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Clay Mineralogy, Fabric, and Industrial Uses of the Shale of the Decorah Formation, Southeastern Minnesota

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Clay Mineralogy, Fabric, and Industrial Uses of the Shale of the Decorah Formation, Southeastern Minnesota MINNESOTA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PAUL K. SIMS, Director CLAY MINERALOGY, FABRIC, AND INDUSTRIAL USES OF THE SHALE OF THE DECORAH FORMATION, SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA Walter E. Parham and George S. Austin Report 01 Investigations 10 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MI N NEAPOLIS • 1969 CLAY MINERALOGY, FABRIC, AND INDUSTRIAL USES OF THE SHALE OF THE DECORAH FORMATION, SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA CONTENTS Page Abstract __ _ Introduction _ 2 Procedure __ 3 Clay mineralogy_ 6 Fabric _____ _ 10 Industrial us es ___ _ 20 Brick ____ _ 20 Sewer pipe _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 21 Lightweight aggregate _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 Decolorizers _ _ 22 References cited ___ _ 23 Appendix _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Map showing outline of the Decorah Formation and sample localities --- _ - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 2. Type clay mineral x-ray curves of the less -than-2- micron fraction of the Decorah shale _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 3. Sections X-X' and Y-Y' of the Decorah Formation, showing variations in the clay mineral assemblages 7 4. Relative abundance and distribution of kaolinite and illite in the Glenwood shale - - - - - - - - - - - 8 5-A.Generalized clay mineralogy based on type x-ray curves of the lower part of the Decorah Forma- tion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 5-B.Generalized clay mineralogy based on type x-ray curves of the upper part of the Decorah Forma- tion _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 6. Electron micrograph of a replica of a bedding- plane surface of the Decorah shale _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 7. Electron micrograph of a replica taken at right angle to figure 6 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 8. Slickensides in the Decorah shale _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 9. Electron micrograph of a replica of a slickenside surface in Decorah shale _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 10-A.Drop of water on Decorah shale bedding-plane surface after 2 seconds _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 10-B.Drop of water on Decorah shale bedding-plane surface after 90 seconds _ 16 iii lI-A.Decorah shale after being submerged in water for 4 seconds - - - - - - - 17 Il-B.Decorah shale after being submerged in water for 15 seconds _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 ll-C .Decorah shale after being submerged in water for 45 seconds - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18 iv CLAY MINERALOGY, FABRIC, AND INDUSTRIAL USES OF THE SHALE OF THE DECORAH FORMATION, SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA Walter E. Parham ond George S. Austin ABSTRACT The Decorah shale varies both vertically and laterally in its clay mineral assemblages. It is principally an illitic shale in Minnesota, but kaolinite is approximately of equal abundance in the basal part to the southwest, reflecting nearness to the source area, most probably the Transcontinental Arch. Lateral variations in clay mineral assem­ blages ofthe Decorah are similar to that of the coextensive older Or­ dovician Glenwood Formation, suggesting that the source was the same and that both were deposited under similar conditions. The vertical variation in clay mineral assemblages in the Decorah shale, from kaolinite and illite toward the base to only illite in the upper part, reflects the transgressive nature of the Decorah sea. Certain engineering properties of the Decorah shale are related to the orientation of clay minerals, The shale is relatively impermeable perpendicular· to bedding where the clay minerals are arranged with their shortest axis normal to the bedding surface, as in a deck-of-cards arrangement, but is permeable parallel to bedding. In contrast, a random claymineral arrangement, as in the card-house structure, is permeable in all directions. Both types of cla y mineral arrangements are present in the Decorah shale, Maintaining the natural moisture content of the Decorah shale during and after construction aids in stabilizing slopes and foundation bases. The clay mineral data suggest that the Decorah shale may be sat­ isfactory for use in ceramicproductssuchas facebrick, sewer pipe, lightweight aggregate, structural tile, and drain tile. Numerous areas along the shale's outcrop belt in southeastern Minnesota would be satisfactory for open pit mining. 1 2 MINNESOTA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RI 10 INTRODUCTION The thickest and ITlost wides pread shale of Paleozoic age in Minnesota is in the Ordovician Decorah ForITlation. This shale has served as raw ITlaterial for production of face brick in the State for ITlany years, but its full potential as a us eful industrial ITlineral has not yet been realized. Because knowledge of the clay ITlineralogy of a shale is of priITle iITlportance in evaluating its usefulness as an in­ dustrial ITlineral resource, a study was undertaken to deterITline the vertical and lateral variations in the ITlineralogy of the clay ITlineral ass eITlblages within the Decorah in Minnes ota. The Decorah ForITlation is over lain by younger s ediITlents in parts of southeastern Minnes ota, and where these deposits are thin, the shale often is exposed during road and foundation construction. The behavior of the shale in certain of thes e engineering projects provides SOITle understanding of the engineering properties of this rock unit, which can be applied in turn to future building projects. The inforITlation on clay ITlineralogy and on SOITle of the rock's physical properties, ITloreover, is ITlore ITleaningful when correlated with its geologic history. Therefore, these three subjects, clay ITlineralogy, geologic history, and physical properties, are cOITlbined in this study of the Decorah shale. For ITlore detailed stratigraphic and lithologic descriptions of this unit, the reader should refer to Agnew (1956), Agnew and Sloan (1956), Grout and Soper (1919), Sloan and Weiss (1956), Stauffer and Thiel (1941), Thiel (1944), Webers (1966), Weiss and Bell (1956), and Weiss (1957). The Decorah ForITlation of southeastern Minnesota is underlain by the Ordovician Platteville ForITlation and overlain by the Ordovician Galena ForITlation, both predoITlinately carbonate lithic units. The thickness of the Decorah varies froITl about 95 feet in the north to about 25 feet in the southeast. It has a gray-green to blue-green color and contains thin layers of gray liITlestone. LiITlestone layers are ITlore abundant and thicker in the shale's upper part, where individual beds ITlay reach 2 feet in thickness. The carbonate layers are generally coquinoid; the shaly portion also contains ITlarine fossils. Orthoclase has been identified as a probable authigenic ITlineral in the Decorah shale (Gruner and Thiel, 1937). SITla 11 , broad x-ray reflections at 3. 24A i.n the less -than -2 -ITlicron fraction of saITlples studied by us further confirITls the presence of a potassiUITl feldspar. Traces of quartz and calcite also are present locally in this size fraction. A 3/4 to 1 1/2 inch, soft, light-gray potassiUITl bentonite (K-bentonite) has been recognized at ITlany localities within the basal 7 feet of the Decorah ForITlation. Details of the ITlineralogy of this K-bentonite and others of sOITlewhat higher and lower stratigraphic position within the Ordovician section have been discussed by Mossier and Hayes (1966). The clay ITlineralogy of the K-bentonites in our study fits the description of a DECORAH FORMATION 3 "randomly interstratified mica-montmorillonite" of MossIer and Hayes (1966) • PROCEDURE Samples were collected from 27 localities in southeastern Minnesota and one locality in northeastern Iowa (figure 1 and the appendix). Samples N r 20 MILES .240 .345 336e Albert Leo IOWA Figure I--Map showing outline of the Decorah Fornlation and sample localities. 4 MINNESOTA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RI 10 from southwestern localities, where the shale is covered, were taken from drill cuttings and cores. The erosional edge of the shale outcrop and subcrop is shown in figure 1. Vertical samples of the shale were taken at each locality; the sample interval is listed in the appendix. Sam~ples for x-ray analysis were gently disaggregated and allowed to slake in distilled water; those that flocculated were dispersed by washing with distilled water. In S01ne cases where severe flocculation occurred, Calgon was used to obtain a clay dispersion. Oriented aggregates of the less -than-2-micron fraction obtained by sedim~entation were prepared on glass slides and dried at room temperature. X -ray diffraction data were obtained first on air-dried clay slides; they were x-rayed again after each slide had been placed in an ethylene glycol atmosphere for approximately 24 hours to facilitate identification of expansible clay minerals. The slides were heated to 480 0 C. in a srnall electric muffle furnace for one hour when it was difficult to dis­ tinguish chlorite fr01n kaolinite. Heat treatment removed diffraction peaks from the record [or kaolinite and left those for chlorite. Nickel­ filtered c opper radiation was us ed throughout the study; machine settings of 40 KV, 20 rna, and a goniarneter speed of 2 degrees 2Q per minute were used. Six x-ray records that illustrate the range in c01nposition of the clay-size fraction of the Decorah shale are shown in figure 2. The six x-ray records, here referred to as type curves, are arranged so that the kaolinite peaks decreas e in intensity with res pect to illite frarn curve A through curve D.
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