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Building an Unwanted Nation: the Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nationhood, 1918-1934
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository BUILDING AN UNWANTED NATION: THE ANGLO-AMERICAN PARTNERSHIP AND AUSTRIAN PROPONENTS OF A SEPARATE NATIONHOOD, 1918-1934 Kevin Mason A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2007 Approved by: Advisor: Dr. Christopher Browning Reader: Dr. Konrad Jarausch Reader: Dr. Lloyd Kramer Reader: Dr. Michael Hunt Reader: Dr. Terence McIntosh ©2007 Kevin Mason ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Kevin Mason: Building an Unwanted Nation: The Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nationhood, 1918-1934 (Under the direction of Dr. Christopher Browning) This project focuses on American and British economic, diplomatic, and cultural ties with Austria, and particularly with internal proponents of Austrian independence. Primarily through loans to build up the economy and diplomatic pressure, the United States and Great Britain helped to maintain an independent Austrian state and prevent an Anschluss or union with Germany from 1918 to 1934. In addition, this study examines the minority of Austrians who opposed an Anschluss . The three main groups of Austrians that supported independence were the Christian Social Party, monarchists, and some industries and industrialists. These Austrian nationalists cooperated with the Americans and British in sustaining an unwilling Austrian nation. Ultimately, the global depression weakened American and British capacity to practice dollar and pound diplomacy, and the popular appeal of Hitler combined with Nazi Germany’s aggression led to the realization of the Anschluss . -
The Dilemma of NATO Strategy, 1949-1968 a Dissertation Presented
The Dilemma of NATO Strategy, 1949-1968 A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Robert Thomas Davis II August 2008 © 2008 Robert Thomas Davis II All Rights Reserved ii This dissertation titled The Dilemma of NATO Strategy, 1949-1968 by ROBERT THOMAS DAVIS II has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by ______________________________ Peter John Brobst Associate Professor of History ______________________________ Benjamin M. Ogles Dean, College of Arts and Sciences iii Abstract DAVIS, ROBERT THOMAS II, Ph.D., August 2008, History The Dilemma of NATO Strategy, 1949-1968 (422 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Peter John Brobst This study is a reappraisal of the strategic dilemma of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the Cold War. This dilemma revolves around the problem of articulating a strategic concept for a military alliance in the nuclear era. NATO was born of a perceived need to defend Western Europe from a Soviet onslaught. It was an imperative of the early alliance to develop a military strategy and force posture to defend Western Europe should such a war break out. It was not long after the first iteration of strategy took shape than the imperative for a military defense of Europe receded under the looming threat of thermonuclear war. The advent of thermonuclear arsenals in both the United States and Soviet Union brought with it the potential destruction of civilization should war break out. This realization made statesmen on both sides of the Iron Curtain undergo what has been referred to as an ongoing process of nuclear learning. -
American Wartime Planning for Postwar Japan, 1937-1945
The London School of Economics and Political Science Armchair Occupation: American Wartime Planning for Postwar Japan, 1937-1945 Dayna Leigh Barnes A thesis submitted to the Department of International History of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, September 2013 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 99,736 words. 2 Abstract By the late 1930s, it became clear to informed Americans that the international system in East Asia had failed. The outbreak of war between Japan and China in 1937 demonstrated that the current system could no longer provide stability in the region. Four years later, Japan’s surprise attack on Pearl Harbor ended American neutrality and united the regional conflict with the World War. Even as war raged, Japanese aggression raised questions for the future. If Imperial Japan, the most powerful country in Asia, were defeated, what might replace its regional dominance? What would become of its colonies? What had caused Japanese militarism, and how could its resurgence be prevented? If America were to emerge from the war powerful enough to reshape global politics, what future for Japan would best serve American interests? The story of how these questions were answered and why a particular set of responses became American policy is the subject of this dissertation. -
Vk Wellington Koo Papers
V. K. WELLINGTON KOO PAPERS - LIST OF CORRESPONDENTS Acheson, Dean Nixon, Richard Milhous Adems, Sherman Paul-Boncour, j[oseph] , Barkley, Alben W. Pell, Herbert C. Benton, William Ravensdale, Mary Irene Curzon, Baroness Bruce, David K. E. Rayburn, Sam Bullitt, William C. Rockefeller, Nelson A. Bulwer-Lytton, Victor Alexander George Roosevelt, Sara Delano (Mrs. James) Bunche, Ralph J. Rusk, Dean Butler, Nicholas Murray Saltonstall, Leverett Cadogan, Alexander George Montagu Shirer, William Lawrence Cecil of Chelwood, Robert Gascoyne- Smith, Margaret Chase Cecil, "Viscount Soong, T. V. Chiang Kai-shek Sparkman, John Chaing, Mayling Soong (Mme. Chiang Stassen, Harold E. Kai-shek) Stettinius, Edward R., Jr. Clark, Grenville Stevenson, Adlai Swing Clemens, Cyril Sulzberger, Arthiir Hays Davis, Malcolm W. Sun, Soong Ching Ling (Mme. Sun Yat-sen) Dewey, Thomas E. Warren, Earl Dirksen, Everett McKinley Watson, Thomas J. Duggan, Stephen P. Wood, Edward Frederick Lindley, 1st Dulles, John Foster Earl of Halifax: Eden, Anthony, Earl of Avon Yeh, George K. C. Eisenhower, Dwight David Eisenhower, Mamie Geneva Doud (Mrs. Dwight David) 1896- Manuscripts: , Farley, James A. Fischer, Louis Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer Grew, Joseph C. Photograph, Gromyko, Andrei A. Haskell, Henry S. Koo, V.K. Wellington Howard, Roy W. Diaries, ca. 1930 - 1956 Hull, Rose Frances Whitney (Mrs. Cordell) 2 1 5 Johnson, Lyndon Baines Karolyi, [Mihaly], Count Listowel, William Francis Hare, 5th Earl of, Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr. Luce, Henry R. MacArthur, Douglas McCarran, -
Eleanor Roosevelt's Paper
;' Papers of • Anna Ele anor Roosevelt 1884 - 1964 Accession Numbers: MS. 63-1; MS 73-40 The papers of Anna Eleanor Roosevelt were donated by Mrs. Roosevelt and her children. The unpublished writings of Anna Eleanor Roosevelt are in the public domain. Quantity: 1095 l inear feet (approximately 2,190,000 pages) Restrictions: The papers contain material restricted in accordance with Executive Order 12958, and material which might constitute the invasion of privacy of living persons has been. closed. ~ " Related Material: Numerous collections in the Library including: President Frankl in D. Roosevelt's Official, Personal and .5ecrtary' s "~ les; Franklin D. Roosevelt: Papers pertaining to Family, Business ,arid Personal Affairs; Franklin D. Roosevelt: Papers as Vice Presidential Candidate, 1920; Frankli n D. Roosevelt: Papers as Governor of New York, 1929 -1932 ; Eleanor Roosevelt Oral. History project; Papers of Anna Roosevelt Halsted; Papers of Lorena Hickok; and Roosevelt Family Papers Donated by the Children Of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, jo\"" A. , i~H}"".! •. t't, jI (." \... I " \ / Early Family Papers. 1860-1910 and Undated. ./ Container 1 Contains letters, writings, and diaries of Eleanor Roosevelt's parents, Anna Rebecca Hall and Elliott Roosevelt, her grandparents, Mr. and Mrs. V.G. Hall, Jr., cousin Susan Parish, aunt Edith "Pussie" Hall (Mrs. William Forbes Morgan). Correspondents include Anna "Bamie" or "Bye" Roosevelt Cowles and Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, sisters of Elliott Roosevelt; Ella Bulloch and Laura Delano, aunts of Elliott Roosevelt; Elizabeth "Tissie" Hall Mortimer, sister of Anna Hall Roosevelt; W.C.P. Rhodes, clergyman and friend of the Hall family; also, some loose flyleaves from Roosevelt family books. -
From Pinafores to Politics, by Mrs. J. Borden Harriman
From pinafores to politics, by Mrs. J. Borden Harriman EX LIBRIS Carrie Chapman Catt I have six honest serving men, They taught me all I knew, Their names are Why & What & When And how & Where & Who. Kipling. Section XIV No. 22 VIEW OF THE PARK FOUNTAIN AND CITY HALL, NEW YORK From an old print in of Karl Schmidt, Esquire VIEW OF THE PARK FOUNTAIN AND CITY HALL, NEW YORK From an old print in of Karl Schmidt, Esquire LIBRARY CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT SUBJECT No Man NO Mrs. J. Borden Harriman FROM PINAFORES TO POLITICS By MRS. J. BORDEN HARRIMAN NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1923 Copyright, 1923, By HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY First printing, October, 1923 Printed in the United States of America To ETHEL CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. Innocence at Home 1 II. Growing Up 19 III. Fuss and Feathers 35 IV. Settling Down 61 V. The Colony Club: An Adventure 72 VI. The Democrats Come Back 98 From pinafores to politics, by Mrs. J. Borden Harriman http://www.loc.gov/resource/rbnawsa.n7479 VII. The Youngest Mayor 117 VIII. Public Service 131 IX. 1941 147 X. More Labor Hearings 165 XI. On the Border 176 XII. The Washington Scene 186 XIII. Washington at War 212 XIV. England in the War 229 XV. France at War 249 XVI. Washington —1918 271 XVII. Paris and the Armistice 288 XVIII. The Peace Conference 302 XIX. Censored Correspondence 326 XX. Looking on at Best Minds 339 XXI. Women in Politics and the Peace Movement 350 ILLUSTRATIONS Mrs. J. Borden Harriman Frontispiece PAGE Edward S. -
PRESIDENT FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT's Office
A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of RESEARCH COLLECTIONS IN AMERICAN POLITICS Microfilms from Major Archival and Manuscript Collections General Editor: William E. Leuchtenburg PRESIDENT FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT’S Office Files, 1933–1945 Part 4: Subject Files UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of RESEARCH COLLECTIONS IN AMERICAN POLITICS Microfilms from Major Archival and Manuscript Collections General Editor: William E. Leuchtenburg PRESIDENT FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT’S OFFICE FILES, 1933–1945 Part 4: Subject Files Project Coordinator Robert E. Lester Guide Compiled by Blair D. Hydrick A microfilm project of UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA An Imprint of CIS 4520 East-West Highway • Bethesda, MD 20814-3389 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s office files, 1933–1945 [microform]. (Research collections in American politics) Compiled from the papers of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the custody of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library. Accompanied by printed reel guides, compiled by Robert E. Lester and Blair D. Hydrick. Includes indexes. Contents: pt. 1. “Safe” and confidential files— [etc.]—pt. 4. Subject files—pt. 5. The John Franklin Carter files on German Nazi Party members. 1. Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882–1945—Archives. 2. Franklin D. Roosevelt Library— Archives. 3. United States—Politics and government— 1933–1945—Sources. 4. United States—Foreign relations— 1933–1945—Sources. I. Lester, Robert. II. Hydrick, Blair. III. Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882–1945. IV. United States. President (1933–1945 : Roosevelt) V. Franklin D. Roosevelt Library. E806 [Microform] 973.917´092 92-25443 ISBN 1-55655-265-3 (pt. 1) ISBN 1-55655-266-1 (pt. -
Norman H. Davis and the Quest for Arms Control, 1931-1938
This dissertation has been 64—6916 microfilmed exactly as received IRVIN, Thomas Casey, 1927- NORMAN H. DAVIS AND THE QUEST FOR ARMS CONTROL, 1931-1938. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1963 History, modern University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan CHAPTER I PROM PARTISAN POLE MIST TO BIPARTISAN DIPLOMATIST The story of the part played by the United States In International efforts from 1931 through early 1938 to disarm the world cannot be adequately told without due regard to the efforts of Norman H. Davis. Under two admini strations, those of Hoover and Roosevelt, Davis provided the continuity of American representation at every disarmament conference during the seven year span. He served under Hoover as a Democratic member of the bipartisan delegation to the World Disarmament Conference in 1932 and under Roosevelt as Chief American Delegate to the same conference In 1933* Davis was present in Geneva in May 193i*» when the full conference assembled for the last time, and still occupied the post of America's primary disarmament negoti ator at the final meeting of the Bureau of the Disarmament Conference in May 1937. Between formal sessions at Geneva he worked either behind the scenes to reconcile international differences or under the spotlights to achieve settlements of specific arms control issues. He succeeded in convincing Germany to return to the conference table in December 1933> tut failed 1 91 nature of his cabinet." Hoover, placing considerable emphasis on timing, admitted the advantage of proceeding with Herriot's support, but stressed the necessity of English backing at all costs. Advised that Davis had an appointment with MacDonald that evening, Hoover left him to his own devices as regarded a meeting with Herriot, while Stimson added a note of caution on dealing with the French Premier because of the notorious reputation of the French for leaking stories to the press. -
Dearing, Fred Morris, 1879-1963
Fred Morris Dearing Papers (C2926) Collection Number: C2926 Collection Title: Fred Morris Dearing Papers Dates: 1897-1961 Creator: Dearing, Fred Morris, 1879-1963 Abstract: Memoirs, editorial notes, news clippings, personal and general correspondence, bills, and receipts, original poetry, essays, short stories, and a collection of annotated books of a career diplomat. Collection Size: 22.4 cubic feet (1624 folders, 28 volumes) Language: Collection materials are in English. Repository: The State Historical Society of Missouri Restrictions on Access: Collection is open for research. This collection is available at The State Historical Society of Missouri Research Center-Columbia. If you would like more information, please contact us at [email protected]. Collections may be viewed at any research center. Restrictions on Use: Materials in this collection may be protected by copyrights and other rights. See Rights & Reproductions on the Society’s website for more information and about reproductions and permission to publish. Preferred Citation: [Specific item; box number; folder number] Fred Morris Dearing Papers (C2926); The State Historical Society of Missouri Research Center-Columbia [after first mention may be abbreviated to SHSMO-Columbia]. Donor Information: The papers were donated to the University of Missouri by Fred Morris Dearing on April 16, 1946 (Accession No. CA2854). Additional material was donated from 1946-1957. Processed by: Processed by Daniel Brown, March 1972. Finding aid revised by Elizabeth Engel in May 2014 and by Erika Van Vranken on June 2, 2020. (C2926) Fred Morris Dearing Papers Page 2 Biographical Note: Born in Columbia, Missouri, and a graduate of the University of Missouri, Dearing became a career officer in the United States Foreign Service. -
The Evolution and Change of Allied War-Time Policy and Diplomacy As Revealed Through a Study of Postwar Four Power Arrangements for Dealing with the City of Berlin
University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Student Work 6-1-1967 The evolution and change of allied war-time policy and diplomacy as revealed through a study of postwar four power arrangements for dealing with the city of Berlin Carola Erika Bergfeld University of Nebraska at Omaha Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork Recommended Citation Bergfeld, Carola Erika, "The evolution and change of allied war-time policy and diplomacy as revealed through a study of postwar four power arrangements for dealing with the city of Berlin" (1967). Student Work. 379. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/379 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Work by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EVOLUTION AND CHANGE OP ALLIED WARTIME POLICY AND DIPLOMACY AS REVEALED THROUGH A STUDY OP POSTWAR POUR POWER ARRANGEMENTS FOR DEALING WITH THE CITY OP BERLIN A Thesis <3 §7 Presented to the Department of History and the umlt-y of the College of Graduate Studies University of Omaha In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by. Carola Erika Bergfeld June 1967 UMI Number: EP73017 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. -
Corporatism in American Foreign Policy Toward Germany Between the Wars, 1921-1936
Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1992 Corporatism in American foreign policy toward Germany between the wars, 1921-1936 William R. Martin Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the History Commons, and the International Relations Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Martin, William R., "Corporatism in American foreign policy toward Germany between the wars, 1921-1936" (1992). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 4380. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.6264 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF William R. Martin for the Master of Arts in History presented May 8, 1992. Title: Corporatism in American Foreign Policy Toward Germany Between the Wars, 1921-1936. APPROVED BY THE MEMBERS THE THESIS COMMITT~ Burke, Elliot Har This thesis is an investigation of how United States foreign policy was made in the context of German-American relations in the period between the two world wars. The problem under investigation is whether the United States was using a corporatist approach in dealing with the problems of Germany and ultimately Europe and whether the corporatist model is a good one for analyzing foreign policy 2 development during this period. Corporatism, as it is used in this thesis, is defined as an organizational form which recognizes privately organized functional groups outside the United States government, which collaborate with the government to share power and make policy. -
The Welles Plan and Reorganizing the Department
Sumner Welles, Postwar Planning, and the Quest for New World Order: Chapter 2 4/24/03 3:02 PM 2. Under Secretary of State: The Welles Plan and Reorganizing the Department, 1937-1938 1 Welles's experience promoting the Good Neighbor Policy reinforced his commitment to collective action and underscored the importance of Washington's leadership in the Western Hemisphere. Yet his elevation to under secretary in the spring of 1937 enabled him to push for American leadership in the world at large. Immediately after his appointment, he moved to reorganize the State Department and endeavor to have Washington play a more active role in the coming world crisis through his promotion of the "Welles plan" of autumn 1937. He also grew even closer to the president, quickly emerging as a kind of alter ego on matters of foreign affairs. Yet Welles's promotion to under secretary almost never happened. In the summer of 1936, when the position of under secretary became vacant upon the retirement of William Phillips, three assistant secretaries—Welles, Walton Moore, and Wilbur Carr—as well as their respective surrogates, aggressively vied for the job. The press described the behind-the-scenes infighting for the position as the "battle of the century," but Roosevelt loathed making decisions and the position remained vacant for almost a year. 1 Within the State Department, factions split along the Welles vs. Hull fault line. Roosevelt clearly favored the appointment of Welles, but he was unsure how far he could push Hull, who remained hostile to the idea of the president's longtime friend becoming his immediate subordinate.