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Regional Findings 60 Global Slavery Index 2018 05 REGIONAL FINDINGS Regional findings 62 Prevalence across the regions 62 Vulnerability across the regions 64 Government responses across the regions 66 Africa 68 Americas 76 Arab States 82 Asia & the Pacific 86 Europe & Central Asia 92 Miner working in an Angolan village not far from the Congolese border. Diamond extraction in Angola has over the past decades been linked to torture, murder, and forced displacement, and relies on both child labour and forced labour. Photo credit: Olivier Polet/Corbis via Getty Images Regional Findings 61 62 Global Slavery Index 2018 REGIONAL FINDINGS Prevalence across the regions Globally, there were 5.4 victims of modern slavery for every 1,000 people in the world. Looking regionally, the prevalence of modern slavery was highest in Africa with 7.6 victims for every 1,000 people in the region (Figure 1). This was followed by Asia and the Pacific (6.1 victims) and Europe and Central Asia (3.9 victims). The prevalence in the Arab States and Americas was lower, at 3.3 and 1.9 victims per 1,000 people respectively (noting the caveats below regarding data limitations, particularly in the Arab States). When we separated forced labour and forced marriage, Data limitations – prevalence a different regional picture emerged. For forced labour, Asia and the Pacific had the highest prevalence (4.0 While regional estimates of prevalence of modern slavery victims for every 1,000 people), followed by Europe and were presented in the Global Estimates of Modern Slavery, Central Asia (3.6) and Africa (2.8). The prevalence of forced critical gaps in available data were noted. These are labour was lowest in the Arab States (2.2 victims) and the particularly problematic in the Arab States where only two Americas (1.3 victims). The prevalence of forced marriage national surveys were undertaken, neither of which was was highest in Africa (4.8 victims), followed by Asia and the a Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) country, despite the Pacific region (2.0 victims), and the Arab States (1.1 victims). incidence of forced labour reported by various sources in The prevalence was lowest in the Americas (0.7 per 1,000 such sectors as domestic work and construction in the GCC. people) and Europe and Central Asia (0.4 victims). Further, measurement of forced marriage among residents of countries within the region is particularly problematic At the regional level, the impact of conflict and state-imposed where there are no surveys. Taken together, these gaps forced labour remained consistent with the global findings, point to a significant underestimate of the extent of modern with the highest prevalence occurring primarily in countries slavery in this region. with well-documented state-imposed forced labour or marked by protracted or recent conflict. The countries Similarly, it is typically not possible to survey in countries with highest prevalence across the regions included that are experiencing profound and current conflict, such as Eritrea, Burundi, and the Central African Republic (Africa); Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Libya, South Sudan, and parts of Nigeria Venezuela, Haiti, and Dominican Republic (Americas); North and Pakistan. Yet it is known that conflict is a significant risk Korea, Afghanistan, and Pakistan (Asia and the Pacific); Syria, factor – the breakdown of the rule of law, the loss of social Iraq, and Yemen (Arab States); and Belarus, Turkmenistan, supports, and the disruption that occurs with conflict all and Macedonia (Europe and Central Asia). increase risk of both forced labour and forced marriage. The lack of data from countries experiencing conflict means that modern slavery estimates in regions where conflict countries are situated will understate the problem. Drawing on vulnerability data goes some way towards mitigating the impact of this gap; however, the need for better data in conflict countries remains an urgent research priority. Regional Findings 63 FIGURE 1 Regional prevalence of modern slavery (per 1,000 population) by category 8 7.6 7 6.1 6 5 4.8 4.0 3.9 4 3.6 3.3 3 2.8 2.2 1.9 2.0 2 1.3 1.1 1 0.7 0.4 0 Africa Americas Arab States Asia & The Pacific Europe & Central Asia Modern Slavery Forced Labour Forced Marriage 64 Global Slavery Index 2018 Vulnerability across the regions An improved understanding of the drivers of modern The Africa region had the highest average vulnerability slavery – that is, the factors that increase vulnerability to score (62 percent), followed by the Arab States (57 percent), modern slavery – is critical to the development of successful Asia and the Pacific (46 percent), and the Americas interventions. Our assessment of vulnerability is conducted (41 percent), while the lowest levels of vulnerability are at the national level and covers five dimensions: governance found in Europe and Central Asia (28 percent); (Figure 3). issues, lack of basic needs, inequality, disenfranchised Looking behind the overall vulnerability scores to the groups, and effects of conflict (see Appendix 2: Part 1A.) dimension level, it is apparent that across the regions, vulnerability related to governance issues, lack of basic A regional analysis of our vulnerability measures needs, and disenfranchised groups were highest in suggests higher risk of modern slavery in the Arab States Africa, vulnerability related to inequality was highest in the and the Americas than is evident in the prevalence data. Americas, and vulnerability related to conflict was highest The Arab States had the second highest vulnerability in the Arab States (Table 1). Figure 3 shows how countries scores across the five regions, despite having relatively in the region scored in relation to the regional average on low prevalence estimates. each dimension of vulnerability. Princess, 43, trafficked from Nigeria into forced sexual exploitation in Italy. “We saw people return from Europe rich. A woman said she would give me work in a Nigerian restaurant in Italy. When I arrived I was told I had to pay back a £40,000 debt before I could leave. They said they would kill me if I didn’t work as a prostitute. The work was so dangerous. I was stabbed twice. I managed to leave, and now I work to help other women escape. These traffickers take everything from you – all that makes you human.” Photo credit: Quintina Valero for The Guardian Regional Findings 65 FIGURE 2 Overall vulnerability score dot plot with regional averages (higher number indicates higher vulnerability) 100 75 50 25 o Africa Americas Arab States Asia & The Pacific Europe & Central Asia Individual Countries Average Vulnerability 66 Global Slavery Index 2018 TABLE 1 Regional average vulnerability scores by dimension (higher number indicates higher vulnerability) Dis- Overall Governance Lack of enfranchised Effects of weighted Region issues basic needs Inequality groups conflict average Africa 60.8 38.4 43.1 44.5 35.7 62.0 Americas 44.3 21.4 49.9 33.5 22.9 41.4 Arab States 64.8 24.6 41.2 33.4 40.0 57.2 Asia and the Pacific 49.3 31.1 32.3 34.0 32.4 46.1 Europe and Central Asia 34.6 16.8 30.2 34.5 20.1 28.2 Total 48.6 27.0 38.4 37.3 28.7 45.6 Government responses across the regions The Europe and Central Asia region had the strongest themselves within these two regions were different, with response to modern slavery, with countries scoring an some countries in the Asia and the Pacific region starting average BB rating. Within the broader Europe and Central to provide safety nets and protections for people in high Asia region, European governments in particular are risk sectors or groups. The Africa region, with a CC rating, generally characterised by both high levels of political will had the lowest average regional government response and resources, and this is backed up by regional bodies score, but this should not diminish important improvements that provide monitoring and oversight. The Americas made in recent years, including introduction of criminal had the second strongest responses to modern slavery, laws and national referral mechanisms in several countries scoring an average B rating, reflecting improvements in including Côte d’Ivoire and Sierra Leone. Despite this, in both victim identification mechanisms and support services. Africa, limited resources and ongoing conflict continued to Both Asia and the Pacific and the Arab States have a CCC hinder more comprehensive responses to modern slavery. rating on government responses. However, the responses TABLE 2 Government response rating and milestone percentage by region Average Support Criminal rating Regions survivor justice Coordination Address risk Supply chains CC Africa 28.2 30.9 32.9 42.5 0.3 B Americas 46.5 48.7 47.2 62.8 4.1 CCC Arab States 43.3 35.3 30.5 40.5 0.0 CCC Asia and the Pacific 37.5 36.9 35.6 48.1 1.0 BB Europe and Central Asia 57.4 57.0 57.4 64.6 10.9 Regional Findings 67 FIGURE 3 Overall government response score dot plot with regional averages (higher number indicates stronger response) 100 75 50 25 o Africa Americas Arab States Asia & The Pacific Europe & Central Asia Individual Countries Average Government Response 68 Global Slavery Index 2018 AFRICA REGION HIGHLIGHTS Cameroon Central African Morocco Republic Senegal Algeria Libya Egypt Eritrea Cape Verde Djibouti Mauritania Mali Niger Chad Sudan Somalia Gambia Guinea-Bissau Nigeria Ethiopia South Sudan Guinea Uganda Kenya Sierra Togo Benin Leone Democratic Rwanda Republic of the Congo LiberiaCôte Ghana Equatorial Burundi d'Ivoire Guinea Tanzania Malawi Burkina Faso Gabon Angola Zambia Republic of the Congo Mauritius Namibia Botswana Madagascar South Africa Mozambique Lesotho Zimbabwe Swaziland high low Estimated Number of Forced labour Average Vulnerability Score People in Modern Slavery percentage 37% 9,240,000 Regional Proportion Forced marriage 62/100 of Global Estimate percentage 63% 23% Average Government Response Score AAA AA A BBB BB B CCC CC C D Regional Findings 69 With 51 countries and 16 percent of the world’s population, Africa is enormously diverse in terms of history, development, people, culture, and religion.
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