq wars can well be regarded as disagreeable, as too his constant attacks Of course, his views on the Iraq wars can well be regarded as disagreeable, as too his constant attacks on the welfare state. However, a field theory analysis, in other words, an analysis that is interested in power on the welfare state. However, a field theory analysis, in other words, an analysis that is interested in power issues, has than at least to acknowledge that for the Nobel prize committee, the internationally most issues, has than at least to acknowledge that for the Nobel prize committee, the internationally most important instance of literary consecration, internationalisation is of secondary importance. Restrictions important instance of literary consecration, internationalisation is of secondary importance. Restrictions imposed on literary autonomy should not just be blamed on evil journalists. And the non-polemical manner imposed on literary autonomy should not just be blamed on evil journalists. And the non-polemical manner of the academy, that is the unspoken exclusion of Enzensberger from the circle of Nobel prize candidates, of the academy, that is the unspoken exclusion of Enzensberger from the circle of Nobel prize candidates, shows that literary sociologists should not only analyse the explicit and thus immediately visible conflicts in shows that literary sociologists should not only analyse the explicit and thus immediately visible conflicts in the literary field (like Bourdieu did) but also the hidden, silent ones. the literary field (like Bourdieu did) but also the hidden, silent ones. On the other hand, our example also reveals the greatest advantage of field theory (at least I hope On the other hand, our example also reveals the greatest advantage of field theory (at least I hope so). Only when we view Enzensberger’s career through the perspective of field theory do we see that the so). Only when we view Enzensberger’s career through the perspective of field theory do we see that the instances of power in the German literary field award symbolic capital according to different criteria than instances of power in the German literary field award symbolic capital according to different criteria than the Swedish academy. While political flexibility and internationalization are held in high esteem in Germany, the Swedish academy. While political flexibility and internationalization are held in high esteem in Germany, these „virtues“ are regarded more critically and given less weight by the Swedish academy. Field theory these „virtues“ are regarded more critically and given less weight by the Swedish academy. Field theory draws our attention to the unique logic of national literary fields and makes us less susceptible to draws our attention to the unique logic of national literary fields and makes us less susceptible to globalization myths. The result we have identified speaks against the existence of globally valid standards. globalization myths. The result we have identified speaks against the existence of globally valid standards. Incidentally, one should not confuse the fact that German literary critics value internationalization so highly Incidentally, one should not confuse the fact that German literary critics value internationalization so highly with an internationalization of German literature. An editor of the renowned Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung with an internationalization of German literature. An editor of the renowned Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in 2000 very convincingly argued that, in fact, the opposite is the case. In a piece on an anthology in honour in 2000 very convincingly argued that, in fact, the opposite is the case. In a piece on an anthology in honour of Enzensberger, he wrote: „The fact that so many authors focus on Enzensberger’s cosmopolitanism does of Enzensberger, he wrote: „The fact that so many authors focus on Enzensberger’s cosmopolitanism does not cast him in a poor light, it casts a poor light on the state of the rest of German contemporary literature. It not cast him in a poor light, it casts a poor light on the state of the rest of German contemporary literature. It almost seems as if Enzensberger is the only renowned German author who can move with any degree of almost seems as if Enzensberger is the only renowned German author who can move with any degree of ease between Havana and the Oslo Fjord“ 38). ease between Havana and the Oslo Fjord“ 38).

Notes: Notes: 1) Pierre Bourdieu, The Rules of Art. Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field, translated by Susan Emanuel, Stanford, 1) Pierre Bourdieu, The Rules of Art. Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field, translated by Susan Emanuel, Stanford,

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combination of novelist and playwright three times, playwrights twice, a poet/novelist once, a reporter once, 1996, p. 83. (abbreviation: RA) combination of novelist and playwright three times, playwrights twice, a poet/novelist once, a reporter once, 1996, p. 83. (abbreviation: RA) and a songwriter once (Bob Dylan). The combination of poet and essayist, the category in which Hans 2) RA, p. 220. and a songwriter once (Bob Dylan). The combination of poet and essayist, the category in which Hans 2) RA, p. 220. Magnus Enzensberger falls, was also only selected once in the personage of Mexican Octavio Paz (1990). 3) RA, p. 243. Magnus Enzensberger falls, was also only selected once in the personage of Mexican Octavio Paz (1990). 3) RA, p. 243. The facts suggest that Enzensberger’s choice of genres alone means that the odds are stacked against him 4) Pierre Bourdieu, Rede und Antwort, Frankfurt/Main, 1992, p. 141. The facts suggest that Enzensberger’s choice of genres alone means that the odds are stacked against him 4) Pierre Bourdieu, Rede und Antwort, Frankfurt/Main, 1992, p. 141. receiving a Nobel Prize. If, on top of this, the political stance of the essayist is unpopular, then he has 5) Cf. Pierre Bourdieu, Zur Soziologie der symbolischen Formen, Frankfurt/Main, 1970, p. 83. receiving a Nobel Prize. If, on top of this, the political stance of the essayist is unpopular, then he has 5) Cf. Pierre Bourdieu, Zur Soziologie der symbolischen Formen, Frankfurt/Main, 1970, p. 83. practically no chance of winning – no matter how much he has been translated or has translated himself. It 6) Cf. Niklas Luhmann, Die Kunst der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt/Main, 1995, pp. 301-327. practically no chance of winning – no matter how much he has been translated or has translated himself. It 6) Cf. Niklas Luhmann, Die Kunst der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt/Main, 1995, pp. 301-327. is difficult to claim that political criteria play no role whatsoever for the Swedish academy as it would then 7) Niklas Luhmann, Soziale Systeme. Grundriss einer allgemeinen Theorie, Frankfurt/Main, 1984, p. 533 is difficult to claim that political criteria play no role whatsoever for the Swedish academy as it would then 7) Niklas Luhmann, Soziale Systeme. Grundriss einer allgemeinen Theorie, Frankfurt/Main, 1984, p. 533 be a mystery why Enzensberger vanished from the circle of Stockholm candidates after 1991 even though 8) Cf. RA, pp. 83-85. be a mystery why Enzensberger vanished from the circle of Stockholm candidates after 1991 even though 8) Cf. RA, pp. 83-85. he is still, to this day, one of the most prominent authors on the international stage. 9) RA, p. 120. he is still, to this day, one of the most prominent authors on the international stage. 9) RA, p. 120. Of course, his views on the Iraq wars can well be regarded as disagreeable, as too his constant attacks 10) Cf. RA, pp. 362-364. Of course, his views on the Iraq wars can well be regarded as disagreeable, as too his constant attacks 10) Cf. RA, pp. 362-364. on the welfare state. However, a field theory analysis, in other words, an analysis that is interested in power 11) Cf. Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Zu große Fragen. Interviews und Gespräche 2005-1970, Frankfurt/Main, 2006, p. on the welfare state. However, a field theory analysis, in other words, an analysis that is interested in power 11) Cf. Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Zu große Fragen. Interviews und Gespräche 2005-1970, Frankfurt/Main, 2006, p. issues, has than at least to acknowledge that for the Nobel prize committee, the internationally most 118. issues, has than at least to acknowledge that for the Nobel prize committee, the internationally most 118. important instance of literary consecration, internationalisation is of secondary importance. Restrictions 12) Cf. RA, p. 157. important instance of literary consecration, internationalisation is of secondary importance. Restrictions 12) Cf. RA, p. 157. imposed on literary autonomy should not just be blamed on evil journalists. And the non-polemical manner 13) Cf. Rainer Wieland (ed.), Der Zorn altert, die Ironie ist unsterblich. Über Hans Magnus Enzensberger, imposed on literary autonomy should not just be blamed on evil journalists. And the non-polemical manner 13) Cf. Rainer Wieland (ed.), Der Zorn altert, die Ironie ist unsterblich. Über Hans Magnus Enzensberger, of the academy, that is the unspoken exclusion of Enzensberger from the circle of Nobel prize candidates, Frankfurt/Main, 1999, pp. 277-278. of the academy, that is the unspoken exclusion of Enzensberger from the circle of Nobel prize candidates, Frankfurt/Main, 1999, pp. 277-278. shows that literary sociologists should not only analyse the explicit and thus immediately visible conflicts in 14) Cf. for example the deferential portrayal by Alexander Smoltczyk, Der Fahrplaner der Lüfte, in Der Spiegel, 51, shows that literary sociologists should not only analyse the explicit and thus immediately visible conflicts in 14) Cf. for example the deferential portrayal by Alexander Smoltczyk, Der Fahrplaner der Lüfte, in Der Spiegel, 51, the literary field (like Bourdieu did) but also the hidden, silent ones. 1998, pp. 214-216. the literary field (like Bourdieu did) but also the hidden, silent ones. 1998, pp. 214-216. On the other hand, our example also reveals the greatest advantage of field theory (at least I hope 15) Alfred Andersch, 1 (in Worten: ein) zorniger junger Mann [1958], in Reinhold Grimm (ed.): Hans Magnus On the other hand, our example also reveals the greatest advantage of field theory (at least I hope 15) Alfred Andersch, 1 (in Worten: ein) zorniger junger Mann [1958], in Reinhold Grimm (ed.): Hans Magnus so). Only when we view Enzensberger’s career through the perspective of field theory do we see that the Enzensberger Frankfurt/Main, 1984, p. 59-63, at p. 62. so). Only when we view Enzensberger’s career through the perspective of field theory do we see that the Enzensberger Frankfurt/Main, 1984, p. 59-63, at p. 62. instances of power in the German literary field award symbolic capital according to different criteria than 16) Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Verteidigung der Wölfe gegen die Lämmer, in verteidigung der wölfe, Frankfurt/Main, instances of power in the German literary field award symbolic capital according to different criteria than 16) Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Verteidigung der Wölfe gegen die Lämmer, in verteidigung der wölfe, Frankfurt/Main, the Swedish academy. While political flexibility and internationalization are held in high esteem in Germany, 1957, p. 68 the Swedish academy. While political flexibility and internationalization are held in high esteem in Germany, 1957, p. 68 these „virtues“ are regarded more critically and given less weight by the Swedish academy. Field theory 17) Cf. RA, p. 95: „Flaubert calls into question the very fundamentals of the current way of thinking, that is to say, the these „virtues“ are regarded more critically and given less weight by the Swedish academy. Field theory 17) Cf. RA, p. 95: „Flaubert calls into question the very fundamentals of the current way of thinking, that is to say, the draws our attention to the unique logic of national literary fields and makes us less susceptible to common principles of vision and division that, at any one moment, ground the consensus about the common meaning draws our attention to the unique logic of national literary fields and makes us less susceptible to common principles of vision and division that, at any one moment, ground the consensus about the common meaning globalization myths. The result we have identified speaks against the existence of globally valid standards. of the world: poetry against prose, the poetic against the prosaic, lyricism against vulgarity, conception against globalization myths. The result we have identified speaks against the existence of globally valid standards. of the world: poetry against prose, the poetic against the prosaic, lyricism against vulgarity, conception against Incidentally, one should not confuse the fact that German literary critics value internationalization so highly execution, idea against writing, subject against technique, and so on: he revokes the limits and the incompatibilities Incidentally, one should not confuse the fact that German literary critics value internationalization so highly execution, idea against writing, subject against technique, and so on: he revokes the limits and the incompatibilities with an internationalization of German literature. An editor of the renowned Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung that ground the perceptual and communicative order on the prohibited that is the sacrilege of the mixture of genres or with an internationalization of German literature. An editor of the renowned Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung that ground the perceptual and communicative order on the prohibited that is the sacrilege of the mixture of genres or in 2000 very convincingly argued that, in fact, the opposite is the case. In a piece on an anthology in honour the confusion of orders, prose applied to the poetic and especially poetry applied to the prosaic.” in 2000 very convincingly argued that, in fact, the opposite is the case. In a piece on an anthology in honour the confusion of orders, prose applied to the poetic and especially poetry applied to the prosaic.” of Enzensberger, he wrote: „The fact that so many authors focus on Enzensberger’s cosmopolitanism does 18) Cf. the very interesting study by Claus Telge, „Brüderliche Egoisten“, Die Gedichtübersetzungen aus dem of Enzensberger, he wrote: „The fact that so many authors focus on Enzensberger’s cosmopolitanism does 18) Cf. the very interesting study by Claus Telge, „Brüderliche Egoisten“, Die Gedichtübersetzungen aus dem not cast him in a poor light, it casts a poor light on the state of the rest of German contemporary literature. It Spanischen von Erich Arendt und Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Heidelberg, 2017, pp. 175-184. not cast him in a poor light, it casts a poor light on the state of the rest of German contemporary literature. It Spanischen von Erich Arendt und Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Heidelberg, 2017, pp. 175-184. almost seems as if Enzensberger is the only renowned German author who can move with any degree of 19) Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Tragödie, in verteidigung der wölfe, Frankfurt/Main, 1957, p. 20. almost seems as if Enzensberger is the only renowned German author who can move with any degree of 19) Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Tragödie, in verteidigung der wölfe, Frankfurt/Main, 1957, p. 20. ease between Havana and the Oslo Fjord“ 38). 20) Cf. Ludwig Fischer, Der fliegende Robert. Zu Hans Magnus Enzensbergers Ambitionen und Kapriolen, in Christine ease between Havana and the Oslo Fjord“ 38). 20) Cf. Ludwig Fischer, Der fliegende Robert. Zu Hans Magnus Enzensbergers Ambitionen und Kapriolen, in Christine Künzel, Jörg Schönert (ed.), Autorinszenierungen: Autorschaft und literarisches Werk im Kontext der Medien, Künzel, Jörg Schönert (ed.), Autorinszenierungen: Autorschaft und literarisches Werk im Kontext der Medien, Würzburg, 2007, pp. 145-176, at p. 160. Würzburg, 2007, pp. 145-176, at p. 160. Notes: 21) Hans Magnus Enzensberger (ed.), Museum der modernen Poesie, Frankfurt/Main, 1960, p. 13. Notes: 21) Hans Magnus Enzensberger (ed.), Museum der modernen Poesie, Frankfurt/Main, 1960, p. 13. 1) Pierre Bourdieu, The Rules of Art. Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field, translated by Susan Emanuel, Stanford, 22) Florian Illies, Keiner von uns, in Die Zeit, 05.11.2009 1) Pierre Bourdieu, The Rules of Art. Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field, translated by Susan Emanuel, Stanford, 22) Florian Illies, Keiner von uns, in Die Zeit, 05.11.2009

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23) Felicitas von Lovenberg, Überschaum und Maß, in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 12.11.2009. 23) Felicitas von Lovenberg, Überschaum und Maß, in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 12.11.2009. 24) Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Baukasten zu einer Theorie der Medien [1970], in Palaver. Politische Überlegungen 24) Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Baukasten zu einer Theorie der Medien [1970], in Palaver. Politische Überlegungen (1967-1973), Frankfurt/Main, 1974, pp. 91-129, at p. 93. (1967-1973), Frankfurt/Main, 1974, pp. 91-129, at p. 93. 25) Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Das digitale Evangelium [2000] in Nomaden im Regal. Essays, Frankfurt/Main, 2003, 25) Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Das digitale Evangelium [2000] in Nomaden im Regal. Essays, Frankfurt/Main, 2003, pp. 106-129, at p. 117 pp. 106-129, at p. 117 26) Cf. Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Über die Gutmütigkeit [1998], in Nomaden im Regal. Essays, Frankfurt/Main, 2003, 26) Cf. Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Über die Gutmütigkeit [1998], in Nomaden im Regal. Essays, Frankfurt/Main, 2003, pp. 50-60. pp. 50-60. 27) Cf. Werner Rügemer, Von der moralischen Überdüngung des Mobs, in Konkret, 2, 1999, p. 32. 27) Cf. Werner Rügemer, Von der moralischen Überdüngung des Mobs, in Konkret, 2, 1999, p. 32. 28) Cf. pars pro toto Eckhard Fuhr: Börne-Preis für Hans Magnus Enzensberger, in Die Welt, 03.06.2002; Frank 28) Cf. pars pro toto Eckhard Fuhr: Börne-Preis für Hans Magnus Enzensberger, in Die Welt, 03.06.2002; Frank Schirrmacher, Verteidiger der Wölfe, in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 13.11.1989. Schirrmacher, Verteidiger der Wölfe, in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 13.11.1989. 29) Cf. RA, pp. 220-221: „The degree of autonomy of the field (and thereby, the state of relations of force established 29) Cf. RA, pp. 220-221: „The degree of autonomy of the field (and thereby, the state of relations of force established there) varies considerably according to periods and national traditions.” there) varies considerably according to periods and national traditions.” 30) RA, p. 345. 30) RA, p. 345. 31) Hans Magnus Enzensberger: Nachbemerkung zu einer Neuauflage, in Museum der modernen Poesie [1960], 31) Hans Magnus Enzensberger: Nachbemerkung zu einer Neuauflage, in Museum der modernen Poesie [1960], Frankfurt/Main, 2002, pp. 785-787, at p. 786-787. Frankfurt/Main, 2002, pp. 785-787, at p. 786-787. 32) Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Hitlers Wiedergänger [1991], in Zickzack, Frankfurt/Main, 1997, pp. 79-88, at. pp. 80- 32) Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Hitlers Wiedergänger [1991], in Zickzack, Frankfurt/Main, 1997, pp. 79-88, at. pp. 80- 81. 81. 33) Ibid., p. 81. 33) Ibid., p. 81. 34) Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Schwedischer Herbst [1982], in Ach Europa!, Frankfurt/Main, 1987, pp. 9-49, at pp. 34) Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Schwedischer Herbst [1982], in Ach Europa!, Frankfurt/Main, 1987, pp. 9-49, at pp. 40-41. 40-41. 35) Ibid., p. 25. 35) Ibid., p. 25. 36) Ibid., p. 16. 36) Ibid., p. 16. 37) Ibid., p. 17. 37) Ibid., p. 17. 38) Christoph Bartmann, Der Hase, der das Rennen macht, in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 31.3.2000. 38) Christoph Bartmann, Der Hase, der das Rennen macht, in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 31.3.2000.

（マルクスヨッホ慶応義塾大学文学部）（マルクスヨッホ慶応義塾大学文学部）