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Zadie Smith's White Teeth and Monica Ali's Brick Lane

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Zadie Smith's White Teeth and Monica Ali's Brick Lane T. C. FIRAT ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ BATI D İLLER İ VE EDEB İYATLARI ANAB İLİM DALI İNG İLİZ D İLİ VE EDEB İYATI B İLİM DALI Individual and Social Conflicts in Multicultural England: Zadie Smith’s White Teeth and Monica Ali’s Brick Lane YÜKSEK L İSANS TEZ İ DANI ŞMANI HAZIRLAYAN Yrd. Doç. Dr. F. Gül KOÇSOY Seda ARIKAN ELAZI Ğ- 2008 T. C. FIRAT ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ BATI D İLLER İ VE EDEB İYATLARI ANAB İLİM DALI İNG İLİZ D İLİ VE EDEB İYATI B İLİM DALI Individual and Social Conflicts in Multicultural England: Zadie Smith’s White Teeth and Monica Ali’s Brick Lane YÜKSEK L İSANS TEZ İ Bu tez 27 / 03 / 2008 tarihinde a şağıdaki jüri tarafından oy birli ği ile kabul edilmi ştir. Danı şman Üye Üye Yrd. Doç Dr. Doç. Dr. Yrd. Doç. Dr. F. Gül KOÇSOY Abdulhalim AYDIN Mustafa YA ĞBASAN Bu tezin kabulü, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yönetim Kurulu’nun ……../……../……..tarih ve………………………..sayılı kararıyla onaylanmı ştır. Enstitü Müdürü Doç. Dr. Ahmet AKSIN FIRAT UNIVERSITY THE INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE Individual and Social Conflicts in Multicultural England: Zadie Smith’s White Teeth and Monica Ali’s Brick Lane Master Thesis SUPERVISOR PREPARED BY Assist. Prof. Dr. F. Gül KOÇSOY Seda ARIKAN ELAZI Ğ-2008 To my mother and my father… TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………. I ÖZET…………………………………………………………………………............ III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………………............ V 1.0. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………. 1 1.1. The Multi-National and Multi-Cultural Structure in the Twentieth Century 1.1.1 Britain: A Multicultural Country in the Twentieth Century 1.1.2 The End of the British Empire 1.1.3 British Immigration Map 1.2 “Multiculturalism” as a concept 2.0. MULTICULTURAL LITERATURE IN BRITAIN AND TWO MULTICULTURAL VOICES: ZADIE SMITH AND MONICA ALI ……………. 30 3.0. INDIVIDUAL CONFLICTS: IMMIGRANTS AND MINORITIES IN MULTICULTURAL ENGLAND…………………………………………………… 42 4.0. SOCIAL CONFLICTS ON THE BASIS OF MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY... 75 5.0. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………. 103 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………… 109 AUTOBIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………... 114 I ABSTRACT Master Thesis Individual and Social Conflicts in Multicultural England: Zadie Smith’s White Teeth and Monica Ali’s Brick Lane Seda ARIKAN Fırat University The Institute Of Social Sciences Department Of English Language and Literature 2008, PAGE: V + 114 In this study, in general, the individual and social conflicts of the societies that have experienced “multicultural” structure, which is a social and cultural formation having gained a new dimension and have been effective on many geographical regions, are examined by the model of England, which is defined as a multicultural society in the twentieth century. In particular, the aim of the study is to analyze the individual and the social background of the conflicts of today which are originated from the multicultural structure of England, related to the novels: White Teeth (2000) and Brick Lane (2003), respectively by Zadie Smith (1975) and Monica Ali (1967), two contemporary women writers who have come from multicultural backgrounds. In the introduction part of the study, firstly, it is inspected how and in which dimensions the “multi-national” and “multicultural” structure of today’s England has been formed, parallel to the process of the collapse of the British Empire and the immigration to England. Afterwards, the concept of “multiculturalism” which has appeared as a new approach in the twentieth century brought about by multicultural social structure, the point of views which are supporting or rejecting that approach, and the reflections of that approach in England are investigated. II In the first chapter, as the novels which will be examined in this study are the writings reflecting the multicultural formation, “multicultural literature” being the product of multicultural point of view and also being named as “post-colonial literature” is dealt within the dimension of England and English literature; and the place of Zadie Smith and Monica Ali in this literary approach is observed. In the third and fourth parts of this study, “individual and social conflicts” which intersect with each other and result from the multicultural social structure of England are analyzed related to the certain novels. In the first dimension, “individual conflicts” originated from that kind of social structure are evaluated in relation to the immigrants and minorities, who have been exposed to the difficulties in the society on a large scale. It is argued that being considered of those groups as “the other”, being humiliated frequently, not gaining approval in the society, and because of those reasons not being adopted in the society in which s/he lives by having the dilemma of feeling torn between create significant identity problems and inner conflicts for them. Afterwards, in the second dimension, the “social conflicts” whether resulting from the problematic individuals experiencing inner conflicts or appearing totally out of those people are analyzed within the certain novels. In our day, the prejudices, racial and religious discrimination, xenophobia, racism which are common in great deal in the multicultural societies, and polarization comprising all of these are the main social conflicts. England as a country, which includes many citizens of diverse racial and religious origins, has been exposed to that kind of polarization on the social base and has entered into a process of social conflict ranging from racist to terrorist attacks. Consequently, the multi-national and multi-cultural social structure of England has brought many conflicts within itself, and in this study, Zadie Smith’s White Teeth and Monica Ali’s Brick Lane are explored as being two significant novels mirroring those conflicts in multicultural English society. Key Words: England , Multiculturalism, Individual and Social Conflicts, Immigrants, Minorities, Zadie Smith, Monica Ali III ÖZET YÜKSEK L İSANS TEZ İ Çokkültürlü İngiltere’de Bireysel ve Sosyal Çatı şmalar: Zadie Smith’in White Teeth and Monica Ali’nin Brick Lane Romanları Seda ARIKAN Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Anabilim Dalı 2008, SAYFA: V+ 114 Bu çalı şmada genel olarak, yirminci yüzyılda yeni bir boyut kazanmı ş ve birçok co ğrafi bölgede etkili olmu ş toplumsal ve kültürel bir yapılanma olan “çokkültürlülük” olgusunu ya şayan toplumların kar şıla ştıkları bireysel ve toplumsal çatı şmalar, yirminci yüzyılda “çokkültürlü” bir toplum olarak tanımlanan İngiltere örne ğiyle incelenmektedir. Özelde ise çalı şmanın amacı, İngiltere’nin bu yapısından kaynaklanan günümüz çatı şmalarının bireysel ve toplumsal arka planının çokkültürlü altyapıdan gelen iki ça ğda ş kadın yazar Zadie Smith (1975) ve Monica Ali (1967)’nin White Teeth (2000) ve Brick Lane (2003) adlı romanlardaki boyutlarıyla incelenmesidir. Çalı şmanın giri ş bölümünde, ilk olarak, İngiltere’nin bugünkü “çok-uluslu” ve “çok-kültürlü” yapısının nasıl ve ne boyutlarda olu ştu ğu Britanya İmparatorlu ğu’nun da ğılma süreci ve İngiltere’ye göçler çerçevesinde incelenmi ştir. Daha sonra, çokkültürlü toplum yapısıyla birlikte yirminci yüzyılda yeni bir yakla şım olarak ortaya çıkan “çokkültürcülük” kavramı, bu yakla şımı benimseyen veya reddeden bakı ş açıları ve bu yakla şımın İngiltere’deki yansımaları irdelenmi ştir. İkinci bölümde, incelenecek olan romanların çokkültürlü unsurları yansıtan yapıtlar olması nedeniyle, çokkültürlü bakı ş açısının bir ürünü olan ve “koloni-sonrası edebiyat” olarak da adlandırılan “çokkültürlü edebiyat” İngiltere ve İngiliz Edebiyatı IV boyutuyla tanımlanmı ş, Zadie Smith ve Monica Ali’nin bu edebi yakla şımdaki yerleri incelenmi ştir. Bu çalı şmanın üçüncü ve dördüncü bölümlerinde, İngiltere’nin çokkültürlü toplum yapısından kaynaklanan ve birbirleriyle kesi şen bireysel ve toplumsal çatı şmalar söz konusu romanlar çerçevesinde irdelenmi ştir. Birinci aşamada, bu toplum yapısının ortaya koydu ğu “bireysel çatı şmalar”, toplumda sorunlara en çok maruz kalan göçmen ve azınlıklar açısından incelenmi ştir. Toplumda bu kesimin çe şitli nedenlerle “öteki” olarak görülmesinin, ço ğu zaman a şağılanmasının, kabul görmemesinin ve bu nedenle arada kalmı şlık ya şayarak içinde bulundu ğu topluma uyum sa ğlayamamasının bu ki şilerde büyük bir kimlik problemine ve içsel çatı şmalara neden oldu ğu savunulmaktadır. Daha sonra ikinci aşamada ise, gerek bu içsel çatı şmaların ortaya çıkardı ğı sorunsal bireylerden kaynaklanan, gerekse tamamen onların dı şında gelişen “toplumsal çatı şmalar” romanlardaki yansımalarıyla incelenmi ştir. Günümüzde çokkültürlü toplumlarda büyük ölçüde yaygın olan önyargılar, ırk ve/veya din ayrımcılı ğı, yabancı dü şmanlı ğı, ırkçılık ve bunların bir arada toplandı ğı kutupla şma en temel toplumsal çatı şmalardır. İngiltere de, birçok farklı ırk ve din kökenli vatanda şı içeren bir ülke olarak, toplumdaki bu kutupla şmaya büyük ölçüde maruz kalmı ş, ırkçı ve terörist saldırılara kadar uzanan toplumsal bir çatı şma sürecinin ya şandı ğı bir sahne konumuna gelmi ştir. Sonuç olarak, İngiltere’nin çokuluslu ve çokkültürlü toplum yapısı birçok bireysel ve toplumsal çatı şmayı da beraberinde getirmi ştir ve bu çalı şmada da Zadie Smith’in White Teeth ve Monica Ali’nin Brick Lane adlı romanları çokkültürlü İngiliz toplumuna ayna tutan ve bu çatı şmaları yansıtan iki önemli roman olarak irdelenecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İngiltere , Çokkültürcülük, Bireysel ve Toplumsal Çatı şma,
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