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THE FABRICATION OF NANOMETRIC METAL SULFIDES FROM XANTHATE PRECURSORS By ALAN PIQUETTE Bachelor of Arts Western State College of Colorado Gunnison, Colorado 2002 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University In partial fulfillment of The requirements for The Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December, 2007 THE FABRICATION OF NANOMETRIC METAL SULFIDES FROM XANTHATE PRECURSORS Thesis Approved: _______________ __Allen Apblett___ ______________ Thesis Advisor ________________ Nicholas Materer_____ __________ _____________ __LeGrande Slaughter___ __________ _______________ ____Jim Smay___ _______________ _____________ __A. Gordon Emslie___ ____________ Dean of the Graduate College ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is with my utmost sincere appreciation that I acknowledge my thesis advisor, Dr. Allen W. Apblett, for his support, guidance, and motivation. He provided a research environment that was both friendly and challenging, which made my years in his group enjoyable and rewarding. His broad range of knowledge was something of which I was happy to take advantage. His dedication to teaching and research is something that will be a positive influence on me for the rest of my scientific career. I would like to express gratitude to my committee members: Dr. Nicholas Materer, Dr. LeGrande Slaughter, and Dr. Jim Smay, for their assistance, advice, guidance, and support throughout the years. I am deeply grateful to all my colleagues and friends in the chemistry department. I would specifically like to thank Sulaiman Al-Fadul, Mohammed Al-Hazmi, Zeid Al- Othmann, Mohamed Chehbouni, Satish Kuriyavar, and Tarek Trad for showing me the ropes, for their valuable discussions, continuous encouragement, and for all the help they extended during the course of my stay in the Apblett Group. -
2354 Metabolism and Ecology of Purine Alkaloids Ana Luisa Anaya 1
[Frontiers in Bioscience 11, 2354-2370, September 1, 2006] Metabolism and Ecology of Purine Alkaloids Ana Luisa Anaya 1, Rocio Cruz-Ortega 1 and George R. Waller 2 1Departamento de Ecologia Funcional, Instituto de Ecologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Mexico DF 04510, 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, OK 74078, USA TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Classification of alkaloids 4. The importance of purine in natural compounds 5. Purine alkaloids 5.1. Distribution of purine alkaloids in plants 5.2. Metabolism of purine alkaloids 6. Biosynthesis of caffeine 6.1. Purine ring methylation 6.2. Cultured cells 7. Catabolism of caffeine 8. Caffeine-free and low caffeine varieties of coffee 8.1. Patents 9. Ecological role of alkaloids 9.1. Herbivory 9.2. Allelopathy 9.2.1. Mechanism of action of caffeine and other purine alkaloids in plants 10. Perspective 11. Acknowledgements 12. References 1. ABSTRACT 2. INTRODUCTION In this review, the biosynthesis, catabolism, Alkaloids are one of the most diverse groups of ecological significance, and modes of action of purine secondary metabolites found in living organisms. They alkaloids particularly, caffeine, theobromine and have many distinct types of structure, metabolic pathways, theophylline in plants are discussed. In the biosynthesis of and ecological and pharmacological activities. Many caffeine, progress has been made in enzymology, the amino alkaloids have been used in medicine for centuries, and acid sequence of the enzymes, and in the genes encoding some are still important drugs. Alkaloids have, therefore, N-methyltransferases. In addition, caffeine-deficient plants been prominent in many scientific fields for years, and have been produced. -
Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacterial and Fungal Degradation of Pyrene: Mechanism Pathway Including Biochemical Reaction and Catabolic Genes
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacterial and Fungal Degradation of Pyrene: Mechanism Pathway Including Biochemical Reaction and Catabolic Genes Ali Mohamed Elyamine 1,2 , Jie Kan 1, Shanshan Meng 1, Peng Tao 1, Hui Wang 1 and Zhong Hu 1,* 1 Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Microbiology, Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; [email protected] (A.M.E.); [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (P.T.); [email protected] (H.W.) 2 Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Comoros, Moroni 269, Comoros * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Microbial biodegradation is one of the acceptable technologies to remediate and control the pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Several bacteria, fungi, and cyanobacteria strains have been isolated and used for bioremediation purpose. This review paper is intended to provide key information on the various steps and actors involved in the bacterial and fungal aerobic and anaerobic degradation of pyrene, a high molecular weight PAH, including catabolic genes and enzymes, in order to expand our understanding on pyrene degradation. The aerobic degradation pathway by Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PRY-1 and Mycobactetrium sp. KMS and the anaerobic one, by the facultative bacteria anaerobe Pseudomonas sp. JP1 and Klebsiella sp. LZ6 are reviewed and presented, to describe the complete and integrated degradation mechanism pathway of pyrene. The different microbial strains with the ability to degrade pyrene are listed, and the degradation of Citation: Elyamine, A.M.; Kan, J.; pyrene by consortium is also discussed. -
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Guidelines for Interpretation of the Biological Effects of Selected Constituents in Biota, Water, and Sediment November 1998 NIATIONAL RRIGATION WQATER UALITY P ROGRAM INFORMATION REPORT No. 3 United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Fish and Wildlife Service Geological Survey Bureau of Indian Affairs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ntroduction The guidelines, criteria, and other information in The Limitations of This Volume this volume were originally compiled for use by personnel conducting studies for the It is important to note five limitations on the Department of the Interior's National Irrigation material presented here: Water Quality Program (NIWQP). The purpose of these studies is to identify and address (1) Out of the hundreds of substances known irrigation-induced water quality and to affect wetlands and water bodies, this contamination problems associated with any of volume focuses on only nine constituents or the Department's water projects in the Western properties commonly identified during States. When NIWQP scientists submit NIWQP studies in the Western United samples of water, soil, sediment, eggs, or animal States—salinity, DDT, and the trace tissue for chemical analysis, they face a elements arsenic, boron, copper, mercury, challenge in determining the sig-nificance of the molybdenum, selenium, and zinc. -
Transport of Dangerous Goods
ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Recommendations on the TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS Model Regulations Volume I Sixteenth revised edition UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2009 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Copyright © United Nations, 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may, for sales purposes, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the United Nations. UNITED NATIONS Sales No. E.09.VIII.2 ISBN 978-92-1-139136-7 (complete set of two volumes) ISSN 1014-5753 Volumes I and II not to be sold separately FOREWORD The Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods are addressed to governments and to the international organizations concerned with safety in the transport of dangerous goods. The first version, prepared by the United Nations Economic and Social Council's Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, was published in 1956 (ST/ECA/43-E/CN.2/170). In response to developments in technology and the changing needs of users, they have been regularly amended and updated at succeeding sessions of the Committee of Experts pursuant to Resolution 645 G (XXIII) of 26 April 1957 of the Economic and Social Council and subsequent resolutions. -
The Harmful Effects of Food Preservatives on Human Health Shazia Khanum Mirza1, U.K
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery ISSN: 2347-9027 International peer reviewed Journal Special Issue Analytical Chemistry Teacher and Researchers Association National Convention/Seminar Issue 02, Vol. 02, pp. 610-616, 8 January 2017 Available online at www.jmcdd.org To Study The Harmful Effects Of Food Preservatives On Human Health Shazia Khanum Mirza1, U.K. Asema2 And Sayyad Sultan Kasim3. 1 -Research student , Dept of chemistry, Maulana Azad PG & Research centre, Aurangabad. 2-3 -Assist prof. Dept of chemistry,Maulana Azad college Arts sci & com.Aurangabad. ABSTRACT Food chemistry is the study of chemical processes and interactions of all biological and non- biological components. Food additives are chemicals added to foods to keep them fresh or to enhance their color, flavor or texture. They may include food colorings, flavor enhancers or a range of preservatives .The chemical added to a particular food for a particular reason during processing or storage which could affect the characteristics of the food, or become part of the food Preservatives are additives that inhibit the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and molds in foods. Additives and preservatives are used to maintain product consistency and quality, improve or maintain nutritional value, maintain palatability and wholesomeness, provide leavening(yeast), control pH, enhance flavour, or provide colour Some additives have been used for centuries; for example, preserving food by pickling (with vinegar), salting, as with bacon, preserving sweets or using sulfur dioxide as in some wines. Some preservatives are known to be harmful to the human body. Some are classified as carcinogens or cancer causing agents. Keywords : Food , Food additives, colour, flavour , texture, preservatives. -
United States Patent (113,607,865
United States Patent (113,607,865 (72) Inventors John Dyer (56) References Cited Media; UNITED STATES PATENTS Lyle H. Phifer, West Chester, both of Pa. 2,694,723 l l 11954 Schramm ..................... 260/455 B 2l Appl. No. 732,551 2,761,247 9/1956 Meadows.... a 260/216 22 Filed May 28, 1968 2,825,655 3/1958 Meadows..................... 260/216 45) Patented Sept. 21, 1971 2,910,466 101959 Watt............................. 260/216 73) Assignee FMC Corporation Philadelphia, Pa. 3.141023,103,507 9/19637/1964 O'Boyle...Knoevenagel. 260/234 Primary Examiner-Lewis Gotts (54) PREPARATION OFXANTHATES Assistant Examiner-Johnnie R. Brown 10 Claims, No Drawings Attorneys-Thomas R. O'Malley, George F. Mueller and Robert G. Hoffmann 52) U.S.C........................................................ 260/234 R, 260/26, 260/455 B 51 int. Cl......................................................... C07c69132 ABSTRACT: A method of forming alcohol xanthates utilizing 50 Field of Search............................................ 260/455 B, a transXanthation reaction between an alcohol xanthate and 234,216 an alcohol, is disclosed herein. 3,607,865 PREPARATION OFXANTHATES erythritol Alcohol xanthic acids and their derivatives are known to be sorbital useful for a variety of applications including mineral flotation glucose agents, sulfidizing agents, rubber vulcanization accelerators, mannitol adhesives and as intermediates in the preparation of shaped 2-methoxyethanol articles, for example, regenerated cellulose fibers and films. 2-ethoxyethanol In general, alcohol xanthates have been derived by reacting 2-butoxyethanol carbon disulfide with simple and complex alcohols under al diethyleneglycol ethylether kaline conditions. Reactions of this type have been known for polyethylene glycols many years and may be seen, for example, in many prior U.S. -
Appendix H EPA Hazardous Waste Law
Appendix H EPA Hazardous Waste Law This Appendix is intended to give you background information on hazardous waste laws and how they apply to you. For most U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements that apply to the University, the Safety Department maintains compliance through internal inspections, record keeping and proper disposal. In Wisconsin, the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has adopted the EPA regulations, consequently EPA and DNR regulations are nearly identical. EPA defines This Appendix only deals with "hazardous waste" as defined by the EPA. hazardous waste as Legally, EPA defines hazardous waste as certain hazardous chemical waste. This hazardous chemical Appendix does not address other types of regulated laboratory wastes, such as waste; radioactive, infectious, biological, radioactive or sharps. Chapter 8 descibes disposal procedures infectious and biohazardous waste for animals. Chapter 9 describes disposal procedures for sharps and other waste that are regulated by can puncture tissue. Chapter 11 discusses Radiation and the Radiation Safety for other agencies. Radiation Workers provides guidelines for the disposal of radioactive waste. Procedures for medical waste are written by the UW Hospital Safety Officer. The Office of Biological Safety can provide guidance for the disposal of infectious and biological waste. EPA regulations focus on industrial waste streams. As a result, many laboratory chemical wastes are not regulated by EPA as hazardous chemical waste. However, many unregulated chemical wastes do merit special handling and disposal If a waste can be procedures. Thus, Chapter 7 and Appendix A of this Guide recommend disposal defined as: procedures for many unregulated wastes as if they were EPA hazardous waste. -
Historical Use of Lead Arsenate and Survey of Soil Residues in Former Apple Orchards in Virginia
HISTORICAL USE OF LEAD ARSENATE AND SURVEY OF SOIL RESIDUES IN FORMER APPLE ORCHARDS IN VIRGINIA by Therese Nowak Schooley Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN LIFE SCIENCES in Entomology Michael J. Weaver, Chair Donald E. Mullins, Co-Chair Matthew J. Eick May 4, 2006 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: arsenic, lead, lead arsenate, orchards, soil residues, historical pesticides HISTORICAL USE OF LEAD ARSENATE AND SURVEY OF SOIL RESIDUES IN FORMER APPLE ORCHARDS IN VIRGINIA Therese Nowak Schooley Abstract Inorganic pesticides including natural chemicals such as arsenic, copper, lead, and sulfur have been used extensively to control pests in agriculture. Lead arsenate (PbHAsO4) was first used in apple orchards in the late 1890’s to combat the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus). The affordable and persistent pesticide was applied in ever increasing amounts for the next half century. The persistence in the environment in addition to the heavy applications during the early 1900’s may have led to many of the current and former orchards in this country being contaminated. In this study, soil samples were taken from several apple orchards across the state, ranging from Southwest to Northern Virginia and were analyzed for arsenic and lead. Based on naturally occurring background levels and standards set by other states, two orchards sampled in this study were found to have very high levels of arsenic and lead in the soil, Snead Farm and Mint Spring Recreational Park. Average arsenic levels at Mint Spring Recreational Park and Snead Farm were found to be 65.2 ppm and 107.6 ppm, respectively. -
Past Use of Chlordane, Dieldrin, And
The Hazard Evaluation and Emergency Response Office (HEER Office) is part of the Hawai‘i Department of Health (HDOH) Environmental Health Administration, whose mission is to protect human health and the environment. The HEER Office provides leadership, support, and partnership in preventing, planning for, responding to, and enforcing environmental laws relating to releases or threats of releases of hazardous substances. Past Use of Chlordane, Dieldrin, and other Organochlorine Pesticides for Termite Control in Hawai‘i: Safe Management Practices around Treated Foundations or during Building Demolition This fact sheet provides building owners, demolition and construction contractors, developers, realtors, and others with an overview of the potential environmental concerns associated with the past use of organochlorine termiticides (pesticides used to control termites) in Hawai‘i. In addition, this fact sheet discusses methods for reducing exposure to organochlorine termiticides during building demolition or around the foundations of treated buildings and identifies resources for further information. What are organochlorine termiticides? Organochlorine termiticides are a group of pesticides that were used for termite control in and around wooden buildings and homes from the mid-1940s to the late 1980s. These organochlorine pesticides included chlordane, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). They were used primarily by pest control operators in Hawaii’s urban areas, but also by homeowners, the military, the state, and counties to protect buildings against termite damage. In the 1970s and 1980s, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) banned all uses of these organochlorine pesticides except for heptachlor, which can be used today only for control of fire ants in underground power transformers. -
Warning: the Following Lecture Contains Graphic Images
What the новичок (Novichok)? Why Chemical Warfare Agents Are More Relevant Than Ever Matt Sztajnkrycer, MD PHD Professor of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic Medical Toxicologist, Minnesota Poison Control System Medical Director, RFD Chemical Assessment Team @NoobieMatt #ITLS2018 Disclosures In accordance with the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) Standards, the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission (ANCC) and the Commission on Accreditation for Pre-Hospital Continuing Education (CAPCE), states presenters must disclose the existence of significant financial interests in or relationships with manufacturers or commercial products that may have a direct interest in the subject matter of the presentation, and relationships with the commercial supporter of this CME activity. The presenter does not consider that it will influence their presentation. Dr. Sztajnkrycer does not have a significant financial relationship to report. Dr. Sztajnkrycer is on the Editorial Board of International Trauma Life Support. Specific CW Agents Classes of Chemical Agents: The Big 5 The “A” List Pulmonary Agents Phosgene Oxime, Chlorine Vesicants Mustard, Phosgene Blood Agents CN Nerve Agents G, V, Novel, T Incapacitating Agents Thinking Outside the Box - An Abbreviated List Ammonia Fluorine Chlorine Acrylonitrile Hydrogen Sulfide Phosphine Methyl Isocyanate Dibotane Hydrogen Selenide Allyl Alcohol Sulfur Dioxide TDI Acrolein Nitric Acid Arsine Hydrazine Compound 1080/1081 Nitrogen Dioxide Tetramine (TETS) Ethylene Oxide Chlorine Leaks Phosphine Chlorine Common Toxic Industrial Chemical (“TIC”). Why use it in war/terror? Chlorine Density of 3.21 g/L. Heavier than air (1.28 g/L) sinks. Concentrates in low-lying areas. Like basements and underground bunkers. Reacts with water: Hypochlorous acid (HClO) Hydrochloric acid (HCl). -
Section 2. Hazards Identification OSHA/HCS Status : This Material Is Considered Hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200)
SAFETY DATA SHEET Nonflammable Gas Mixture: Arsine / Helium / Phosgene Section 1. Identification GHS product identifier : Nonflammable Gas Mixture: Arsine / Helium / Phosgene Other means of : Not available. identification Product use : Synthetic/Analytical chemistry. SDS # : 006605 Supplier's details : Airgas USA, LLC and its affiliates 259 North Radnor-Chester Road Suite 100 Radnor, PA 19087-5283 1-610-687-5253 24-hour telephone : 1-866-734-3438 Section 2. Hazards identification OSHA/HCS status : This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Classification of the : GASES UNDER PRESSURE - Compressed gas substance or mixture ACUTE TOXICITY (inhalation) - Category 4 GHS label elements Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Warning Hazard statements : Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated. May displace oxygen and cause rapid suffocation. Harmful if inhaled. Precautionary statements General : Read and follow all Safety Data Sheets (SDS’S) before use. Read label before use. Keep out of reach of children. If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand. Close valve after each use and when empty. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Do not open valve until connected to equipment prepared for use. Use a back flow preventative device in the piping. Use only equipment of compatible materials of construction. Prevention : Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. Avoid breathing gas. Response : IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing. Call a POISON CENTER or physician if you feel unwell. Storage : Protect from sunlight when ambient temperature exceeds 52°C/125°F. Store in a well- ventilated place.