Covid 19 – Effect of Socio-Cultural Environment: Psychological Impact, Suicides, Religious Impact, Piligrims and Social Gathering Rukmini K

Government of Karnataka DEPARTMENT OF COLLEGIATE EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT RAMNARAYAN CHELLARAM COLLEGE OF COMMERCE & MANAGEMENT [NAAC Reaccredited Grade : `B'] Race Course Road, Bengaluru - 560 001.

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DEVELOPMENTS, EFFECTS AND CHALLENGES OF COVID-19 IN INDIA A Peer Reviewed Edited Book DEVELOPMENTS, EFFECTS AND CHALLENGES OF COVID-19 IN INDIA : Published by the Editorial Committee under the Chief Patronship of Prof. Laxman A. Kulagod, Principal, Government Ramnarayan Chellaram College of Commerce & Management, Race Course Road, Bengaluru - 560 001 in May 2020. (For Private Circulation Only). Pages : 206 + iv

Copies : 125

Editorial Board Chief Patron Prof. Laxman A. Kulagod, Principal Patron Dr. Syed Yousuff, Principal (Retd.) Chief Editor Dr. G. Prahlad Chowdri, Associate Professor of Commerce Co-Editor Dr. D. K. Nataraja, Associate Professor of Kannada Dr. M. Prakash, Assistant Professor of Commerce Prof. Syed Rahamathulla, Assistant Professor of Commerce Members Dr. Pramod Gonchkar, Associate Professor of Commerce Dr. Narasimharaju K, Associate Professor of English Dr. Jayalakshmamma K., Assistant Professor of Commerce Dr. K. Sreelakshmi, Assistant Professor of Management Dr. M. S. Dhananjaya, Assistant Professor of Commerce Dr. H. K. Sathisha, Assistant Professor of Commerce Dr. Basavaraja B., Assistant Professor of English Prof. Mary Amala Shanthi, Associate Professor of Commerce Sri Krishnamurthy, Librarian

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8

Printed at: M/s. Creative Graphics Sultanpet Main Road, Bengaluru- 560 053. Ph : 22370262, 98860 54808 E-mail : [email protected] NOTE: The authors of the papers are solely responsible for technical content of the papers and views with references cited therein.

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¥ÆÉ.æ ®PÀëuï J. PÄÀ®UÆÉÃqï EDITORIAL

The pandemic Covid-19 has suddenly changed the way we live and impacted almost every sector of economy as well socio-cultural patterns across the world. People and governments around the world have taken many measures to ﬁght Covid-19 pandemic and are ﬁghting hardships created by it. It is essential to study the impact of Covid-19 on economy, business, trade and services, socio-cultural behaviors, etc from time to time. Government Ramnarayan Chellaram College of Commerce and Management, Bengaluru is a premier institution of higher education has initiated to publish the impact of Covid-19 in the form of Peer Reviewed ISBN Numbered Edited Book. The response is overwhelming and chapter contributions were received from different parts of the country. I thank all the chapter contributors, peer reviewers, editorial board members, principal and other staff of the college for helping and guiding me in bringing out this edited book.

Dr. G. Prahlad Chowdri CONTENTS

1. A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON TOURISM AND AVIATION INDUSTRY IN INDIA DOYEL AICH .... 001 2. IMPCAT OF COVID-19 ON INDIAN BANKING INDUSTRY DR. SOU. SHOBHA ARUN PAUDMAL .... 005 3. IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON INDIAN MSMES AND STRATEGIES FOR COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC REVIVAL TINA CHERRY .... 009 4. A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN SOME SELECTED INDIAN INDUSTRIAL SECTOR GOURAB DAS .... 013 5. PÉÆÃ«qï-19: PÀÈ¶ PÉëÃvÀæzÀ°è GAlÄªÀiÁrgÀÄªÀ ©PÀÌlÄÖUÀ¼ÀÄ ®Qëöä PÉ. .... 017 6. “REVERSE-MIGRATION OF POPULATION FROM URBAN TO RURAL INDIA POST COVID-19: OPPORTUNITY FOR RURAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT” CHANDAN V. .... 023 7. IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE GLOBAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY, 2020 PROF. H. M. GUDIHINDIN & PROF. A. Y. SONYAGOL .... 027 8. CHANGES, CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD TOWARDS DEVELOPED ATMA NIRBHAR BHARATH DR. S. R NAGARAJA .... 032 9. IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON INDIAN MEDICAL TOURISM SECTOR SREE VIDHYA A. .... 039 10. COVID-19 AND INDIAN STOCK MARKET YASMEEN TAJ .... 043 11. GROWTH AND CHALLENGES OF THE INDIAN INSURANCE SECTOR MS. MONISHA DEVARAJAN & MS. SARANYA SASIDHARAN .... 045 12. AN IMPACT STUDY OF THE COVID-19 ON THE INDIAN BANKING SYSTEM- A STUDY WITH REFERENCE TO BENGALURU DR. WASEEHA FIRDOSE .... 051 13. “ROLE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS FOR TRANSFORMATION OF MSMES IN POST COVID-19 ERA” DR. P. PARAMASHIVAIAH & SOWMYA D. N. .... 054 14. “MEASURING MARKET VOLATILITY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC” DR. VENKATESH C.K. .... 061 15. EFFECTIVE FISCAL MEASURES IN LOCKING AND KNOCKING CITIZENS WITH CONTAGIOUS TRANSMISSION DR. G. PRAHLAD CHOWDRI .... 066 16. A STUDY ON IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON DIGITAL PAYMENTS IN INDIA DR. PRAKASH M. .... 070 17. IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON INDIAN AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES WITH SOLUTION BHAGYA H. R. .... 074 18. TRADE AND INDUSTRY DEPRESSION IN INDIA DURING THE COVID-19 – AN EVALUATION SUMA S .... 078 19. PÉÆÃ«qï 19gÀ £ÀAvÀgÀzÀ ¨É¼ÀªÀtÂUÉ - MAzÀÄ CªÀ¯ÉÆÃPÀ£À - qÁ. r. PÉ. £ÀlgÁd .... 084 20. UNEMPLOYMENT DIMENSIONS OF COVID-19 AND GOVERNMENT RESPONSE IN INDIA – AN ANALYTICAL STUDY DR. G. L. PARVATHAMMA .... 088 21. ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN KARNATAKA DR. VEDA C. V. & DR. VENKATARAMANAPPA .... 093

vii 22. PÉÆÃ«qï-19 : UÁæ«ÄÃt ¥ÀæzÉÃ±ÀUÀ¼ÉqÉUÉ ªÀÄgÀ½zÀ d£ÀgÀ §zÀÄPÀÄ - jªÀ¸ïð ªÀ®¸É ©PÀÌlÄÖUÀ¼ÀÄ ®Qëöä PÉ. .... 097 23. IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON EDUCATION PROF. S. S. RAJAMANYA .... 0103 24. FUNCTIONING OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM DURING AN OUTBREAK OF ACUTE INFECTIOUS DISEASES DR. ASHWINI ROY A. S. .... 107 25. IMPACT OF COVID -19 ON SKILLED AND UNSKILLED MIGRATION WORKERS IN INDIA – A CASE STUDY HARISH KUMAR R. .... 111 26. AN OVERVIEW OF PSYCHOSOCIAL AND MENTAL HEALTH WELL-BEING OF CHILDREN DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC DR. SREE LAKSHMI K. & PROF. TAHSEEN .... 117 27. A STUDY ON COVID -19 CHALLENGES TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA DR. MOHAMMED FAROOQ PASHA & JYOTHI HEGDE KATTE .... 122 28. COVID 19 – EFFECT OF SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT: PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT, SUICIDES, RELIGIOUS IMPACT, PILIGRIMS AND SOCIAL GATHERING RUKMINI K. & DR. SHIVANI S. .... 126 29. COVID-19 OUT BREAK:NUTRITIONAL CRISIS IN INDIA DR. NAGESH BABU R. AND DR. SHAFIA HOOR F. .... 130 30. CHALLENGES FACED BY TEACHING COMMUNITY AND OVERCOMING THE SAME IN INDIA IN VIEW OF COVID-19 PROF. SOWRABHA. K .... 133 31. BRUNT ON COVID-19 ON EDUCATION - AN OUTLINE DR. R. NARMADHA .... 137 32. ROLE OF NGO’S IN SUSTAINABILITY OF SLUM DWELLERS DURING COVID-19: A STUDY ACROSS BANGALORE CITY DR T. ASWATHA NARAYANA .... 140 33. WORK FROM HOME DURING COVID-19 – A STUDY ACROSS IT SECTOR EMPLOYEES IN BANGALORE CITY DR. DHANANJAYA M. S. .... 147 34. PÉÆÃ«qï-19gÀ «gÀÄzÀÞ ºÉÆÃgÁqÀ®Ä ¸ÀPÁðgÀzÀ G¥ÀPÀæªÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PÉÆÃ«qï-19gÀ £ÀAvÀgÀzÀ fÃªÀ£À ±ÉÊ° ¥ÉæÃªÀiÁªÀw J¸ï.PÉ. .... 153 35. ¥ÀzÀ« vÀgÀUÀwUÀ¼À ªÉÄÃ¯É PÉÆÃ«qï-19gÀ ¥ÀjuÁªÀÄ qÁ. JA.J¸ï. «zÁå .... 159 36. FISCAL PRUDENCE IN POLICY EXECUTION AMIDST GLOBAL TRAUMA AGITATION DR. HEMALATHA RAMAKRISHNAN .... 169 37. MND MAPS : A POWERFULL TOOL FOR INFORMATION DISSEMINATION KUMAR PATIL & MANJUNATHA K. .... 174 38. IMPACT OF COVID-19 AND CHALLENGES FACED BY MSMES IN INDIA. DR. SAMPANGI RAMAIAH P.N. .... 177 39. CAN REIT ADDRESS EXPECTATIONS OF INDIAN REAL ESTATE INVESTORS? DR. HARMEET MATHARU & VIJAYA KITTU MANDA .... 181 40. PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT ON OLDER PERSONS OF COVID-19: CHALLENGES AND INTERVENTION DR. VEDA C. V. .... 187 41. EFFECTS AND CHALLENGES OF COVID-19 IN INDIA RUKMINI K. & DR. SHIVANI S. .... 190 42. IMPACT OF COVID – 19 ON THE SOCIETIES AROUND THE WORLD RESHMA N. A. .... 194

viii Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON TOURISM and AVIATION INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Doyel Aich Assistant Professor of Commerce Department Vidyanagar College, South 24 Parganas,West Bengal

Abstract sector is also affected badly by closure of borders and long Globally, tourism industry is considered as one of the period of lockdown due to this corona virus. rapidly flourishing industry of the economy. It has been Corona virus (formally known as COVID-19) was first contributing significant share to the economic development detected in Central China’s Hubei province in Wuhan city in through Foreign Exchange Earning (FEE). But the outbreak of December, 2019 and continuously affecting more than 213 Corona Virus (COVID-19) makes a devastating impact on the countries and territories around the world. As of now (15th Global economy. Tourism industry is hardest hit among all. June, 2020, 5:52 GMT) globally 79, 96, 859 are confirmed cases The current study aims to find out the effect of COVID-19 on and 4, 36, 665 deaths reported due to COVID-19. On 11th of the Global and Indian tourism industry. It tries to understand March, 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the condition of Aviation industry in this current scenario and this as a worldwide pandemic. Scientists are working to also finds out the ways to deal with this hard time. elucidate the characteristics of this virus and trying hard to invent an effective vaccine that can able to the brutal effect Keywords: COVID-19; Global tourism industry; Indian tourism of this virus. Doctors and other medical staffs are also industry; Aviation industry. working day and night to save the lives. Governments are Introduction also taking initiatives to handle the situation by closing the borders; imposing lockdown and other precautionary measures; Travelling is done for refreshment or for business sharing vital information about the virus. Due to sudden purpose. Now a day Travelling become necessary activity. outbreak of COVID-19, global economy is facing rapid downfall People consider travelling as a stress reliever. “Travel refers which will lead to recession. India is not an exception. COVID- to the activity of travelers while tourism refers to the activity 19 virus affect worstly in this overpopulated country. Experts of visitors: A visitor is a traveler taking a trip to main reported that in India community spreading of this virus has destination outside his/her usual environment, for less than already been started which is very much alarming condition. a year, for any main purpose (business, leisure or other Due to several phases of lockdown in India the economy has personal purpose) other than to be employed by a resident been experiencing a crisis. Along with other sector tourism entity in the country or place visited” (UNWTO, 2014). Studies and aviation industry in India are passing this worst phase of suggest that by travelling and visiting new places a child’s time. brain can develop much faster rather doing any other activities. Tourism industry is basically based on “Travel”, done either Objectives for pleasure or for business or for both. For any country This current study has been conducted with the following tourism industry is one of the vital means for economic objectives development and employment generation. In so many countries i) To ascertain the current scenario of Global Tourism people’s livelihood are solely depends on tourism industry Industry in the context of COVID-19. either directly or indirectly. Tourism industry exhibits high rate ii) To examine the health of Tourism industry due to the of growth for the last few decades. Globally this industry is sudden attack of COVID-19 in India. pretty much volatile in nature because it is very much related iii) To analyze the effect of COVID-19 on the Aviation with economic ups and downs; environmental changes; industry. political turbulence. Presently, due to worldwide spread of COVD-19, tourism industry is among the hardest hit of all Methodology economic activities. Like tourism industry, global aviation This study is mainly based on the secondary data. The

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 1 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India information is collected through various articles, journals, tourism industry directly contributed roughly $2.9 trillion to newspapers and official websites of tourism industry. GDP in 2019. UNWTO expects that this unprecedented crisis in the tourism sector lead to decrease the foreign tourist Effect of COVID-19 on Global Tourism arrival by 60 to 80 percent with respect to 2019. This drop in In the current pandemic situation worldwide tourism foreign tourist arrival will be reflected in international tourism industry is one of the worstly affected industries. International receipt which is estimated loss of $300-400 billion. The World tourism expands on a regular basis, irrespective of occasional Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) and Oxford economics shocks. This sector faced decline in the year 2003 following also estimate that this crisis impose loss at least U.S$ 22 SARS and the Iraq war and then after in the mid of 2009 due billion to the tourism sector. Apart from generating foreign to worldwide economic crisis. Although in the later times this exchange earnings, tourism sector is also plays a vital role for sector grows expeditiously. To COVID-19 most of the affected creating job opportunities. As laid down in the UNWTO countries have implemented “Lockdown” for safeguarding Framework Convention on Tourism Ethics, this sector has a the lives of their citizens. More than 90% of all worldwide responsibility to promote the rights of the most neglected destinations have been restricted for travelling as per research sector of our society such as indigenous people, women and people with disabilities. But the current instable situation of UN body. International tourism comes down up to 30% due imposes worse effect to such vulnerable groups. According to the virus (UNTWO-2020). to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) suggesting Table - 1: International Tourist Arrivals in 2019 and 2020 that globally, as many as 75 million travel and tourism jobs are Q1 (% change) at risk due to the present outbreak of COVID-19. This present unstable time creates immense pressure on the global economy REGION 2019 2020 Q1 which in turn expected to result in worldwide recession. Middle East +7 -11 Effect of COVID-19 on Indian Tourism: Africa +6 -13 India is a diversified land. It is diversified in terms of Asia and Pacific +4 -35 nature, culture, language, architecture, religion and many Europe +4 -19 more. Tourism in India is not a new concept. Since ancient America +2 -15 days due to the cultural richness foreigners visited India. Indian tourism sector follows a mantra “Atithi Devo Bhava”- World +4 -22 ”Guest is God”. Now a day Indian tourism industry is Source: UNWTO segmented in Eco tourism, Religious tourism, Adventure From Table: 1 it is clear that the world tourism in 1st tourism, Heritage tourism, Science tourism, Medical tourism quarter decreased by 22%. According to the estimates by etc. to attract more and more travelers. As per the Travel and UNWTO, worldwide international tourist may decreased by 1- Tourism Competitiveness Report, 2019 India ranked 34th out of 3% in comparison with predicted expansion 3-4% at the 140 countries and in terms of price competitiveness Indian th beginning of January, 2020. As a result of which the tourism tourism sector ranked 13 out of 140 countries. This industry development will be pushed back to 5-7 years. achievement in Indian tourism industry has been possible due European countries (like Italy, France and Spain) are among to the digital transformation of tourism industry, advancement the hardest hit countries due to the spread of COVID-19 virus. in technology, better accessibility of E-VISA, Visa on arrival As per the Mobility Market Outlook on COVID-19, in Europe hassle free visa etc. the revenue from travel and tourism experience a decline from Table- 2 : Top 5 Tourist Attracted States in India U.S$ 211.97 billion in 2019 to approximately U.S$ 124 billion Rank State/Union Numbers of in 2020. Like European countries Asia and the Pacific tourism Territory Tourist sector is also affected because in Asia 100% of destinations 1 Maharashtra 23,326,163 have been closed down for COVID-19 since January, 2020. 2 Tamil Nadu 4,860,455 Tourism industry is one of the strongest contributors 3 Utter Pradesh 3,104,062 for the development of global economy. Foreign tourist arrival 4 Delhi 2,379,169 is the most favorable source for Foreign Exchange Earnings 5 Rajasthan 1,489,500 (FEE) for any nation. As per Statista, 2020 globally, the

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 2 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

Source: “India Tourism Statistics at a Glance 2018” industrial sector, Indian tourism industry also badly affected by the COVID-19. As per the Government data, in February Table - 2 indicate that Maharashtra state is the most 2020, there were 10.15 lakhs Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTA) in popular state in terms of arrival of tourist (both domestic and comparison to 10.87 lakhs in February, 2019 and 11.18 lakhs foreigners). This state is attractive due to its natural beauty, in January, 2020. Registering a decrease of 6.6% already year heritage sites and medical facilities. Maharashtra state is on year. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has 3,691 followed by Tamil Nadu, Utter Pradesh, Delhi and Rajasthan. registered sites, out of which 38 are world heritage site. As per Table-3: Foreign Tourist Arrival and Foreign Exchange ASI report, the total earnings from ticket selling to monument Earning from Tourism in India (2015-1018) visitors was Rs. 302.34 crores in 2019 and 277.78 crores in 2020 (January-April). Indian tourism industry is a vital source Year Arrivals % Earnings % of employment, livelihood of many people who are directly (millions) change (US$ million) change and indirectly involved to this industry, But it is forecasted 2015 8.03 4.5 21,071 4.1 that on account of COVID-19 the larger tourism industry in 2016 8.80 9.7 22,923 9.1 India will face a job loss of around 38 million i.e. around 40% 2017 10.04 14.0 27,310 19.1 of the total workforce. The tourism industry passes through the worst phase in 21st century and without government 2018 10.56 5.2 28,585 4.7 intervention it is very difficult to overcome from this situation. Source: “India Tourism Statistics at a Glance 2018” In this context, the Government has taken first vital step through announcing the moratorium on interest and principal Table: 3 describe that every year the foreign tourist repayment for 3 months. Some other important Government arrival and Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism in India initiatives to support tourism industry are as follows: increased on a regular basis. According to Ministry of Tourism (2019), in 2017 and 2018 10.04 million and 10.56 million Ministry of Commerce and industry intended the foreign respectively, foreign tourist arrived in India. The tourism trade policy of 2015-20 for one more year. industry in India generated U.S$ 28.5 billion roughly in 2018 and it is forecasted to reach U.S$ 50 billion by 2022. Central Board of Indirect taxes and customers circulated the ordinance to extend time limit for couple of GST compliance Every year 9.6 million foreign tourist came to India i.e. to June 30 with effect from March 2020. it about 26,000per day. The World Travel and Tourism Council (2019) calculated that in 2018 Indian tourism contributed 9.2% Union Ministry of Tourism announced that government of India’s GDP and creating 42.673 million jobs i.e. 8.1% of its is planning to help this sector with soft loans making capital total employment. This sector is targeted to develop at an and deferent of loans repayment. annual rate of 6.9% by 2028 i.e. will contribute 9.9% of India’s By going through several lockdown phases, currently GDP. But currently the scenario has been changed drastically Government of India implement “Unlock” phase for reviving due to the spread of COVID-19 virus. Indian economy by giving relaxation to certain sectors from In India the first case of COVID-19 was reported in complete lockdown. In spite of all efforts made by Government Kerala on 30th January, 2020 and since then COVID-19 has and other agencies to give fresh air to the Indian tourism rapidly spread in all the states and union territories. Currently industry but it is the reality that this sector needs much more India climbed to the fourth highest in the world with 3, 08, 993 time to recover from this crisis. th (till 12 June, 2020) affected people by COVID-19. As per the Effect of COVID-19 on Aviation Industry: latest news in India 8, 884 people are died (till 12th June, 2020) due to COVID-19 but the good news for all of us that the The development of a country’s tourism industry largely recovery rate is very sound. depends on its aviation sector because foreign tourist arrivals are mainly done through this industry. Better the infrastructure On 24th March, 2020 Prime Minister of India announced of aviation sector, greater the chances for growth of tourism first ‘Lockdown’ and banned all domestic and international industry. But the worldwide spread of COVID-19 worstly hit arrival and departure through all means. This complete the aviation industry and this will surely lead to financial lockdown impose crisis to the Indian economy. Like other crush to this sector, Globally, closure of borders, suspension

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 3 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India of visas, strict governmental instruction to implement social Technical Assistance Package. As a measure of relief several distancing and the restriction over unnecessary travel to State Government in India abolish suspension over some prevent the spread of COVID-19 virus are the major causes of tourist destinations. Entire world is waiting for that day when downfall in aviation industry. The International Air Transport they all can move around fearlessly, mixing with people and Association (IATA,2020) predicts that globally the aviation exploring new places trough travelling. sector’s earnings will reduced by 44% as compared to 2019 which implies that half of the earning will be dropped in References aviation sector during 2020. In India as well as other parts of O A. Singh (2020), COVID-19 impact: Severe job losses world a section of staff of aviation industry is being sent on likely across sectors in India, https://theweek.in/news/ leave without pay which in turn results in massive biz-tech/2020/03/23/covid-19-impact-severe-job-losses- unemployment. This sector also needs Government likely-across-sectors-in-india.html intervention to survive. Financial packages have already been O Chaitanya Mallapur. (2020). Job loss loans over millions announced by various Governments for this sector. India also as covid-19 brings Tourism to stand still have recently given green signal to start domestic operations O “Indian Tourism Statistics at a Glance 2018” after maintaining “Social Distancing” and other hygiene O Ministry of Tourism, India (2019). Tourism statistics.http:/ measures. /tourism.gov.in/sites/default/fi les/Other/India%20 Tourism%20Statistics%20at%20a%20 Glance%202019.pdf

Conclusion O Statista (2020). Travel and tourism: share of GDP Currently our world is not in a good health. Although worldwide 2000-2019 COVID-19 is a curse for 21st century’s human civilization but O “Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2018 India”, World this brutal virus awake our hygiene consciousness. Due to Travel and Tourism Council. COVID-19 people are forced to confined at home and do work O “2019Annual Research: Key Highlights”, World Travel from home. Unless and until an effective vaccine invented the and Tourism Council. fear of existence of COVID-19 virus will not be removed and O UNWTO, International Tourist Arrivals could falls by up to that time people will dream about travelling. But those 20-30% in 2020, 26 March 2020 dreams of travelling can’t feed the tourism and aviation O UNWTO (2020). Tourism Recovery Technical Assistance industry. Government and industries itself should take Package, May 2020 initiatives, This sector should adopt both long and short term O UNWTO official website: https://www.unwto.org/news/ strategies in respect of cost and employee control. During international-tourism-arrivals-could-fall-in-2020 this unstable situation tourism business should maintain price O https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/ chart to be competitive. Tourism sector can introduce indicators/india-tourism-sector-may-lose-rs-5-lakh-cr-4-5- “Quarantine tourism” as a new market mix. This lockdown cr-jobs-could-be-cut-due-to-covid-19/articleshow/ period can be utilized by the enterprises by providing online 74968781.cms?from=mdr training and development programs for the up gradation of O https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_India employees rather than retrenchment them. Recently World O https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_coronavirus_ Tourism Organization has declared about Tourism Recovery pandemic_in_India

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 4 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India IMPCAT OF COVID-19 ON INDIAN BANKING INDUSTRY

Dr. Sou. Shobha Arun Paudmal Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce and Management Night College of Arts and Commerce, Ichalkaranji, E-mail : [email protected]

The banking sector is currently facing challenges across expect financiers both for consumer and corporate loans — many levels: shelter-in-place and social isolation requirements to see delayed repayments and probably even defaults. Even indicate that few employees can be served in a physical otherwise, consumption demand for large-ticket items like branch. And banks have been trying to push their retail homes and high-priced durables is expected to remain anaemic customers towards online banking and other digital channels for the rest of the year while investments are likely to come (Mobile Banking, Internet and Social Media) as much as to a complete standstill pressuring revenues and cash flows possible, and depend less on branches. At the same time, across India. Corporate India’s finances already look far more large numbers of individuals are frenzied to try and reach their stretched than they did even a month back. financial services companies with inquiries, concerns or to Objectives of the Study request for protective steps because their finances have been 1. To study the impact of COVID-19 virus on Banking affected by the coronavirus pandemic- many have lost jobs, Industry. their income has gone, many are terrified of defaulting on loans or missing mortgages. Loans and NPL of the banking 2. To study the role of RBI in Banking industry under industry will be affected which will have an effect on earnings. COVID-19. Monetary measures to lower SRR, overnight interest rates 3. To study the challenges faced by Indian Banking and re-classifcation of NPLs (3mth or 6mth) will have a Industry due to COVID-19 virus. positive on Bank’s earnings. The cost of funds and provisions 4. To study the measures taken by the government of India for NPLs will not have such a drastic impact on banks’ in banking sector. earnings. The credit administration process in loan approval Methodology of the Study is important as most loans are subjected to credit guidelines The present study has been descriptive; the data for like single customer limit, industry exposure and collateral. this study were obtained from secondary data sources. The The recovery process of NPL might take time but the exposure secondary data has been collected from various references will not be as significant. In this article researcher explain the which already existed in published form; part of the paper is how the COVID-19 virus impact on banking industry in India. based on literature review the method comprising of collecting Key Words: Digital, Frenzied, Earnings, Administration, all the available papers relating to the theme and selecting Exposure Etc. relevant papers/books for the review purpose. Selection of the paper is done on the basis of their relevance and Introduction contribution to the body of knowledge. The author has made The Covid-19 pandemic and the subsequent lockdown an attempt to do primary reading of the selected papers which has exposed the economies of many countries. The complete will constitute the core of this review study. shutdown of businesses has led to a dramatic reduction in cash flow and this poses a huge threat to banking operations. Impact of Covid-19 virus on Banking Industry In India, to mitigate this risk, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) 1. Uncontrolled NPA Growth and Low NIM and the government have taken precautionary measures such Covid-19 has crippled our fragile economy. A pause in as reducing the repo rate, reverse repo rate and cash reserve production and sale, and an upsurge in unemployment are ratio. The best of India’s companies and banks are in a spot bound to persist for some time. Bank assets will also erode as the pandemic-related lockdown brings business to a halt. fast. By announcing a moratorium on EMIs for three months, In an economy ravaged by paycuts and lay-offs, experts RBI has unwittingly thrown open the door for citizens to

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 5 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India further default on their commitments. The MSME bad loans customers avoid physical banking. Digital solutions are in that were suppressed until March 2020, as per the orders of great demand and the number of online transactions may the RBI, will now increase, nullifying the good work done in even increase in the post-COVID-19 period due to the the first quarter. Banks have sufficient funds now because of convenience these services offer to both the customers and lack of credit off-take (including NBFCs) on one hand, and banks. Digital transformation of banks will also take centre reduction in rates like statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) and cash stage with an increase in investments towards deep learning- reserve ratio (CRR) by the regulator on the other. This, in turn, based use cases to tackle the NPA issue. Currently, banks are will lead to an increased cost of deposits, while term deposit entertaining only essential services at their branches. All rates and CASA rates will fall. However, with the RBI driving debit cards are now active and customers are urged to use lower reverse repo rates; banks will also need to push more them. The RBI has even removed the charges for using ATMs retail asset business which is likely to improve in the latter and this may stay as a permanent measure. Third-party part of the year. payment applications, too, have gained momentum as part of digital banking. However, digital banking has to be improved 2. Rise in Service Charges in order to cater to the diverse customer base. All web and Operating profits of banks have been plummeting for a mobile services should be user friendly and enable long time in India. Now with businesses getting severely communication in local and regional languages. Along with an impacted, interest income is bound to take a huge hit. Limited increase in digital banking operations, there could be a surge augmentation in other areas is likely to make banks increase in cyber security issues, too. their locker rents, service request charges, digital transaction charges and penal charges. Be that as it may, more and more 6. Disenchantment of Bank Employees people are expected to revisit their bank accounts that were There are more than 10 lakh bank employees in our largely dormant as government grants and support will be country who need support and security in the form of revised disbursed through this channel. wages. Unfortunately, the present situation has dampened 3. Atermath of Covid-19 EMI Moratorium such plans. The legal ecosystem is hardly helping in the recovery of the NPAs. In fact, governmental agencies are RBI announced that customers have the option to defer using them as a pivot to run welfare schemes like MSME/ repayment of EMIs of loans by three months to retain cash MUDRA financing. This needs to be addressed immediately. flow, if required. As a result, the loan tenure will automatically In times like these, there is a need for professional training to extend by three months, but will invariably lead to extra enhance a person’s behavioural and technical skills to keep interest charges. This especially affects those customers who pace with changing requirements of the sector. We have are at the beginning of a loan cycle since EMIs comprise worked with a lot of banks in this regard and have seen the heavier interest in the initial loan term. However, for those impact that learning and training programmes have helped availing the moratorium, the good news is that this temporary both people and financial institutions. With digitalization and financial relief will not impact their credit score and their loans banks moving most services online, people can explore newer will not be classified as non-performing assets.' roles and avenues to pursue in their current or newer sectors. 4. Fate of Differentiated Banks A well-designed training capsule can provide practical inputs Only recently, new forms of banking such as Payment to the banking fraternity enabling them to tide over the storm Banks and Small Finance Banks (SFBs) had found their feet with ease. in the financial sector. With limited offerings and a lean 7. Role of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) revenue stream, these banks were already fraught with The central bank has announced a slew of measures to hardships. In the wake of Covid-19, SFBs are bearing the help banks and borrowers tide over this crisis. In the first brunt of the lockdown of their client base (vegetable vendors, round of measures, RBI announced a 75 basis point rate cut, carpenters, etc) on their asset quality as well as recovery. liquidity measures to the tune of Rs 3.74 lakh crore, including 5. Growth of Digital Banking a targeted long term repo operation (TLTRO) worth Rs 1 lakh One visible impact of Covid-19 is the increased use of crore, deferment of interest on working capital facilities and digital banking. As part of the fight against the pandemic, three month moratorium for all term loans extended by lending both banks and governments are repeatedly insisting that institutions. In the second round, it announced TLTRO 2.0

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 6 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India worth Rs 50,000 crore, specifically targeting small companies. Banks will consider important factors such as demographics, access to internet, last mile connectivity, 8. Challenges faced by Indian Banking Industry customer banking behavior patterns etc. to enable The operational and technical challenges for both the effective adoption by the Indian banking consumers. customers and employees highlighted a lacuna and the general III. SECURITY, PRIVACY AND CUSTOMER TRUST – lack of agility in our banking systems when faced with an According to RBI, for the financial year 2017-18, India’s emergency situation. The immediate learnings from the current banking sector witnessed a spike in cyber frauds and COVID-19 situation will add the much-needed rigor towards pegged the losses at $ 13.7 million. With increased use digitizing and optimizing the bank’s backend operations. This of cashless and digital economy, it will be imperative for will eliminate the dependency on manual entries, person led the banks to implement secure frameworks and systems. reviews i.e. paper and employee intervention within banks. Some of the obvious cyber risks include financial frauds, When the COVID-19 situation is past us, it is expected that money laundering, data loss, identity thefts and privacy the Indian Banks will shift gears to move away from traditional breaches. Banks need to take stringent steps to identify forms of banking. The traditional banks will stand the both internal and external system vulnerabilities. They opportunity to leapfrog adopting cutting edge banking should be technically strengthened by rigorous KYC, technologies and blaze the digital transformation trail. strong customer authentication (SCA), financial grade Currently, 27 of Indian public sector (PSU) banks are on a APIs, firewalls, smart networks, etc., for secure and path of consolidation to 10 large banks. It is an opportune seamless transactions. Robust banking solutions and time for the PSU’s to explore better technology integration cyber security initiatives help safeguard against malicious and customer adoption. Other Indian banks (both public and attacks. private) which are already online with some core banking IV. POLICY AND COMPLIANCE – The focus should be functions will focus on a complete transition by digitization on increased digital payment infrastructure, especially in of all their functions, processes and systems. Legacy Indian rural India, with an intention to create a financial banks and financial institutions will also look at collaboration ecosystem for the unbanked and underbanked population with the new entrants and fintechs. Such necessity driven of our country. From a security and privacy standpoint, partnerships will drive innovation and jointly reap the benefits India is already on its path to introduce the Personal of the large customer base of the banks and the new Data Protection bill (PDP) on the lines of GDPR in the technologies of the fintechs. The COVID-19 situation will not EU. This bill protects personal information of consumers only accelerate the adoption of technology, but will renew including sensitive financial information. It would be in focus on the following four key areas of banking: the best interest to implement stringent penalties on I. EMBRACING NEO TECHNOLOGIES – In the aftermath erring entities found in violation of the bill. of the pandemic and economic uncertainties, emerging technologies will play a key role in speeding up 9. Measures taken by Government transactions and reducing costs for banks. Indian The government and the RBI will have to take greater banking sector has already realized the role of technology emergency measures to help banks counter the fresh onslaught in achieving the reach and scale. of NPLs and to release credit back into the economy. The RBI took immediate and timely action at the end of March to boost II. CHANNELS OF DIGITIZATION – As per the 2017 liquidity by cutting repo and reverse repo rates in a bid to global findex report by the World Bank, India is home to stimulate lending by banks. The regulator also allowed banks the world’s second largest unbanked population at 190 to provide a three-month moratorium on principal repayments million adults without access to a bank account. With to all borrowers. Both measures have proven to be short-lived increased penetration of mobile and Internet, the primary as credit uptake by banks continues to show a downward focus would to accelerate technology enabled digital trend with the halt in economic activity and interest obligations financial inclusion.The business focus would also be to on debt repayments remaining a burden for cash-strapped create a gradual shift in customer preference from visiting borrowers. bank branches to using digital channels. Banks will enable its customers to interact over multiple automated In anticipation of an optimistic turnaround in 2021 and and digital channels to offer the optimal channel mix. 2022, the RBI has taken an aggressive stance on monetary

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 7 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India policy and introduced several liquidity-enhancing measures simply postpone the day of reckoning for banks to take on in mid-April. The liquidity coverage ratio for banks has been massive provisions that eat up scarce capital. What appears reduced from 100 percent to 80 percent, and a special refinance urgently needed is additional regulatory capital for banks to window has been created for MSME borrowers. Reverse repo weather the NPL shock. With financial markets in a tailspin, rates have been cut further to discourage banks from parking the responsibility to fund new capital needs to be squarely idle funds with the RBI and deploy them instead in investments borne by the government and/or the RBI. Otherwise, India’s and loans. In an aim to free up capital, the RBI has also banking sector will never fully recover from an NPL-induced proposed a delay in loss recognition for defaults from thirty coma. to ninety days along with a directive prohibiting dividend Conclusion payouts by banks. Banks have been the good important role during COVID- The RBI’s additional liquidity stimulus begs the question 19 lockdown; they have dispensed all critical services for the where all this money will be parked in an unpredictable larger betterment of the society. The humanitarian efforts of economic climate. Knowing what investors will do to their banks will remain in discussion, albeit for some time. The stock if they take on excessive risk, several banks are very narrative will change in the coming quarters as banks will get likely to pass over this surplus pool of funds. Others may questioned on their de-risking measures and resultant asset have forgotten the lessons of the 2008 Financial Crisis and quality by one and all - statutory auditors, regulators, investors, skew their behavior once again towards weaker asset growth, respective boards and the media. The asset classification leading to another possible NPL upheaval down the road. If measures announced by RBI will partly alleviate the pain. banks are indeed going to be efficient vehicles for transmitting References this much needed liquidity, much of the risk needs to be 1. https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2020/04/27/opinion- defrayed by the government. Structured lines of credit where how-banks-will-change-post-covid-19.html the first loss is absorbed by the government or a third party, 2. https://www.cnbctv18.com/finance/impact-of-coronavirus- like a multilateral institution, may have a better outcome for on-banks-in-the-coming-quarters-5716471.htm. liquidity to reach targeted MSME, retail, and corporate borrowers. 3. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/ coronavirus-will-worsen-indias-non-performing-loan- Restricting dividends, while likely to be unpopular with problem/ shareholders, is a small but welcome step towards preserving 4. https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/ capital. The change in asset classification for NPLs from thirty covid-19-impact-heres-why-indian-banks-wont-come-out- to ninety days, however, is only a temporary salve and will of-abyss-anytime-soon-5219381.html.

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 8 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON INDIAN MSMES AND STRATEGIES FOR COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC REVIVAL

Tina Cherry Assistant Professor, Dept. of Commerce and Management Government RC College of Commerce & Management, Bangalore - 560 001 Email: [email protected]

Abstract including India. The World Health Organization (WHO) The world economy is currently witnessing a challenging declared the corona virus epidemic a pandemic [1]. The situation posed by the Corona virus (COVID-19) pandemic. governments across the world adopted the isolation strategy The world wide lockdown has brought forth a sweeping halt and announced lockdown towards the containment and to the functioning of global economy. In this era of global mitigation of COVID-19[2]. In India as an endeavor to check village India also got affected and the corona virus pandemic the surge and spread of Covid-19, lockdown was announced has disrupted normal economic activity and brought life to a from 26 March. The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted normal complete grinding halt. The COVID-19 pandemic has hit hardly economic activity and brought life to a complete grinding halt. the Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector, India’s trade has been severely impacted. The COVID-19 highly vibrant and dynamic sector of the Indian economy, pandemic has jeopardized the Micro Small and Medium which has been instrumental in terms of generating Enterprises (MSME) sector, highly vibrant and dynamic sector employment, output, and exports. Given the widespread of the Indian economy, which has been instrumental in terms presence of MSMEs in the industrial and services sectors, the of generating employment, output, and exports. MSME is COVID-19 pandemic have major interruption in the form of job vulnerable, since it has already been witnessing a slow losses, factory closures, manpower shortages in the urban growth before COVID-19 outbreak due to low liquidity reserves areas due to the mass exodus witnessed during the early days and less access to credit and the current shock worsened the of lock down, increased bankruptcy and export order condition. The severe restriction of movement of people, cancellations. It is therefore important to draw comprehensive goods and services necessitated to curb the spread of this strategies that helps the MSME to continue their business pandemic has disrupted production, distribution and activities in the current crisis and mitigate the side effects on consumption activities [3]. The COVID-19 pandemic and the financial and economic health not just for short term but for resultant initiatives has hit hardly the MSMEs, which manifests a medium and long term plans. This paper highlights impact itself in the form of job losses, factory closures, manpower of COVID-19 on MSME sector, revival strategies which include shortages in the urban areas due to the mass exodus of its a number of provisions such as extension on various types core work force - the migrant workers, increased bankruptcy of social and utility payments, partial payments of Goods and and export order cancellations. It has disrupted supply chains Service Taxes (GST), enhanced credit access as well as network, global value chain, world trade, logistics, domestic strengthening its production network, redefining its role as a and global demand. global supply chain, diversification of business lines as to 2. Role of MSMEs in Indian Economy bring back this ailing sector back into the main stream of MSME sector contributes significantly in the economic economic development and social development of the country by fostering expansion 1. Introduction of entrepreneurial endeavors through business innovations The novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) initial and generating largest employment opportunities at outbreak happened towards the end of December 2019 in comparatively lower capital cost. Also MSME contributes Wuhan city of China. It started spreading like wild fire and significantly to the Indian Economy in terms of Gross Domestic within a few weeks, cases of COVID-19 were detected in other Product (GDP), Exports. The MSMEs are widening their domain parts of China and have spread to nations all across the globe across various sectors of the economy, producing diverse

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 9 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India range of products and services to meet demands of domestic instantly. Resumption of economic activities takes a major as well as global markets. blow especially if the crisis has affected the industries that supplies components to these industries[5] According to the Annual Report for 2018-19 by the Ministry of MSMEs, there are about 633.88 lakh number of Business closures have resulted in dramatic decline in MSMEs out of which 31% MSMEs were engaged in the business operations of export oriented MSME units. This Manufacturing activities, 36% were in Trade and 33% in is a major concern as failure to revive this has serious long Other Services. It also reveals that 51.25% are in rural area and term impacts. The pandemic has resulted in accumulation of 48.75% in the urban areas. The Directorate General of huge stockpiles of at ports for exports and imports of MSME. Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS) has reported Measures must be taken at clear the stockpiles so as to that the share of MSME related Products in total Export from ensure smooth flow of operations. Exporters find it difficult to India during 2018-19 is 48.10% which indicates its relevance meet their commitment due to restrictions imposed on logistics in exports sector. As per the information received from the which in-turn leads to loss of trust and confidence among the Central Statistics Office (CSO), Ministry of Statistics & Program trade partners. Implementation (MOSPI), the Share of MSME Gross Value Added (GVA) in total GVA during 2016-17 was 31.8% [4]. Small and medium enterprises in India such as automobiles, pharmaceuticals, electronics, telecom equipment, 3. Impact of Declining Trade on MSME computer hardware, industrial machines and equipment, etc Despite its significant contribution, the MSMEs face heavily depend on imports for their productions. Trade multiple obstacles to growth. The COVID-19 pandemic poses restriction imposed to combat the spread of pandemic an extraordinary challenge to the Micro, Small and Medium adversely affects these firms as they have to operate at much Enterprise (MSME) sector which was already reeling under below their capacity due to lack of inputs and intermediates. severe fund crunch. The COVID-19 crisis has hit hardly its COVID-19 crisis has affected the trade links with China, the contribution to the three core areas namely employment, major supply chain and firms producing electronic and electrical output and exports. This is the sector that needs careful goods, automobiles, pharmaceutical products had to face policy attention through institutional innovations to tremendous hardships as their productions are linked to accommodate the concerns of the vast number of informal inputs imported from China. enterprises vital to the sector. 4. Government’s Intervention and other measures: The COVID-19 pandemic and sudden closure of factories The COVID-19 pandemic and resultant slowdown across the country, has affected directly or indirectly its necessitated a number of measures from all angles. The workforce which forms a significant proportion of total Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has announced a slew of measures employment. The pandemic has disrupted normal operations, to help in quick revival of economy. The Reserve Bank of resulted in low output and demand and bringing down the income, cash reserves whereas overheads such as rent ,power India (RBI) has announced liquidity enhancement measures bills accrued, which compelled the MSMEs to take adverse along with policy rate cuts. Further, the RBI has resolved to steps such as to cut its wage bills as well as layoff of furnish special refinance facilities worth Rs. 50,000 crore to workers. NABARD, SIDBI and NHB to enable them to meet their sectoral credit needs, particularly Micro, Small and Medium Majority of its labor comprise migrant and informal Enterprises (MSMEs). Relief to MSMEs and job retention in workers. The lockdown made the migrant workers who belong the sector is of utmost concern. to poor regions of the country to return to their hometown as the enterprises or state were not able to provide them The -finance minister of India announced the financial protection, wages or job assurances. Lockdown though relief package titled Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan on 13 May relaxed later and with reopening of economic activities, MSMEs 2020 to tide over the Covid-19 lockdown-induced crisis. The which are labor intensive find it difficult to resume activities, first tranche of financial package seeks to drive the country as its core labor force, the migrant workers already left the towards self-reliance by strengthening the MSME sector work place have to come back. Also continuous processes through liquidity enhancement, as well as increasing their industries once closed find it difficult to resume operations competitiveness domestically and globally [6].

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 10 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

Rs. 3 lakh crore collateral-free loans announced as part regarding these enterprises is accessible from Udyog Aadhar of package seeks to provide the MSMEs with additional Memorandum (UAM), MSME Databank, and the Goods and funding to meet operational liabilities buy raw material and Services Tax Network (GSTN), it has its limitations. It is not restart business. The scheme fully guaranteed by the Centre, compulsory for all MSMEs to register their details with UAM, provides a principal repayment moratorium for 12 months, MSME databank or GSTN according to statutory requirement. interest to be capped, no guarantee fee and no additional Identification of beneficiaries is the step towards revival of collateral. All MSMEs with a turnover of up to 100 crore and MSME units. As far as migrant workers are concerned which with outstanding credit of up to 25 crore will be eligible to forms the crucial element of MSME workforce, revival strategy borrow up to 20% of their total outstanding credit as on package of MSMEs must include setting aside a fund to pay February 29, 2020. These loans will have four-year tenure and for their return to provide for transport and incidental expenses the scheme will be open until October 31st. and reimbursement or concession of wage guarantee.

The package includes Rs.20,000 crore subordinate debt The system of GST has placed some burden on business for the stressed MSMEs. To support MSMEs with severe including a requirement of larger working capital which equity shortage the package provided for 50,000 crore equity increases the costs of production .The government can give infusion through a Fund of Funds with a corpus of Rs.10,000 concessions such as delayed payment of GST, retaining a part crore. The government will also provide Rs 4,000 crore to of GST dues which can be later adjusted against input credit. CGTMSE that will offer partial credit guarantee support to banks for lending to MSMEs. Equity funding for MSMEs A concession in power tariff and surface transportation seeks to expand MSME size as well as capacity as well as of inputs/ finished goods for a time bound period would encourage MSMEs to list on stock exchanges. infuse dynamism in MSMEs, whose revenue has dried up due to no movement of goods. Finance Minister announced the revision of MSME definition, which eliminated the distinction between Steps to make credit access easier have to be seriously manufacturing and service MSMEs. Investment limit enhanced planned. Reduction in lending rates, non-insistence on and turnover criteria also introduced which brings more units collaterals (even as it is not formally required) and easier to avail benefits under its ambit. As per the revised definition terms of repayment of loans post-moratorium are some of the units with investment less than Rs 1 crore and turnover under mechanisms that help the revival. Rs 5 crore will be defined as Micro-units, investment less than Firms in the exports are badly affected due to, shutdown Rs 10 crore and turnover under Rs 50 crore Small and of factories, collapse of global demand, cancellations of orders, investment under Rs 20 crore and turnover less than Rs 100 delays in shipments, etc. Therefore, MSMEs, in exports should crore as Medium. As a step towards Self-Reliant India and be supported with interest free working capital to cover their support Make in India, to protect MSMEs from the issue of wage cost and establishment cost like rent, utilities and unfair competition from foreign companies as well as to logistics. Pre and post shipment credit and Employment enhance their business the Government disallowed global Provident Fund (EPF) and Employers State Insurance tenders in such schemes up-to Rs 200 crores. Corporation (ESIC) waiver should be extended to export firms To tackle marketing and liquidity problems faced by not only for the lockdown period but for some extended MSMEs due to COVID-19 outbreak, it provides for promotion months. Firms with existing exports commitment should be of e-market linkage for MSMEs as a replacement for trade fairs facilitated to continue their works to deliver orders on time as and exhibitions. Finance Minister ordered government and to remain as reliable partners. Some of the labor intensive central public sector enterprises to release all pending MSME sectors such as garments, leather, footwear, marine products, payments in 45 days. gems & jewellery, apparel, etc. need special packages to survive and hold onto their men and machines. 5. Possible Remedies and The Way Forward: The government has initiated a number of measures to As MSMEs in certain sectors are badly affected by the revive MSMEs, the greatest challenge is the absence of supply chain disruptions mainly due to limited land and ocean reliable and updated information on MSME units which hinders movements of goods, they need to be facilitated by the relief delivery to the targeted. Though the information government along with industry bodies to restore or rearrange

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 11 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India new supply chains domestically for the time being. The resources has to be strengthened with Government and government should extend everything possible to help firms Institutional support as to enable them to compete with for local sourcing in case of disrupted imports. MSMEs with domestic as well as global counterparts and become global falling demand must be supported to diversify their business leaders, and thereby contributes significantly to india’s exports, lines as to tap the new opportunities provided by the crisis employment and GDP. such as textile units can streamline their business to focus on References manufacturing PPE kit, masks etc. Measures should to taken 1. WHO director-general’s news conference on March 11 to strengthen infrastructure such as high speed broadband 2020, “We have therefore made the assessment that connectivity to be introduced especially in the rural areas. COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic”, WHO This will enable the digitalization of MSMEs which will announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic, www.who.int. improve the competitiveness of these firms domestically and 2. Gurudas das, Flip side of globalization- Published in the globally. report entitled “COVID-19: Challenges for the Indian 6. Concluding Remarks Economy - Trade and Foreign Policy Effects” Publisher: EEPC India, Research and Information System for By learning from other countries, as well as from within Developing Countries, India. Year 2020. India, State governments have to chart out dynamic and 3. Keshab Das, Pump Priming MSMEs during covid 19 flexible strategies such as fiscal expansion or deciding on the pandemic: Fostering linkages beyond formal- Published level of restrictions that they would like to impose in different in the report entitled “COVID-19: Challenges for the areas or the exemptions suitable to their situations. The Indian Economy - Trade and Foreign Policy Effects” Centre needs to support them with information and technical Publisher: EEPC India, Research and Information System advice, logistics and material support, as well as financial for Developing Countries, India. Year 2020. assistance. 4. Shri Nitin Gadkari, Union Minister for Micro, Small and The COVID pandemic presents a host of investment and Medium, Published by Press Information Bureau trade potential to Indian MSME sector. Government of India Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises JUL 2019 by PIB Delhi India has vast potential in terms of skilled labor, 5. Dipankar Sengupta,Economic Consequences of COVID- infrastructure, ports and raw material. To unlock such potential, 19 and some policy suggestions- Published in the report we need to identify the sectors where MSMEs plays a major entitled “COVID-19: Challenges for the Indian Economy - role. Research and development has to be given great emphasis Trade and Foreign Policy Effects” Publisher: EEPC India, which accelerates the pace of technological advancement Research and Information System for Developing within our nation. Through indigenously developed Countries, India. Year 2020. technological innovations we have to design better solutions 6 Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan, Part -1 : Businesses by way of Innovative Products and Services and sell them including MSMEs, Govt. of India press release, 13-05- domestically and across the world. To achieve this MSMEs 2020.

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 12 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN SOME SELECTED INDIAN INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

Gourab Das Assistant Professor of Commerce Vidyanagar College, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, E-mail : [email protected]

The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic is a shock to the will create a Global financial Crisis after 2007-8 crisis followed Indian economy. The economy was already in a uncertainty by a backup recovery in 2021. The function of Global supply state before Covid-19 struck. Only a few small countries are chain was disrupted due to this. Most of the countries have protected due to precautionary steps taken at the very stopped trade with one another. Among the fastest growing first stage. Industrial and other sector has been badly economic nations India has responded very earlier in reply to affected by it. According to these IMF have forecasted the pandemic. A long periodical lockdown was announced by global growth of 3.4%.But due to the spread of the pandemic the Prime Minister. But the nation alike other nations has Corona virus the whole scenario was a nightmare. With the faced a lot after the immediate response. prolonged country-wide lockdown, global economic downturn and associated disruption of demand and supply chains, the Literature Review world economy is likely to face a serious period of battle with Li, wang et.all (2020) showed in their study, increase its existence. In this paper tried to describe the Covid-19 of stress anxiety etc over the people of china. People are impact on Indian economy, evaluate the impact of the shock more concern with health and hygiene of the family rather on various segments of the economy. than any economic activity in the epidemic period.

Keywords: Covid-19, pandemic, Negative, economic slowdown, Sumner, Hoy and Juarez (2020) suggested the potential supply chain, industry etc. short-term economic impact of COVID-19 on global monetary poverty. Introduction Dev and Sengupta (2020) explained that Covid-19 created In 2019 there was anxiety about the effect of Us-China an unprecedented challenge for India especially of the sector trade war, the Us Presidential elections and brexit on the world like finance and industry. Lockdown social distancing economy. According to these IMF have forecasted global difference concepts crated a barrier in labour centric industry growth of 3.4%.But due to the spread of the pandemic Corona which effect Indian economy at large. virus the whole scenario was a nightmare. The WHO first declared this virus as a world health emergency in January The name of the virus is SARS-COV-2 (Severe acute 2020.Sine this destructive virus was first diagnosed in Wuhan, respiratory syndrome) corona virus, which causes the corona China. Later on it was detected in 190 countries and also virus disease 2019 referred to as Covid-19. Accordingly in our affected soon the World’s biggest economy USA. In early paper we use Covid-19 to refer to the disease. march the core area of infections shifted from China to Europe especially Italy and later to the whole world. In late January Objective of the study 2020 China was the first nation to impose travel restrictions The primary objectives of the study are - along with South Korea and Vietnam. The pandemic haven’t 1. To understand the growth of Covid-19 left a single sector of the world’s economy. Due to the fear 2. To examine the effect of Covid-19 in different and uncertainty the Global Stock market has lost US$6 trillion industry in India. in one week. The standard and poor index lost over US$5 trillion in the same week. The International Air Transportation Reserach Methodology Association stated that air travel industry would lose US$ 113 The paper performs an extensive research on the basis BIILION if the Covid 19 pandemic was not controlled. of the data and information obtained from secondary sources. The IMF in its report has predicted that the pandemic It involves the use of journal, research paper, and various

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 13 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India reports of WHO and authenticate finance website and online There are about 3.5 Lakh permanent and temporary resources etc. for the collection of secondary data needed in workers are engaged in 353 tea gardens of Darjeeling, the analysis. terai and dooars areas. They are daily getting Rs. 176 as wages and weekly provisions (ration) for their work. Impact of Global Lockdown on the Economy They are greatly disturbed from this lockdown. First flush 1. The greatest impact of the containment restrictions will (March) and Second Flush (May) are the biggest profit be on retail and wholesale trade and in professional and churners for any plantation. The disruption in plucking real estate services. (and processing) will allow leaves to grow older and 2. Business closures could reduce economic output in become unsuitable for consumption. The southern Tea advanced and major emerging economies by 15% or Industry is expecting an output decline in the first six more other emerging economies could experience a months of 2020 due to Covid 19 impact. Maximum tea decline in output of 25% growers of Tamil Nadu and Kerala are not doing their 3. Countries dependent on tourism could be affected more operational work during the lockdown from March 24, 2020. severely while countries with large agricultural and mining Some of the tea estates of Nilgiri and Coimbatore are sectors could experience less severe effects. carrying out partial operations with the special permission of district administration. Indian Tea Industry is badly 4. Economic effects likely will vary across countries impacted from current lockdown. Central government has reflecting differences in the timing and degree of given permission to Tea Estate Owners to continue their containment, measures. activities with 50% workers but some State government Effect on tourism Industry sector were agreed with 15%. The conflict between both the governments for implementing their guidelines should be Tourism Industry is a major source of revenue for resolved. India.Covid-19 pandemic affected this sector. As per Federation of Association in Indian tourism and Hospitality, Covid-19 Effect on Ecommerce sector: pandemic may swallow the job of around 38 million people engaged in tourism and hospitality sector. The tourist began The Covid - 19 pandemic has put an adverse impact to cancel their tickets and postponed their journey for their on the retail sector across the country, with consumer future. This caused a great loss to aviation as well as hotel retail witnessing a big drop in sales by 46 - 55 percent due industry. Hotels occupancy rates have been declined by 65% to the fall in the number of customers per store from March in compare to the same period of March 2019. Indian 17 to 25, India’s retail sector, consisting of 70 million Government declared nationwide complete lockdown. All future small, medium and big traders with 450 million people, domestic as well as international flight bookings has been generates a monthly business of around US$70 billion. cancelled. Tour operators in India also suffered a great loss. However, due to the pandemic, the retail trade has reportedly There may be a loss of Rs. 85 billion to the hotel, aviation and lost a huge US$30 billion in the last fortnight alone. E - travel sector together if travel restrictions imposed to the Commerce sector in India lost US$400 million in a week due foreign tourists continues was estimated by Indian Tour to Covid-19. Operators Association. It is first time that India is witnessing Effect on Manufacturing Industry its all time low record in inbound and outbound travel. Indian Restaurant Industry has witnessed almost negligible revenue The ongoing lockdown has put a lot of strain on the during lockdown. Low revenue is expected by Indian manufacturing industry, which contributes almost 20% of the Restaurant Industry after lockdown period. GDP. Of this, 50% is contributed by the auto industry. Even prior to the lockdown, the auto indu stry was not in a great Impact of Covid-19 on Indian Tea Industry sector: shape, with sales down by more than 15% and Assam contributes to half of India’s 1300 plus million kg production cuts of the order of 5 to 10% or more. of production, while another 25 percent production comes Manufacturing industry has been hit in many ways due to the from west Bengal. The economy of Upper Assam and Corona effect. This indicates that manufacturing in India has North Bengal are almost dependent on tea.Covid-19 pandemic stopped, except for the rice milling sector where production has affected the popularity of the Darjeeling Tea Industry. has reportedly dropped by half. In several sectors,

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 14 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India including automotive components, MSMEs were already Association of India (RAI) which was filled by 768 respondents experiencing a pre-lockdown decline in business, due to across India. a stagnating economy and market demand and the disruption of international supply chains due to the lockdown Overall Impact of Covid - 19 on Indian Economy in China. India Manufacturing Purchasing Managers’ Index Analysts and Economists stated that lockdown situation (PMI) fell to 27.4 in April, from 51.8 in March, reflecting the had badly impacted the countries worldwide some of the sharpest deterioration in business conditions across the sector. major observations are cited below: Effect on Transport sector: 1. There is a situation of worse Unemployment in the nation . Transportation sector has been one of the primary 2. Expecting biggest stock market crash .i.e Nifty will fall victims of COVID-19. From rickshaw pullers to airlines, all below 5000-7500 points have been affected economically by the pandemic. India’s overall energy demand fell by 11% in March 2020. Due to 3. No job security among all sectors , companies are laying lockdown in many countries, the demand for passenger off their employees transport has been adversely hit. The freight segment has had 4. Daily wage workers and skilled labourers faced a lot a mixed short-term effect in terms of transportation demand. 5. It is supposed to create a huge depression alike the There is a surge in demand for truck drivers in transportation Great Depression of 1929. of essential goods. For instance, there is 40% to 60% increase 6. Education of school going students has come to a of product being moved into grocery stores and warehouses standstill. in US since COVID spread started2. However, the supply chain disruption and slowdown caused by COVID is expected 7. Indian exports and imports are impacted a lot due to non to pull down freight demand in the medium-term. Urban availability of transport and labour . freight segments in India have also had a mixed short-term 8. Peoples normal lifestyle has been impacted too . effect in terms of transportation demand. Since February, the 9. Indian companies selling their shares to foreign B players. online food orders have dropped by 20% whereas online 10. Pandemic impact on Agricultural ,MSME, travel and grocery orders are overflowing3. It is to yet to be seen tourism etc are effected. whether these acquired habits of online grocery shopping will sustain after the pandemic passes. 11. International rating agency Fitch slashed GDP For 2020- 21 to 0.8%. Effect on retail sector 12. Cotton prices have been reduced by 3% In the nation The lockdown implemented by the Government to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in the country has greatly affected Conclusion the retail business. Most stores, except stores selling Essential The situation of Covid -19 is alarming and it disturbs all Food & Grocery, have been shut across the country. over the world economy. Topmost economy of the world like UK, US, France etc has gone through the crucial situation. Garments, Saris, Electronics, Mobile Phones, Furniture, Stock market of all over the world crashed and oil prices Hardware, etc. almost all stores are closed. Non-Grocery/Food decreased day by day. Unemployment increases in a hurricane Retailers are reporting 80% to 100% reduction in sales. Even speed. Different industrial sector are badly affected for this retailers of essential items are facing losses as they aren’t pandemic while organic food industry have a good opportunity allowed to sell non-essential items, which would bring them to flourish them due to this situation . Government focus to higher margins. improve contact centre for adopting new ways of working to 85% of the retail costs are fixed costs, which is putting maintain supply chain management wider operating several financial pressures on retailers. The industry is communities for maintaining the required flow of products experiencing severe liquidity challenges, which can lead to and services in the midst of COVID-19. In this crucial large scale unemployment. The cash inflow of the industry condition we can’t draw the actual conclusion but has come to a standstill, while the fixed operating costs continue working together with all sectors Indian economy remain intact, as per the survey conducted by Retailers will achieve deep implementation in all industries.

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 15 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

Bibliography 4. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/trade- 1. Sijia Li, et. All. (2020) “The Impact of COVID-19 Epidemic impact-of-coronavirus-for-india-estimated-at-348-mn- Declaration on Psychological Consequences: A Study on unreport/article30988253.ece# Active Weibo Users” International Journal of 5. https://covid19.who.int/?gclid = EAIaIQobCh MIr4vn9ubn Environmental Research and Public Health page 1-9 Vol2 6QIV2ARyCh0-2QGbEAAYASAAEgIqbvD_BwE 2. Sumner, et.all (2020), Estimates of the impact of COVID- 6. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/ 19 on global poverty, WIDER Working Paper 2020/43, Vol situation-reports/20200308-sitrep-48-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn= Apr 2020 16f7ccef_4 3. Dev and Sengupta, “Covid-19: Impact on the Indian 7. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres20_e/ Economy” Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, 2020. pr855_e.htm

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 16 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

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Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 20 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

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ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 21 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

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Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 22 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India “REVERSE-MIGRATION OF POPULATION FROM URBAN TO RURAL INDIA POST COVID-19: OPPORTUNITY FOR RURAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT”

Chandan V. Assistant Professor, Department of Tourism Studies Government Ramnarayan Chellaram College of Commerce and Management, Bengaluru - 560 001

Abstract Agritourism activates. Rural Tourism activities have been Rural tourism is experiencing local lifestyle with a wide found to increase business, income and employment in the range of attractions and activities that take place in countryside. region and are seen to assist with social and economic Post covid-19 reverse-migration of urban working population development around the world. Rural tourism has many moving towards rural area gives opportunity of building small potential benefits for including employment growth, an business in rural India with the help of Rural Tourism concepts. expanded economic base, repopulation, social improvement, Current situation of reverse-migration of population from and revitalization of local crafts. urban to rural India is opening new door to migrants to work As a vehicle of economic growth and diversification, within rural areas and contribute to Local Economy. It is rural tourism can make an important contribution to rural essential to generate employment in rural India for the post incomes both at the level of the tourism operators and more covid-19 migrants and Rural Tourism is the best possible widely in the local economy. As a general rule, however, rural solution. Rural tourism is not just agriculture-based tourism. communities are challenged to take full advantage of the It includes agriculture-based holidays but also comprises tourism industry due to lack of sufficient infrastructure to special interest nature holidays and ecotourism, walking, support year round visitors. Tourism is not the solution for climbing and riding holidays, adventure, sport and health all rural problems but it has number of positive attractions. It tourism, swimming and angling, educational travel, arts and is one of the many opportunities that rural communities might heritage tourism, and, in some areas, ethnic tourism. A major consider to improve productivity and incomes. Rural Tourism form of tourism is agritourism, which refers to, ¯the act of generates economic opportunities in rural communities, visiting a working farm or any agricultural, horticultural or sufficient to reverse migration to the countryside. It will also agribusiness operation for the purpose of enjoyment, generate new economic opportunities for women specifically, education, or active involvement in the activities of the farm and these will create much greater social freedom and self- or operation. determination. Key words: Rural Tourism. Reverse-migration, Employment Objectives Generation, Local Economy O To understand Rural Tourism and Reverse Migration

Introduction O To utilize rural human resource to uplift local economy

There are a wide and innovative set of Rural Tourism O To provide an overview on driving forces and benefits products and services that can be adopted and developed by of rural tourism.

Rural Community. Agritourism, agricultural festivals, special O To identify issues for future research and development events and festivals, the celebration of village historic sites, for rural tourism country fairs, agricultural travel routes that feature themes are few to note. There is a great responsibility of Gram Panchayat Data Source and Methodology and Local Communities and actively involved in Rural Tourism The present study is of explanatory nature which tries development and support agritourism networks. Both Central to give a comprehensive analysis to the prospects and and State Government is encouraging rural tourism/ problems of Reverse-migration of population from urban to

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 23 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India rural India post Covid-19 and Rural Tourism for local economy. traditional tourist destinations, the media have sought It is based on the secondary data. The secondary data is out new and interesting tourism experiences for their collected from the previous research available on websites lifestyle productions. and other documents. O Increasing environmental awareness and interest in the Rural Tourism Concept relationship between humans and the environment. Green issues have raised the attractiveness of rural experiences Rural tourism can be defined as the ‘country experience’ as ecologically sustainable tourism. which encompasses a wide range of attractions and activities O Transport, communications, and the removal of political that take place in agricultural or non-urban areas. Its essential and economic barriers to travel have facilitated characteristics include wide-open spaces, low levels of tourism accessibility of rural areas. development, and opportunities for visitors to directly experience agricultural and/or natural environments. O Increasing numbers of Free Independent Travelers and Consequently, rural tourism in its purest form should be: world-wide long-haul travel – many more travelers are FIT than in the past due to the increased capacity, O Located in rural areas. especially in long-haul transport modes. When combined O Functionally rural – built upon the rural world‘s special with increasing discretionary incomes, greater awareness features of small-scale enterprise, open space, contact of the range of experiences on offer, and greater mobility with nature and the natural world, heritage - traditional through private transport, the accessibility and societies and traditional practices. attractiveness of rural destinations has been dramatically O Rural in scale – both in terms of buildings and settlements improved. – and, therefore, usually small-scale. O A move toward short-break holidays - income and leisure O Traditional in character, growing slowly and organically, time have changed so that shorter breaks with greater and connected with local families. choice of leisure activities are sought. Changing work

O It will often be very largely controlled locally and patterns have increased the popularity of shorter breaks developed for the long term good of the area. that minimize the absence from work and the effect of absences on work flow and involvement. Driving Forces in Rural Tourism O Better-educated travelers have increased interest in These forces have been identified by many authors and outdoor recreation, eco-tourism and special interest can be summarized as: tourism - individualism drives a need for unique O Tourism generating regions for rural tourism are highly experiences and rural tourism, because of its fragmented developed and urbanized – the stresses of urban living nature and diversity of offerings, can satisfy this need.

and the remoteness from the natural environment has O An increased interest in heritage can be satisfied through created a desire for escape from the monoculture of city rural tourism as rural areas are often the repositories of living. Rural locations offer an idealized release from remnant heritage. stress and the opportunity to re-engage with a simpler, O Rural areas are perceived as healthier, offering fresher quieter way of life that offers rest and relaxation. air, cleaner water and the opportunity for outdoor O Tourism generating regions for rural tourism are highly recreation. Rural areas offer fresh, and sometimes, developed and urbanized – the stresses of urban living specialty foods. and the remoteness from the natural environment has O An increasing desire for authentic experiences including created a desire for escape from the monoculture of city interaction with local people – Rural tourism is REAL living. Rural locations offer an idealized release from (Rewarding, Enriches the spirit, provides Adventure and stress and the opportunity to re-engage with a simpler, Learning); authenticity is believed to be found in genuine quieter way of life that offers rest and relaxation. country experiences and lifestyles O Demand fuelled by media, over-familiarity and congestion with traditional tourist resorts and increased interest in Benefits of Rural Tourism alternative attractions – with its voracious appetite for Rural tourism, while still only a minority tourism market, content and the resultant over-exposure of many is making a valuable contribution to rural economies. Its

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 24 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India contribution can be expressed not only in financial terms, but networks and collaborative agreements between public and also in terms of jobs, contributions towards funding private sector actors are essential. Community involvement is conservation, encouragement to the adoption of new working a key part of the equation. practices, and the injection of a new vitality into sometimes Proximity to a generating market or gateway: Rural weakened economies. Potentially rural tourism promises some tourism destinations must be easily accessible to potential of the following benefits to rural development: visitors through reliable transportation systems. O Employment Generation

O New Business Opportunities Product Development (Tourism planning, infrastructure, and activities): This should include sound tourism O Opportunities for Youth development planning, investment in tourism-related O Job retention infrastructure, and a range of activities to satisfy the diverse O Service retention tastes of visitors. Work to support rural tourism infrastructure

O Community diversification development by providing technical assistance, facilitation

O Rural Tourism Enhance and promotion, and economic impact analysis support. O Preservation of Rural Culture and Heritage A visitor center: Rural communities must have a O Increase arts and crafts sale welcoming center where visitors can seek information on local

O Landscape conservation attractions, activities, and accommodations, and ask questions of people who are knowledgeable about the area. O Environmental improvements

O The historic built environment Partnership Collaboration /Cultural Heritage Welcome Center: Key to maximizing rural tourism marketing efforts is A wide range of benefits has been identified as potential the need to create and leverage potential partnerships with outcomes associated with promoting the development of cultural/heritage segments. It may help to provide value- agritourism. From an agricultural industry perspective, added services for consumers, including providing directions agritourism is perceived to be a means of: and creating awareness for rural tourism locations and O Expanding farm operations historical/cultural activities—successfully differentiating them O Using farm based products in new and innovative from other destinations. ways A quality brand and regional label: Brand identity may O Improving farm revenue streams increase awareness of the destination among its identified O Developing new consumer market niches target market segments. A brand is the way in which consumers O Increasing awareness of local agricultural products; perceive or distinguish a destination. To be effective, a brand O Increasing appreciation of the importance of should unify all of rural‘s functional (recreation and events) maintaining agricultural land uses; and emotional benefits (fun, culture and solitude) under one

O Channeling additional on-farm revenues directly to all-inclusive identity (image and positioning statement) to family members who might otherwise have to work create an indelible impression in the mind of the consumer. off the farm Funding: Identify creative ways to support rural tourism O Giving a stimulus to upgrade farm living and working funding in an effort to maximize and leverage existing marketing areas, as well as leisure facilities efforts. The long-term sustainability of tourism rests on the O Providing opportunities to acquire managerial skill ability of community leaders and tourism professionals to and entrepreneurial spirit, and maximize its benefits and minimize its costs O Increasing the long term sustainability for farm businesses Future Research and Development O Market Information Formula for Rural Tourism Success O Market relations Community involvement: For an area to become a rural tourism destination, not just a stop off point, structured O Benefit Assessment and Enhancement

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 25 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

I tourism information centres; development however; it may not be as great as some perceive I visitor and heritage centres; and it may not be suitable for every location. For example, I craft workshops and galleries local tourism impact varies greatly among rural regions and I on-road cycle route provision; depends on a host of factors including work force qualifications, characteristics and seasonality issues. Therefore, I off-road cycle route provision; the development of rural tourism offers potential solutions to I public transport enhancement; many of the problems facing rural areas. As a result there has I scenic road construction; been an increasing dependence on and support for rural I training in business skills; tourism in the hope of achieving the potential benefits. I training in hospitality skills Reference O Management, Control and Operational Issues O Edgell 1990; Lo & Lai 2003 O Training O Lane B., (1994, - What is rural tourism, Journal of O Community Involvement and Community/Industry Co- sustainable tourism Volume 2, No. 7 operation O MAF, 1994; DOT, 1993; Jenkins et al, 1997; Bartmann and O Best Practice Assessment Baum, 1998: 692-693; WTO, 1997c; Streckfuss,1997 O Oppermann, 1996; WTO, 1997b; USTTA, 1995; EC-AEIDL, Conclusion 1997; Hall, 1997; NSWTC, 1991 Tourism is one of the largest and fastest growing O TOURISM STRATEGIES AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT industries in the world. In both developed and developing ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION countries, tourism is frequently supposed to be a viable AND DEVELOPMENT PARIS 1994 means of raising the economic activity of regions. Additionally, the development of a tourism industry has been noted to Online Reference: promote the destination’s image, enabling the region to achieve O www.unwto.org other objectives, such as business recruitment and retention. O www.unesco.ort According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, tourism O www.karnatakatoursim.org generates 12% of the global gross national product and it employs around 200 million people worldwide. Tourist arrivals O www.itdc.co.in are estimated to reach 1 billion by 2010 and 1.6 by 2020 O www.agritourism.in worldwide. Generally, rural tourism is an opportunity for rural O www.agricultour.com

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 26 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE GLOBAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY, 2020

Prof. H. M. Gudihindin Assistant Professor of Economics, Government First Grade College, Yalburga, Koppal Dist. - 591 236 Prof. A. Y. Sonyagol Guest Lecturer, Department of Economics, Government First Grade College, Yalburga, Koppal Dist. - 591 236

INTRODUCTION smartphones and consumer electronics companies have Now a day The manufacturing sector is a major part of commenced a reduction in production operations and the Indian economy as it accounts for nearly 16% of the postponed the introduction of new products coupled with the global GDP in 2018. As a result, the government across the COVID-19 outbreak, which in turn has interrupted the supply countries primarily focuses on encouraging the manufacturing of components. sector. Certain initiatives in emerging economies to promote The study on the impact of COVID-19 on the global the manufacturing sector include Make in India and Made in manufacturing industry is classified into automobile, food & China (MIC) 2025. MIC 2025 is the first stage of a larger three- beverage, chemical, machinery, electrical and electronics, metal, step strategy to transform China into a leading manufacturing aviation, pharmaceutical and medical equipment, and others. power. The initiative seeks to move China up the manufacturing The electronics industry is being significantly affected due to value chain by utilizing innovative manufacturing technologies the COVID-19 epidemic, as China accounts for nearly 85% of or smart manufacturing. the total value of components utilized in smartphones and In addition, in the period of pm Modi Make in India is nearly 75% in the case of televisions. All critical components, an initiative was launched in 2015 to encourage the production such as printed circuit boards, mobile displays, LED chips, of goods in India. This aims to reduce India’s dependency on memory, open cell TV panels, and capacitors are imported exporting nations by producing goods in their own country. from China. Most of the Chinese factories were shut down Since the launch of Make in India, FDI in the country has due to the coronavirus pandemic. As a result, in January 2020, followed an optimal trend. During the period, April 2014 to Chinese vendors have increased component prices by nearly March 2019, FDI inflow in India was $286 billion, which is 2-3% owing to shortage of supplies due to factory shutdown. nearly 46.9% of the overall FDI received in the country since Therefore, it has negatively affected the electronics April 2000 ($592 billion). This resulted in owing to the manufacturing sector across the globe. investment-friendly policies and opening of FDI allowance in Further, the effect of COVID-19 on manufacturing several sectors. industry is analyzed based on regions, including North *However, after the outbreak of coronavirus, the global America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of World. In Asia- FDI inflows has witnessed a sharp decline. Pacific, China is mostly affected by the condition, due to the fall in industrial production coupled with the shutdown of As per the estimation by United Nations Conference on factories. In Europe, most of the automobile companies and Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the COVID-19 outbreak electronics manufacturers have temporarily closed their could cause global FDI to shrink by 5%-15%, due to the factories or minimize the production output, which results in downfall in manufacturing sector coupled with factory loss to the global trade. For instance, Daimler and Volkswagen shutdown. The negative effects of COVID-19 on FDI declared recently that they will temporarily shut down investments are expected to be high in the energy, automotive, production of vehicle and engine at its factories in Europe and airlines industries. Due to the epidemics of COVID-19 due to the coronavirus outbreak. The initiative is aimed for across the globe, the manufacturers of the automobile, chemical, the safety of their workers. The closure of factories by major electronics, and aircraft are facing concerns regarding the automobile manufacturers resulting in a loss in automobile availability of raw material. In the electronics sector, production, which in turn, is affecting the.

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The companies getting affected with the corona virus 3.2. Deviations in the Manufacturing Industry Growth outbreak include Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V., Ford Motors Rate Due to COVID-19 Pandemic Co., Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., BASF SE, and the Boeing 4. Verticals Co. Some of these companies are shifting their production 4.1. Automobile facility to the countries with less COVID-19 epidemic. For instance, in March 2020, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. declared 4.2. Food & Beverage to shift some portion of its domestic production of 4.3. Chemical Smartphone’s to Vietnam coupled the fastest growth in the 4.4. Machinery spread of corona virus in South Korea. This aims to minimize 4.5. Electrical and Electronics the potential effect of corona virus on its Smartphone 4.6. Metal manufacturing operations. 4.7. Aviation The report covers: 4.8. Pharmaceutical and Medical Equipment O A comprehensive research methodology of global 4.9. Others (Textile and Plastic) manufacturing industry. 5. Impact of COVID-19 on major economies O A detailed and extensive market overview with key 5.1. North America analyst insights. 5.1.1. United States O An exhaustive analysis of macro and micro factors influencing the market guided by key recommendations. 5.1.2. Canada

O Analysis of regional regulations and other government 5.2. Europe policies impacting global manufacturing industry. 5.2.1. UK

O Insights about market determinants which are stimulating 5.2.2. Germany the global manufacturing industry. 5.2.3. Italy O Detailed and extensive market segments with regional 5.2.4. Spain distribution of forecasted revenues. 5.2.5. France O Extensive profiles and recent developments of market 5.2.6. Rest of Europe players. 5.3. Asia-Pacific Key Topics Covered 5.3.1. China 1. Report Summary 5.3.2. India 1.1. Research Methods and Tools 5.3.3. Japan 2. Market Overview and Insights 5.3.4. Rest of Asia-Pacific 2.1. Scope of the Report 5.4. Rest of the World 2.2. Analyst Insight & Current Market Trends 5.4.1. Middle East & Africa 2.2.1. Key Findings 5.4.2. Latin America 2.2.2. Recommendations 6. Company Profiles 2.2.3. Conclusion O ABB Group 2.3. Demand & Supply Analysis O Airbus SE 2.4. Government Support/Bailout Packages for O Apple Inc. Manufacturing Industry 3. Industry Overvie O BASF SE 3.1. Historical Market Growth Estimation in O Caterpillar Inc. Manufacturing Industry Excluding COVID-19 O China Baowu Steel Group Corp. Ltd.

Pandemic Effect O ExxonMobil Corp.

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O Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V. sustain themselves €” weekly covers! real models on covers!

O Ford Motor Co. self-taken covers! the Kerala health minister on the cover! €” but it is slim pickings. An underlying identity crisis lies ahead O General Motors Co. for them €” is it the end of the fashion magazine, the golden O Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. goose of most media houses that brings in all the luxury O Sinopec Group advertising? Can a magazine survive in the long term merely

O The Boeing Co. as an Instagram account?

O The Coca-Cola Co. Malls are shut, stores are closed. Retail is reinventing O VF Corp. itself €” if it can €” to a more invested move to ecommerce.

O Xiaomi Corp. This is the beginning of job losses, store closures, perhaps even bankruptcy. JCPenney filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy For global fashion industry, impact of coronavirus and will be closing a third of its stores. Zara is reportedly pandemic presents both crisis” and opportunity to recast closing 1,200 of its stores. The outerwear giant Canada Goose itself laid off 125 workers. The COVID-19 global pandemic is affecting all 7.8 billion Some companies have been able to deal with the situation of us in similar and unique ways. We are reeling from rising better than others because of their global vantage point €” COVID-19 related death rates, broken health systems, hunger Burberry, for instance, saw sales in China dropping in early and starvation, joblessness, lockdowns of varying severity, a January and realised early on what might be the trend in other shadow pandemic of domestic violence, and this is just the countries. Some brands are getting lucky: Bath and Body tip of the iceberg. Works has increased its soap and hand sanitiser production. The fashion industry has taken a hard hit. From the Lululemon sales are rising because of more demand for material to the spiritual, the supply chain to the ideological sweatpants, or comfortable work from home gear. And some basis of its existence €” every aspect of the industry is being are just hedging their bets: Chanel and Louis Vuitton to the wrung out to dry because of what’s being called ‘fashion’s shock of many, raised their prices! I suppose their logic was: Darwinian shakeout’. you only live once, buy that bag.

What has this meant? The last few months have seen For the most though, the outlook is grim. fashion houses, retailers, influencers and fashion magazines Gucci has announced that they will be “going introspect and pivot, in expected and surprising ways. Some seasonless” with only two fashion shows this year, down have made small shifts, while others have been forced to make from their regular five. The future of fashion weeks is dire, more fundamental changes. The Indian fashion industry has throwing design students into another kind of anxiety about responded in thoughtful and interesting ways. The Fashion how they will showcase their work. Global fashion houses Design Council of India (FDCI), for example, was amongst the have slashed marketing budgets. Luxury advertising spending first to announce a COVID-19 Support Fund for small has fallen €” there are no fashion magazines being printed, businesses and young designers in need. nobody is going around looking up billboards and fashion Everyone, expectedly, is manufacturing masks, partly so influencers face an end to their unexpected careers. their business gets to stay open as an ‘essential service’. But As for fashion models, I don’t know how they are masks are a controversial ‘contribution’ to the situation, given surviving given that they too are a form of wage labour, that it isn’t really about how masks look but how they work depending on fashion shows, fashion weeks and editorials for that’s important. Moreover, the kind of mask you wear is an their income. Those left in the cities that is, many having expression of class and establishes exactly where you are abandoned their modelling dreams to return home to cloistered located on the social ladder. To wear a designer mask would lives. The pandemic has exacerbated all existing problems (like seem quite tone deaf to the mood at the moment. non-payment by designers and agencies and financial Fashion magazines also adapted in fairly expected ways: instability) of the modelling world in the West, making newer, by going fully online. They’ve found interesting ways to younger, black and coloured models more vulnerable.

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Some of the situations have been absurd. Harrods in creative director Alessandro Michele say of the seasons- London, for example, is grappling with what to do with excess cycle (a holy cow, so sacred to the fashion industry), inventory after three months of being shut, “without damaging ‘Clothes should have a longer life than that which these its brand equity”. An elite store like Harrods can’t announce words attribute to them.’ a massive sale (and reveal just how huge the margin is) and For all of us, this pandemic has awakened reflection and become like a Marks & Spencer! Instead, they are launching provided an opportunity to do things differently, relate more a new outlet in Westfield London with the unsold goods to compassionately and kindly to one another and to oneself. capture a new market. A good move or utterly foolish? Only Indeed, as the world turns slowly and cautiously towards time will tell. reopening, it’s time for those in the fashion industry to do Internal shifts in countries central to fashion’s supply some soul-searching, to challenge themselves and commit to chain like China and Italy (both gutted by COVID-19 in its some rethinking about these fundamental questions. early days) will have an impact on the global fashion industry. Italy, for example, is filled with family-run shoe factories that Possible issues have been badly hit by the health and economic impact of If they haven’t done so already, manufacturers should COVID-19. The looming joblessness in the sector overall both put in place immediate and contingent safety measures for domestically and abroad, reminds us of the intricate global their employees, and should decide which functions can be web of the industry. More than two million garment workers carried out remotely, if an outbreak were to occur within their in Bangladesh (most of them women) have already been fired; ranks. and it is estimated that a whopping four million workers in the The sector will also likely expect a prolonged reduction apparel sector in Bangladesh will be affected because of in capacity and cost structure, which may translate into COVID-19 related cancellations or non-payment for orders. possible staff reductions and related measures, as economic Pressure from Western retailers forced 850 garment factories activity and commercial aviation decline. Airlines face not in Bangladesh to re-open, putting workers at risk of COVID- only travel restrictions, but also cautious travelers who are 19 and endangering their lives. staying close to home. Then there are other challenges, the deeper ones about Considering the widening outbreaks of COVID-19 fashion’s environmental costs, its relentless treadmill and affecting their workers, companies may need to outsource exploitative tendencies. After all, making more and more clothes, some corporate functions (e.g., moving IT to the cloud or bags, shoes every ‘season’ in massive volumes requires more shifting internal non-core operating functions to contractors). and more resources that the planet can ill afford. Such changes can reduce operating costs and eliminate What you will have when we return to normal are maintenance capital. increasingly cautious consumers who have been asking Manufacturers should expect continued weakening links themselves: what do I really need to live well? Consumers at in their supply chain, as some vendors and suppliers will the other end may want to own less, buy locally, heal bruised likely face operational or financial struggles of their own. ecologies, demand transparency and ask tough questions of Brace for continued supply chain bottlenecks both nationally big brands. What happens then? Big brands may need to and internationally, especially in those jurisdictions hardest learn from small value-based fashion entrepreneurs or from hit by COVID-19. ‘green brands’. In the post-virus fashion economy, the new winners might be the small, local, direct-to-consumer brands, The deeper into the supply chain, the greater the impact opening up a more democratic industry. of the outbreak is likely to be. Manufacturers with global supply chains are likely to find that Tier 2 and especially Tier Several large fashion houses have said that the crisis is 3 suppliers are most affected by disruptions related to the “an opportunity to regain our long-lost soul”. What values pandemic. While many large manufacturers have instant online does a fashion brand want to hold and remembered for? What visibility into top-tier suppliers, the challenge grows at lower does the fashion industry want its legacy to be? There are levels. calls to use less resources, to recycle, to be more sustainable, to ‘clean-up fashion’s act’. It was a surprise to hear Gucci’s Disruption in the sector is expected to lead to numerous

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 30 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India financial disclosure implications. Stakeholders are making it Multinational companies should expect potential cash- clear that they expect transparency from companies and flow constraints from overseas operations — including cash disclosures about actual and anticipated impacts, and, most repatriation complications and irregularities. Cash could also important, the risks and vulnerabilities to the business. be bottlenecked when goods are purchased but not supplied (or delayed and stranded). Such cash bottlenecks will likely Manufacturers must respond to and plan for changes occur in regions most affected by COVID-19. to supply chains and workforce global mobility due to COVID- 19. Each of these changes requires careful consideration of CONCLUSION potential tax implications, and companies ought to consider So these are all expain about the impact of covid-19 on these implications now. the manufacturing industry . Some industrial manufacturers may be contenders for government-provided financial assistance. Extending lines of REFERENCE credit, reducing infrastructure costs, providing short-term O Industry economics – HRK funding, reducing the tax burden and offering supply chain O Indian express - news paper assistance are all measures that governments are likely to O you tube channel explore. O other daily news papers

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 31 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India CHANGES, CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD TOWARDS DEVELOPED ATMA NIRBHAR BHARATH

Dr. S. R Nagaraja Assistant Professor and Coordinator, PG Department of Commerce PES Institute of Advanced Management Studies, Shivamogga.

Abstract Covid – 19 is the biggest one of course more wide spread and The globe is witnessing unprecedented events since the deeper than Second World War. All most all countries of the beginning of 2020. After the Second World War there was a world irrespective of their development level suffered severe transition from Protectionism Trade Policy to Free Trade socio-economic setback. Countries of the world were enjoying Policy and State Controlled Economy to Market Oriented the benefits of globalization policy from the last 4 decades Economy. This change was created new environment to especially after signing WTO agreement and India is not an business. It has lead to changes in the economic system. As exception. After Independence Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru a result consumerism ruled the world market. Consumers were government adopted socialistic pattern of economic system enjoying lots of choices in selecting their requirements. Along as per the basic ideology of the constitution. But due to acute with the change in economic system the world witnessed shortage of food, on the one hand and rapid growth of technological revolution also which was responsible for the population on the other hand there was a need to generate emergence of GLOBAL VILLAGE. As a result changes were more income to fill the gap. As a result Government of India taken place in the structure of foreign trade policy and favoured industries with collaboration of foreign countries changes in the social and cultural life style of the people. The during the initial period of post independence. During the economic strength of the country was being measured by period of Smt. India Gandhi also Garibi Hatao was the main growth rate in GDP, rise in the purchasing power and availability agenda. Many industrial policies framed during this tenure of goods and commodities. The governments of all countries favoured predominance of public sector industries in industrial were pushing their policies towards trillion dollar economy policies. During the tenure of Rajiv Gandhi government the and neglected the poor and unemployed class of people who foundation was laid to communication revolution. This lead to were deprived from the benefits of globalization. The countries promotion of FDI in India. started competing among themselves to increase the wealth of the nation. The LOCAL VILLAGE was neglected at the In 1991 Congress lead coalition government took over at cost of GLOBAL VILLAGE. The world level institutions like the centre under the leadership of Sri. P V Narasimha Rao. The IMF, IBRD and WTO started dictating the economies. India government initiated the policies of Liberalization, Privatization was not an exception to this. The Covid -19 pandemic which and Globalization under the banner of New Economic Policy is the result of globalization of deceases ruined the normal life which were almost a turnaround to the earlier policies. All of the people. The policy makers and people started realizing governments ruled country after 1991 expanding and further that too much dependence on globalization, Free Trade and liberalizing these policies. The thoughtless expansion of these Foreign Direct Investment is not a panacea. policies was not supportive to the domestic industries especially MSMEs. The domestic MSMEs could not withstand The entire activities have to restart for the smooth and the competition of Multinational companies which were circular flow of money. In the back drop of this the chapter producing all sort of products what India require at cheaper entitled Changes, Challenges and way Forward Towards rate under the caption CONSUMER SOVERIEGNTY. In order Developed Atma Nirbhar Bharath attempts to throw light on to revive the Indian economy amid Covid 19 pandemic the the impact of Covid-19 on Key Areas and the Challenges government has announced an economic package under Atma ahead. Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan. The main thrust of the Introduction announcements has called for massive changes in favour of It is a well Known fact that the economic impact of swadeshi goods.

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Impact on Key Areas – Changes and Challenges capitalistic economic system envisaged by advocators 1. Impact on Economic System of Free Trade Policy lead by Adam Smith. The main theme of laissez-e-faire policy is to have limited control 2. Impact on Labour market by the government on economic and business activities 3. Impact on Education Sector of people. The thinkers of this school also advocated 4. Impact on International Trade least government is the best government. Now we have 5. Impact on Entrepreneurial Activities to depend more on socialistic pattern of economic system in which government should be in driver seat in Impact on Economic System – Changes and controlling economic and business activities of the Challenges country. Only government can handle the situations like Since 1991 India has been surging ahead with the policy this. Government intervention is very much required of globalization. Due to the impact of Covid – 19 there is a today. The government has to spend more by way of need to rethink on globalization. Globalization has also lead public expenditure to revive economic activities. to globalization of diseases. When New Economic Policy was Only government spending can infuse more money introduced in 1991 many economists backed the decision as into the economy to strengthen purchasing capacity of plethora of employment opportunities are created by the people. This policy promoted by J M Keynes Multinational Companies which invested huge amount of which saved America during Great Depression of 1929. FDI. FDI was initially allowed in some sectors and later on He strongly believed that government should spend extended to many sectors. No doubt these policies started on economic activities and create employment yielding results. But many economists who advocate opportunities which ultimately create demand in the nationalistic ideologies and organization like Swadeshi Jagaran economy.

Manch warned the government for promoting these policies. O In order to strengthen Indian economy now it is a time They argued that these policies do not get along with the to move towards Smithianism to Keynesianism and basic structure of our economy which is based on agriculture Gandhianism. Keynesianism guides towards more predominance economy system. The main contention participatory role to government. Gandhianism advocates of nationalists against NEP is that the policy spoils domestic Doctrine of Trusteeship where there is no place for industries. Due to import liberalization policy instead of private property. The excess wealth possessed by any making efforts to use domestic raw materials and to develop individual beyond his requirement should have been local technology, our MSME units started importing raw taken over the government for public use. materials and technology from other countries. This has created lacuna in the development of these sectors Impact on Labour Market – Changes and domestically. Challenges Another worst hit area due to Covid – 19 is no doubt Challenges labour market. It affects all types of labour ranging from high O This pandemic prompted the policy makers to restructure profile to low profile jobs. According to International Labour the Indian economy to frame policies which promote Organization more than 3 billion jobs are affected which and encourage labour intensive industries. Labour accounts for more than 80 percent of total world work force. intensive industries require less capital and use locally It is estimated that four people out of five are affected due to available resources. This calls for a shift over from partial or full closure of workplace. The global labour market capital intensive industries which are not suitable to our is seriously hit particularly that of low paid, low skilled and economic condition as it requires heavy imports and migrant labour class. The labour market of Lower Middle involvement of foreign collaboration. Income Countries and Upper Middle Income Countries is

O Another major challenge is Covid – 19 has made us to affected more. The table gives the details of decline in rethink on market oriented economy popularly called as working hours and employment.

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Table - 1 Decline in working hours and employment will experience greater challenges in regaining their livelihoods during the recovery period.

O The workers who work in public spaces, in particular health workers, are exposed to serious health and economic risks. The noticeable thing is that in the health sector, this affects the working nature and working hours of women employees unfavourably.

O The huge number of labour class who were working in factories, small business establishments and labour class working in informal sector have migrated to their native places due to fear of Covid – 19 in big metropolitan cities. This situation has disrupted supply chain. The metropolitan cities are facing the problem of scarcity of labourers to work in hotels, construction activities, small Source: ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the World of Work. II Edition business establishments and retail trade. In India also the Covid-19 pandemic has changed the prospects of Indian labour force unfavourably. The impact is Impact on Education Sector - Changes and very serious with regard to migrant workers who have returned Challenges home and are forced to accept informal jobs for lower wages. Education sector is another worst affected sector by the The Table No. 2 presents the percentage of unemployment Covid-19 pandemic. According to UNESCO report over 87 rate in India during December 2019 to May 2020. It can be percent of the students who are pursuing education in different noticed that the unemployment rate before the Covid – 19 schools, colleges and universities around the world are affected lock down was 9.41 percent in Urban Area and 8.44 percent in rural Area increased to 25.79 Percent in Urban Area and due to lockdown in most of the countries. It has both positive 22.48 percent in Rural areas. Urban areas recorded more as well as negative factors. unemployment rate since the severity of Corona affected Education institutions are forced to move from traditional cases are more compared to rural areas. system of pedagogy to advanced and digitalized system of Table 2 - Unemployment rate in India (December 2019 to pedagogy. The Primary and up to matriculation standard of May 2020) education shattered as there are differences of opinion with regard to imparting education through online mode. The eminent doctors and eminent educationists do not endorse online education at the primary level by opining that it adversely affects their mental health. Another important challenge is infrastructure which is available in the schools are not sufficient to deliver the online education effectively. The teaching community also is not technically trained to impart online education. Source: Unemployment in India : A Statistical Profile : CMIE It has lead to paradigm shift in online education or Challenges digitalization of education with regard to degree and post

O The labour class belonging to middle-income countries degree level. The students of this standard are able to get like India have limited access to health services and plenty of sources to access high quality education which is social protection. If appropriate policy measures are not not available at their location. It offers the student a powerful taken they face a high risk of falling into poverty and learning experience. It is time to prepare teachers at higher

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 34 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India education to deliver the best of online education into the Table -3 : Percentage of decline in major export commodities classrooms. The digital education undoubtedly has emerged as an effective mode to deliver the needs of students. This has created a very good opportunities to the technology developers and service provides. Education sector has become one of the most competitive business fields for the institutions to develop app which suits to the curriculum of the institution. Challenges

O The major challenge is development of infrastructural Source: Annual Report, Department of Commerce facilities with respect to provision of internet facility. It is very difficult to provide internet facility in rural areas Table - 4 : Percentage of decline in major import commodities at this point of time it has created a gap between urban and rural student.

O Another noticeable challenge is provision of technology pro poor. Otherwise this online mode of education divides the student into affluent class and under privileged class.

O One more challenge is readiness of the students mentally to adopt to this mode of learning.

Impact on International Trade – Change and Source: Annual Report, Department of Commerce Challenges In terms of GDP the share of merchandise exports Entire world has witnessed drastic changes in the declined to 10.9 percent share of merchandise imports at 16.2 structure of international trade. In India too changes are seen. percent. Out of 30 major commodities in the group of exports Since the introduction of LPG the international trade of India and imports there is a drastic decline in 29 commodities. has been connected more with world economy. India was Challenges front runner among the countries which were liberalizing trade barriers. The pandemic occurred in 2019 will definitely lead to O The important challenge is more than 50 percent of the significant change in India’s international trade strategy in the export orders are cancelled due to prolonged and long run. uncertain period of lockdown which has resulted in cancellation of orders. As a result of this many export The situation with respect to international trade is more units are closed. It has adverse impact on jobs and severe than the situation witnessed by major economies of aggravated the problem of unemployment. Due to the world during 2008 economic downturn. In case of India cancellation of orders EOUs are unable to repay their the merchandise exports declined by 5 percent during April - loans and non viability of these units resulted rise in the March 2020. It was USD 330.1 billion in corresponding period problem bad loans. of 2018-19 to USD 314.3 billion in 2019-20. In case of imports O Due to forced curtail on imports the trade deficit of India it decreased by 9.1 percent when compared to growth of narrowed down to USD 6.76 billion in April 2020 import bill to 10.5 percent during the corresponding period of compared to 9.76 billion in previous month. This situation 2018-19. leads to scarcity of some necessary goods and commodities. This situation may lead to inflation if the The changes can be noticed in the composition of alternative is not available locally. Apart from this majority foreign trade also. The following table gives the picture as of MSMEs depend upon foreign countries for raw follows materials fail to start their operation.

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O The lockdown of longer period resulted in the decline of facilities. The various restrictions imposed by the both demand and supply. International air travels are governments during lockdown created problems of not cancelled and hence demand from rest of the countries meeting the deadlines and orders either in the short run of the globe slumped. The supply side is affected due or long run.

to decline in the supply of human resources who have O Due to sudden imposition of longer duration lockdown migrated to their native places leaving their job location. large number of micro and small business units were not As a result many industrial units resorted to layoff. adequately established and ready to conduct their routine Many business units are closed down as they could not activities online. The employees of these business units pay salaries. This has disrupted global supply chain. were also not technologically trained. This has created

O According to the report of UNCTAD, there is 1.88 the problems for entrepreneurial activities. In India 60 percent decline in Indian exports. This is not an percent of MSMEs are operating either from tier 3 or tier encouraging development as India was considered as 4 locations. The nature of work and the systems in these one of the key drivers in International Trade. The world locations are not conducive to carry operations online trade and India’s trade affected most as a result of effectively.

manufacturing slowdown in China. O According to a survey by the Federation of Indian O The situation has resulted in the probable change in the Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI), the immediate direction of foreign trade also. Due to the announcement impact of COVID-19 reveals that besides the direct of Atma Nirbhar Bharath Abhiyan and conflict between impact on demand and supply of goods and services, India and China, India has cancelled many orders signed businesses are also facing reduced cash flows due to with China. break in the circular flow of money. This resulted in slow down of economic activity. It adversely affects all Impact of Covid – 19 on Entrepreneurial Activities payments including payment of salaries to employees, Another important sector which is affected sectors in Payment of interest, repayments of loan and payment Covid -19 is entrepreneurs, entrepreneurial activities and towards taxes. MSMEs. MSMEs are considered as engine of growth in most O The pandemic certainly has had a severe impact on the of the economies. MSMEs are facing unprecedented challenges supply chains as many MSMEs indicate that their supply as they have limited cash reserves and a smaller margin for chains were affected. The companies also highlighted managing sudden slumps. that they are closely monitoring the situation and expect Challenges the impact of the pandemic on the supply chain to worsen further. O The important challenge is in India also MSMEs share in merchandize trade is 45 percent of GDP and hence Way Forward any adverse impact on these activities adversely affect 1. Government Intervention – It is the responsibility of the the national economy. government to follow Public Expenditure Policy as O Due to Covid – 19 there is a drastic decline in the suggested by J.M Keynes during Great Economic productivity of MSMEs. Since the employees engaging Depression of America in 1930. This is essential to in various business units need to take more care towards infuse purchasing capacity among people to create their personal needs like household concerns, taking demand for goods and make the circular flow of money care of their family and following some hygiene related effective. Government should spend on different sections exercises like maintaining social distancing etc. It of the society. becomes difficult for the entrepreneurs to keep 2. Protection to migrant workers – The government has themselves and their employees productive. initiated more measures to safeguard the interest of O Entrepreneurial activities depend upon strong supply workers who have lost their jobs particularly migrant chain. This supply chain includes both horizontal and workers. The government has infused more money vertical connectivity. Entrepreneurs get raw materials towards Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment and after production up to reaching out to the customers Guarantee Program implemented through Grama they have to depend upon marketing and logistic Panchayats to ensure the livelihood of migrant workers

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who have returned to their villages. has announced Rs 1.70 lakh crore relief package to help 3. Trade policy of the government – The government has the economically weaker section of the society to deal initiated number of programs to focus more on Swadeshi with the present crisis. The package entails free food Products. Due to the conflict with China in the post grains and cash payment to women, elderly, farmers and Covid scenario the government has cancelled many others. business transaction with China. It has also banned 59 9. Effective Political and Financial decentralization – Chinese apps. This is a clear indication towards change Effective political and fiscal decentralization is also an in the composition and direction of India’ Foreign Trade important strategy towards development of economy in policy which supports Atma Nirbhar Bharath Abhiyan. the grass root level. More powers should be given to 4. Focus towards innovation and skills - There is an urgent local governments in collection of taxes, financial need to promote innovation by investing more on R&D management decisions, promotion of rural industries by activities and establishment of incubation centers. The providing permission at the doorstep and creation of government has already implemented several policies to necessary infrastructure to local based industries. It is develop skills within the country and entrepreneurial a time to strengthen Local Self Governments. activities under Make in India Scheme. The Pradhan 10. Gandhian Economic Ideology – There is a need to re Mantri Kaushalya Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) should be look into Gandhian Ideologies which highlights the made effective. importance of Self Reliance, Doctrine of Trusteeship and 5. Special Economic Package - The central government has encouragement to rural industries. This not only announced special economic package to revive the strengthens Atma Nirbhar Bharath Abhiyan but also economy under Atma Nirbhar Bharath Abhiyan. The reduces the trade deficit and capitalistic society. Central Government has announced Special Package for Conclusion MSMEs under Atma Nirbhar Bharath. Under one Scheme Rs 20,000 crore announced for distressed MSMEs and It is certain that India is facing one of the turbulent Rs 50,000 crore announced equity infusion through situations in Key areas of our country. It is also fact that this Fund. impact has global dimension. India has got many advantages. When we look at the positive sides of early 2020, India’s 6. Digital innovation and tech based platforms - The Central Foreign Exchange Reserves i.e., foreign currencies held by the Government has launched the technology platform central bank of a country for backing liabilities hit an all-time ‘Champions’ which stands for Creation and Harmonious high of $493.48 billion for the week ended May 30, according Application of Modern Processes for Increasing the to the data released by RBI. Many global investors are Output and National Strength. The ICT based system is considering India as the safest destination to establish their aimed at making the smaller units by solving their manufacturing centers. Many investors are prepared to come grievances, encouraging, supporting, helping and forward to invest in India there by increasing the inflow of handholding. FDI investment. But the Central Government has to carefully 7. Digital India Atma Nirbhar Bharat App Innovation monitor what is required and what in not required keeping Challenge – In order to boast technology the Prime Atma Nirbhar Bharath Abhiyan in mind. Majority of MSMEs Minster has launched digital India Atma Nirbhar Bharath were importing raw materials from China, now have to try for App Innovation Challenge for Indian tech entrepreneurs new innovation to get their source domestically. This will and start ups. This move has assumed significance in reduce the burden of trade deficit. The consumers will come view of government banning 59 Chinease apps. This has out of the Gospel of ‘consumerism’ which is haunting been jointly launched by the Ministry of Electronics our economy. The saving should be channelized to and Information Technology and Atal Innovation productive purposes. It is a time to realize that we have Mission. copied western model wrongly which is not suitable to our 8. Poor Relief Measures – To overcome the economic basic structure of the country. It is time to have strong mind impact of Covid – 19 induced lockdown the Central to convert the challenges in to opportunities. Certainly India Government has launched Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyana becomes one of the strongest Nations of the world in this Yojana on March 26. Under this Scheme the government century.

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References 7. Siddhartha Rastogi,The New Normal: Analysis of COVID- 1. Ajitava Raychaudhuri, COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis and 19 Impact on the Indian Economy, Economic Times the Way Forward for India, Ed. COVID-19 Challenges Blog, April, 29, 2020. for the Indian Economy: Trade and Foreign Policy Reports Effects, EEPC India, Kolkata, 2020. 8. Annual Report, Department of Commerce, Government 2. Ananth Kumar D.R and Vijayalakshmi N, “Relevance of of India, 2019 – 20. Gandhian Philosophy in the 21st Century”, International Journal of Research in Engineering, IT and Social 9. Covid – 19 Regulatory Package, Reserve Bank of India Sciences, Volume 6, Issue 01, January 2016. Notification, May 23. 3. Geeta Gopinath, The Great Lockdown: Worst Economic 10. ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work – Updated Downturn Since the Great, Depression, IMF Blog, Estimates and Analysis, International Labour April, 14, 2020. Organization, Second Edition, 7, April, 2020. 4. Prabir De, Covid-19: New Normal and India, The Economic 11. Potential Impact of Covid – 19 on the Indian Economy, Times Blog, April, 9, 2020. April 2020, KPMG 5. Prathamesh Mulye, India’s economic growth will recover 12. Unemployment in India : A statistical Profile, 2019 and next year, but it won’t be easy, QUARTZ India, July 3, 2020. Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy Pvt. Ltd. 2020. 13. WTO, Annual Report, May 28, 2020. 6. Rajeev Chandrashekhar, Rebooting The Indian Economy 14. World Employment and Social Outlook Trends 2020, Post Corona virus Shock, Outlook, May, 23, 2020. International Labour Organization.

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 38 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON INDIAN MEDICAL TOURISM SECTOR

Sree Vidhya A. Assistant Professor Amar Jyothi Degree College, Mulbagal, Kolar District, Mobile : 8105946151, E-mail: [email protected]

Learning Outcome India is known to offer a complete bouquet of health 1) To train Candidates in understanding the concept of care services at an affordable price. Medical Tourism. It is well understood that medical tourism plays an 2) Discusses the current perspective of Medical Tourism important growth sector in India, has been witnessing a Industry. dramatic and substantial slump due to the pandemic threatening 3) Understanding the current implications of Covid-19 on the tourism industry especially the medical tourism. India is Medical Tourism Industry. a home of historical cities to natural splendors besides feast and festivals with a rich heritage and myriad attractions, the Introduction country is among the most popular tourist destinations in the Medical tourism is a growing sector in India with the world. Indian tourism industry was a major driver of jobs and city of Chennai becoming the healthcare capital of India. In contributor for economic growth. Travel has become an October 2005, India’s medical tourism sector was estimated to significant part of everyone’s life and is no longer considered be worth US $2 billion. In 2017,4,95,056 patients visited India as a luxury but a basic to break away from a tedious routine to seek medical care. The Indian medical tourism industry was and also to get health care facilities at low cost. Through facing a phenomenal growth percentage of 18% CAGR every centuries India has been considered as a centre of Modern year. India was expected to reach 20% of the share with a medicine and Naturopathy, etc., together with the spiritual worth of about US$ 9 billion by the end of 2020. According philosophy that has been an integral to seek health care to the medical tourism market report 2015, India was found as services. The virus commencement had upset the economy ‘one of the lowest cost and highest quality of all medical and government all over the world. Even the medical tourism tourism destinations. India has diligently recognized the was not spared. opportunity and is showcasing its strength and potential in Further, the unsolicited novel corona virus (covid-19) is global market as it to be a hub for medical tourism, over 10.7 challenging the world particularly million foreign tourist arrived in India in 2019. The most popular visited states for health care is , Delhi, Mumbai, Tamil India as it holds disadvantage position due to increase Nadu, Maharashtra , Agra, Jaipur etc., . in number of positive covid-19 cases across the country. The pandemic has created truly a challenges to healthcare providers The top 10 source countries for patients have been or the individuals seeking Medicare. Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Iraq, Maldives, Oman, Yemen, Uzbekistan, Kenya, Nigeria and Tanzania, with significant Definitions of medical Tourism number of patients also coming from Australia, Canada, Russia, According to Mckinsey, “when a person ,whose primary the UK and the United States. and explicit purpose in travelling is to obtain medical treatment in the foreign country, excluding emergency tourists, wellness The growth of Indian medical tourism industry can be tourists, expatriates seeking care in their country of residence accredited to both government and private players by making ,patients traveling to neighboring regions to the closest the process simple and seamless along with drafting policies available care is referred as medical tourism.” ensuring complete transparency and patient safety, the government is strengthening the cause. For instance polices K. Pollard, International Medical Tourism Journal in such as the introduction of medical VISA and e-medical VISA 2011 define, “A medical tourist is someone who travels outside allowing multiple entries and longer stays as per medical of his or her own country for surgery or elective treatment of conditions have been implemented. a medical condition.”

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Meaning of medical tourism: Factors facilitating growth of medical tourism Medical tourism refers to people travelling abroad to Medical Tourism is a unique concept in the travel and obtain medical treatment. It is process of traveling outside the tourism industry. A large number of people traveling for country of residence for the purpose of receiving medical treatment every year.Medical tourism helps in the development care. of economy and living standard of human civilization. The factors facilitating the growth of medical tourism are as Originally, the term referred to the travel of patients follows: from less-developed countries to developed nations in pursuit of the treatments not available in their homeland. 1. Lower Cost Consumer seeks lower cost overseas. The consumer are Types of Medical Tourism able to pay travel, medical treatment and accommodation Medical Tourism is an emerging concept in the tourism expenses in emerging medical tourism destinations for a industry. Medical tourism is the act of travelling to obtain lesser price than how much the treatment alone would cost in medical care. They are mainly two categories of medical home countries ,while receiving quality medicare at many tourism. There are following as: health tourism destinations. 1. International Medical Tourism: 2. Service Quality when people who live in one country travel to another One of the biggest reasons for the increased popularity country to receive medical, dental and surgical care while at and growth of the medical tourism industry is the quality the same time receiving equal to or greater care than they healthcare and assistance for their condition is found at par would have in their own country, and are travelling for with other western countries. Hospitals offering medical tourism medical care because of affordability, better access to care or have a well-thought plan for visiting patients, which includes a higher level of quality of care is called international Medical comprehensive services that range from obtaining a medical Tourism. visa, preparing documents, arranging appointments and stay, to facilitating transporting for medical care and even International Medical Tourism can be further divided in sightseeing. to two types: 1. Inbound Medical Tourism 3. Tourist attitude 2. Outbound Medical Tourism In tourism industry customer or tourist attitude towards any destination is very important for its success It may vary Inbound Medical Tourism refers to tourist of outside from person to person. This can be different on certain origin entering a particular country. When people travel outside aspects like, customer group, age, gender, income, family their host/native country to another country for medical structure, race and ethnicity. Food, cloths, politics and religion purpose, then it is called inbound medical tourism for that are also crucial factors that influences the feelings and country. tendencies of the tourist to choose the medical tourism destinations. Outbound Medical Tourism refers to tourists traveling from the country of their origin to another country. When 4. Facility of mass use of English language: medical tourist travel a foreign region than it is outbound One of the major contributing factors behind the success tourism for his/her own country. of medical tourism includes facility of mass use of English Domestic Medical Tourism language in private hospitals, foreign tourists find it easy to communicate and understand. Domestic Medical Tourism is where people who live in 5. Latest medical technologies: one country travel to another city, region or state to receive medical, dental and surgical care while at the same time With increasing impact of technology, people find it receiving equal to or greater care than they would have in easy to avail healthcare services in any part of the world. their own home city, and are travelling for medical care With modern technology enabling potential medical tourists because of affordability ,better access to care or a higher to investigate and enquire about healthcare services available, level of quality of care. medical tourism is all set to take gigantic leaps. With

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 40 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India technological advancements in healthcare technologies such 31st March,2020,New Delhi: Foundation of Healthcare & as mobile app,tele- machine, tele-radiology and tele- Wellness Promotion had a meeting to discuss the amidst the consultations, healthcare services can be easily made available travel breakdown in the world and with no foreseen resolution across globally. to COVID-19 fears, the Medical Travel Industry of India comes to standstill, atleast for next few months. Medical Value 6. Skilled labour force: Travel, which includes Patients Travelling to india for Easy accessibility of skilled and experienced doctors Treatment both in Modern Medicine and AYUSH sector, is and healthcare staffs attracts the medical tourists around the estimated to be USD 3 bn market for India. globe. A lot of health care providers, doctors, are well versed with global standards of imparting healthcare. Most hospitals In the view of the above dismal scenario, a brief outline use some of the latest medical technology and have staff that of the data is been set as in , to understand in a nutshell the are well trained and experienced in their use. contribution of medical tourism industry to India, the challenges faced by the industry and also the strategies to 7. Dominance of private players: combat the damage caused to the Indian medical Tourism Healthcare industry is mainly dominated by private sector. players, where each one is trying to excel and provide advanced medical treatment options. With many well- known Data presentation and analysis: service providers making available best of the medical The presentation is done in line with the research treatments with latest medical advancements, the industry is questions raised earlier in the study; information sourced attaining the attention of medical tourists. from existing literature will be used to evaluate the question.

Current issues and Emerging Trends in Indian Question: 1.What is the contribution of Indian medical Medical Tourism Sector. tourism industry? India is a home of historical cities to natural magnificence a) Generating income and employment besides fair and fiesta with a rich legacy and bequest b) Source of foreign exchange earnings. attractions, the country is among the most well liked tourist c) Promoting peace and stability destinations in the world. Indian tourism industry was a crucial driver of jobs and contributor for economic growth. d) Develops infrastructure/ technology Tear up the miles has become an important part of everyone’s e) Improves the quality of life for everybody involved. life and is no longer considered as a opulence but a necessity f) Increases better Global Healthcare Standards. to break away from a mundane routine and also to get health g) Better Knowledge Exchange care facilities at low cost, through centuries India has been h) Social benefits considered as a centre of ayurveda, yoga, Sidha, Naturopathy, etc., together with the spiritual philosophy that has been an i) Economic benefits. integral to seek health care services. Question: 2.What are the challenges faced by Indian medical However Covid -19 has dramatically changed the order. tourism sector during this Pandemic? It has brought the medical tourism industry to a standstill, a) Potential job loss. and has been the worst hit of all major economic sectors. b) International and domestic travel on halt. Whenever there has been any major impact on the economy c) Adverse effect on hotel and hospitality industry of any country, tourism has been the first one to get affected d) Halts flow of foreign exchange earnings as people start to cut down on their travel budgets first. e) People become more choosy about destinations Further, the unsolicited novel corona virus (covid-19) is challenging the world particularly India as it holds Question: 3.What are the strategies to stabilize the effect of disadvantage position due to increase in number of positive covid-19 in medical tourism in India? covid-19 cases across the country the pandemic has created a) Need to focus on domestic medical tourism. truly a challenges to healthcare providers or the individuals b) Setting up of a travel and tourism stabilization seeking Medicare. fund to prevent financial and job loss

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c) Hospitals, tour operators and respective state tourism, strong regulatory system in place etc., can be breeze government should come together to effectively through way to stabilize the effect of covid19 on the industry. promote medical tourism. Conclusion d) Strong regulatory system should be set up so that if anything goes wrong recourse to local courts or Corona Virus may have brought the pace of travel and medical board is convenient. tourism industry especially medical tourism in India to a complete halt but it hasn’t yet defeated the spirit of people e) It is important for the hospitals to have involved in this sector .The blow may seem harsh but there international accreditation and requisite is still hope left. We believe to preserve and stay in this crisis standardization systems in place, which would together, you as traveler and operators can get through this help to attract international patients. what right now fells like a nightmare. Every business in India Discussion along with the world has got a hard smash from Covid19 and are expected to take a tortoise walk on the revival path. But Medical tourism in the country, has ground to a halt in some intellectuals believe that Medical Tourist is not at a very view of the covid19 outbreak in India. With business steep loss as it would be able to recover from it post dependent on international travel are vulnerable to remain dry lockdown faster than any other economic industry would. for the foreseeable future. The pre covid-19 situation of Request is to not give up on the plans on domestic travels Indian medical tourism industry was accessible and affordable this year. Once things are in place, it will be back with with good quality health care services along with assistance unmatched travel services. Remember like everything else in from local government and tourism department were factors our lives, this too shall pass. that drove the growth of medical tourism market.

The fiscal damage to the industry due to the novel References Corona is estimated at almost appox.2.5 bn dollars if the 1) HEALTH LINE: http://www.medical-tourism-india.com/ corona condition persists across the world for 6 months. This medical_tourism_articles.htm would be equivalent to the revenue that would have generate 2) RNCOS New Report, 2008 – Asian Medical Tourism over eight months if the business had progressed at the usual Analysis (2008-2012) pace, without the unusual disruption caused by COVID-19. 3) Laurie Goering Tribune correspondent, Newspaper – th Considering such a drowning situation the major steps Chicago Tribune, 29 March 2008 like reduce restrictions on oversea patients, industry gets 4) Website: http://www.medical-tourism-india.com/ recognized as independent industry, immediate financial 5) Moulishree Srivastava, LIVEMINT, Hindustan Times, support and stimulus need, accelerate domestic medical July 24, 2014.

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 42 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India COVID-19 AND INDIAN STOCK MARKET

Yasmeen Taj Guest Lecturer at Government RC College of Commerce and Management, Bangalore Qualified MBA in Finance and M.Com in International Business operations, with NET and K-Set in Management. Mobile : 8660331598, E-mail : [email protected]

Introduction On March 4 and 6, markets fell by around 1000 points and In the Year 2018, India’s Stock market was stratified as several crores of wealth was wiped out. On 6 March 2020, Yes a 7th largest stock market in the world with its market Bank was taken over by RBI under its management for capitalisation of $ 2.08 trillion1. It had overtaken the stock reconstruction and will be merged with SBI. This was done to markets of Germany, Europe’s largest economy for the first ensure smooth functioning of the bank as it was struggling time in last 7 years. Pre covid-19 India’s market capitalisation for couple of years to come up with heavy pressure due to on every major stock exchange was about $ 2.16 trillion2; this cleaning of bad loans. On 9 March 2020, the Sensex fell by was stating the enhancements over a year. It had been 1,941.67 points, while Nifty-50 broke down by 538 points. The expected that India’s stock market is going to acquire a major fear of COVID-19 outbreak has created havoc all over the position in the upcoming years with lot of investment flows globe and India is no exception. Further, the recent Yes Bank within the country and from outside the country in the stock crisis also made the markets fell. The markets ended in red market. Current situation of Covid-19 has made the Global with Sensex closing on 35,634.95 and Nifty-50 on 10,451.45. market to fall and as a result of that India is facing the highest On 12 March 2020, the Sensex fell by 2919.26 points (-8.18% prices volatility, this volatility is likely to continue in the ), the worst continuation of the week in the history while future. Though the stock market has a history of crash and Nifty-50 broke down by 868.25 points (-8.30% ) amid World recovery, it would be foolishness to expect the quick recovery Health Organisation (WHO) declaring Coronavirus outbreak from this Covid-19 effect. Major financial institutions as “pandemic”. Sensex ended to 33-month low of 32778.14. On concerning the stock market and other financial crisis which 16 March 2020, Sensex plunged by 2,713.41 points (around may affect India are taking some effective measures to 8%), the second worst fall in its history. On the other hand, strengthen the economy as early as possible. The trade 2020 Nifty ended below 9200–mark at 9,197.40 due to global is fall steeply in every region of the world; this is making the economic recession. However, the Sensex continued to fall condition more crucial for the business and their profitability straight for 4–continuous days till 19 March 2020, losing 5815 conditions. Investors are struggling to predict the future points during the period. On 23 March 2020, Sensex lost conditions which are uncertain and they prefer more not to 3,934.72 points (13.15%) and Nifty plunges 1,135 points invest or take back their investments from the stock markets. (12.98%) at 7610.25 as coronavirus-led lockdowns across the Trading patterns during Pandemic: world triggered fears of a recession. These are now the lowest levels since 2016. It’s witnessing the biggest weekly loss On 1 February 2020, as the FY 2020-21 Union budget since October 2008, as the increasing number of coronavirus was presented in the lower house of the Indian parliament, cases in India as well as globally3. Nifty fell by over 3% (373.95 points) while Sensex fell by more than 2% (987.96 points). On 28 February 2020, Sensex lost Performance of stock market at during June 2020- 1448 points and Nifty fell by 432 points due to growing global Post closure of Lockdown: Indian stock market started tension caused by Corona virus, which W.H.O said has a performing positive after the closure of Lockdown in the pandemic potential. Both BSE and NSE fell for the entire five country, as posted by the CNBC news, India’s stock market days of the week ending with the worst weekly fall since 2009. ended higher 4th time during this pandemic.

1 https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/india-s-stock-market-is-7th-biggest-in-the-world-with-m-cap-of-2-1-trn-118122200720_1.html 2 http://www.businessworld.in/article/Impact-of-COVID-19-On-The-Indian-Stock-Markets/11-05-2020-191755/ 3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wikiStock_ market_crashes_ in_ India#:~:text=On%201% 20February%202020% 2C%20 as,coronavirus%20pandemic% 20centered%20in%20China. 4 https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/stocks/stock-market-live-sensex-nifty-indusind-bank-oms-reliance-industries-pharma-aviation-irctc-india-china- hindustan-unilever-fmcg-banks-stock-market-update-6208741.htm

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Here are key takeaways from June end performance4: Opportunities for Indian stock market post

O Market starts July series on a positive note; Sensex & Covid-19 Nifty up 1% each O The current sell offs can be used as an opportunity for buying the stocks because the past stock market crashes O Sensex gains 329 points to 35,171 & Nifty 94 points to 10,383 has witnessed a slight recovery and provided a great gains for the investors who bought stocks during the O Nifty Bank advances 86 points to 21,592 & Midcap 34 crash. points to 14,975 O India has bounced back during June 2020 after O Infosys, HDFC Bank, TCS & RIL lift while ITC, Kotak completion of lockdown, due to which the stock market Bank & Bajaj Finance drag is seeing a positive trend, it is expected that India will O IT stocks move higher after Accenture’s better-than- recover its stock market and perform well in 2021. expected Q3 earnings O The investors can look forward to invest in Small and O ITC snaps 4-day gaining streak to close 4% lower today medium sized companies. As the market for China has O OMCs gain 4-6% as fuel prices increased for 20th crashed and the investors are taking back their money straight day from China and looking forward to invest in India by

O Bharti Infratel under pressure on postponement on Indus 2021.

Towers merger O India’s Make in India initiative to attract the investors

O Ujjivan Finance, NIIT Technologies, HPCL, Oil India to invest in MSMEs and Swalabhan Initiative to avoid amongst top Midcap gainers imports from other countries, which will attract the investors from foreign countries. O Apollo Hospitals & Ashok Leyland slip 3% each after Q4 earnings O Indian IT sector to grow up and MNCs to outsource their work to the Skills of India, which can create a good O Market breadth favours advances; advance-decline ratio opportunity for the Indian companies to perform and at 3:2 facilitate and attracts with the great returns for the Challenges of stock market post Covid-19 investors. O The stock exchange conditions are more difficult, if the Conclusion Covid-19 cases will increase in future and ends up in a Though this is not the first time that India has faced the lot of medical expenses and deaths everywhere around stock market crash. But, this time the crash has occurred the world. abundant quicker than it has ever before, Covid-19 has became O Identifying and making the policies and procedures to the boon for the environment but bane for the Individuals, overcome the current economic scenario and making the corporate and Nations in terms of economy. As we are aware, economy to grow is an another challenge it has reduced the investor’s confidence in the economy as O Attracting the Depressed investors who have faced a falling in shares slowly drained the investors’ wealth. With huge loss due to crash of stock market during this the diminished wealth of investors and the valuations of firms pandemic is not so easy. dropping, it makes harder for firms to raise capital and secure O Creating a new market of opportunities for the investors debt. Companies in bad financial shape lead to layoffs resulting who are not ready to take the risk of stock market in a fall in demand in the economy. As the decline continues trends. the economy contracts leads to a recession. Hence, it has

O Establishment of MSMEs and Implementing Policies for become much important for the nations all over the world to improvement of those to attract the investors from control the pandemic as soon as possible and identify the foreign countries is one of the threats. ways to overcome the economic slowdown.

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 44 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India GROWTH AND CHALLENGES OF THE INDIAN INSURANCE SECTOR

Ms. Monisha Devarajan Guest Lecturer D.B. Pampa College, Parumala, Kerala, India Ms. Saranya Sasidharan Guest Lecturer D.B. Pampa College, Parumala, Kerala, India

ABSTRACT and process claims. Adding to this complexity is the highly The COVID-19 outbreak that turned into a pandemic intricate interplay between insurers themselves and their triggered lockdown impacting lives and livelihood. It forced intermediaries, such as brokers and agents. Needless to say, people to stay at home and severely affected business and as can be seen from Figure 1, the overall new business operations, thereby affecting the economy as a whole. The APE - Annualized premium equivalent – remained negative on insurance industry became a victim of it having being hit majority de-growth. Even before the pandemic, the Indian globally and quicker than previous pandemics and economic insurance industry missed an opportunity after the Indian shocks. It affected the typical business pattern because social Union Budget 2020-21 has not provided any provisions that distancing is compulsory to fight against the 11111pandemic, can potentially boost the business. so it is impossible to face to face interaction; employees shift their working environment to their home. However, in some spheres, it is also an opportunity for this sector, such as health insurance. There is a big chance for financial emergencies to occur, having to deal with medical issues without any warning can be challenging. Under this descriptive study, an attempt is made to know the various challenges faced by the industry, the transition phase to cope with the current scenario, financial over-view to the insurance business, to identify the measures by policymakers and authorities adopted to overcome the crisis, how the pandemic has taken as an opportunity. Secondary data are used for the purpose of this study. Figure 1: New business APE remains negative on majority de-growth Keywords : IRDA, insurer, domiciliary hospitalization, cyber The purpose of insurance is to indemnify against the risk, pandemic, home care services potential financial loss of people, businesses, and other JEL CLASSIFICATION: essential assets. Insurance, along with banking and other G22, G14 financial institutions, is a critical element in the financial inclusion chain of the country. (Aruna & Nikhitha, 2016) INTRODUCTION Hence, it is significant for the industry to ensure business The economic consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak continuity, maintain and enhance service quality, and keep the are unprecedented. The pandemic has forced businesses innovation engine on. While the industry had already made across sectors to change the way they function, and the efforts towards digitization, Covid-19 encouraged all the insurance industry is no exception. Insurance is a complex players to accelerate the journey, literally in a short duration. business consisting of various aspects such as, administer The following are the significant changes that we have existing policies, renew policies, address customer inquiries, observed:

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Digital Interaction Capabilities: Nothing replaces the face-to-face, or through one-on-one communication. impact of face to face interaction between an agent and a However, to adjust to the current scenario shifting to customer. However, a self-service portal built for policyholders the digital world is compulsory. It is the responsibility with an intuitive & responsive design an approach and can of the companies to make sure that the employees have be easily accessed through a web browser or mobile proper gadgets and software to work from home- safely application. Additionally, as people get customary to it, and feel supported. payments of premium, claims, and other customer requests are 4. Claim settlement: IRDAI has instructed insurers to probably to increase soon. accept COVID-19 related claims under active health insurance policies. This creates an additional burden to Greater Collaboration for Internal Operations: Work insurers because the risk of COVID-19 is currently not from home has turned into the only best option in the current included in any active products. It is evident from the situation. The shift in the working environments is giving way medical studies that COVID-19 affects those with co- to the digital-only approach. This enables them with a different morbidities such as diabetes, renal, and other chronic route to connect over virtually, share documents, and much diseases adversely, and hence prolonging of such co- more. However, insurers will need to develop their workforce morbidities can result in a long trail of non-COVID-19 to cope with the new normal. chronic claims for an extended period beyond COVID- Cyber-risk management: while shifting to a digital word 19. The Ayushman Bharat scheme may see a greater will also come with its obstacles in terms of cyber-risk. This number of claims compared to private health insurance affects the internal affairs of the company and also the details companies due to widespread coverage. This scheme of the customer. Such a network, if not moderate well, may may not have included the cost of setting up isolation have an aperture that hackers could exploit. Hence, it wards. Isolation of hospitalized patients is crucial to necessitates adherence to security measures and rigorous use prevent further community spread, and this cost creates of cybersecurity technologies. an additional burden that needs to be borne by the Government. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 5. Innovative products: In the wake of the pandemic, there 1. To study the impact of COVID-19 on the insurance has been greater concern and awareness about health sector, in general. among the public. It is a great scope for insurance 2. To understand the regulatory and company responses companies to innovate and serve the differentiated needs during the pandemic by way of policy measures and of the population. Some of the insurance companies are interventions already launched COVID-19 insurance products in March 3. To have a financial overview of the life and health 2020. Other companies may introduce such innovative insurance sector products tend to be short term and carry fixed benefits, 4. Emergence of new products in response to COVID-19. covering a fixed amount above the hospitalization schemes. IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON INSURANCE 6. Increasing costs: Change in operation leads to a rise in COMPANY operating costs. The settlement of claims may become 1. Ensure business continuity: In order to cope up with more costly, given economic disarray. The risk of illicit the current situation, it is inevitable to revise business claims over a range of insurance lines increases when plans according to the “new normal.” economic conditions worsen, particularly when 2. Proper communication with stakeholders: The unemployment rises. Insurers are also changing stakeholders are the main pillars of the insurance processes to facilitate remote interactions with clients business. Communication through proper channels with and business partners, some proactively and others timely information is vital to maintain stakeholder reactively but all with a cost. confidence, failing which retaining them becomes difficult. 7. Maintaining higher reserve: The Government has 3. Employee well-being: The insurance sector is employee- reduced bond interest and repo rates owing to the centric, and a vast majority of the business is still done pandemic. This challenges insurer in terms of maintaining

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higher reserves (higher for a life insurer compared to a UNDERSTANDING TRANSMISSION health insurer), liquidity risk, credit risk, amongst others. CHANNELS 8. Cybersecurity: The digital world is too complicated and The following table provides an additional explanation convoluted. Cyber risk is its side effect. Insurance of transmission channels regarding how the Covid-19 companies take preventive measures against cyber risk. experience and associated economic disruption impacts the Otherwise, it affects the business adversely. insurance sector. Channels / Products Explanation REGULATORY RESPONSE DURING Increased mortality flows directly to claims costs for these products. In many cases, guaranteed renewability will imply Term Life Type Insurances PANDEMIC this cost is high in 2020 and may have implications for future years as well. The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Private health insurance will certainly be impacted by increased claims costs in the short term through higher of India (IRDAI) is the regulatory body of insurance and re- volumes and higher costs. Besides, the delivery of health services is critical to this product in the face of challenging insurance in India. Both the regulator and the insurance health delivery, generally in countries. Insurers have been responding by greatly expanding their initiatives in telehealth Health Insurance companies were reacting to protect policyholder interests and delivery, as well as waiving cost-sharing obligations on testing where governments have not done so directly. Cost minimize the impact on the stability of the insurance industry. implications extend beyond direct interventions for COVID In summary, responses so far have focused on: cases. For example, health service supply constraints push up costs, and social upheaval is expected to impact mental health service demand. 1. Ensuring business continuity arrangements: Almost Lower rates of investment return are a significant negative for insurers, both in terms of actual cash flow costs and in present all insurers have successfully shifted all their staff to a Investment Oriented Life values for provisioning purposes. Some products have Insurance (Including Retirement guarantees that have been unprofitable and are more so, as work-from-home and managed to keep all services and Products Before Retirement Age) rates are lowered further. A slight offset comes from higher information available to their customers timely. contract terminations, including higher mortality Increased morbidity, coupled with higher claims costs 2. Going digital: Insurance companies shifted their working Disability & Accident and Sickness associated with constrained hospital supply will raise costs. Type Covers Additionally, unemployment levels expected to increase environment to the digital world by providing services claims. Usually, a profitable class of business, even "too profitable" to to customers through electronic gadgets and a level that creates reputational risk, this class of insurance may have become more attractive given the uncertain travel allowing them to pay premiums via electronic payment outlook. However, some reports have highlighted the impact methods. of exclusions. Some products do not provide for travel when Travel Insurance official travel advisories are severe. In others, pandemic declarations can restrict claim eligibility. To illustrate the 3. Innovative products: Now, the public is more conscious granularity of the issues, they vary depending on whether the of their health. So, it is an opportunity for insurers to insurance was purchased before the outbreak or not and whether the relevant travel is current or remains planned for create products that suit the current situation. the future. Now, the home itself the workplace, and some people are 4. Emphasizing the need to ensure customer treatment is being forced to live elsewhere for periods that are outside their control. Continuation of coverage is an important market Household Property Insurances fair and flexible: It is necessary to enhance the benefit conduct issue for properties that are effectively unoccupied and for personal possessions that are not in their normal of products beyond the terms and conditions. IRDA has location for periods outside the control of the insured. Customers may seek to reduce their coverage and obtain instructed the insurers to include a waiver of co-pay refunds for canceled cover with altered risk profiles during Commercial Insurances periods of changed working conditions and the potential need requirements for COVID testing and extensions on for ongoing liquidity. Insurers can adjust cancellation terms; premium payment terms to avoid cancellation of they will moderate these decisions with the desire to maintain ongoing customer relationships. There is a chance for some cover. negative impact from these events in the short term

5. Facilitating innovations: Associated with expeditious INSURANCE SECTOR RELATED POLICY MEASURES AND claim handling, remote interactions between clients and INTERVENTIONS OF IRDA insurers, including electronic document handling and Line of Business Measures Guidelines for settlement of claims arising from COVID. The guidelines direct approach customers proactively to connect via digital insurers to design products to cover the costs of treatment for COVID and follow the channels and avoid physical contact at branches or norms for all claims reported under COVID: 1. Promptly handle cases related to COVID Health 2. Settle the costs of admissible medical expenses during the quarantine period other offices. according to the terms and conditions of the policy contract and the existing regulatory framework; 6. Support to agents: Some insurers have introduced support 3. Carefully review all the claims reported under COVID before repudiating the claims. for their agents in the form of advance commissions to IRDAI eases the burden on policyholders in times of COVID: 1. Life insurance companies have been asked to enhance the 30-day interest-free help them financially in this uncertain period. grace period for payment of renewal premiums by an additional 30 days if desired by the policyholders; Other 2. Allow Board meetings due till June 30, 2020, to hold through video conferencing 7. Enhanced Cybersecurity: with the shift to the digital or other audio-visual means; 3. Provide further relief, insurers and insurance intermediaries have been granted world, most of the insurance companies are focusing on additional time of 15 days for submission of monthly returns for March 2020. Similarly, an additional period of up to one month will be permitted for the filing the cybersecurity measures to protect their data. of quarterly returns.

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qy To facilitate the general public to quickly fulfill Know Your Customer (KYC) norms 2. The time duration is between 3 months to 1 year. while availing insurance services, IRDAI has recommended for allowing insurance companies to avail Aadhaar Authentication Services of the Unique Identification Other Authority of India. Central Government has permitted vide Gazette notification dated 3. It is also advised to offer indemnified based as well as April 23, 2020, some of the insurance companies to undertake the Aadhaar authentication services. a benefit based short term policies. As per the new provisions of IRDA; Insurers cannot contest the claims of any health insurance policyholder who had 4. The policy permitted individual and group products. continuously paid the premium for eight-years. After the expiry of the moratorium Health period, no health insurance claim shall be contestable except for proven fraud and 5. No separate add-ons are permitted. permanent exclusions specified in the policy. As for claims, the new rules will go into effect for all claims as per policy limits beginningApril 01, 2021. 1. An insurance company should either settle or reject a claim within 30 days from FINANCIAL OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT thereceiptofallrequireddocuments.Otherwise,theinsurerisliabletopay interest from the date of the receipt of the last necessary document from the SCENARIO OF THE INSURANCE SECTOR policyholder. Other 2. The insured has an option to portability of policy to another insurer at least 45 days before, but not earlier than 60 days before the date of the renewal. 1. Life Insurance: The growth rate of the new business life 3. If the insurer is planning to increase the premiums, the insured will now have to insurance premium for FY 2020 is 20.60%, and 11.36% be informed at least three months in advance. is the growth rate of new business life insurance sum STANDARD BENEFIT BASED CORONAVIRUS assured for FY20. Similarly, the new business life HEALTH INSURANCE POLICY insurance premium figure for FY 2020 is Rs. 2.59 Lakh The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Crore, whereas the figure for new business life insurance of India (IRDAI) instructed all general and health insurance sum assured for FY 20 is Rs. 48.26 Lakh Crore. The life companies to mandatorily offer a COVID -19 based health insurance industry in April managed to achieve two- insurance product on standard Benefit by July 10, 2020. The thirds of the sales it recorded a year ago. In terms of policy will be named as Corona Rakshak Policy succeeded by total premium income, the private industry and LIC the name of the insurance company. It is applicable to recorded a year-on-year drop of 33% and 32%, individuals and coverage of up to Rs 2.5 Lakhs for respectively. However, in terms of the number of policies, hospitalization expenses related to Covid-19. the industry was down 67%, largely because an 80% Key features of a Standard Corona Virus Policy: drop in the number of policies sold by LIC, while private companies were down 34%. The impact of the COVID- 1. The health insurance policy will take care of basic 19 crisis is expected to be relatively lower on the life Covid-19 related health needs of the insuring public; insurance industry because the demand for protection is 2. It will be a standard product with common policy expected to grow. While savings products add to the wordings for industry-wide; top line of insurance companies, protection products 3. Individuals the age between 18 years and 65 years can improve their bottom line. avail this policy; 2. Medical Insurance: In February, medical insurance saw 4. The policy will be issued for three and half months (3 a spike, with the overall growth in health business rising ½ months), six and half months (6 ½ months), and nine sharply by 42%year-on-year (YoY) - highest in 13 months. and half months (9 ½ months) i.e, 105 days, 195 days Retail health policies maintained strong momentum at and 285 days respectively; 15% YoY growth in February, while group health business 5. The guidelines will remain valid until March 31, 2021; was up 19% YoY. Experts call it as JFM phenomenon 6. Single premium payment mode shall only be allowed; (JFM- January, February, and March- a period when policies are renewed for tax benefits), and there was no 7. On payment of 100% of sum insured the policy shall be panic buying attributable to the Coronavirus crisis yet. terminated; 8. The minimum sum insured is Rs. 50,000/- (Fifty Thousand NEW PRODUCTS IN RESPONSE TO only) and Maximum limit shall be Rs.2,50,000/- (Two OUTBREAK OF COVID-19 Lakh Fifty Thousand only); 1. Insurance Cover for Home Health Care: With an SHORT TERM INSURANCE POLICY increasing number of COVID-19 cases, home treatment of ailments, including COVID-19, is gaining crucial IRDA permit health and general insurers to devise a importance. Currently, several health insurers cover short-term insurance policy specific to COVID-19. Guidelines domiciliary hospitalization (means to the treatment provided by the IRDA for the policy are: prescribed by a doctor that requires hospitalization, but 1. It is only for COVID-19 disease. the patient’s condition does not allow to be moved to

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a hospital or the hospital rooms are not available in such lump sum benefit to the person who is hospitalized a situation treatment can be provided at home). Now, the and diagnosed positive with Novel Coronavirus. Ministry of Health has recommended home isolation for The premium applicable is Rs.299/- +GST and mild Covid-19 infections without hospitalization. So, the Rs.598/- + GST, and the sum assured is Rs.21,000 insurance regulator IRDA examining whether the cover /- and Rs.42,000/. should be extended for home treatment on an industry- iv. Edelweiss General Insurance Health Policy covers wide basis. Already insurers began extending the benefits treatment for COVID-19. Under this policy, they of existing policies for home treatments. cover hospitalization for those who have a confirmed diagnosis and those who have been Home-Care Service of ICICI Lombard: A home health quarantined in specific facilities identified by the care service under which customers can get themselves Government. The coverage amount is up to the treated at home instead of having to avail hospitalization sum insured under the policy. Edelweiss Health to claim insurance. The insurer has joined with private Insurance will provide domiciliary hospitalization hospitals and home care service providers Portea and for the patient in a remote location and unable to Health-care at Home for this facility. The terms of the reach the hospital during the quarantine period. policy include remote examination by medical teams, Patients can visit any nearby hospital for immediate including doctors, nurses, and physiotherapists, who treatment and expenses will be reimbursed. will also come and treat patients at their residence if the need arises. 3. Group Saral Suraksha Plan: This is a microinsurance product aimed to attract the public to invest in a flexible 2. COVID-19 Policies: Insurance companies started life insurance policy during the pandemic. Max Life launching innovative COVID-19 policies seeing business launched this product for a group of people which opportunities amid the spread of the coronavirus offers flexibility in terms of payment and tenure. pandemic, and some of them joined with digital payment Policyholders have the option to choose from two types service providers to increase sales of such plans. Some of cover: a level cover, where the sum assured remains of them are: constant throughout the term; and reducing i. Two health insurance plans - one offering a claim cover,(available under single premium variant only) where of Rs 25,000 and another to provide protection cover will be as per the chosen schedule, with the from COVID-19, with daily benefit starting Rs 500 option to reduce the cover on a monthly or annual per day - has launched by Bharti AXA General basis. It is designed to provide financial protection to Insurance in tie-up with Airtel Payments Bank. both members and borrowers of micro-finance institutions, small finance banks, co-operatives, etc. The ii. Digital payment service provider PhonePe, operated plan offers flexible policy terms, from as low as one by Flipkart Online Services in partnership with month up to a period of 120 months and offers an option Bajaj Allianz General Insurance, also launched a to avail cover for a single life, joint life-for spouse, coronavirus hospitalization insurance policy called children and parents including in-laws and co-borrowers “Corona Care.” It is designed for a person aged and/co-applicants (in case of loans only) for enhanced less than 55 years, and the cover is applicable at protection. any hospital offering coronavirus treatment. The policy is priced at Rs 156 with an insurance cover 4. Accident Policy for Health Workers: New India of Rs 50,000. Assurance issued a tailor-made personal accident policy valid for the next 90 from April 1st week for over 22 lakh iii. Star Health Insurance has launched the Star Novel public health care providers with 50 lakh cover each in Coronavirus (COVID-19) Insurance Policy. It is a accordance with the order issued by the health and pilot product of 1-year terms. Applicable to any family welfare ministry. The 22.12 lakh insured in the person in the age group of 18 & 55 years and the policy include health care providers and community dependent children with the age of 3 months to 25 health workers who may have to indirect contact with years can be covered from along with any one of COVID-19 patients and private healthcare staff and the parents under this policy The product provides workers as detailed in the health ministry order. The aim

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of the policy is to boost the morale of the health References providers, and this is for the first time that a personal 1. ENS Economic Bureau. (2020 June 06). Micro life accident policy is being issued to cover an infectious insurance plan eyes group segment. THE NEW INDIAN disease. EXPRESS, p. 10. 5. Insurance of Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RAPS)/ 2. ENS Economic Bureau. (2020 June 15). Claims Drone Technology: Now a day’s drones are gaining uncontestable if the premium paid for 8 yrs. THE NEW popularity and are being used for a variety of purposes. INDIAN EXPRESS, p. 10. Drones are playing a significant role in the current 3. ENS Economic Bureau. (2020 June 22). Insurance cover COVID-19 situations, assisting various authorities in for home health care arrives. THE NEW INDIAN several activities. Their numbers are growing rapidly. There is an opportunity to develop a suitable insurance EXPRESS, p. 10. product covering the various risks involved in the use 4. Chandramouli, Rajesh. (2020 March 25). Medical of Drones. So IRDA constitutes a working group of 9 insurance covers see 42% growth in Feb. THE TIMES members headed by a Chairman. The role of the working OF INDIA, p.9. group is to assess the; insurance needs of RPAS owners 5. Shetty, Mayur. (2020 April 03). 22L health workers and operators, make recommendations relating to the to get Rs. 50L cover from New India. THE TIMES OF design and development of product/s, make INDIA, p.9. recommendations relating to the underwriting of such 6. Shetty, Mayur. (2020 May 28). Life Insurers book 67% of risks including the re-insurance perspective and to Last year’s premium in April. THE TIMES OF INDIA, examine any other relevant matter relating to the subject. p.9. CONCLUSION 7. Aruna, Polisetty., & Nikhitha, B. (2016). Contribution of The emergence of Coronavirus since late 2019 has led to Financial Inclusions for Economic Growth. International disruptions in almost every sphere of the economy; crashing Journal of Research in Commerce, Economics and markets and leading supply crunches, it is not an exception Management (IJRCM), 71-74. Retrieved from https:// to the insurance sector. In the insurance industry, it leads to ijrcm.org.in/article_info.php?article_id=6740 change the traditional definition of insurance business to a Websites new one and also in a transmission phase to a digital world. It is also a challenging time to cope with the current scenario, 1. http://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com and almost all insurance company accelerates to it. Insurance 2. http://pubdocs.worldbank.org regulatory authority took necessary initiatives and measures 3. https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ to support the sector. The quote – “crisis is also seed to ditcinf2020d1.pdf opportunity,” is more appropriate to the insurance sector 4. https://m.economictimes.com/wealth/insure/health because there is a chance to offer innovative products/s to 5. http://www.starhealth.in the customers, and policymakers are in the path of launching exclusive products to overcome the pandemic. 6. http://www.irdai.gov.in

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 50 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India AN IMPACT STUDY OF THE COVID-19 ON THE INDIAN BANKING SYSTEM- A STUDY WITH REFERENCE TO BENGALURU

Dr. Waseeha Firdose Assistant Professor, International Business Government Ramnarayan Chellaram College of Commerce and Management, Race Course Road, Bengaluru - 560 001.

ABSTRACT FINANCIAL DISTRESS The last credit cycle for banks had seen sharp surge in India’s financial distress was exacerbated by the bad loans. Indian banks are at the end of a prolonged NPAs pandemic. With limited fiscal space, the onus for economic clean-up cycle. The Covid-19 has had serious implications for revival rests with the RBI. The constantly evolving Covid-19 the banking sector in India. Banks remain highly risk averse pandemic has cast a long shadow on the global economy, and the consensus among industry leaders is that most which was already jolted by the US-China trade war . With companies in consumer-oriented sectors at the moment are fears of a global recession on the horizon, Covid-19 appears now operating with less than 70 percent of their capacity. The to have dealt the global economy a triple-whammy: massive banking sector’s health depends on how soon the economy supply-chain related disruptions across a range of industries recovers. The present research is empirical in surveying the from containment efforts in China and other economies; public sector and private sector bank officials (N=25) in the amplification of demand-side shocks due to uncertainties as city of Bengaluru to understand the implications of Covid-19 well as lockdowns and other containment measures on the Banking sector. domestically; and propagation of financial shocks and the US dollar credit crunch. Keywords: Economic Impact, Bad Loans, Pandemic. This global shock comes at a particularly inopportune INTRODUCTION time for India, as the economy was already on a very The Indian economy is experiencing an unprecedented concerning downward trajectory since the turn of FY 2018-19 shock amidst the COVID-19 global pandemic, and the (Chart-1). More specifically, on a quarterly basis, India’s subsequent country-wide lockdown. During such times of growth rate fell from around 8 per cent in Q4 FY18 to a new crisis, one sector of the economy that is required to play a low of 4.5 per cent in Q2 FY20. crucial role to alleviate some of the pressures is the financial sector. The need of the hour is to keep credit flowing to all Chart 1 economic agents in order to help them tide over this crisis. India’s Growth Trajectory since 2011

In a bank-dominated economy, particularly at a time when the stock market is touching new lows every day, the financial intermediaries that most firms will turn to are the banks. Actions taken by the banks would be crucial in addressing the ongoing economic challenge. Banks also play a vital role as institutional participants in the debt market. However, India’s banking sector is badly broken. So far, the problems in this sector were adversely affecting credit growth. Now this has begun to hurt the debt markets as well. This could rapidly become a serious choke point as the Indian (Source: Central Statistical Office) economy struggles to come to terms with a shock that many are now claiming can trigger a Great Depression type of Indeed, in its January 2020 update to the World Economic slowdown. Outlook, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) downgraded

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India’s growth estimates for 2019 to 4.8 per cent — the lowest for over a decade — and sharply revised its 2020 growth forecast to 5.8 per cent, down 1.2 percentage points from the previous forecasts. These downgrades happened even before the onset of the pandemic, and now look overly optimistic.

The roots of India’s economic drag in recent years can be traced back to the aftermath of the drastic demonetisation experiment, which led to significant collateral damage, and the effects of the rollout of the GST. While both these supply- side measures may have been well-intended, they have certainly contributed to marked economic disruptions and led to a deeply entrenched slowdown in the informal sector. FINANCIAL SERVICE SECTOR India has a diversified financial sector that has undergone rapid expansion and is a significant contributor to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The sector comprises SHADOW BANKING IN INDIA commercial banks, insurance companies, Non-Banking Financial The Covid-19 outbreak and ensuing lockdown have hurt Companies (NBFCs), pension funds, mutual funds and other almost all industries in India, but for the country’s $370 billion smaller financial entities. COVID-19 outbreak is expected to shadow banking sector, this might be the last nail in the significantly disrupt the operating environment of the financial coffin. institutions in India, in India, in particular banks and NBFCs. Following are the key financial reporting considerations for Over the past two years, several non-banking financial companies in the financial services sector amid COVID-19.

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Table - 1 Type of the Bank

sector bank officials is 56% and that of the Private sector employees is 44%. Table - 2 Factors responsible for the vulnerability during companies (NBFC) in India have been dealing with bad news Corona Virus Crisis upon bad news, including a cash crunch, the high cost of capital, and burgeoning bad loans.

Timeline of What went wrong for India’s NBFCs

The RBI declares it is extending the moratorium on The mean scores of the Factors responsible for the repayment of loans by another three months till end of vulnerability during Corona Virus Crisis reveal that Bad loans August. Moody’s believes this will end up “weakening are the major factor from among the identified variables solvency of NBFCs (and) in turn will pose a risk to the leading to the crisis in the banks. stability of the broad financial system because banks have Table - 3 large direct exposures to them.” Communalities RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This paper is basically descriptive and analytical in nature. In this paper an attempt has been made to analyze the Impact of Covid-19 on the Banking sector in India. The data used in both the primary and secondary sources according to the need of this study. HYPOTHESIS Ho: There is no relationship between the various types The communality values have indicated that Out of the of banks and the Factors responsible for the vulnerability three variables, the variable ‘Economic Impacts (0.631) possess during Corona Virus Crisis high communality value, followed by Bad loans. The individual variances ranged from 0.631 percent to 0.039 percent ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA respectively. Around 59.2 percent oscillation (0.631-0.039) is A. Secondary Data well established among the three variables. The representation of all the three variables is significant.

Table 4 Vulnerability of the factors during Corona Virus Crisis

B. Primary Data The sample respondents are drawn from both the public and private sector banks. The representation of the Public

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 53 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

The Anova result reveals that the Vulnerability of the These are especially important now as India enters into factors during Corona Virus Crisis namely Type of Loan, Bad a prolonged phase of economic crisis. The problem of Loans and Economic Impacts differs significantly (p=<0.005) allocating capital should be resolved by the banks as with respect to factors at 5 percent level. they are best equipped to take this decision. As regards bearing risk, this can only be done by the banks if MEASURES TAKEN BY THE RBI they get support from the government in the form of The outbreak and rapid transmission of the new say capital or credit guarantees, given the heightened risk Coronavirus has wreaked massive damage across global aversion in the sector. Policymakers need to take actions economies. In India, the economy has been witnessing acute accordingly. growth pangs for over a year. The Covid-19 pandemic is making matters worse for it, an already fragile economy REFERENCES aspiring to reach the $5 trillion mark by 2025. This, in turn, O https://qz.com/india/1860466/how-indias-nbfc-crisis- obviously places the economy’s financial ecosystem in high deepened-from-ilfs-defaults-to-covid-19 jeopardy. O https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/indian- The Reserve Bank of India has reaffirmed its faith in the economy-crisis-coronavirus-pandemic-financial-sector- banking system and governor Shaktikanta Das has assured banks-bail-out-strategy investors that domestic banks are safe and sound. The central O https://www.fortuneindia.com/macro/banking-on-banks- bank has stated it will remain vigilant and step in to preserve financial stability as and when required. Clearly, the RBI is on in-the-time-of-covid-19/104353 a war footing, and is prepared to do ‘whatever it takes’ to O https://www.deccanherald.com/business/business-news/ keep the economy afloat. banks-that-skirted-india-s-bad-loans-can-t-escape- coronavirus-lockdown-826788.html In line with this, Das announced a slew of measures on 27 March to enable financial lenders to navigate the crisis and O https://bfsi.eletsonline.com/can-banks-reverse-the-covid- support borrowers to tide over the rough patch. Key among 19-economical-damage-in-india/ them are: O https://www.lightico.com/blog/coronavirus-covid-19-and- 1. Policy rate cut by 75 basis points to 4.4%. the-banking-industry-impact-and-solutions/

2. Targeted long-term repo operations from a three-year O https://zeenews.india.com/economy/indian-banking- time frame of Rs 1 lakh crore. sector-safe-and-sound-don-t-resort-to-panic-withdrawal- 3. Provision of additional liquidity through marginal from-private-banks-rbi-2272007.html standing facility of Rs 1.37 lakh crore by dipping into O https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/coronavirus- the statutory liquidity ratio to an extent of 100 bps. disrupting-indian-economy-need-to-contain-domestic- 4. Provision of additional liquidity of Rs 1.37 lakh crore by contagion-world-bank-1666063-2020-04-12 reducing the cash reserve ratio by 100 bps to 3.0%. O https://news24online.com/business/coronavirus- 5. Deferment in implementation of capital conservation pandemic-this-will-be-covid-19-impact-on-banking- buffer (62 bps of risk weighted assets) for six months. sector/4587/ 6. Non-reclassification of term loans and working capital O https://www.cxotoday.com/news-analysis/covid-19-and- loans for three months. its-impact-on-indias-banking-sector/

THE WAY FORWARD O https://www.theindianwire.com/banking/covid-19-banks- The main issues in the financial sector in general, and estimate-bad-debts-to-double-following-rbi-moratorium- banking in particular, are bearing risk and allocating capital. on-emis-270716/

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 54 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India “ROLE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS FOR TRANSFORMATION OF MSMEs IN POST COVID-19 ERA”

Dr. P. PARAMASHIVAIAH Professor and Research Supervisor Department of Studies and Research in Commerce, Tumkur University, Tumkur

SOWMYA D. N. Research Scholar Department of Studies and Research in Commerce, Tumkur University, Tumkur, E-mail : [email protected]

Abstract and the focus has certainly shifted to examining how our The unmatched fluctuations that is caused by the Covid- knowledge resources can repositioned our stand in the world 19 are tossing to significant grounds and prospects for market. Intellectual property rights (IPR) has become important MSMEs sectors by adaptation and adoption of innovative in the face of changing trade environment which is strategies for business sustainability. COVID-19 crisis time is characterized by global competition, high innovation risks, very crucial to undergo with transformation of MSMEs to short product cycle, need for rapid changes in technology, robust economic sustainability. The globalization and high investments in research and development (R&D), technological advancement have played a very important role production and marketing and need for highly skilled human in protection Intellectual Property Rights for MSMEs to meet resources. Regardless of what product an enterprise makes or unbeatable development. Promotion of IPR leads to research what service it provides, likely being used regularly and and development and set an example for innovation and creating a great deal of intellectual property. economic growth. Even though the knowledge and facts Today is the era of not only the survival of the fittest about IPR in India is yet to flourish in good number and also but also the survival of the faster and stronger. One way to community need more support and knowledge for acquiring gain competitive advantage by the MSMEs and Start-ups is of IPR. To protect and to foster the MSMEs, IPR for an the use of IPR which have become a precious commodity in invention is essential. The research and innovation should be today’s world. It seems pertinent to briefly reflect on a in constant way in all the aspects MSMEs can create a wide deliberation or thought: Does IPR enhance the competitiveness range of opportunities for holistic development and it can and sustainable development of MSMEs and Start-ups? support for the Atmanirbhar i.e., ¯Vocal for Local. In the changing global scenario, the issues of IPR have Keywords: Intellectual Property Rights, MSMEs, gained special importance for the Micro, Small & Medium Transformation and Economic Growth. Enterprise (MSME) sector and Start-ups. IPR protection plays a key role in gaining competitive advantage in terms of Introduction technological gains for achieving higher economic growth in In this world human being is considered as most a market driven economy. It is felt that IPR requires greater intelligent species. Human begin is very inquisitive by nature, understanding and attention by the industry, particularly the His/ her inquisitiveness or curiousness leads to lot of MSME sector and Start-ups in India. The Indian MSME innovation and invention in this world. His/ her inborn desire sector and Start-ups needs more information, orientation and for holistic development has found new ways to fulfil the facilities for protecting their intellectual powers. While majority desires. The things or process that a man presents for the use of the countries have adopted strategies for implementing of the society can be created only through the use of skills, strong IPR protection for strengthening their industries and labour intellectual and effort of his own. Therefore, all that trades. Indian industries, particularly the MSME and Start- what is produced or originated by the human skill, intelligence, ups are lagging behind in recognizing the importance of IPR labour and efforts are called the “Intellectual Property”. Global and adopting IPR as a business strategy for enhancing competitiveness has redefined business strategies worldwide competitiveness.

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HISTORY OF IPR IN INDIA its benefits is the main reason for lagging behind in IPR George Alfred DePenning is supposed to have made the participation. Even, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises first application for a patent in India in the year 1856. On (MSME) that constitute around 95% of all units; 40 % of total February 28, 1856, the Government of India promulgated value addition; nearly 80% of the employment of the total legislation to grant what was then termed as “exclusive manufacturing sector; and 35 % of total exports are also privileges for the encouragement of inventions of new lacking in IPR edge. manufactures” i.e. the Patents Act. On March 3, 1856, a civil Status of MSMEs engineer, George Alfred De Penning of 7, Grant’s Lane, Calcutta O 33% of GDP is contributed by MSMEs to Indian petitioned the Government of India for grant of exclusive economy privileges for his invention - “An Efficient Punkah Pulling Machine”. On September 2, De Penning, submitted the O There are more than 106 lakh MSME units in India with Specifications for his invention along with drawings to an investment of more than Rs 1 lakh crore. The sector illustrate it’s working. These were accepted and the invention has recorded double digit growth in the last four years. was granted the first ever Intellectual Property protection in O The contribution of the MSME sector to the entire India. output of the country is 40% and to the GDP 6.11%. Currently, there are over 11 million MSME units in India Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) that produce more than 8000 products. India’s Micro, The term Intellectual Property reflects the idea that its Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) base is the subject matter is the product of the mind or the intellect. largest in the world after China.

These could be in the form of Patents, Trademarks, Copyrights, O The government of India’s latest ‘Make in India’ push, Geographical Indications, Industrial Designs, Layout-Designs along with a significant jump in the FDI flows, the (Topographies) of Integrated Circuits, Plant Variety Protection. Indian MSMEs sector is poised for rapid growth and Intellectual Property comes under international legal protection. integration with major global value chains. Intellectual property rights can be defined as the rights given O These MSMEs units contribute 35% to Indian industrial to people over the creations of their minds. They usually give exports.40% of the work force the creator an exclusive right over the use of his/her creations O 344 products from India that carry the GI-tag among for a certain period of time. These rights are governed this Karnataka State Holds 1st place. worldwide by Trade Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement. O The state of Uttar Pradesh has the largest number of estimated MSMEs with a share of 14.20 percent of the IPR Status of India total MSMEs in the country. 90% of the industrial The World Bank carried out survey concerned to units in India belong to the MSME sector. Knowledge Economy Index (KEI) of 140 countries across the world on the basis of their knowledge-based initiative, policy frame work, economy incentive and institutional regime, information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure in 2007. India ranked at 101st position due to lack in aforesaid parameters.3, 49 Similarly, India ranked at 14th, 9th and 13th position in patents, marks and designs respectively based on total (resident and abroad) IP filing activity by origin in 2014.50 Rankings are based on the total numbers of applications filed by origin. India’s worldwide participation in IPR filing activity is mere 1.6%, 3.14% and 0.82 % for patent, trademarks and industrial designs, respectively. The participation is even less if only resident applicants are considered due to Unawareness amongst youth, academicians, researchers, industrialists and traders in India about IPR and

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 56 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

Review of Literature: O Mani Govil (2017) Current status, challenges and potential for Innovation in the MSME Sector here author O Rath, Swagat, (2020) Transform COVID-19 Challenge on Indian Tourism Industry in to An Opportunity in this suggest that MSMEs also need proactive institutional paper author describes that Indian tourism have a great support in finding good markets, domestic and spectacular view for the world, it fascinates the tourists international to exploit the very best markets for their and promising area for sustainable Indian economy. It is products. MSMEs need to have an environment and an not only developing the GDP of the country but it IPR regime that protects innovation, and strong IP management capabilities, services and solutions that opens employment opportunity and livelihood for the enable to harness and maximize the value of our people. In the world tourism sector is the most affected innovation. sector by Pandemic COVID-19. It fetches a lot of unemployment, Stress and number of run down in the O Manjunatha, N. K (2016) Status of Geographical hospitality and tourism sectors. By analysing this paper Indications in India, Especially Karnataka Here author Geographical indication can bring the changes in tourism has a view that the Karnataka state has a dynamic and sector in Post COVID-19 era. erratic weather that changes from place to place within its territory. based on secondary data obtained from · Raj Ankush Soshte (2020) A study on building Legal books, journals, magazines and newspaper articles, awareness on intellectual property rights (IPR) for the reports of the governments, material from the world wide micro, small & medium enterprises (msme) in India the web especially the World Trade Organisation, the World paper focused on importance of IPR for MSMEs by Intellectual Property Organisation, and GI Registry Office, using secondary data. To make MSME stronger MSMEs and simple mathematical techniques are used to calculate should be aware of IPR. Even though government has the percentages Karnataka experiences variable taken a lot of programmes there is gap in MSME about geographic and physio-graphic conditions, encouraged awareness about IPR. Karnataka state for growing variety of flowers, fruits O Ratansingam et.al (2020) SMEs and COVID-19 and vegetables in different parts of Karnataka. Bioresources How SMEs in Malaysia’s Furniture O Anasua Mukherjee Das,( 2016) India releases National Industry Coping With COVID-19 Pandemic? Early Intellectual Property Rights Policy here author mentions evidences from a survey and recommendations for policy that the IPR policy also recognizes the interests of poor makers analyses that MSMEs are also aware the weaker patients in developing countries as identified from its and vulnerable members should think out of the box and text: ‘the contribution of the Indian pharmaceutical sector avoid stereo type of analysing as well as interpretation in enabling access to affordable medicines globally and of business. After analysing primary data which contains its transformation to being the pharmacy of the world…’. 784 respondents and 1890 registered furniture MSMES India is also a signatory to the recently adopted United at Malaysia almost all the respondents of the survey Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). One of indicate that all the SMEs must eagerly explores towards the targets of SDG 3 (Good Health and Well Being) research and innovation for sustainable development in emphasizes on easy and equitable access to medicines this pandemic COVID-19 situation. and vaccines. The Target states, ‘3.B Support the research O Nalla Bala Kalyan (2017), A Study on Intellectual and development of vaccines and medicines for the Property Rights (IPR) For Micro, Small and Medium communicable and non-communicable diseases that Enterprises in India Researcher shares his view that is primarily affect developing countries. The policy also IPR is needed for MSMEs to prevent competitors from emphasizes on operational strategies in strengthening copying or closely imitating a company’s products or IP incubation and facilitation centres in different creative services; create organizational identity, increase market and innovative organizations for improving their value of the company, and access new markets. By institutional IP portfolios at par with the global standards. analysing through secondary data, it demonstrates that The Atal Innovation Mission also has similar operational IPR can be made more effective for MSMEs by organizing objectives. Thus, the IP awareness and capacity awareness and sensitization programs at different paces development in the industries, MSMEs (micro, small and on regular basis. medium enterprises), start-ups, R&D institutions, science

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 57 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

and technology institutions, universities and colleges are given priority for the early foundation of a holistic and conducive innovation ecosystem in the country. While building strong IP-led cultures in the country, India’s economic growth and technological progress would make a significant impact in other areas of human development, such as poverty alleviation and zero hunger.

O Lalith et.al (2015) An Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights and their Importance in Indian Context Authors express the benefits from IPR through secondary data that skill and societal development and mentioned that IPR encourages fair trading and effective enforcement of IPR stimulates economic growth. The IPR is to give economic benefits and recognition to creator and inventor with an objective to reduce poverty, stimulate creativities and skills, explore growth and trade, provide health care at low cost, ensure food security, improve access to educational system, benefit traditional knowledge holders and to surpass the holistic development.

O Sankara Rao and Noorinasab (2013) IPR Awareness among MSMEs in India the author examines the role supporting Institutions create awareness about strategic benefits and enable to protect Innovative &creative capacity of SME.s through Intellectual property rights in India. About 40,000 IP applications are filed in India annually and 85 per cent of these are filed by multinational corporations, leaving a sizable number filed by SMEs, but most innovations across the world are done by SMEs. The IP facilitation centres specifically aim to build greater awareness among SMEs about IPR issues and provide insights to them on the creation, ownership and protection of intellectual property. In India, the lack of awareness among small players effectively denies them the fruits of the intellectual property they create.

In India agriculture is not only gambling with environment or situation but even MSMEs also gamble with business dynamics and business atmosphere which includes both controllable and uncontrollable environment. Sustainability and Surviving stages of MSMEs is not a relaxed job at the same time it is not a hard chore too. In order to enhance the 2s (Survivability and Sustainability) Government of India initiated and efforts made to bring for main stream. is earned from food and agriculture, 7% from automobiles, That results in 33% of GDP is contributed by MSMEs to real estate 13% and remaining shared by other sectors. Indian economy. 114 million people are employed and I can say that people are directly and indirectly involved in Now the present the era of coronavirus, away from the MSMEs and become the stakeholders. Where 16.5% of GDP unhappiness and fear, makes the entire globe is in quarantine

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 58 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India or in lockdown heat. This COVID-19 has created a bad world wide identification of our MSMEs products and services. atmosphere(business) to all the sectors but MSMEs has a These purposes can accomplish by effective and efficient major tragic effect. “The MSME Minister said nearly 8-10 utilization digital platform in this situation. Through digital lakh units will be restructured in the coming days, asserting platform MSMEs can build the CRM, meet the greater number that owners will have to take care of their workers and put of clients and customers. Digital platform plays major role in in place mechanisms for proper sanitisation as a preventive Vocal for Local approach by enhancing and make easy way measure once they return to work”. for supply chain management. An intense changeover of all the aspects in human life made mysterious and inevitable. It may take many days to permit the country to bring prosperity in holistic matters. The days are not far for Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) will be the most effective sector, enhance the growth of India and set as an example for holistic development. MSMEs improved their performance in terms of market share and a diversified range of goods and services through innovation. References

O Anasua Mukherjee Das Current Science, India releases National Intellectual Property Rights PolicyVol. 111, No. Conclusion 7, 10 October 2016,1320 Purvanchal Complex, JNU Vitalities IPR which transforms the MSMEs in Post Campus, New Delhi 110 067, India. e-mail: Anasua COVID-19 Mukherjee [email protected] O Nalla Bala Kalyan, A Study on Intellectual Property O Accelerate the traditional Industries Rights (IPR) For Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises O Crisis leadership management training in India, JAN 2017, IRE Journals, Volume 1 Issue 7, ISSN: O Dualistic development 2456-8880 O Effective addressing of Infrastructural O Karri Sankara Rao and Abdol Rahman Noorinasab, IPR, O Seizing the market even from GI tag IPR Awareness among MSMEs in India, IOSR Journal of

O Innovation Economy Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278- 487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 15, Issue 2 (Nov. - Dec. O Interdisciplinary research and scaling up of technology clusters 2013), PP 13-21 O D N Sowmya, P Paramashivaiah, Role of IPR on O Pay attention to digital sector MSMEs in Post COVID-19 Era-In Students Perspective, O Register on the National stock exchange. Purakala (UGC Care List Journal) ISSN 0971-2143 Vol. 31 To elevate MSMEs through IPR in future for sustainable Issue 58 Month June Year 2020 economic progress is essential to meet global aptness. O Laith Jaipura, Intellectual Property Rights and Its Impact Incorporation of the IPR will be able increase the exports, on Skill and Societal Development ISBN: 978-93-83905- bring brand value and contribute to Indian economy. 94-2, Feb 2015, pp 263-271, Vista International Publishing Manufacturing sectors especially MSMEs need to focus on House Delhi. India important enablers of innovation to sustain global competition. O Prof. Mani Govil, Current status, challenges and potential Atmanirbhar-vocal for local may attain by ccontinuous for Innovation in the MSME Sector, Shodhaditya Vol.IV, innovation, effective brand building and proper utilization of Issue 1 ISSN-2347-8403, PP 36-46 digital platform and awareness about IPR. O Sowmya D N,Paramashivaiah P, “Traditional Knowledge Innovation leads to easy attainment of IPR (Patent, System-A Key to MSMEs Growth after COVID-19”, Juni Copyrights, GI tag, Trademarks, Traditional Knowledge etc.,). Khyath (UGC Care list Journal)ISSN-2278-4632, Vol.10, These innovations bring the brand image in world wide or Issue 5,14 May 2020, pp151-157

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O R. Gopalakrishnan, Executive Director, Tata Sons Ltd. O https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/covid-19- Tapasya winter 2010 Vol.II, PP 25-30. coronavirus-lockdown

O D N Sowmya,P Paramashivaiah, Role of IPR on MSMEs O http://www.dcmsme.gov.in/schemes/IPRDetail.html http:/ in Post COVID-19 Era-In Students Perspective, Purakala /www.india.gov.in (UGC Care List Journal) ISSN 0971-2143 Vol. 31 Issue 58 O http://www.cbec.gov.in Month June Year 2020 Reports & Books Webilography O India Briefing, is produced by Dezan Shira & Associates O https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme- September 4, 2019 sector/finance-minister-announces-revised-msme- definitions-no-different-between-manufacturing-and- O April 2020 FKCCI SOPs

service-enterprises/articleshow/75717694.cms O KPMG report 2020

O https://msme.gov.in/sites/default/files/Indian Gazzate_0. O 2018 Indian Council for research in International pdf Economic relations and European Business and

O https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/ Technology Centre newsbuzz/for-indian-gaming-startups-covid-19-lockdown- O Khushdeep Dharni and Neeraj Pandey 2014 Intellectual is-a-boon-for- business/articleshow/75115595. cms? Property Rights book by PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd Reports utm_source= contentofinterest&utm_medium= text&utm_ from MSMEs Karnataka campaign=cppst O Need for development of MSME’s, Press Information O https://smefutures.com/post-covid-19-smes-new-mantra- Bureau Government of India Ministry of Micro, Small & business-model-innovation-brand-building-and-digital- Medium Enterprises 26-February-2015. marketing/

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Dr. Venkatesh C.K. Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce and Management Government First Grade College, Kadugudi, Bangalore - 560 067.

INTRODUCTION SWAN. It has all the characteristics of disturbing the economic The sentiment in the stock markets across the world is fundamentals of the world. The stock market is no exception. gloomy. This is reflected in the continuous crashes in the The Stock Market has a history of Crash and share markets in all parts of the world. The Capital Markets Recovery in India are witnessing sharp fluctuations as a result of the Across the globe the Stock Market has the history of fallout in global markets. It is believed that domestic markets Crash and Recovery, Indian Stock Market is no different from usually track the global benchmark indices. If the global that. The Indian Stock Market has also seen its upsides and indices are highly volatile than obviously this is reflected in downturns over a period of time. During HARSHAD MEHTA the domestic indices. For instance BSE Sensex had 42273 SCAM (1992) the benchmark index Sensex plunged 53 percent points on 20th January 2020 and has come down to 29894 in one year. At the same time it recovered 127 percent in 1.5 points on 8th April 2020, has recovered slightly at 34,912 years, this is to the surprise of all Financial Pundits. Again points on 22nd June 2020. Further the Price Earning Ratio (P/ during the “Asian Crisis” in 1996 Sensex fell down by 40 E) of Sensex was less than 18 on 31st March 2020 which is far percent in four years but surprisingly recovered by 115 less than the historical range between 20 and 24. Markets percent in a span of one year. During “Tech Bubble” of (2000) across Large, Mid and Small caps have corrected sharply from Sensex crashed 56 percent in 1.5 years but recovered by 138 their peaks. It has been observed that in the Financial Year percent in 2.5 years. 2020 the mid-cap index has fallen down by 26 percent while the Sensex fell by 22 percent. Sub-Prime Crisis of US Black Swan Event US Real-Estate crisis popularly known as Sub-Prime crisis had an impact on global financial markets during the Any contingent event which creates havoc and disrupts year 2008. The Indian benchmark index Sensex crashed by 61 the human activities across the globe can be referred as Black percent in a year and later recovered by 157 percent in just Swan Events. The history has shown us such kind of 1.5 years. This crisis had affected economic activities across improbable events in all the centuries. Covid-19 is the first of the globe and contributed to the recession 2008. The Sub- its kind which is affecting the global economic activities in the Prime Crisis started in 2008 affecting the mortgage industry of current 21st Century. The origin of the name BLACK SWAN US. The borrowers were approved of loans which they could stems back to 1697, until then the mankind believed that all not afford. As a result, a significant rise in foreclosures led to swans were white. Then Dutch explorers sighted black swans the collapse of many lending institutions and hedge funds. for the first time in Western Australia, which completely The financial crisis in the mortgage industry also affected the nullified the idea of White Swans. There after the term “Black global credit market resulting in higher interest rates and Swan” is used to describe any kind of event that seems to be reduced availability of credit. impossible to happen. Black Swan is the occurrence of highly unexpected event. The happening of such events will have COVID-19 an extreme impact on global markets and the economy at In late December 2019, an outbreak of a mysterious large. The field of finance regularly observes such happenings pneumonia characterized by fever, dry cough, fatigue and across the globe and the finance practioneers attempts to occasional gastrointestinal symptoms happened in a seafood capture the pros and cons of such events and record it for wholesale wet market, the Huanan Seafood wholesale market, future references. The impact of Novel Corona Virus (COVID- in Wuhan, Hubei, China. Furthermore, the disease travelled to 19) is one such event which can be recognized as BLACK other countries, such as, Thailand, Japan, Korean, Germany,

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 61 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

United States, Singapore and India. The disease has de- Negative WTI (West Texas Intermediate) Futures stabilized whole of the economic activities across the globe. in April 2020 Many countries have gone for a total shutdown of economic On 20th April 2020, the futures price of West Texas activities due to the outbreak of the pandemic. Because of the Intermediate crude in May became negative, an unprecedented Covid-19, no one knows when the economy will back on event. This was a result of uninterrupted supply and a much track. Some experts even compare this meltdown of economies reduced demand, as oil storage facilities reaching their maximum th with the “Great Depression” of the 20 Century. The “Great capacity. The finance of many oil producing nations suffered Depression” started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s. severe stress. Iraq, which gets 90% of its budget from oil Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP (Gross Domestic revenue and could profitably extract oil as long as it was Product) fell by an estimated 15 percent. In comparison to this above $60 a barrel, announced that it would have a $4.5 billion the worldwide GDP fell by less than 1 percent from 2008 to monthly shortfall starting in May. Other oil exporters including 2009 during Sub-Prime Crisis Recession. Mexico, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Nigeria are expected to contract economically or struggle to manage the fiscal fallout. Global Stock Market Scenario Economic turmoil associated with Covid-19 pandemic Indian Stock Market Scenario has a wide ranging and severe impact on global financial Indian stock market has been highly volatile since the markets, including stock, bond and commodity. In addition to beginning of COVID 19 pandemic in the country. Major this major event happening between Russia and Saudi Arabia companies in Indian such as Larsen and Toubro, Bharath oil price war also has resulted in collapse of crude oil prices Forge, Ultra Tech Cement, Grasim Industries, Aditya Birla and a stock market crash in March 2020. On Monday, 2nd Group, BHEL and Tata Motors have temporarily suspended or March 2020, the Dow Jones Industrial Average and FTSE 100 significantly reduced operations. Young start-ups have been (Financial Times Stock Exchange) 100 dropped more than 3% impacted as funding has fallen. Fast Moving Consumer Goods as the corona virus outbreak worsened substantially outside (FMCG) in the country have significantly reduced operations china. This follows benchmark indices falling sharply in and are focusing on essentials. Stock markets in India posted continental Europe after steep declines across Asia. The other their worst loses in history on 23 March 2020. However, on th indices such as DAX, CAC 40 and IBEX 35 each fell by 4% 25 March, one day after a complete 21 day lockdown was and FTSE MIB fell over 5%. Overall, stock markets declined announced by the Prime Minister, SENSEX and NIFTY posted by over 30% by March, implied volatilities of equities and oil their biggest gains in 11 years adding a value of 4.7 lakh crore th have spiked to crisis levels and credit spreads on non- for investors. On 8 April following positive indication from investment grade debt have widened sharply as investors the wall street that the pandemic may have reached its peak reduce risks. in the US, the stock markets in India rose steeply once again by 29th April, NIFTY held the 9500 mar. On the morning of 9th March, the Standard and Poor 500 Indian stock market has been volatile since the beginning fell 7% in four minutes after the exchange opened. This has of COVID-19 lockdown in the country. The increasing cases resulted in the execution of circuit breaker for the first time of Corona Virus and brewing tension between US and China since financial crisis of 2007-08 and halting trading for 15 had a profound effect on investors sentiments. These concerns minutes. At the end of trading, stock markets worldwide saw portrayed a weak stock market and thus the Indian financial massive declines with DJIA (Dow Jones Industrial Average) market for straight 3rd week closed in the red. NIFTY 50 closed falling by 7.8%. The yield on 10 year and 30 year US Treasury at 9039.25 after losing high gains due to change in repo rate Securities hit new record low, with the 30 year securities from 4.4% to 4% announced by RBI amid Corona virus falling below 1%%% for the first time in history. outbreak. Later NIFTY recovered around 370 points after On March, Asia Pacific stock markets closed down with touching the low of 8806.75. Bulls were seen prominent on Nikkei 225 of the Tokyo Stock Exchange also falling to more Friday maintaining 9000 marks. This week does not promise than 20% below its 52 week high, European stock markets a strong market performance with high resistance at 9235 and closed down 11%, while the DJIA closed down at an additional expected low at 8800 levels. Market prediction is difficult and 10%. The NASDAQ composite was down by 9.4% and the S a decision can be made only after strong clear signs for either &P 500 was down 9.5%. side.

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SENSEX and NIFTY performance amid Lockdown advantage of other South East Asian countries. Trade The upper resistance of Indian Stock Market remains diversion effects favouring African countries have been capped due to increasing cases of Corona virus cases. minimal. Lockdown restrictions completed two months with gradual Stock Returns by Industry case of operations as the lockdown 4.0 nears an end. Recovering from March lows, NIFTY 50 remained in the range Pharmaceutical Industry gave a positive cumulative return of 8900 to 9500 . BSE SENSEX surged 20% after hitting lowest during April 2020 than any other Industry. The Nifty Pharma in March rallying 15% in the lockdown. All sectoral indices Index had a return of 22.6% in April 2020, while the broader ended in green with high gains, but the bank sector was Nifty 50 is up only by 6%. Due to the sector’s relative severely affected due to risk of Non-Performing Assets. resilience to Covid-19 disruption, a positive stance can be Analysts suggest that announcements and measures taken observed on Indian Pharmaceutical stocks. by Government for reviving the economy are not up to the mark. The relief package failed to cheer up the investors as it mainly focused on liquidity in the market against the need for stimulus for affected sectors. Experts suggest Bears to Grip the Market Despite the Government’s efforts to introduce liquidity in the market investor’s sentiments are not cheered up. In the current scenario bulls lagging with bears gripping the market, pulling it down. The last session ended in red with dragging the market to negative. The brewing tension between US and China would also result in the decline of indices across the globe. US China trade war has resulted in a sharp decline in bilateral trade, higher prices for consumers and trade diversion effects. By releasing recently released trade statistics, the From the above chart it is very clear that only Pharma consumers in the US are bearing the heaviest brunt of the US tariffs on China, as their associated costs have largely been Industry is achieving positive returns and the rest all Industries passed down to them and importing firms in the form of achieved negative returns. It is very evident that Pharma higher prices. US tariffs on China have made other players industry has prospered well during this global pandemic. more competitive in the US market and led to a trade diversion Three Sectors remain unscathed (so far) from effect. Of the $35 billion Chinese export losses in the US Covid-19 hit market, about $21 billion was diverted to other countries, while the remainder of $14 billion was either lost or captured Telecom: by US producers. According to the report, US tariffs on China As the number of Covid-19 cases mount, the nation resulted in Taiwan gaining $4.2 billion in additional exports to urged its citizens to stay at home and practice social the US in the first half of 2019 by selling more office machinery distancing. That’s expected to aid the telecom sector as and communication equipment. Indians consume more data. In January and February, when China, the epic centre of the virus outbreak was under Mexico increased its exports to the US by $ 3.5 billion, mostly in the agri food transport equipment and electrical lockdown, revenue of telecommunications services rose 1.5 machinery sectors. The European Union gained about $2.7 percent compared to last year according to the data released billion due to increased exports, largely in the machineries by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of sectors. Vietnam’s exports to the US swelled by $2.6 billion, the People’s Republic of China. The Growth rate for the first driven by trade in communication equipment and furniture. two months of 2020 was the highest in the last 12 months Trade diversion benefits of Korea, Canada and India were mobile data traffic too, rebounded after declining for 10 smaller but still substantial, ranging from $0.9 billion to $1.5 straight months, the data showed. Subscriber additions, billion. The remainder of the benefits were largely to the however, took a hit, likely exacerbated by the lockdown.

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Healthcare by moving money from investments that take up a India is committed to spend nearly Rs.10,000 crore to greater portion of the portfolio than desired into encourage companies to manufacture Pharmaceutical those sectors that could use a boost. ingredients domestically after the corona virus outbreak b. Build an Emergency Fund: It’s always ideal to disrupted supply chains, raised the spectre of drug shortages. have three to six months of essential living expenses The impact of Covid-19 on Indian Pharma has so far been set aside in a cash reserve or savings account. limited due to existing inventory levels across supply chain This may be especially important when an individual but this can change if supply shortages from China continue cannot rely on regular positive returns from the through the end of April, according to Sameer Baisiwala, markets. analyst at Morgan Stanley, India has a meaningful dependence c. Keeping Credit Card Debt manageable: Managing on China for its raw material supplies, he said in a report. The credit card is a challenging task if an individual has global generic supply chain, however, can remain unaffected a setback such as, job loss or healthcare expenses. if the active Pharmaceutical ingredient/intermediate shipments But keeping an individual’s debt manageable can from China normalize over next two to four weeks. help face the difficult times. Stay abreast of whether interest is being deferred or reduced on any of an Insurance individual’s existing debts from consumer relief The Insurance Regulatory Development Authority of measures, as this may change which an individual India has asked insurers to cover Covid-19 cases in their put a greater emphasis on paying debts. existing policies as well as ensure that they expeditiously d. Stay invested and stick to a plan based on long attend to the corona virus claims. One of the factors that work term goals: Removing an individual investors in its favour is that it’s an under penetrated sector and hence, money from the market puts the investor at risk of the impact will be low compared to other segments. missing out on days of growth, which can hamper the long term returns of the investor. In 1926 Educating Investors downturn there was a shorter time upswing and 1. Checking Diversification: there was a positive momentum. An individual should remember that any financial plan should A well diversified portfolio delivers smooth returns than achieve long term goals by sticking to the financial the pure equity indices, which often drive the news cycle. plan. Diversification should match the risk tolerance of an investor. Investments don’t follow the same path or deliver the same e. Find unique opportunities to turn a negative into results year in and year out. Having a diversified portfolio a positive: Market volatility may provide opportunities to manage one’s investment related with a variety of investment types can improve the likelihood tax bill. Tax loss harvesting is the proactive of achieving the goals of the investors. A well diversified approach of selling securities to potentially reduce portfolio helps the investors to face the downward movement the tax burden of capital gains that may have been of the stock market. The changed conditions will not change realized during the calendar year from other the diversified portfolio. securities. This does not mean that investor should 2. Revisiting Financial Fundamentals: be exiting the market. The investors should consult a. Rebalance: A period of market volatility is an their advisors about tax loss and plan for the same. excellent time to rebalance one’s portfolio. An Recovery in the Current Stock Market investor should make sure that asset allocation It would be foolish to expect a quick economic rebound remains in sync with the goals of the investor. An from the current Covid-19 effect. Though the financial crisis investor should understand the goals of his/her is inevitable, considering all out efforts by central banks and investment, should estimate risk tolerance, time fiscal authorities, to soften the blow, deep economic slump available to achieve the goals set. Market swings might be avoided. The problem in the current scenario is that obviously swing the asset allocation and it would until one know how quickly and thoroughly the public health be out of balance. The investor can rebalance risk challenge will be met, economists cannot predict the end

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 64 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India game of this crisis. Trade in 2020 is expected to fall steeply 7. https://www.outlookindia.com/outlookmoney/equity/ in every region of the world and basically across all sectors. covid-19-impact-on-stock-market-4666 Once this pandemic is over with normalcy returning to business 8. https://www.bloombergquint.com/markets/three-sectors- and economy, the stock market will start moving in a positive remain-unscathed-so-far-from-covid-19-hit direction, and as witnessed in the past, recovery would be 9. https://www.bloombergquint.com/markets/three-sectors- faster than expected. It is true about the market that whether remain-unscathed-so-far-from-covid-19-hit it is the correction or growth, both phases make equity or stock market interesting and worth taking exposures. But it is 10. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/ highly advisable that one should not jump into the market nor coronavirus-impact-on-stock-market do not try to catch the falling knife. 11. https://www.outlookindia.com/outlookmoney/equity/ covid-19-impact-on-stock-market-4666 REFERENCES 12. https://voxeu.org/article/stock-market-and-economy- 1. https://www.outlookindia.com/outlookmoney/equity/ insights-covid-19-crisis covid-19-impact-on-stock-market-4666 13. https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/ 2. https://towardsdatascience.com/the-indian-stock-market- indian-economy-economic-growth-stock-market- reactions-to-covid-19-a-data-based-approach- investors-equities-covid19-pandemic-coronavirus/story/ 843fe105a847 408626.html 3. https://www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/research/articles/ 200204-coronavirus-impact-key-takeaways-from-our- 14. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1105021/coronavirus- articles-11337257 outbreak-stock-market-change/ 4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_ 15. https://www.financialexpress.com/market/cafeinvest/ COVID-19_pandemic_in_India these-covid-19-proof-stocks-may-earn-good-returns-if- second-coronavirus-wave-hits-economy-interview/ 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market_impact_ of_the_COVID-19_pandemic 2007266/ 6. https://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx? 16. http://news.railanalysis.com/impact-of-covid-19-to-global- OriginalVersionID=2226 rolling-stock-market-performance-upto-h1-2020/

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 65 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India EFFECTIVE FISCAL MEASURES IN LOCKING AND KNOCKING CITIZENS WITH CONTAGIOUS TRANSMISSION

Dr. G. Prahlad Chowdri Associate Professor Government Ramnarayan Chellaram College of Commerce & Management, Race Course Road, Bengaluru - 560001 Mob : 9448061225, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract labourers ,group of family numbers all scattered while travelling The chapter emphasizes role of government in emergency to reach different destinations like Mysuru, Bengaluru, situation to safeguard its jurisdiction. Efficacy in its operational Davengere, Tumakuru, Nanjangudu, Bellari, Bidar,Bagalkot decision making as well in execution has been observed Vijapura. through timely measures. Creative in its identification of Precautions taken with immediate effect: Impact became epidemic and precautions taken to safeguard the downtrodden very widespread with Tablighi Jamaat Meet that was held in through fiscal stimuli package. One of its forceful precautions Delhi. Cause of death in Kalaburagi made administrative were series of shutdown, enforcing curfew with time authorities to act immediately issued a circular ordering the specification in spite of incurring loss without productive closure of kindergartens and primary classes in all schools in economic activity, fiscal authorities have been effective in the state. Also, the Government postponed the examinations coordination with the center has been compelled to follow the for class 7 to 9 as a precautionary measure to avoid spread directions to safeguard the citizens and business operations. of the outbreak. Further, in its direction to close all public Further, impact of recurring outbreak has aggravated critical places with high footfall like malls, Universities and colleges, alarm of fear among citizens, there are plenty of negative movie theatres, night clubs, marriages, conferences, gyms and feelings not only, but positive as well with welfare of the sports meet centres. Also, State borders in all border directions citizens. were locked for vehicular movement and causing further panic Keywords: fiscal policy, pandemic, apptechnology in the state. All economic activities were stopped ,non- essential and essential services were suspended in the first To brief the initial spread… Contagious impact were on Nine districts, namely, Bengaluru Rural, Bengaluru Urban, track from February 2020, initial outbreak from mobility outside Chikkaballapura, Dakshina Kannada, Dharwad, kalaburagi, country as well between states. Although passengers were Kodagu and Belagavi. examined with a dozen, some of individual results were delayed. Gap in diagnosis and resulting report of each passengers Initiatives and series of suspension of economic activity: were of insignificant, this is due to scientific diagnosis took First lockdown using mobile technology citizens were asked its own span of time to confirm. Outbreak was pushed forward to use Arogya Sethu application to contact and trace the inside the Bangalore city from software individuals, neighboring infected citizens. Bluetooth and GPS technology were used to states as well from inter district all those flown back from access and inform the clinics for help. Many poor migrant abroad. workers did not have job and no wage, to address their issue decision authorities extended a toll free number 155214 to Remarkable function of the state decision making: One solve the plight of labourers who had lost their job. of the function of administrative government is to protect and safeguard the city as well the 30 districts in the state. Hence Second series, in line with government of India order the leader of the state declared to close all borders inhibiting from the initial lockdown that started from 22nd March was entry from other states inside Karnataka. Much of the extended till May 3rd, based on the centre guidelines state contagious impact were spread from software Tech employee extended the lockdown to 14th April 2020,while evaluating the travelling to reach Bengaluru city under various directions conformity of public panic lockdown further was extended to from US, London, Spain, a senior citizen reached Kalaburagi Minority Welfare, Waqf and Hajj Department under Government from Dubai. Wave of spread from February increased at minor of Karnataka issued an order on 15 April for suspending all rate ranging from 13 number to more than cluster of migrant the congressional prayers (Salat) during the month of Ramadan

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 66 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India in mosques/Dargahs until 3 May 2020, due to outbreak in the of the religious places, hotels, malls, was taken except state. The order also banned all the eateries, selling stalls, education institutions. near religious mosques. From May, 3rdlockdown continued Inclusion Policy of citizens: State decision makers barred social gatherings, social distancing and hygiene ensured every citizen those suspected on contagious cases conditions. In the situation government started to name in the state, under the leadership of chief Minister, launched districts with zoning of colours like red zone, orange zone, a helpline number and mobile app named ‘Apthamitra’,This green zone by conducting risk profiles of various districts. In helpline with a toll-free number 14410 would help the the lockdown 4th series selective economic activity were government to reach out to citizens to help identify those unlocked based on specific time duration. During this phase having influenza-like illness (ILI), Severe Acute Respiratory of the lockdown, most of the activities excluding Shopping Infection (SARI), and other COVID-19-like symptoms. Malls, Cinema halls, Hotels, Restaurants were permitted to Government under the leadership of chief Minister emphasized operate between 7am to 7pm, except on Sundays, as the that these platforms will be used to identify low-risk patients government has decided to enforce a strict lockdown on depicting symptoms similar to COVID-19, apart from providing every Sundays up to 31 May 2020. After a closure of almost telemedicine support, over-the-counter medicinal support and two months, all modes of public transport services, including counselling related to self-quarantine measures. According to buses, cabs, auto-rickshaws, and intra-state train services government officials, the helpline will function from six centres were permitted to operate from 19 May 2020. in the state, four from Bengaluru and one each from Mysuru and Mangaluru, from 8 am to 8 pm daily. At the same time, the Fiscal stimulus package was announced in the month helpline will complement the general health helpline (104) and of May 2020 of Rs.1610crore to benefit farmers, MSMEs, health emergency helpline (108). handloom weavers, auto rickshaw drivers, flower vendors, barbers, washer men, weavers, construction workers and Pioneering 5T Policy of the State Government: Referring drycleaners. A two month electricity bill waive off was as well example of Karnataka, Centre has asked the other states to given to small enterprises. adopt these best practices to their local context and replicate them for better management of the COVID-19 pandemic. With the situation of high outbreak risk of allowing permission to neighbouring states to enter the Bengaluru city was announced. Nevertheless, the moderations would not apply in the labelled containment zones. Most of the manufacturing, construction and food processing units outside municipal limits were exempted. Hotels, home stays, bakery’s, where people were stranded because of lockdown were allowed to open including various services linked with supply chain at railway stations, sea and airports could function. Most of the services provided by self-employed persons like plumbers, technicians and carpenters were also allowed. However, the officials stressed that, various District Administrations shall Tracing: The Contact Tracing mobile app and web clear all the exemptions after examining the compliance by the application are being used to overcome the huge quantum of people of the lockdown guidelines in respective regions and work, genuine forgetfulness of the positive persons and relaxations will be subject to strict adherence of the Social attempts to hide facts due to various reasons To identify, distancing norms and sanitization of the workplaces. protect and treat high-risk population like the elderly, persons A nine week long lockdown after the directions from with co-morbidities, pregnant women and those with Influenza- central government fifth phase was unlocked allowing and like Illness, Severe Acute Respiratory Illness (SARI) on priority, easing many restrictions imposed on intra-state and inter- Karnataka conducted a physical and phone-based household state movement of people and goods. During the first phase survey. The survey was carried out during May 2020. Polling of unlocking, which came into effect from 8 June2020, more Booth Level Officers (BLO) were engaged to collect necessary relaxations were provided and a decision towards the opening information by using a Health Survey App as well as a Web

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 67 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

Application An outreach campaign through Apthamitra Technology: Karnataka being the IT hub and startup teleconsultation helpline (Call No. 14410) set up by the state technologist could develop technology programming through government, with support from NASSCOM, is being used to a team of in-house programmers, the state rolled out a series reach out to the households at risk through Interactive Voice of mobile applications in first three months on the pandemic Response System (IVRS) and outbound calls. in the country including a contact tracing application. Apart from the application for contact tracing, the state also Tracking: Citizens returning or travelling to Karnataka introduced the ‘Quarantine Watch’, to keep a watch over and are required to register on the “Seva Sindhu” portal, which enforce quarantine of travellers who returned to Karnataka, enables the state to follow them for the next few days when they are at home or in institutional quarantine. The ‘Quarantine ‘Yatri Web App’ to track international arrivals and the ‘Critical Watch App’ is used to assist the field workers in enforcing Patient Tracking System’ to track all critical patients in the the quarantine. The state government has also formed Mobile state. Squads for the enforcement of home quarantine through Best practices and awareness campaign on SMSD-”Do community participation. In case information about violation Gaz Doori”: Mandatory compliance of each and every citizen of quarantine is received from a neighbour or some member was made to ensure outbreak is reduced and to reach at flat of the public, that violator is moved to institutional quarantine level. While addressing the public it, was enforced that those Testing: By June 2020, the state was conducting an who fail to comply would have to pay penalty of Rs.200/- average of 10,000 tests per day. The state contains 74 along with rest of identity acronyms. This best practice would laboratories for testing, due to the rising COVID cases, the safeguard infected individuals as well to protect oneself from Karnataka government said that it was planning to initially not being infected while interacting in the community. increase testing capacity to 15,000 and then to 25,000 samples Sanitizing is essential to keep away the contagious covid19. a day. The Karnataka Government directed the conduction of Social distancing as a compulsory maintenance, so that one random testing using RT-PCR pooled sample technique, for could not get effected with cough, sneeze and cold. In this slum dwellers, vendors/bill collectors, delivery boys of food situation many firms started to manufacture the required chains and couriers, to ensure effective surveillance in view products as joint product with Ayurveda composition mix of recent increase in COVID-19 cases in the state. The sold in the market. Many spiritual undertakings and small estimated cost of the paper-strip test is around 500 (US$7.00). traders were encouraged to trade these products at nominal pricing and was made as essential requirement in day to day Treatment: State government out of available health usage in almost pharma and retail stores. As a mandate care centres managed outbreak war rooms with 84,776 beds in its districts, of which 21,728 have been reserved for COVID- practice while staying inside home as well moving out all 19. A total of 19,639 beds were available in Bengaluru Urban members in society, trade centres, households were insisted and Rural districts. And of these, 3,470 were reserved for to follow. COVID-19 in the two districts. More than 86% of the 21,728 Impact of outbreak with series of shut down: Although beds were isolation beds, while, 6,695 with oxygen facilities, state government does justice through effective fiscal 2,105 ICU beds, and 1,000 with ventilators. With the number measures, there are various three’s that has impacted both of COVID-19 cases in Karnataka going up, the hospital bed positively as well negatively. Taking into account States occupancy in Karnataka which was at less than 2% till May earning of income has been seriously impacted. In terms of 8, had shot up to 13.1% by June 9. The Karnataka Government deferred payments, tax filing, excise duty earnings, etc. issued an order to fix the rates for COVID-19 treatment in Following were some of the observations and shortcomings private hospitals. The rates range from 5,200 to 25,000 depending on the category and severity of infection and can in the day today productive non -economic activity. 3EsState be availed by both Ayushman Bharat-Arogya Karnataka (AB- Economy, Education, Entertainment, 3Ms Manufacturing, ArK) patients and other insurance/cash paying patients. The Malls, Merchants,3Ts Traders, Transport, Tenders,3Rs Retail, State Government also directed 50% of beds in private hospitals Real estate, Road,3Gs Good Rain, Green Environment, Good having facilities to treat COVID-19 patients should be reserved family wellbeing.5Fighters forefront medical care takers, for patients referred from public health authorities. As of Government fight against pandemic, Doctors and Nurses in July2020 re-fixation of testing were changed due increae in fighting to recoup infected patients, Security guards in spike to Rs.2000-Rs.3000. safeguarding to fight and make the citizens to follow rules and

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 68 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India regulations.3S scarcity of space to bury the decease soul, Scarcity of revenue with no tax, scarcity of medical equipment’s and space to treat the infected. Few of them are discussed in the following illustration with spike in pandemic.

Outbreak has impacted much with private transports as well public transport system, confidence to travel and to rely Conclusion on public mobility had a major impact on mass transportation. Discussion on involvement of the state government has Revenue loss incurred to Karnataka State Road Transport been a continuous effort to curtail as well straighten the flat Corporation was Rs.816.23 crore. curve of the pandemic. Inspite of its non-compromise effort with welfare of the citizens, to protect legal framework and rights of every individual within the city has been well appreciated. This pandemic as it is still an on-going situation, effort in speeding up vaccination would be the urgent need of the city. Learning experience need to make adequate measures from portfolio leaders in making protective measures. References

O https://www.ibef.org/download/Karnataka-December- 2019.pdf

O https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/448- bangalore.html

O https://borgenproject.org/tag/slums-in-bangalore/

O https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/covid-19- karnataka-conduct-random-tests-slum-dwellers-vendors- delivery-boys-126784

O https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/ karnataka-bangalore-coronavirus-covid-19-lockdown-5-0- news-live-updates-live-yediyurappa-modi-6462717/

O https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/ karnataka-bengaluru-covid-19-testing-6531278/

O https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/pandemic- explained-who-novel-coronavirus-covid19-what-is-a- pandemic-6309727/

O https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained- what-is-the-epidemic-act-of-1897-govt-has-invoked-to- fight-coronavirus-6309925/

O https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/slum- population-more-than-doubled-in-karnataka-in-a-decade/ article5483828.ece#!

O https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/bengaluru-covid- government-private-hospital-beds-data-shortage- treatment-47488

O https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/bengaluru-slums-low- income-neighbourhoods-covid-community-quarantine- facility-reserv-48098

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 69 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India A STUDY ON IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON DIGITAL PAYMENTS IN INDIA

Dr. Prakash M. Assistant Professor of Commerce, Government Ramnarayan Chellaram College of Commerce and Management, Racecourse Road, Bengaluru - 560 001.

Abstract discretionary spends by consumers (on dining out, movies Life during a pandemic is not something we anticipated. and entertainment and so on) are further negatively impacting With social distancing, these trying times have affected the digital payments. way we go about our daily lives. While we are still confined Digital payment volume declines are seen in airlines, to our homes, trying to keep safe from COVID-19, the distress tourism, hospitality, hotels, entertainment, e-commerce (non- still persists. The pandemic has also devastated businesses essentials) and restaurants, among other sectors. across industries, including digital payments. Further, cross-border payments, be they B2B or C2B, Keywords: Covid-19, digital payment, impact, B2B, C2B, BBPS, have significantly declined owing to the temporary shutting UPI,PoS down of borders further, resulting in restricted movement of Introduction goods. International remittances too have been affected and have reduced. The ongoing spread of COVID-19 has become one of the biggest threats to the global economy and financial However, there are also a few areas that are seeing an markets. To contain the impact of the coronavirus outbreak, uptick in digital payments by way of increased adoption India, like many countries across the globe, is taking several during the lockdown. These include online grocery stores, measures, including a nationwide lockdown; limiting movement online pharmacies, OTT players (telecom and media), EdTechs, of the entire population; shutting down public places and online gaming, recharges and utility/bill payments.Digital transport; and urging the public to stay indoors, maintain payment volumes are also receiving a boost through the social distance, and work from home. The resulting economic Government, which has pledged monetary assistance to the disruption is huge and the short-term decline in activity for poor via direct transfers to bank accounts. businesses, both large and small, considerable. The finance minister and the CEO of the National With economic growth expected to be severely hit, the Payments Corporation of India have also urged people to financial outlook of the digital payments sector is no different increase the use of digital payments in order to make payments and will follow a similar trajectory, at least in the short term. contactless.Digital payments, once a convenience, have But the industry’s stability and potential for innovation will become a necessity in these times. With a majority of the play an invaluable role in rebooting the economy in the new sectors that contribute to digital payments still in a state of normal. flux, it is still too early to ascertain the long-term impact of Business Impact COVID-19 on digital payments. The adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are Sectoral impact trickling down to major sectors of the Indian economy, with Payment players will be impacted differently, depending manufacturing, auto, retail, aviation and hospitality bearing upon their exposure to various sectors. This view has been the brunt of the lockdown. This in turn has affected fast- taken keeping in mind a timeframe of at least six months for growing digital payments which are closely linked to the these sectors, depending on how/when the pandemic is aforementioned sectors. Shut shops, travel bans and reduced curtailed:

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Impact on payment categories Payment systems have demonstrated that they are dependable and durable, and continue to command a high level of confidence from the general population. However, closure of businesses and the lockdown have resulted in lower transaction volumes overall. In this section, we look at the relative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on various payment categories.

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Way forward banks have temporarily waived fund transfer charges on As the COVID scenario continues to unfold, its impact their digital platforms such as NEFT, RTGS and IMPS. on the behaviour and expectations of customers, as well as O Further, some banks have also waived charges on cash those of businesses, will become more apparent. However, withdrawals from third-party ATMs via debit cards to what is clear now is that we will settle into a new normal once ensure convenient access to funds. the pandemic dies down. To aid the recovery and lead the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) emergence into this new normal, it is imperative for the digital payments ecosystem to evolve rapidly and help shape the O The RBI has provided a three-month moratorium on post-COVID era. payment of loans and credit card dues.

We look at a few fundamentals that will drive the way National Payments Corporation of India (NCPI) forward: O NPCI has fast-tracked the onboarding system on UPI or UPI-QR to make it totally contactless and fully online. This is expected to support small business (for essential services) to build an online presence in a short time span. Government

O The Government has leveraged the digital pipeline of Jan Dhan–Aadhaar–Mobile (JAM) to transfer financial assistance funds directly to bank accounts. Long- Term:

O Continued digital payments push: There will be a continued push to adopt digital payments from governments, regulators and banks alike. There will be a marked shift away from cash as digital means gain popularity and acceptance and transform from a convenience to a necessity.

O Consumer behaviour: People’s anxiety of immediate survival, be it food and/or medicines, is counteracting long-standing apprehensions of digital transactions that may have inhibited greater adoption until now. There will be a marked shift in consumer behavior, with a significant population of first-time adopters continuing with digital payments even after the current crisis ends.

O Real-time contactless payments: Real-time contactless payments will gain traction. They will assist in moving the needle on digital payments toward high-volume but Short- term: low-value transactions from the current low volume, high-value tilt and eventually lead to a decline in cash Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, several usage. Wearables will also gain traction as people look measures have been taken from the payments perspective: to adopt contactless payment modes. Banks l QR/link-based payments: QR code payments will see an

O There have been concerns over the transmission of the uptick – as they are cost-effective and contactless. virus through the exchange of physical currency. To Offerings such as offline to online payments will also an discourage cash exchange and promote digital payments, increase. These will gain traction as they will assist a lot

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 72 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

of small and individual business owners (like milk and card in the POS machine themselves as opposed to vegetable vendors) to collect payments when people are handing over the card to the salesperson, or using the hesitant to use cash, and eventually lead to a decline in contactless feature on cards for payments below INR cash usage. 2,000.

O DBTs: Higher utilisation of DBT rails will be seen as O Catalyst for innovation: The current crisis will act as a India recovers, thereby enabling instant infusion of catalyst for innovation with FinTechs being at the fore. money to the bottom of the pyramid. This in turn will There will be greater e-commerce based offers as against drive rural spending, which will help in kick-starting the PoS. The rapid buildout of omnichannel capabilities— economy. which will link payments in any environment, physical or digital—will become a baseline requirement for all O EMI transactions: We may also see a slightly larger payment players. proportion of transactions being converted to EMIs owing to the slowdown that may result from the COVID- O Driving productivity: Incumbents would have to focus 19 pandemic. on a productivity agenda by leveraging technology for their sales force (e.g. feet on street selling cards or O Increased online presence: Companies with a large relationship managers of transaction banking teams) online presence will likely suffer to a smaller extent and on streamlining operations in work from home owing to the expected slowdown. Players with zero or scenarios. Installing collaboration tools is only the first limited online presence as well as small businesses may step. Further, companies that had created lending need to contemplate tie-ups with payments specialists. adjacencies would probably need to reskill people as Banks and other payment service providers may offer collections are not happening due to moratoriums and subsidised prices to such businesses to start operating new business is slow. online. O Combat fraud: With rising digital transactions, fraud will O Process overhaul: The disruption caused by the see an increase, with fraudsters using the surge in pandemic will compel financial players to prioritise a online activity to target unsuspecting consumers and process overhaul. Touchpoint experience will change merchants. All ecosystem players will have to increase overall with all channels moving to social distancing risk monitoring, make use of business intelligence tools norms along with associated regulatory hurdles. Banks and ramp up real-time monitoring systems while also and NBFCs will offer unsecured and consumer durable ensuring customer education initiatives are in place. loans as well as credit cards with zero paperwork and no Tokenised payments will also see a spike. in-person contact. Adoption of video KYC is expected O Payments industry consolidation: The trend of to gain momentum. Further, increase in virtual card consolidation among payment processors and acquirers issuance and usage will also be seen. will continue as companies look at survival. Digital O Payment processors: They will be encouraged to invest payments companies are essentially cash businesses in service quality and to increase infrastructure and and depend on the risk capital they carry. As transactions capacity owing to the expected increase in digital dip, there could be more deals action in this space. transactions going forward. New growth for both retail and corporate payments will come from industries which Post the crisis, any payment player with an omnichannel, are transitioning to increased digital adoption: EdTech, integrated solution and with exposure to cross-border entertainment, telemedicine, pharma, etc. The focus will payments is likely to come out stronger. shift to omnichannel payment services. And with more Reference players providing digital payment platforms, the resulting competition should also help to enhance the overall O Aarushi Jain and Siddartha Gupta , Impact of Covid 19 service experience for end users. on Digital payments, Pwc.in, 2020

O O Customer education: There will be an increased focus MadhumithaJaganmohan,Covid 19 Impact of on use of on customer education to reduce contact during digital payments in India, statista.com/ 2020 payments – for instance, asking customers to insert the O Impact of Lockdown on digital payments/razorpay.com

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 73 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON INDIAN AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES WITH SOLUTION

Bhagya H. R. Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce Government First Grade College, Peenya, Bangalore - 560 058

Abstract more damaging if there is any shutdown in India. The objective The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic is an of the Survey is to understand the opinion from the unprecedented shock to the Indian economy. The business fraternity regarding the downside risks to the Indian Government of India has announced a variety of measures economy on the backdrop of outbreak and spreading of this to tackle the situation, from food security and extra funds virus. for healthcare, to sector related incentives and tax deadline LITERATURE REVIEW extensions. With the prolonged country-wide lockdown, global economic downturn and associated disruption of demand and The answer would depend largely on the extent of supply chains, the economy is likely to face a protracted spread within India. So far, India is among the Asian economies period of slowdown. This study revealed the potential that are not deeply impacted. With the number of Covid-19 impact of the shock on various sectors like manufacturing, cases nearing 2 lakh and the death toll topping 7,800, the financial services, banking, infrastructure, real estate, and impact of the virus on global sentiment, economic and services and put forward a set of policy recommendations otherwise, has been immense. While new afflictions have for specific sectors. been declining in China – the epicenter of the outbreak – since the end of February, it is spreading fast outside. New Keywords: Indian Economy, Economic Downturn, Corona cases outside China now surpass those in China, with Italy, Pandemic, Supply Chain, Iran and South Korea being the worst affected. With more INTRODUCTION: than 160 countries reporting confirmed cases of Covid-19, its implications on the global economy is more threatening The Indian economy has been experiencing significant than envisaged a month ago. slowdown over the past few quarters. In the third quarter of the current fiscal, the economy grew at a six-year low rate of Objectives: 4.7%. There was a strong hope of recovery in the last quarter The major objectives of this study are: of the current fiscal. However, the new corona virus epidemic 1. To understand impact of Covid-19 on overall Indian has made the recovery extremely difficult in the near to Economy medium term. The outbreak has presented fresh challenges for the Indian economy now, causing severedisruptive impact on 2. To understand impact of Covid-19 on different sectors both demand and supply side elements which has the 3. To find out the challenges for different sectors in Indian potential to derail India’s growth story. India reported its first economy confirmed case on January 30. However, there are only some signs of community transmission – the percentage of affected RESEARCH METHODOLOGY people is still low, with most cases related to travel. That said, In this study I have taken survey reports & study the domestic situation remains fluid and warrants constant reports by various agencies like CRISIL, FICCI, PwC, monitoring. The impacton the Indianeconomy couldbe ASSOCHAM, CII, McKinsey & Company and CARE Ratings significant if the virus continues to penetrate the country for detail study. I have chosen the reports mostly published which will have a longer lasting effect. While the impact on in March and April months to understand the impact of economic prospects due to activity being affecting in COVID-19 on Indian economy and various sectors. Also, I countries like China, S Korea, Japan, Italy, etc. would be have studied few research papers and News articles which through trade, investment and services routes, it could be publish in these two months.

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 74 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

INDIA’S GROWTH PROJECTIONS REVISED 4. Relaxation / dispensation of labour law compliances DOWN 5. Contribution to PF & ESI funds

Most multilateral agencies and credit rating agencies 6. Facilitate ease of doing business for MSMEs have therefore revised their 2020 and 2021 growth projections 7. Facilitate trading across borders for India keeping in view the negative impact of corona 8. Ease licensing requirement for production of virus-induced travel restrictions, supply chain disruptions, Sanitizer subdued consumption and investment levels on the growth of both global and the Indian economy. Fitch Ratings - Fitch (CARE ratings, 2020) The objective of the Survey is to has also cut its forecast for India’s economic growth to 4.9% understand the opinion from the business fraternity regarding for 2019-20 from 5.1% projected earlier. the downside risks to the Indian economy on the backdrop of outbreak and spreading of this virus. Pick up in retail Moody’s - Moody’s Investors Service has revised down inflation by June 2020. (Dev and Sengupta, 2020) We are in its growth forecast for India to 5.3% for 2020 from its earlier the middle of a global pandemic, which is indicting two kinds estimate of 5.4% made in February. of shocks on countries: a health shock and an economic shock. Right now, most of the policy focus is on the health S&P Global Ratings – S&P has lowered India’s economic shock, but soon it will become clear that the economy is also growth forecast to 5.2% for 2020 as against 5.7% projected facing a serious problem. In this, India is not unique. All earlier. countries in the world will have to deal with the economic Barclays – Barclays has lowered India’s economic growth mess that the health shock will leave behind. But the mess forecast to 5.6% for 2020 as against 6.5% projected earlier. may be particularly bad in India because the economy was in (Sunil et al., 2020) The trade impact of the corona virus a weakened state when the shock hit us. And while the health epidemic for India is estimated to be about 348 million dollars shock will be temporary, the economic crisis it is triggering and the country figures among the top 15 economies will affect us for a much longer period. most affected as slowdown of manufacturing in China disrupts world trade, according to a UN report. Whereas RESULTS AND FINDINGS according to Asian Development Bank (ADB) the Covid-19 It is revealed that when the global economy is on a outbreak could cost the Indian economy between $387 million slowdown mode no emerging economy can grow at its normal and $29.9 billion in personal consumption losses (https:// pace. The Indian economy was grappling with its own issues www.livemint.com/). A survey by FICCI (2020) found thatmost and COVID-19 made the matters worse. India’s GDP has been industry respondents did not foresee positive demand account on a consistent decline after peaking out at 7.9 in Q4 of FY during the entire fiscal year. Demand side impact on tourism, 2018 to 4.5 in Q2 of FY 2020. The industry was facing demand hospitality and aviation is among the worst affected sectors problems, due to which business houses were reluctant to that are facing the maximum burnt of the present crisis. undertake capex plans, unemployment was at its peak and Consumption is also getting impacted due to job losses and exports which were consistently down for several months. decline in income levels of people particularly the daily wage India has the problem could be more acute and longer lasting; earners due to slowing activity in several sectors including the economy was in parlous state due to Covid-19 struck. retail, construction, entertainment, etc. Some sectors like automobiles, pharmaceuticals, electronics, chemicals products Due to the measures adopted to prevent the spread of etc. are facing an imminent raw material and component the Corona virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19), especially social shortage. CII identifies some policy / regulatory measures, distancing and lockdown, non-essential expenditures are being which would help ease doing business in the wake of the postponed. This is causing aggregate demand to collapse outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and minimise the adverse across the India. In addition to the demand reduction, there effects on the health of the industry and economy. will also be widespread supply chain disruptions, as some people stay home, others go back to their villages, imports are 1. Enhance Validity of licenses / approvals / NoCs disrupted, and foreign travel is stopped. This will negatively 2. Easy & quick disbursal of pending dues affect production in almost all industries. Gradually the shock 3. Provide speedy clearances will spread to manufacturing, mining, agriculture, public

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 75 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India administration, and construction – all sectors of the economy. CONCLUSION This will adversely affect investment, employment, income, In India, this has not yet started in a systematic manner and consumption, pulling down the aggregate growth rate of and needs to be prioritised alongside steps to deal with the the economy. health crisis. By rationalizing tax rates or providing tax relief Like India, several international economies are becoming curb the impact of COVID-19 on the Indian economy might cognizant of the risk they face by being overly dependent on know after implementation of measures. About necessary one market. Making the current situation a learning opportunity, measures to combat the economic impact from the rapidly this is the time India can work on capturing potentially 40% spreading corona virus, the Government policymakers would of their competitor’s market share by looking at indigenous need to implement a substantial targeted fiscal, broader production of goods, furthering the country’s Make in India monetary stimulus, and policy rate cuts to help normalize campaign. the economic situation. As the COVID-19 crisis continues to expand, manufacturers will likely face challenges on numerous RECOMMENDATIONS fronts. Manufacturers will also need to look beyond their Here are a few suggestions that the policymakers can own economic viability. They will need to coordinate closely consider as they gear up to deal with the economic crisis. with the public sector to forge plans that are essential to both public safety and the solvency of their workforce, while 1. The first measure must be to protect the workers in the keeping the lights on in their operations. challenging informal sector, who will be badly affected, and yet have climate. Some will be austere, but austerity measures should little savings to tide them over the shock. This will not be tempered to preserve long-term objectives. be easy to do, but there are two mechanisms that could be utilized: MNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National REFERENCES Rural Employment Guarantee Act) and Jan Dhan 1. ASSOCHAM-Primus Partners Survey, (2020). accounts. Recommendations for a National Response to the 2. For organized sector as discussed above, the objective Economic Impact of Covid-19. https:// should be to make the banks somewhat less risk averse www.assocham.org/upload/Recommendations-for-a- in their overall lending, while preserving their authority National-Response-to-the-Economic-Impact-of-Covid- to distinguish between viable and non-viable firms. 19_Final.pdf 3. To increase liquidity and increase consumer confidence, 2. CARE ratings (2020). Survey on ‘Impact of the Corona the Government of India should provide a pay roll tax virus on the Indian Economy. 16th March 2020. holiday for a quarter to help support demand in these 3. Carlsson-Szlezak, Martin Reeves and Paul Swartz stressful times. “What Corona virus means for the Global Economy”, BCG Henderson Institute, https://hbr.org/2020/03/ 4. MSMEs should be provided concessional working capital what-coronavirus-could-mean-for-the-global-economy loan, equivalent to one to three month’s (based upon the extent of disruption) average turnover of last year. 4. Chaddha, N, A Das, S Gangopadhyay and N Mehta To support them, when the supply chains have been (2017), ‘Reassessing the Impact of Demonetisation on impacted globally, MSMEs should also be provided Agriculture and Informal Sector’, India Development concessional finance at a rate of 5% for three months Foundation (IDF), New Delhi, January. through SIDBI. The interest payment for such financing 5. CII (2020). COVID-19 Impact on Industry and can be adjusted over the next three years as part of Economy, 24th March 2020. https://www.mycii.in/ GST. 5. CSR spending by corporate organizations should KmResourceApplication/65567.COVID19PMOnote 20Mar be directed towards a response fund dedicated for the 2020002.pdf management of the pandemic. 6. CRISIL (2020). The COVID-19 fall out quantifying first- 6. A disaster management framework focused on managing cut impact of the pandemic. 19th March 2020. https:/ disease outbreak will become essential in the large and /www.crisil.com/en/home/our-analysis/views-and- densely populated country. ommentaries/2020/03/the-covid-19-fallout.html

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7. Dev, S, Mahendra (2020), “Addressing COVID-19 11. IMF (2020), “Policy responses to Covid-19”, International impacts on agriculture, food security, and livelihoods Monetary Fund, Washington DC. https://www.imf.org/ in India”, IFPRI Blog, April 8. https://www.ifpri.org/blog/ en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID- addressing-covid-19-impacts-agriculture-food-security- 19#I and-livelihoods-india 12. Kapur, Dev and Subramanian, Arvind (2020), “How 8. Dev and Sengupta (2020). Covid-19: Impact on the coronavirus crisis can be converted to opportunity Indian Economy, Indira Gandhi Institute of to fundamentally strengthen Indian economy”, Indian Development Research, Mumbai. 1-42 Express, April 3, 2020. 9. FICCI (2020). COVID-19, Impact on Indian Industry 13. https://www.brinknews.com/will-covid-19-devastate-the- issues and suggestions., 23rd March 2020. http:// indian-economy-recession-modi-coronavirus/(04/05/2020) www.ficci.in/publication.asp?spid=23196 (Venkatachalam Anbumozhi, Senior Economist at 10. Himanshu (2019), “India’s farm crisis: decades old and Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East with deep roots”, The India Forum, https:// Asia) www.theindiaforum.in/article/farm-crisis-runs-deep- 14. https://bfsi.eletsonline.com/covid-19-and-its-impact-on- higher-msps-and-cash-handouts-are-not-enough indian-economy/(04/05/2020)

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 77 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India TRADE AND INDUSTRY DEPRESSION IN INDIA DURING THE COVID-19 – AN EVALUATION

Suma S Assistant Professor, Department of Economics Smt. VHD Central Institute of Home Science (Autonomous), Sheshadri Road, Bengaluru - 560 001

ABSTRACT exports and imports of the countries are not dealt with their The present article is presenting the present scenario of regular balances of demand and supply. The transports of business and economic recessions in India during the COVID- goods and the consumption of edible goods are also irrational. 19. Few aspects related to business and economic recession The result is, the prices of the goods are increased. The stock of the world economy and the Indian economy of before, markets’ indexes are not inconsistent levels. Its volatility is in during and after COVID-19. Such as, an economic recession different ends of negative and positive. The loss of derivatives can be rebuilt during 2021-22; the impact of COVID-19 on of the corporate in India has increased day-by-day. The international trade; the inconsistency of gold market during investors are met huge losses due to the COVID-19 conditions. COVID-19; stock market during COVID-19; industrial progress The economy still is in its persisting conditions through only during COVID-19; the service sector of the economy and its the service sector. The people are expecting the service sector impact on business recession during the COVID-19; and operations to be continued as now provided except for public agricultural produces and the role of social quarantine. The transport. The telecommunication, banking, electricity, public social distancing and quarantine of people and the efforts of distribution system, and petroleum products are essentials to the departments like police, health, telecom, and other service- living under lockdown situations. The local vendors are oriented departments are helping to succeed the stringent highly affected due to the lockdown. The total economy of situations. The above suggestions are very useful to revamp the country (India) is affected. The economic and business the entire national cultural and economic changes. The present recessions have existed during the COVID-19 is an unhide article will give a scope to further research on the business truth and environment. and economic recession in India. The present article will give BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RECESSION OF an idea to the policymaker to improve the economy of India. THE WORLD ECONOMY AND INDIA The authors have requested the government to improve the national income kindly review the present article suggestions. A global recession is likely if COVID-19 becomes a pandemic, and the odds of that are uncomfortably high and Keywords: International Trade; Gold Market; Stock Market; rising with infections surging in Italy and Korea. The corona Industrial Sector; Service Sector; and Agricultural Sector virus has been a body blow to the Chinese economy, which now threatens to take out the entire global economy. The US INTRODUCTION economy is more insulated from the impact of the virus, but The whole world has been locked down on an effaceable it is not immune, and it too would likely suffer a downturn in virus named as COVID-19. The politicians, saints, businessmen, this scenario. The outbreak remains contained to China and and philanthropists are unable to do their day-to-day progress largely plays out by the spring. The assumption that the virus on their regular activities. The household economy is lockdown will be contained to China appears increasingly tenuous, and under the conditions of COIVD-19 as well as countries and the odds of a pandemic are rising. The article mentioned that the global economies have also been locked down. The the US agencies replicated that they previously put the odds pharmaceutical business and the medication business are of a pandemic at 20 per cent but now put them at 40 per cent. alone in progress for the need of the public. The agricultural A pandemic will result in global and US recessions during the activates are done to activate the people into agriculture. The first half of this year. The note has painted a dire scenario if vegetables and grocery prices are rapidly increased which the coronavirus becomes a pandemic. COVID-19 is battering means that the demand and supply elasticity has differed the global economy in numerous ways. Chinese business irrational conditions during the COVID-19 environment. The travel and tourism has all but stopped, global airlines are not

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 78 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India going to China and cruise lines are canceling most Asia- growth - from 8.1% in Q4 of FY18 to 4.5% for Q2 FY20 - as Pacific itineraries. This is a huge problem for major travel shown in the graph below. world measures of recession is in destinations, including in the US, where some 3 million Chinese India does not have its own norms or standards for identifying tourists visit each year. Chinese tourists to the US are among and declaring recession was said by Pronab Sen, economist the biggest spenders of any foreign tourists. Travel in Europe and statistician who supervised the finalization of the 2011- is also sure to be severely impacted as Milan, Italy, the center 12 GDP series as chairman of the National Statistical of the new infections in that country, is a major travel hub for Commission (NSC). The globally accepted definition of the Continent. Shuttered Chinese factories are also a problem recession comes from the US’ National Bureau of Economic for countries and companies fastened into China’s Research (NBER) which expresses that “A recession is a manufacturing supply chain. Apple, Nike and General Motors significant decline in economic activity spread across the are some prominent American examples. Under Moody’s economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in baseline scenario, which assumes the outbreak remains real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and contained to China and largely plays out by the spring, the wholesale-retail sales.” Now, the UK and the European Union agency has forecast that China’s economy will contract in the accept the following definition: The commonly accepted first quarter of this year, and growth for the year will be cut definition of a recession in the UK is two or more consecutive by a full percentage point to 5.4 per cent. The global economy quarters (a period of three months) of contraction in national 2 will suffer a hit to GDP of almost a percentage point (annualized) GDP. in the first quarter, and slow by 0.4 percentage point to 2.4 per DURING COVID-19 cent in 2020. The global potential growth is an estimated 2.8 India’s financial markets as well as the rupee, which hit per cent. The US economy will experience growth of only 1.3 a new low vis-à-vis the US dollar in March due to global risk- per cent in the first quarter (annualized), down by 0.6 off sentiment. It can be understood from the following figure. percentage point because of the virus. Growth in 2020 is now expected to be 1.7 per cent, down 0.2 percentage point. The US economy’s potential growth is an estimated near 2 per cent. “A pandemic will result in global and US recessions during the first half of this year. The economy was already fragile before the outbreak and vulnerable to anything that did not stick to script. COVID-19 is way off script”, the agency said. “COVID-19 came out of nowhere. It may be what economists call a black swan - a rare and inherently unforeseeable event with severe consequences. We all hope the global effort to contain the virus will ensure this black swan will not fly. But it is prudent to be prepared if it does”, Source: Pacific Exchange Rate Database and Bombay Stock 1 Moody’s Analytics added. Exchange BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RECESSION OF Keeping in mind that the continuous down trends on THE INDIAN ECONOMY BEFORE COVID-19 USD/INR bilateral exchange rates from the beginning of 2018 All the key economic indicators have been on a to 2019. From the beginning of 2019 it has improved and downward swing for quite some time during end of the year fluctuated, during the end of 2019 and the beginning of 2020, 2019. If this slide is not checked India may slip into recession due to COVID-19 these fluctuations are unable to get up from sooner than later. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman made a sudden fall. a dramatic statement at the Rajya Sabha on November 27: If For firms laden with dollar-denominated debts, a you are looking at the economy with a discerning view, you continuous weakening of the rupee is likely to intensify their see that growth may have come down but it is not a recession struggles to repay their obligations. Beyond the financial yet, it will not be a recession ever. Two days later, the National shocks, India has to urgently find a way to cushion the Statistical Office (NSO) released the GDP estimates for the Q2 demand-side shocks induced by potential lockdowns and of FY20 showing a sixth straight fall in the quarterly GDP other ongoing containment measures.3

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 79 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

AFTER COVID-19 situation and increasing gravity of the crisis, economists are The central government is begging with the general revising their forecasts almost daily. Director-General Roberto public to collect the fund for COVID-19 rehabilitations. Hence, Azevêdo recently noted that the COVID-19 crisis had caused the BJP government will take the steps to collect the due on dramatic supply and demand shocks in the world economy, recovery from the businessmen who were got financial and that these shocks are inevitably causing major disruptions assistance from the Indian Commercial banks (1.7 lakhs of to trade. These disruptions will be apparent in the WTO’s Crores). The government will increase the tax revenue from annual trade forecast which is expected to be released in a few the GST and Government Stamp duty. The central government weeks. In the meantime, the WTO’s Goods and Services will increase the railway fare and petroleum excise duty to Trade Barometers issued on 17 February and 11 March bear the losses during the COVID-19. The Government of respectively pointed to continued weakening of world trade India will approach the World Bank to get financial assistance in both sectors and the likelihood of further declines in the for their deficient budgets of 2020-21 and 2021-22 financial coming months as the full economic impact of the COVID-19 years. The RBI will give the accumulated rests full funds of virus becomes more apparent. The second question is: “There profit to the central government. are lots of stories about countries imposing trade restrictions and export bans on medical products in reaction to the ECONOMIC RECESSION CAN BE REBUILT COVID-19 virus outbreak – are WTO members allowed to do DURING 2021-22 that?” The answer is “it is important to note that trade plays The authors have identified certain fields of services an important role in ensuring the availability and affordability rendering by the state and central government to the general of vital medicines, medical products and health care services, public with a simple modification of getting service benefits. particularly among its most vulnerable members. International First, the motorcycle stands are everywhere all over the trade is crucial to ensuring access to medicines and other country, it is under the maintenance of the local body that has medical products - no country is entirely self-reliant for the been given under the politically influenced auctions. The products and equipment it needs for its public health systems. government can run the Motor Cycle Stands under its That said, each WTO member is free to determine what is administrative purview; it is stable and steady of continuous necessary to protect its citizens and take the measures it income generation source with government employees. It will deems appropriate. In general, WTO rules provide broad create employment opportunities. Second, all temples entry space for members to adopt trade measures deemed necessary fees (including Church, Mosque, Hindu and the like) and to protect public health and public welfare (including import income (34:33: 33 percentages of sharing to the temple, central and export bans, quantitative restrictions on imports and and state government respectively) to be collected by the exports, and non-automatic import licensing). These measures government. Devotees should not give any amount to the should be applied in a manner that does not discriminate temple persons. All are to be done through a digital mode of between WTO members and should not constitute a disguised payment and receipts. Third, 50 percent of toll road collections restriction on international trade. The general exceptions are are should be accounted for into the state and central set out under two of the WTO’s cornerstone agreements – government income. The RBI should notice this identified the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994 and suggestion to enhance the revenue of the government. the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). The Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON INTERNATIONAL Rights (TRIPS) also provides members with flexibilities to TRADE ensure that life-saving drugs are available and affordable for According to WTO (2020) report entitled “COVID-19 their citizens. Among other tools, governments can use WTO- and world trade” stated that the COVID-19 pandemic compliant compulsory licensing procedures in cases where represents an unprecedented disruption to the global economy patented drugs have been unaffordable or not widely available. and world trade, as production and consumption are scaled In addition, two WTO agreements address measures back across the globe. WTO has answered to this question adopted by members to protect public health or public safety “The COVID-19 crisis looks like bad news for the global – the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and economy and trade – what does the WTO think the impact Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) and the Agreement will be?” The answer is: Because of the rapidly changing on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement). The SPS

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 80 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

Agreement establishes that members have the right to restrict shows its positive growth with negligible fluctuations, but trade by taking SPS measures necessary for the protection of after the vigorous of COVID-19 the gold market downs human, animal or plant life or health. These measures should suddenly. The effect of COVID-19 impact and the market only be applied to the extent necessary to achieve their down has highly coincided. Hence, investors and gold objectives, be based on scientific principles and be supported ornament sellers should avoid further investments in gold. by scientific evidence. In situations where relevant scientific The general public should avoid investing in gold during this evidence is insufficient, members may provisionally adopt situation because of unknown predictions about the Novel SPS measures on the basis of available pertinent information. Corona Virus effects in the rest of the months in 2020. Now, China assumes that the problems are rectified utmost of good The TBT Agreement aims to ensure that technical faith, despite, few problems are persisted still certain problems regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures are not fully rectified. Again and again, the people are affected are non-discriminatory and do not create unnecessary through the virus and investments, their hard-earned money obstacles to trade. At the same time, it recognises WTO has been lost; the Indian government should consider the members’ right to implement measures to achieve legitimate market as well as Corona virus impacts. Therefore, the policy objectives, such as the protection of human health and departmental actions are required to study the impacts and safety. Both the SPS and TBT agreements require WTO effects of COVID-19 and the hazards values. members to notify others of any new or changed requirements which affect trade, and to respond to requests for information STOCK MARKET DURING COVID-19 4 on new or existing measures. The Indian market is out of the overvaluation zone Inconsistency of Gold Market during COVID-19 should provide comfort to long-term investors. The broader market valuation has gone below its 10-year average while the The present conditions of the gold market are in stringent 10-year real return from the Sensex is in the negative. In other positions due to the international investors’ portfolios are words, this turmoil is an opportunity for long-term investors. diversified into the gold market under inconsistent of its price fluctuations and the stock markets’ falls. The major player of During the March, 2020, the Sensex PE (price-to-earnings) the stock and gold market is china and India respectively. is below its 10-year average; with the market back in the fair They are affected in COVID -19, hence the market conditions valuation zone, long-term investors can get in slowly. This during the period are reached down-trend because of lock- situation is prevailing at present 19.78. It losses 1.04 per cent down. The following chart is portraying the gold market of its ratios. The expectations of the analysts are the ratio loss environment. may increase in future. Hence, the investors to be keenly watch the market and invest at very safe of COVID-19 situations.

Source: https://www.goodreturns.in/gold-rates/#Historical+ Price+of+Gold+Rate

In an overall gold market conditions are favour of the investors when comparing the previous year’s growth of the Source: https://www.bseindia.com/markets/keystatics/ price has been improved. The problems of the market are to Keystat_index.aspx the small investor and those who are proposed to purchase the gold for their needs of gifting, cultural and social. Industrial progress during COVID-19 Now for many companies, the shift from China began From December 2019 to March 2020, the gold market prior to the Covid-19 outbreak, thanks to the rising input

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 81 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India costs and the US-China trade war. The virus just added fuel certain strong measures to survival of economy during the to the fire, and with the disruption caused by it likely to COVID-19. The software and IT employees should give their persist until mid-April, the manufacturing companies are staring supports to the organization as well as to the national economic at an imminent crisis. This has had a catalytic impact on stability during the COVID-19. companies looking to relocate their production hubs. Agricultural produces and the role of social The movement of companies away from China to other quarantine less-developed countries would trigger a new wave of The agricultural sector of the Indian economy is highly industrialization. Consequently, the expansion of the affected through the transport and lesser consumption manufacturing hub linked with global supply chains would conditions of the general public invariantly in villages semi- increase not only productivity but also create large-scale urban and urban, and cities. The demand and supply of the employment. He concluded that every industry is different. consumption and distributions are not at the equilibrium level. Hence it is vital to understand the diverse need of these Hence, agriculture produces will affect due to COVID-19. businesses and focus on specific sectors (such as pharma According to ABP review (2020) on the impact of COVID-19 and automotive), which could yield greater and faster gains. on demand and supply sides are mentioned as per the FICCI These steps are eminently feasible, with first steps like the survey, tourism, hospitality, and aviation are among the worst adoption of national logistics policy already in progress. India affected sectors that are facing the maximum brunt of the cannot dethrone China before the world recovers from Covid- present Coronavirus pandemic. Closing of cinema theaters 19. It, however, can establish itself in the manufacturing and declining footfall in shopping complexes have affected space.”6 Therefore, the pharmaceutical industries will have a the retail sector by impacting the consumption of both essential better position during and after the COVID-19 in all over the and discretionary items. Consumption is also getting impacted world. due to job losses and decline in income levels of people, Service sector of the economy and its impact on particularly the daily wage earners due to slowing activity in business recession during the COVID several sectors including retail, construction, entertainment, “COVID-19 and the coronavirus that causes it are proving and others, the survey stated. With widespread fear and panic to be not only a public health crisis but also an economic one. rapidly increasing among people across the country, the With calls for social distancing, service sector jobs that overall confidence level of consumers has dropped depend on customer-provider interactions or involve the significantly, leading to the postponement of their purchasing congregation of large numbers of people are likely to take a decisions. Even the travel restrictions imposed by the Central huge hit. Workers in industries such as restaurants, hotels, government to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in India have child care services, retail trade and transportation services are severely impacted the transport sector. The impact of COVID- at a higher risk of losing their jobs.”7 Shikha Goyal (March 25, 19 on the supply side is that large scale shutdown of factories 2020) has expressed that “up to a large extent, it will impact and the resulting delay in supply of goods from China have the Indian industry. In imports, the dependence of India on affected many Indian manufacturing sectors. According to the China is huge of the top 20 products (at the two-digit of HS FICCI report, sectors like automobiles, pharmaceuticals, Code) that India imports from the world, China accounts for electronics, chemical products, etc. are facing an imminent raw a significant share in most of them. India’s total electronic material and component shortage. Besides having a negative imports account for 45% of China. impact on imports of important raw materials, the slowdown in manufacturing activity in China and other markets of Asia, Around one-third of machinery, almost two-fifths of Europe, and the US is impacting India’s exports to these organic chemicals that India purchases from the world come countries as well, the report added. from China? For automotive parts and fertilisers China’s share in India’s import is more than 25%. Around 65 to 70% of DISCUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIO active pharmaceutical ingredients and around 90% of certain The government can run the Motor Cycle Stands under mobile phones come from China to India.”8 Therefore, the its administrative purview; it is stable and steady of continuous Indian economy is lifting from the revenue of the service income generation source with government employees. It will sector. The Indian government should save the sector to take create employment opportunities. Second, all temples entry

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 82 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India fees (including Church, Mosque, Hindu and the like) and recession in India. The authors have requested the government income (34: 33: 33 percentages of sharing to the temple, to improve the national income kindly review the present central and state government respectively) to be collected by article suggestions. the government. Devotees should not give any amount to the REFERENCES temple persons. All are to be done through a digital mode of payment and receipts. Third, 50 percent of toll road collections O Indo-Asian News Service, New York, February 26, 2020, are should be accounted for into the state and central UPDATED: February 26, 2020 15:12 IST, Global recession government income. likely if COVID-19 becomes pandemic: Moody’s, The Moody’s Analytics baseline (most likely) scenario The RBI should notice this identified suggestion to assumes the outbreak remains contained to China and enhance the revenue of the government. Investors and gold largely plays out by the spring., https://www.indiatoday. ornament sellers should avoid further investments in gold. in/business/story/global-recession-likely-if-covid-19- The general public should avoid investing in gold during this becomes-pandemic-moody-s-1650200-2020-02-26 situation because of unknown predictions about the Novel O Prasanna Mohanty (2019). Recession Reality Check: Not Corona Virus effects in the rest of the months in 2020. Again recession yet but Indian economy isn’t far from it either. and again, the people are affected through the virus and Business Today, Current-economic-politics. Retrieved investments, their hard-earned money has been lost; the From: https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy- Indian government should consider the market as well as politics/recession-reality-check-not-recession-yet-but- Corona virus impacts. Therefore, the departmental actions are indian-economy-isnt-far-from-it-either/story/391517.html required to study the impacts and effects of COVID-19 and O Ramkishen Rajan and Sasidaran Gopalan (2020). Covid- the hazards values. The Indian economy is lifting from the 19: Another blow to India’s economy. The Hindu revenue of the service sector. The Indian government should Business Line. Retrieved From: https://www.the save the sector to take certain strong measures to survival of hindubusinessline.com/opinion/ covid-19-another-blow- economy during the COVID-19. The software and IT employees to-indias-economy/article31208648.ece should give their supports to the organization as well as to O https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/covid19_e/ the national economic stability during the COVID-19. covid19_e.htm

CONCLUSION O Subash S (March 21, 2020). Covid-19, an opportunity for The Indian economy is affected by the tragedy of Indian industry. Retrieved From: https://www. COVID-19. India and most of the countries in the world are thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/covid-19-an- in economic recessions. Indian economy is a mixed type of opportunity-for-indian-industry/article31121373.ece capitalist and socialist economies. Now, it is on a safer side O Rakesh Kochhar and Amanda Barroso (March 27, 2020). of economic position. The possibility of a downtrend is Young workers likely to be hard hit as COVID-19 strikes highly possible due to the world economic recessions. The a blow to restaurants and other service sector jobs. Pew state governments of India are taking in-charges of defeating Research Center. Retrieved from: https:// the spreading of disease. The social distancing and quarantine www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/03/27/young- of people and the efforts of the departments like police, workers-likely-to-be-hard-hit-as-covid-19-strikes-a-blow- health, telecom, and other service-oriented departments are to-restaurants-and-other-service-sector-jobs/ helping to succeed the stringent situations. The above O Shikha Goyal (March 25, 2020). What is the impact of suggestions are very useful to revamp the entire national Coronavirus on Indian Economy? https://www.jagranjosh. cultural and economic changes. The present article will give com/general-knowledge/what-is-the-impact-of- a scope to further research on the business and economic coronavirus-on-indian-economy-1582870052-1

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 83 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

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Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 84 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

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ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 85 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

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Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 86 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

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ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 87 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India UNEMPLOYMENT DIMENSIONS OF COVID-19 AND GOVERNMENT RESPONSE IN INDIA – AN ANALYTICAL STUDY

Dr. G. L. Parvathamma Professor of Economics, Bangalore University, Mob : 9741175185, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract 138,845 cases, 57,721 recoveries (including 1 migration) and The present article has made an attempt to insights the 4,021 deaths in the country. India currently has the fourth impact of covid-19 on unemployment in India. The COVID-19 largest number of confirmed cases in Asia with number of induced economic disruptions, up to 135 million jobs could be cases reaching the 100,000 mark on 19 May 2020. India’s case lost and 120 million people might be pushed back into poverty. fatality rate is relatively lower at 3.09%, against the global All of which should have a hit on consumer income, spending, 6.63% as of 20 May 2020. Six cities account for around half savings and their living standards. The worst of COVID-19’s of all reported cases in the country – Mumbai, Delhi, impact would felt by India’s most vulnerable in terms of job Ahmedabad, Chennai, Pune and Kolkata. As of 24 May 2020, loss, poverty increase and reduced per-capita income, which Lakshadweep is the only region which has not reported a in turn will result in a steep decline in the Gross Domestic Covid case. Product (GDP).Especially informal/unorganised migrate labour The lockdown came into force on March 25, initially for force severely affected due to Covid-19, nearly 70 percent of three weeks then extended to May 17 and then to end of May. the labour force lose their jobs. It is essentially to accelerate Some curbs were eased on April 20, but many commercial the recovery which includes strengthening the ‘safety net’ activities and all public transport remain suspended. Migrant significantly for the most vulnerable, enabling the survival of laborers are suffering. Many started losing jobs as small and medium businesses, restarting the rural economy construction sites shut down. With no money, tens of and providing targeted assistance to at-risk sectors. The thousands abandoned cities, trodding to their hometowns study also emphasised on policy package of the government and villages, some hundreds of kilometres away in the absence towards the depress caused due to covid-19. of public transport, reflecting their level of distress. This deep KEYWORD : covid-19, poverty, unemployment, migrant slowdown and across the board pain leaves large swathes of workers, GDP, unorganised sector. India’s informal workforce vulnerable, particularly in the construction, manufacturing and services sectors,” Crisil Introduction Research said in an April 30 note. “The most affected are The corona virus pandemic disrupts the whole world daily-wage earners and those with no job security. About 90% and most of the economies badly hit in the sphere of GDP of India’s 500-million strong workforce toils in unregulated growth rates, employment, poverty and living standards of businesses and jobs, part of a vast informal economy. India the people with lower income groups. The economic and has seen a sharp spike in new corona virus cases with the labour crisis created by the COVID-19 pandemic could increase total crossing1,30,000 and the nationwide death toll has crossed global unemployment by almost 25 million(UN &ILO report) 3000 so far, about 70% of which surfaced in this month alone. the ILO Based on different scenarios for the impact of COVID- In this back drop the present study efforts to analyse the 19 on global GDP growth, the ILO estimates indicate a rise in impact of COVID -19 on Indian labour market. global unemployment of between 5.3 million (“low” scenario) and 24.7 million (“high” scenario) from a base level of 188 Objectives million in 2019. The present study sets the following objectives

The first case of the COVID-19 pandemic in India was 1. To examine the current status of unemployment in India. reported on 30 January 2020. As of 25 May 2020. The Ministry 2. To study the state wise growth rate of unemployment of Health and Family Welfare have confirmed a total of during COVID-19 period..

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 88 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

3. To analyse the sector wise job loss during pre Covid throw 7.2 crore out of the labour force but it also drove and during covid period. another 8.5 crore to some kind of desperation to look for jobs 4. To assess the government action towards the crisis. in the middle of a national lockdown when none were available and this desperation suggests that people were highly 5. To give effective suggestions for the recovery. vulnerable to a loss of livelihood caused by the lockdown, Methodology Meanwhile, lakhs of migrant workers got stranded after The study used only secondary data and it has been the centre suddenly announced a nationwide lockdown. With collected from various reports, such as CMIE report, RBI almost all the businesses coming to a standstill and travel report, and economic times and from various websites such restrictions everywhere, the workers and labourers had almost as my gov.com and Times of India.com. nothing to rely on for their livelihood. As of the end of April, Unemployment rise to 35 per cent from 7.6 per cent had the highest rate of unemployment in the country. It is resulting in 136 million jobs lost and a total of 174 million presented in the following table-1, it represents the state wise unemployed. Poverty alleviation will receive a set-back, unemployment growth rate during the lockdown period. significantly changing the fortunes of many, putting 120 Table-1: showing state wise growth rate of unemployment million people into poverty and 40 million into abject poverty. in India during “India is headed towards a W-shaped economic recovery with a potential GDP contraction of 10.8 per cent in FY 20-21. An Sl.No. State % opportunity loss of USD 1 trillion is staring India in its face. 1. Puducherry 75.8 The informal economy runs on a daily basis, so the real 2. Tamil Nadu 49.8 brunt of the lockdown has to be faced by the people such as 3. Jharkhand 47.1 rickshaw pullers, vegetable vendors, small pity shops and construction workers. They are the worst hit segment in the 4. Bihar 46.6%. economy. 5. Haryana 43.2 6. Karnataka 29.8 7. Uttar Pradesh 21.5 8. Maharashtra 20.9 Source: Economic times.Telecom.com Data shows a steady increase in unemployment since With every passing week of the nationwide lockdown, the start of the pandemic, with the week to March 29 showing more workers and labourers are losing trust in the job market the sharpest spike to 23.81% with the monthly unemployment and leaving it. The labour participation rate has dropped by rate in April at 23.52%, up from March’s 8.74% 7.2 percentage points to a mere 35.4 per cent during the Hilly States had the lowest incidence of unemployment lockdown so far, showing a big portion of the working-age as of April, pointing out that the rate in Himachal Pradesh population has quit the labour markets, said the Centre for stood at 2.2%, Sikkim at 2.3% and Uttarakhand at 6.5%. Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE). It also underlined that over 7 crore people have quit the labour markets in a month. According to Aditya Narayan Mishra, director and CEO The severe fall in the labour participation rate has also pulled of CIEL HR Services -Total Manpower in the telecom sector down the unemployment rate to the lowest level during the is approximately 20 lakhs. This includes Operators, Infra national lockdown as people who do not intend to work are Providers, Towers, and Data Centres & Handsets. not considered unemployed. Jobs lost due to Covid-19 has been 70,000 (This excludes the 7 lakh employed in handset manufacturing, which was shut The unemployment rate stood at 21.1 per cent during during the lockdown). Losses are likely to be in the areas of the week ended April 26, from the 26.2 per cent rate recorded operators, ISPs, Tech solutions due to cost optimisation in the preceding week. The national lockdown did not just drive. Some losses in Handset sales due to lack of demand.

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 89 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

Massive unemployment has started hitting urban India. percent to 37.6 percent as the government opens up industries For many sectors, the worst is yet to come. Thousands of in a staggered manner. Employment rate also rose from 26.4 young Indians are losing jobs, most with minimal notice, in a percent to 28.6 percent. Data from CMIE’s Consumer Pyramids country without formal safety net. Tech, ed-tech and banking/ Household Survey shows youngsters in the age group 20-24 finance are the few bright spots. years accounted for 11% of those who lost jobs while they Table - 2: Sector wise unemployment during pandemic in constituted 8.5% to the total employed persons in the country India. (in Millions) in 2019-2020. According to CMIE, another 14 million jobs were lost in the age-group 25-29 years. “This loss again, was disproportionately high as this group accounted for 11.1% of total employment in 2019-20 but it accounted for 11.5% of the job losses.

3. Government response towards covid crisis. Countries are taking unprecedented measures to combat the spread of the disease, while ameliorating its pernicious effect on the economy and labour market. Country policy responses are presented within the four pillars of action defined by the ILO to lessen the impact of COVID-19 Discussion and findings on businesses, jobs and the most vulnerable members of Hardest hits are migrant labours, nearly 70 percent of society. the labour force lose their jobs, as far as auto manufacturing sector it may get worst because the demand likely to stay low Pillar 1: Stimulating the economy and jobs. and 55 percent of employees on contract who can be fired O Active fiscal policy easily., in auto dealership is concerned it became worse O Accommodative monetary policy because labour is the 40 percent of the dealer cost hence O Lending and financial support to specific sectors cutting jobs is easy way to cut cost. In retail organised and including the health sector unorganised sector due to down fall in consumes trade, more jobs may go, and Samsonites largest franchisee Bag zone Pillar 2: Supporting enterprises, employment and incomes lifestyle is shutting 100+ stores. In real estate sector the O Extend social protection for all demand has already been a very low; due to pandemic the O Implement employment retention measures middle class may defer home buying. O Provide financial/tax and other relief for enterprises Tourism unlikely pick up even later this year, allied sectors such as guides and tourist transport can see 10-12m Pillar 3: Protecting workers in the workplace more job losses.Restuarent sector may not recover for months,4 O Strengthen OSH measures out of 10 restaurants may not open. If industry, real estate O Adapt work arrangements (e.g. teleworking) stays down, most job losses may be in secondary steel sector. O Prevent discrimination and exclusion If entertainment industry faces a demand crunch with virtually O Provide health access for all no ad revenue, media industry has been hit hard. Broad casting 5 percent job cuts, radio 8 to 10 percent and print O Expand access to paid leave media are facing job losses too. Low demand and tight Pillar 4: Using social dialogue between government, workers funding may claim more jobs; Ola has fired around 5000 this and employers to find solutions year. Only IT sector has been a minimal effect on job loss. O Strengthen the capacity and resilience of employers’ Internet business has also been recorded the job loss of and workers’ organizations 80,000 to 1 lakh. O Strengthen the capacity of governments According to the CMIE weekly report, the unemployment O Strengthen social dialogue, collective bargaining and rate fell from 27.1 percent to 24 percent for the week ended labour relations institutions and processes May 10 while the labour participation rate rose from 36.2

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 90 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

The government should launch “Make in India 2.0” to O 200 million woman Jan Dhan account holders to be capture global opportunities, build ‘Modern India’, accelerate given ex-gratia amount of INR 500 per month for the next Digital India and Innovation, strengthen global investment 3 months, to run the affairs of their household. corridors with the US, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Japan and the UK, O Women in 83 million families below poverty line covered debottleneck land and labour and transform banking and under Ujwala scheme will get free LPG cylinders for 3 financial markets in a bid to secure a sustainable economic months. future for 1.3 billion Indians. O For 630,000 Self-help Groups (SHGs), which help 70 Government of India (Finance minister) announced on million households, the government is doubling collateral- free loans to Rs 200,000. 24th March 2020 certain relief measures in view of COVID-19 outbreak. March 26: INR 1.7 trillion (~USD 22 billion) relief O State governments have been directed to use the welfare package announced by the Finance Minister and 20 lakh fund for building and construction workers. The District cores package in the month of April to the farming sector and Mineral Fund, worth about INR 310 billion, will be used agribusiness activities followed by weavers, construction help those who are facing economic disruption because workers, auto and taxi drivers MSME.etc,. The relaxation in of the lockdown. the lockdown can immediately reduce some pain and damage Healthcare related done to the livelihoods. The partial relaxation of the lockdown O The Finance Minister has announced medical insurance from the week of April 20 did have an impact on employment, cover of Rs 5 million per healthcare worker. About 2 majorly in the agriculture and rural areas because the initiatives million health services and ancillary workers will benefit under taken by the central Government to ease the situation. from such insurance scheme. Employment related policies. Organized sector related – Social security O About two-thirds of population will be covered under O The Employees Provident Fund Organization (EPFO) the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (Food has announced - employees who contribute to EPF can scheme) withdraw up to 75 percent of the account balance or 3 O Everyone under this scheme will get 5 kg of wheat and months’ basic salary and dearness allowance, whichever rice for free in addition to the current 5 kg allocation for is lower. the next 3 months O Establishments which employ up to 100 employees and O In addition, 1 kg of preferred pulse (based on regional if 90 percent of whom earn up to INR 15,000 per month, preference) will be given for free to each household the government will pay the employee provident fund under this Food scheme for the next three months. contribution both of the employer and the employee (12

O This distribution will be done through Public Distribution per cent each) for April 2020 to June 2020

Scheme (PDS) and can be availed in two installments. O EPFO have extended the due date for payment of

O Farmers currently receive INR 6,000/- every year through contribution for wage month of March 2020 from 15 the PM-KISAN scheme (minimum income support April 2020 to 15 May 2020 (30 days grace period)

scheme) in three equal instalments. The government will O Non-refundable advances may be granted to a member now be giving the first instalment upfront for fiscal year of a provident fund, subject to certain conditions.

starting April 2020. About 86.9 million farmers are O India will provide free food grains to millions of migrant expected to benefit from this immediately. workers hardest hit by a weeks-long lockdown as well

O MNREGA workers: Wage increase from INR 182/- to INR as offer employment under a rural jobs program.

202/-. Such increase will benefit 50 million families. The O The government will spend 35 billion rupees ($463.06 wage increase will amount into an additional income of million) on food for nearly 80 million migrant workers INR 2,000/- per worker. over the next two months, Sitharaman told a news

O 30 million senior citizens, widows, disabled to get one- conference.

time ex-gratia amount of INR 1,000 in two installments O The allocation is part of a 20 trillion rupee ($266 billion) over the next 3 months. fiscal and monetary package to prop up the ailing

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 91 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

economy. Millions of workers have fled large towns and Suggestions and conclusions cities after they lost their jobs during the lockdown, O It has been suggested that, to implement a holistic which is aimed at curbing the spread of the novel approach to address and mitigate the problem of corona virus. unemployment in the formal as well as informal sector in O “The government is concerned about migrant workers,” the country. Sitharaman said, and had provided funds to states O Government should give keen interest for SHGs and to provide shelter, food grain and transport for provide financial assistance, so as to involve themselves migrants. in their won works. O Since April, the government has spent 100 billion rupees O Intensification of Rural industrialization to create enough to offer work to near 23 million unemployed people in employment opportunities for unorganized labours in rural areas under the ongoing rural job guarantee the rural areas and to reduce migration. program.

O The government also plans to extend a bank loan interest References subsidy program for affordable housing to rented O ILO Report housing for migrant workers. O www.my gov.com

O it announced new credit lines by offering bank O https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ guarantees on loans of over $60 billion to small covid19-pandemic-most-challenging-crisis-since-world- businesses, shadow banks and power companies. war-ii-un-chief-120040100323_1.html O https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries O In an address to the nation, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said the package was equivalent to 10% of India’s O https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/03/1060132 gross domestic product, and was meant to support O https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and- workers and businesses reeling from the impact of the nation/who-praises-pm-modis-initiatives-to-fight-covid- prolonged shutdown. 19-pandemic/videoshow/74945537.cms?from=mdr O https://tennews.in/india-scores-100-100-in-oxford- O Street vendors and farmers would get new subsidized universitys-tracker-measuring-governments-response-to- bank loans, and that nearly 30 million farmers had so far covid-19/ benefited from a three-month moratorium on bank loans O wikipedia amounting to 4.22 trillion rupees.

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 92 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN KARNATAKA

Dr. Veda C. V. Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, Karnataka. Dr. Venkataramanappa Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, Karnataka.

Abstract often neglect. Second, they create local networks and The NGO sector plays a vital role in helping the resources; thirdly, they create credibility banks that are often unprivileged section of our society. The NGO’s is carrying out used during emergency situations. Fourth, those that are well- civic awareness campaigns about the importance of staffed and organized maintain records of the work they do, maintaining social distance, using masks, about health and thereby providing a repository of valuable data that can later safety in the communities along with delivering food, groceries be accessed” (Mohammed Sinan Siyech, April, 2020) and hygiene kits to the marginalised sections of society. The The objectives of the study are: Explore the role of objective of the study was to explore the role of NGO’s during NGO’s during COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka. COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka. The historic research design was applied for the present paper and data collected through Review of Literature secondary sources. The outcome of the paper, as a part of “Civil society actors have stepped in to help fill gaps in civic society, the non-governmental organizations play a crucial underserved communities in Bangalore during this role during COVID-19 pandemic by ensuring delivery of food, unprecedented public health emergency during COVID-19 groceries, hygiene kits in places where people (migrants, slum lockdown. About 20 such organizations formed an Emergency dwellers, etc.,) are stranded. The NGO’s is carrying out civic Response Team and began aid works under the campaign awareness campaigns about the importance of maintaining name called Mercy Mission. For ten years or more, they have social distance, using masks, about health and safety in the been actively working on the ground, conducting annual communities. surveys and food distribution drives. This experience has KEYWORDS: NGO’s, Civil society, COVID-19, Pandemic enabled them to easily identify those most at risk and in need such as widows, orphans, physically challenged, orphans, the Introduction ill or infirm, the elderly, single parents, wage workers, and so As a part of civic society, the non-governmental on” (Mohammed Sinan Siyech, April, 2020). organizations play a crucial role during disasters and pandemic. “It is exactly in the second response strategy that the It is not only the government which is coming forward, an so called “third sector” of the society or the civil society can innumerable number of non-governmental organisations across play a critical role in minimising the fatalities from the pandemic. the country are charging ahead to alleviate the COVID-19. Every country has important, untapped assets in the civil The role of Civil Society, in the form of individuals/ CSOs/ society that go beyond public employees and leaders. Most NGOs, in helping the orphans; elderly persons; and specially Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and community challenged persons, cannot be undermined. Now also, during organisations have the presence, skill and experience to COVID-19 pandemic, non-governmental organizations are contribute substantially to a national pandemic planning and taking initiatives in providing food to hygiene kits in places response. India witnessed large scale efforts of multiple NGOs where people (migrants, slum dwellers, etc.,) are stranded. The across the country, which sprang in action with the help of NGO’s is carrying out civic awareness campaigns about the volunteers” (Singh, 2020). importance of maintaining social distance, using masks, about health and safety in the communities. With this backdrop, “While the work done by most of the NGOs and other NGOs serve a vital role, working to help these needy CSOs during this time is absolutely crucial, one must also populations. “First, they help fill in the gaps that governments realise that most of this work comes in the form of immediate

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 93 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India relief. The relief measures are sporadic, dependent on the Conceptual Framework relationship the civil society has with the local authorities. We The worldwide civil society can be described as need to realise that the fight with corona virus is a long one. unpredictable and interconnected collaborations of individual, If countries truly have to become resilient to pandemics, a groups and communities. Around the world, the idea of civil more structured approach is required to utilise the untapped society has advanced from these associational stages to assets in the civil society. Governments must identify NGOs evolve as organized groups of various structures, sizes, and working at the national as well as local level, that have the capacities. There have been critical changes after some time resources to reach citizens to share critical information as well in the civil society scenario. At different periods, community- carry out relief activities” (Singh, 2020). based organizations, workers’ or labour unions, professional associations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) NGO staffs have food ingredients from local vendors, to have been the most prominent (VanDyck, CSIS, 2017). distribute among needy people in the community during Subsequently, characterizing civil society is not a basic COVID-19 pandemic. “Volunteers have been educated on the assignment. In light of the fact, that there is proof of similar risk factors, and on the precautions to be taken during the experiences across continents and regions, countries, and distribution (e.g., the wearing of protective masks and gloves, groups that share similar cultural values and attributes within the use of hand sanitizers, etc.). Apart from social media, the a country, have some distinct forms of social and political NGOs have reached out to their existing lists of supporters, conventions, as well as financial structures. “Civil society especially individuals who had contributed generously to within this context comprises qualities associated with goals, their previous initiatives” (Mohammed Sinan Siyech, April, relationships, contextual experiences, values, and informal 2020). and formal structures” (VanDyck, CSIS, 2017). The review of literature shows that NGOs are a significant part that can overcome from any gaps among information and practice. There is a remarkable need for all stakeholders to be vital part to battle against COVID-19 pandemic.

Method: The historic research design was applied for the present paper and data collected through secondary sources. Operational Definitions Non-Governmental Organizations: A non-governmental organization (NGO) which comes under civil societies is a non-profit that functions independently at community, regional, Adopted from Center for Strategic & International national and international levels to serve specific social rather Studies, (VanDyck, CSIS, 2017) than commercial, in nature. The same implies in the present The above figure is an endeavour of comprehensive paper. portrayal of the different factors impacting the sustainability Civil Society: CIVICUS defined civil society as the arena of civil society and their different co-operations such as outside the family, the state, and the market, which is created NGO’s, CBO’s etc.,. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these by individual and collective actions, organizations, and civil societies are playing a vital role in terms of delivering institutions to advance shared interests. Civil society foods, groceries, hygiene kits to the marginalized sections of organizations (CSOs) comprising NGOs, faith-based society. organizations, and community-based organizations that have Role of NGO’s during COVID-19 Pandemic: an organized structure and mission and are typically registered Hasiru Dala is social impact organization that is focused entities and groups. The same implies in the present paper. on creating better livelihood and facilitates justice for waste COVID-19 Pandemic: The corona virus COVID-19 pickers. Hasiru Dala’s goal of the organization is provide its pandemic is the defining global health crisis. members with opportunities that will help them claim their

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 94 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India much-deserved role in society – as ‘green collar workers’ who under COVID-19 Relief Feeding Programme. Till date 7,95,614 quietly labour towards keeping our cities clean and mitigating cooked meals have been served and 5,104 grocery kits have climate change by enhancing recycling (20ju). Hasiru Dala been delivered. (Invest India, 2020) and (Akshaya Patra). has identified ~500 vulnerable waste picker families (no BPL/ Akshaya Patra began its COVID-19 Food Relief Service ration card, no public housing, and no predictable income) in on 25th March 2020. In this hour of need, when the nation is 6 cities/towns in Karnataka who need immediate support. under 21-day lockdown to contain the COVID-19 outbreak, Since the beginning of the COVID-19 lockdown, this Akshaya Patra is aiding the Government’s effort by serving Bengaluru-based organisation has helped more than 1,000 cooked meals and distributing grocery kits to low-income and waste picker families across six cities and towns of Karnataka marginalised population of the society comprising of migrant – like Bengaluru, Tumkur, Hubli, Mysore, Davanagere and labourers, daily wage workers, construction site workers, and Dharwad. Even during the time of COVID-19, waste pickers needy people in old age homes and night shelters. are still keeping the city clean. Hence, Hasiru Dala is catering to their daily needs of 500 families of garbage collectors by SOCHARA - Society for Community Health Awareness delivering a kit with five kilograms of rice and wheat, two Research and Action as an interdisciplinary resource group kilograms of lentils, and two bars of soap (Balaji, 2020). involved in broad spectrum of community health and public health activities to facilitate Health for All goals via six variant Majority of non-governmental organisations are working objectives. Apart from these major initiatives, the teaching & across the India to ensure no one sleeps hungry during the learning facilitation, training, advocacy and community health period of COVID-19 lockdown. One of the organisations action work of SOCHARA through its units in Bengaluru, working to help people during this time is the Humane Chennai and Bhopal and support to health as social movement Universal Good Deeds Network. Humane Universal Good at state, national and international levels. (20ju1) Deeds Network has been operational since October 2015, their key activity being hunger management by distributing An initiative to cater to the mental well-being of those food to street dwellers and marginalized communities. It works impacted by the corona virus and their families has been in the area of hunger management to reduce the wastage of launched by city-based NGO Society for Community Health food. They distribute excess food from office lunch and Awareness Research and Action ‘Sochara’ and a group of 17 weddings were distributed in slum areas. It’s Hug Pack at Rs psychologists here. This free service, offered in nine Indian 500, which will have 1kg of pulse, flour, oil, sugar and 2kg of languages, is also assisted by 18 voluntary counsellors. With rice, can help a family for a week. Hundreds of thousands of only word of mouth and social media alerting the public came people across the country have been forced out of work and to know about the service presently. ‘Sochara’ are looking at have no money to pay for rent and food as the government dealing with the trauma and depression of three specific clamped down several measures in its fight against the corona sections that will require assistance immediately. Those who virus disease (Hindustan Times, 2020). have been diagnosed with the virus and been quarantined, their families and again during the post-quarantine period. The Akshaya Patra Foundation is an NGO in India The psychologists on board can speak Kannada, Telugu, situated in Bengaluru. The organisation strives to eliminate Tamil, Hindi, English, Tulu, Marathi, Bengali and Malayalam classroom hunger by implementing the Mid-Day Meal Scheme (The New Indian Express, 2020). in the government schools and government-aided schools. Alongside, Akshaya Patra also aims at countering malnutrition While the Tata Group is helping convert C.V. Raman and supporting the right to education of socio-economically Nagar Hospital in Bengaluru into a COVID-19 isolation hospital, disadvantaged children. Akshaya Patra is the world’s largest the University of Trans disciplinary Health Sciences and (not-for-profit run) Mid-Day Meal Programme serving Technology and Bosch are providing a 100-bed hospital for wholesome food every school day to over 1.8 million children COVID 19. The Azim Premji Foundation is involved in relief from 19,039 schools across 12 states and 2 Union territories work in 10 districts in Karnataka (The Hindu, 2020). of India. Since the COVID-19 crisis, The Akshaya Patra Foundation, in close coordination with State Governments With the above examples revealed the role of non- and District Administration, has stepped in to provide relief governmental organization to serve the marginalised by by providing food to thousands of people across the country providing food, grocery, hygiene kits to their door steps,

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 95 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India facilitating helplines for the needy, online counselling to O Hindustan Times. (2020, March 28). HT India. Retrieved address psychological issues. The NGO’s are also carrying from https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/this- out civic awareness campaigns about the importance of ngo-is-working-for-slum-dwellers-during-covid-19- maintaining social distance, using masks, about health and lockdown-here-s-how-you-can-help/story-88W9 safety in the communities during and after COVID-19 UnxXAeSWaHhfgD4HdO.html lockdown. O Invest India. (2020, May 28). Retrieved from NGOs Conclusion providing relief during Covid-19: https:// www.investindia.gov.in/bip/resources/list-ngos- In conclusion, many NGOs across India are engaged in providing-relief-during-covid-19 providing essentials like food, medicines and personal care items to the poor during the lockdown. The work of the NGOs O Mohammed Sinan Siyech, N. J. (April, 2020). Civil in Karnataka has been diverse. Being a part of Civil Society, Society and COVID–19 in India: Unassuming Heroes. the NGO’s, are working with government departments that are Middle East Institute. taking initiatives in providing the relief work that comprises O Singh, A. (2020, May 9). ETGovernament. Retrieved distribution of groceries, ready to eat food and hygiene kits from https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/ such as safety protection spectacles and hand gloves, news/governance/civil-society-the-third-pillar-of- sanitizers, masks and so on in places where people (migrants, strength-in-fight-against-coronavirus/75642349 slum dwellers, etc.,) are stranded, While some are working O The Hindu. (2020, april 22). Retrieved from https:// directly with beneficiaries. And also the NGO’s is carrying out www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/over-850- civic awareness campaigns about the importance of ngos-are-helping-in-covid-19-fight/article31409595.ece maintaining social distance, using masks, about health and safety in the communities. O The New Indian Express. (2020, April 20). Retrieved from https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/ References 2020/apr/20/bengaluru-psychologists-team-up-with-ngo- O (n.d.). Retrieved june 2020, from https:// to-offer-counselling-for-those-impacted-by-covid-19- www.hasirudala.in/ 2132909.html O (n.d.). Retrieved june 2020, from https://sochara.org/ O VanDyck, C. K. (2017, June). Concept and Definition of what_we_do Civil Society. Washington: Center for Strategic & O Akshaya Patra. (n.d.). Retrieved June 14, 2020, from International Studies. Retrieved from https://csis-website- https://www.akshayapatra.org/about-us#:~:text= prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/ The%20Akshaya%20Patra%20Foundation% 20is% 20an%20NGO%20in%20India%20headquartered, 170630_VanDyck_CivilSocietySustainability_Web.pdf schools%20and% 20government%2Daided%20schools. O VanDyck, C. K. (2017, June). CSIS. Retrieved from https:/ O Balaji, R. (2020, April 5). Social Story-E-paper. Retrieved /csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/ from https://yourstory.com/socialstory/2020/04/ngo-poor- publication/170630_VanDyck_CivilSociety food-covid-19-coronavirus Sustainability_ Web.pdf

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 96 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

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ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 97 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

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Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 98 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

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ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 101 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

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Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 102 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON EDUCATION

Prof. S. S. Rajamanya Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Government First Grade College, Navabhag, Vijayapur, Karnataka

Abstract Teaching is moving online, on an untested and unprecedented 2020 has witnesses a different scenario in the world scale. Student assessments are also moving online, with a lot which has never been recorded in the history of any country of trial and error and uncertainty for everyone. Many in the world. Economy all over the world including the assessments have simply been cancelled. Importantly, these powerful nations USA & China has also been very badly interruptions will not just be a short-term issue, but can also affected Production sector financial system at one side and have long-term consequences for the affected cohorts and are education and other important services at another end. Due likely to increase inequality. to coronavirus pandemic the state governments across the The Impact of COVID-19 on Schools country temporarily started shutting down schools and Going to school is the best public policy tool available colleges. As per the present situation, there is an uncertainty to raise skills. While school time can be fun and can raise when schools and colleges will reopen. No doubt, this is the social skills and social awareness, from an economic point of crucial time for education sector because entrance tests of view the primary point of being in school is that it increases several universities and competitive examinations are held a child’s ability. Even a relatively short time in school does during this period. Along with them how can we forget about this; even a relatively short period of missed school will have board examinations and admissions into new courses and consequences for skill growth. But can we estimate how much foreign education trips etc. The immediate solution of the COVID-19 interruption will affect learning. Not very coronavirus is necessary or if like these days pass then precisely, as we are in a new world; but we can use other closure of schools and colleges does not even have short studies to get an order of magnitude. term impact in India but can even cause far-reaching economic and societal consequences. Due to the closedown of Education Problems educational institutes it is estimated to affect around 600 According to some writers there are three major education million learners across the world. Considering the statistical problems that students and educators currently face due to facts the universities, colleges and the complete education the Covid-19 pandemic: system has adopted the online impartment of education which has been adopted by learners as well and as a result many 1) Students caught in the cross-wire such online platforms has been initiated. This article is an These are those students who are caught in the limbo attempt to throw some light on to the problems being faced on account of education outcomes being withheld due to the by the online teaching and learning. Covid-19 pandemic. Some of them do not have a result because exams either did not happen or were left in the Keywords: COVID-19, Coronavirus, Education middle.

Introduction Many of them face uncertainty as to their future because The COVID-19 pandemic is first and foremost a health their next steps further education or careers are dependent crisis. Many countries have (rightly) decided to close schools, upon them clearing their school or college leaving exams. colleges and universities. The crisis crystallises the dilemma policymakers are facing between closing schools (reducing We believe that these students, while may face a degree contact and saving lives) and keeping them open (allowing of uncertainty with respect to future, are not facing a very workers to work and maintaining the economy). The severe difficult problem. short- term disruption is felt by many families around the 2) Students one year away from school or college-leaving world: home schooling is not only a massive shock to parents’ exams productivity, but also to children’s social life and learning. These students are in a bigger quandary because of the

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Covid-19 pandemic because not only their education process country. As the months roll towards Christmas and the New is disrupted, but they also face a big challenge of proving Year, these private schools around the country witness large themselves for their next journey. lines of anxious parents outside their admissions office, waiting to get application forms and secure seats for their tiny tots. In the absence of hard academic indicators such as For many parents, getting admission in the school with the grades and marks, many of these students find themselves in best facilities and a good transport system is paramount — a situation where they are unable to differentiate themselves after all, passing out from a good school is a ticket to future and lack a cohesive framework to get themselves ready for the success. Parents may not appreciate the gravity of the decision jobs and education tasks they face next. they’re making – after all, the child will spend the fourteen 3) Education disruption most formative and crucial growth years in a person’s life in All other students who are away from such outcome- the institute they select. For most parents, a choice of school dependent situations such as above also face severe education for their children is driven by perception, word of mouth disruption. (reference from other parents), and infrastructure provided by the school. Most of these are shallow criteria, considering In response to the Covid-19 scare, many schools have how important this decision is. It’s not enough if the school moved online and parents seem to have assumed the role of has a great building, play areas, air conditioned classrooms, teachers and are fast becoming savvy with resources created activity labs and computers or tablets. There is more to for home- schoolers to cause minimal disruption to their learning than just an infrastructure and facilities. children’s education. Assessments Again, while there are a ton of fantastic resources which The closure of schools, colleges and universities not are available, there are not too many resources which mimic only interrupts the teaching for students around the world; the school that is, provide for multidisciplinary learning, the closure also coincides with a key assessment period and encourage connections across different domains and inspire many exams have been postponed or cancelled.Internal ideas which help a child develop 21st century skills and assessments are perhaps thought to be less important and prepare themselves for the jobs of the future. many have been simply cancelled. But their point is to give No doubt, that the Covid-19 pandemic has unleashed information about the child’s progress for families and teachers. the biggest calamity that humanity has faced so far. We all are The loss of this information delays the recognition of both going through perhaps the most trying circumstances of our high potential and learning difficulties and can have harmful lives. long-term consequences for the child. Andersen and Nielsen (2019) look at the consequence of a major IT crash in the Education disruption impacts our readiness for the future testing system in Denmark. As a result of this, some children and also has huge economic and lifestyle costs. Make sure could not take the test. The authors find that participating in that you take all measures to minimize this disruption so that the test increased the score in a reading test two years later when life returns to normal, you are even more prepared to by 9% of a standard deviation, with similar effects in take advantage of the opportunities that life and the world- mathematics. These effects are largest for children from at-large presents to you. disadvantaged backgrounds. Importantly, the lockdown of 4) Some Statistical Data of Students Appeared for SSC/ institutions not only affects internal assessments. In the UK, CBSE in 2019 from Metropolitan Cities for example, all exams for the main public qualifications – GCSEs and A levels – have been cancelled for the entire cohort. Depending on the duration of the lockdown, we will The school is a place where child will spend the next 14 likely observe similar actions around the world. One potential years of his/her life It’s the season of school admissions. But alternative for the cancelled assessments is to use ‘predicted completely stuck under this COVID-19 Nearly 226 million grades’, but Murphy and Wyness (2020) show that these are Indian children are enrolled in schools — 90 million of these often inaccurate, and that among high achieving students, the children are attending 75,000 private schools across the predicted grades for those from disadvantaged backgrounds are lower than those from more advantaged backgrounds.

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 104 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

Another solution is to replace blind exams with teacher sensitive and able to fit into other environments easily assessments. Evidence from various settings show systematic given their exposure to other cultures. deviations between unblind and blind examinations, where 4) Documentation All the information that you will need the direction of the bias typically depends on whether the will be safely stored in an online database. This includes child belongs to a group that usually performs well. For things like live discussion documents, training materials example, if girls usually perform better in a subject, an unblind and emails. This means that if there’s ever anything that evaluation of a boy’s performance is likely to be downward needs to be clarified, the student will be able to access biased. Because such assessments are used as a key these documents fast, saving valuable time. This is qualification to enter higher education, the move to unblind especially useful for individuals that need to carry out subjective assessments can have potential long-term research for a project and submit their findings to a consequences for the equality of opportunity. panel. It is also possible that some students’ careers might 5) Increased Instructor - Student Time Students in benefit from the interruptions. For example, in Norway it has traditional classrooms may not get the personalized been decided that all 10th grade students will be awarded a attention they need to have concepts clarified. Although high-school degree. And show that the 1968 abandoning of class sizes are small at CCA, most colleges have classes the normal examination procedures in France (following the of students that number in the hundreds. This is not a student riots) led to positive long-term labour market problem for this type of education because online guided consequences for the affected cohort. discussions and personal talk time with their professors and lecturers is a hallmark of online classes. This In higher education many universities and colleges are increases the chances of a student performing well due replacing traditional exams with online assessment tools. This to the time their instructors give them. This also enhances is a new area for both teachers and students, and assessments their problem-solving and communication skills, as well will likely have larger measurement error than usual. Research as knowing how to defend their arguments to superiors shows that employers use educational credentials such as if needed. degree classifications and grade point averages to sort applicants. The increase in the noise of the applicants’ signals 6) Access to Expertise An online college education might will therefore potentially reduce the matching efficiency for give students access to specialized degree courses that new graduates on the labour market, who might experience may not be available in an easily accessible or local slower earnings growth and higher job separation rates. This institution of learning. For example, at CCA you can is costly both to the individual and also to society as a whole. pursue a degree in Marketing or a certificate in C++ Programming without having to live near the institution. Benefits of Online Education Online classes allow the sharing of expertise that helps 1) Flexibility Students have the freedom to juggle their more people have access to education that is not readily careers and school because they aren’t tied down to a available in certain geographic locations. fixed schedule. Limitations of Online Education 2) Reduced Costs Online education can cost less due to a variety of reasons. For example, there is no cost for O Require good time-management skill: Online courses commuting. Assorted costs that are related to transport, require the self-discipline to set aside chunks of time to such as fuel, parking, car maintenance, and public complete your studies. It means you have to make transportation costs don’t affect the online student. online studying a priority and not let other activities interfere. Sometimes, it means making difficult choices. 3) Networking Opportunities Online education also provides students with the chance to network with O Require more time than on-campus classes: Believe it peers across nations or even different continents. This or not, the student will spend more time studying and often leads to other opportunities in terms of completing assignments in the online environment than collaboration with other individuals in the implementation in an on-campus course. The point is that here the of a project. At the same time, it makes them culturally student will likely learn more in an online environment,

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but he/she will have to make a greater effort to accomplish of the few sectors where investment has not dried up. What that learning. has been made clear through this pandemic is the importance of disseminating knowledge across borders, companies, and O Allow to be more independent It’s a much better situation for the student. By the time a student enters a community all parts of society. If online learning technology can play a role here, it is incumbent upon all of us to explore its full college, they want to be independent. They don’t want potential. someone telling them what to do all the time. They want their freedom. References

O Gives more freedom, perhaps, more than a student can 1. Cascella, M., Rajnik, M., Cuomo, A. et el. (2020). Fea- handle: This freedom can be dangerous if the student tures, Evaluation and Treatment Coronaviris (CO-VID- don’t learn how to handle it. 19). Book. Pp-1-23. 2. Chan, J. F. W., Shoufeng, Y., Kim-Hong, K., et. al. (2020). O It makes the students to be responsible for their own learning: Only the student is responsible for their own A familiar cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person to person learning. The teacher can share a little knowledge and transmission: a study of a family cluster. The Lancet. experience. So, in a philosophical sort of way, the real 395: 514-523. disadvantage to an Internet-based course is that a 3. Climate-Data.org. 2020. student might not own up to it. Students might not take 4. Cotrona Worldometers responsibility for their studies and goals, might get way 5. Giovanetti, M., Benvenuto, D., Ageletti, S. And Cic- behind and never catch up. cozzi, M. (2020). The first two cases of 2019-nCoV in O Creates a sense of isolation: Studying alone with only Italy: Where the come from? Jour.Med. Vir. 92: 518-521. the computer as an companion can be terrifying. There’s 6. Jie, C., Fang, L. and Zand-Li, S. (2020). Origin and no whispering in the back of the room, no wise remarks evolution of pathogenic corona viruses by from the peanut gallery, no commanding presence at the 7. Morse, S. S., Mazet, J. A. Woolhouse, M, et al. (2012). front of the classroom pleading for everyone to listen. Prediction and Prevention of the next Pandemic Zoono- The online environment is a much different atmosphere sis, Lancet. 380: 1956-1965. that takes some getting used to. Hopefully, online 8. Report of WHO-China Joint Mission (2020) on Corona instructor is sensitive to this problem and can help virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). student overcome those feelings. 9. Tai, D. Y. (2007). Pharmacologic treatment of SARS: Current Knowledge and Recommendations. Ann Acad Conclusion Med Singapore. 36: 438-443. The importance of disseminating knowledge is 10. Walls, A. C., Young-Jun, P. ,M., Alejandra, T., A., Wall, highlighted through COVID-19 Major world events are often A. T., McGuire, D. V. (2020). Structure, Function, and an inflection point for rapid innovation – a clear example is the Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. rise of e-commerce post-SARS. While we have yet to see Cell. 180: 1-12. whether this will apply to e-learning post- COVID-19, it is one 11. World Health Organization. (2020). Report on Covid-19.

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 106 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India FUNCTIONING OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM DURING AN OUTBREAK OF ACUTE INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Dr. Ashwini Roy A. S. Assistant Professor of Political Science, Government First Grade College, Ramanagara, Karnataka, India

Abstract to the epidemic, which will make a real difference in schools All school staff and complete educational system should and other educational planning. Country impact assessments be altered to dangers of infections if that has happened. It is have relied heavily on demographic models to make projections important to remember that any person could potentially have of students’ enrollment s and teacher requirements. While disease-carrying organisms, even if they have no signs or number of more qualitative factors can be identified which are symptoms of illness. Full responsibility for developing likely to affect the supply and demand for schooling, and it is not analyzed in detail with adequate supporting evidence. recommendations to assist policy makers to establish In particular, little or no research has been undertaken in reasonable and practical guidelines for school personnel, schools themselves. The lack of hard evidence about what is when working with children who have infectious diseases is actually happening in schools could resulted in broad on local community, educational system and whole country. generalization about the impact of the epidemic on the The most important tool that the school management should education sector, which although largelyunsubstantiated, have is use is a comprehensive plan before outbreak of disease. In already been widely accepted as received wisdom. Most some instances, school staff should be informed of the individuals who are infected have a definite period of time in enrollment of a student who is known to have a chronic which they are considered to be contagious. When they have infectious disease. These remains a risk that some students fully recovered from the communicable disease, they are no who are or will be enrolled in school are unknown carriers of longer able to transmit the infection to others. In other infectious diseases. It is strongly recommended that school instances, some individuals may remain capable of transmitting authorities establish policies and procedures to reduce the disease for long periods of time after they have recovered risk of spreading disease, regardless of the presence or from the acute face of an illness. These individuals are set to absence of a student known to have an infectious disease. have chronic infectious diseases. (Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Keywords: Educational System, Infectious Disease, Student, Herpes, Simplex, Coronavirus Etc.) Often school personnel Effectiveness, Risk and parents have questions regarding the risk of exposure to diseases within the school setting and the appropriate Education is a major engine and vehicle of economic management of students with chronic infectious diseases. and social development. Education is universal and inalienable human right. The expansion and development of educational Therefore, schools must be prepared to develop systems, became a high priority for many government s and operational procedures and plans for emergency situation s, issue of national security in the decades following the Second which would include the issues of infectious diseases, World War, as evidence accumulated that investment in human epidemics. Hence, school disaster management involves the capital, particularly health and education, had important familiar cycle of steps found in all project (Disaster) economic benefits for the whole society. It is especially Management; asses hazards, vulnerabilities, capacities and important in enabling people to reach to their full potential resources;plan and implement for physical risk reduction, and exercise other rights. When education is interrupted or maintenance of safe facilities, standard operating procedures limited, students drop out, with negative and permanent and training for disaster response; test mitigation and preparedness plans and skills regularly, with realistic simulation economic and social impacts for students, their families and drills; and revise your plan based on your experience. School their communities. safety and educational continuity require a dynamic, Without an adequate knowledge base, Ministries of continuous process initiated by management and involving Education cannot develop well-conceived strategic responses workers,students,parents,and,if is possible – local community.

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Epidemics in schools – crises situation or Something their own teachers, curricula and management structures. A Else community- based school may be able to respond very rapidly to community and learner needs and may benefit from the The impact of epidemics of acute contagious diseases on the individuals, families and communities at, for example, commitment fostered by local ownership and control. Burt the micro-level of society, can be immense. People fall ill, community based schools run the risk of becoming second- rate educational institutions serving only on the poorest cannot work, and lost income. There families spend money on care and treatment and lose further income in taking time to students. There is the especially troubling possibility that care for them. People leastways die; specialized workers, governmental education authorities may view the establishment of such schools as absolving them of skilled artisans, and educated officials disappear and replacements are difficult to find; businesses also and farms responsibility for the education if the communities they serve; lie fallow; current earning rea lost and further earnings forgone; and thus for some of those most in need of public assistance. and time and money are spent on funerals and mourning. The main problem in some educational system is that At the school and community level, in the case of schools are predominantly controlled by the political party in power, which appoints the higher level administrators as well extended families grow larger, less income is earned, and fewer resources must be spent to support more people and to pay as the head masters of individual schools. While school expenses related to illness and death, less monetary will be boards are made up of a certain number of teachers, parents, and the representatives of the local community, it is the mayor contributed by the community to the school. At the system level, less money may be available to the education system of each municipality who appoints the board, and again, (S) both absolutely (due to shrink age of the national product he is likely to be a member of the ruling party. This situation is best illustrated by the fact after each parliamentary election, and government budget) and relatively (due to stronger claims made on the budget from other sectors). Many school were as a rule, the head masters of the primary and secondary faced or facing problems caused by contagious disease. schools are replaced. The regime exerts control over schools, not taking into account the competence of the head masters Educators who are at a serious health stage of the epidemic are often away from school through sick leave, and as a result in terms of their teaching, organizational, problem-solving and thereof, their work deteriorates as their attention is not at all leadership skills. In partial terms, this means that a headmaster may find himself out of a job, while an individual with no times given to their learners and syllabi are left incomplete. Many school management teams, that is,principals, deputy connection to the community takes over his position. In principals and heads ofdepartment are facing major managerial addition, the uncertainty about a schools leadership leads to lower levels of commitment, continuity and cohesiveness and administrative problems of handling and dealing with the emergency situation. among the staff, qualities that are essential for creating a stable, safe, well organized learning environment. One issue In a case of huge epidemics children may not be able to that is particularly important both at the macro and micro- attend school because of consequences or demands at home, levels; the need for greater collaboration among different at least not until they area older. The needs of students of sectors, especially with health, labor and social welfare. The different ages and the needs of girls and boys, may differ expertise of the ministry of health may be needed, in the widely and recur gender; differentiated responses. A traditional design and delivery of educational materials about the disease, educational system centered on a physical structure and its transmission, and its treatment. Closer links is usually conceived in relatively rigid and hierarchical way, with one needed with the ministry of labor in gathering and analyzing teacher in charge of a class of forty or more students may data related to human resource needs and development. So have difficulty creating and maintaining appropriately flexible collaboration with ministries concerned with social welfare delivery systems. Among the alternative educational delivery programs of various types may be thrust upon the ministry systems, currently being explored is the use of interactive of Education if its schools need to take on a larger role as a radio. The appointment of itinerant teachers, based at central community development agency. At the macro level, another schools, who oversee tutors engaged by community groups issue concerns the likely arguments among ministries over is another. Recognizing that the standard formal system is budget allocation and the need for the Minister of Education not adequately equipped to meet the needs of all children, to be able to convince cabinet colleagues faced with immediate some communities have established their own schools, with problems such as skyrocketing health care costs.

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 108 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

School Management System in Epidemics 1. Policies and procedures related to identification , School safety and security is the job and issue of the placement, and school management of students entire school community and educational system. This effort with infectious diseases; requires leadership and coordination by school administration, 2. An infectious diseases review team consisting of and involvement and participation from all sectors of the the school medical advisor, the school nurse, and school community. Each school should establish and maintain the school administrator that is responsible for an ongoing School Disaster Management Committee to oversee planning and managing the educational program disaster risk reduction and preparedness. This may be the for the individual student with an infectious issue of a pre-existing committee, sub-committee with a similar disease; mission, or one newly established for this purpose. This 3. Maintenance of routine hygienic procedures to committee develops, implements, adapts and updates the assure a clean, safe, healthful school environment; School Disaster Management Plan. It will typical meet 4. Health education/ health counseling programs to intensively at the beginning of each school year and monthly educate school staff, students and parents. during the school year. It will encourage personal and The first step in establishing an infectious disease organizational preparedness , guide mitigation work, assure program is the development of appropriate policies and two fire and building evacuation drillsannually, lead one full procedures. The school board is legally responsible for the stimulation drill annually, evaluate the results, and adjust the formulation and adoption of all school policies. The school plan accordingly. In some ideal conditions, the committee is board should make public its policies on management of empoweredby and maintains formal links between school and students who have chronic infectious disease. After the disaster management authorities. School, Disaster Management infectious disease program and policies have been developed, is the process of assessment and planning, physical protection the school administrator should delegate to the appropriate and response capacity development designed to; school staff responsibility for implementing and maintain the O Protect students and the school staff from physical program. In delegating the specific tasks, the school harm; administrator must be sure that each staff person fully O Minimize disruption and ensure the continuity of understands his or her responsibility in implementing the education for all children; program. An understanding of the different types of infectious

O Develop and maintain safety and security culture. diseases is essential in planning and implementing an effective infectious disease management program. Decisions regarding The full scope of activities of School Management Plan the educational and care setting for an infected student is included as follows: should be based on the behavioral, neurological, and physical a. Assessment and Planning- establishing or condition of a particular student and the expected type of empowering your school disaster management interaction with others in that is setting. These decisions are committee, assessing your risks, hazards, best made using the infectious disease review team, which vulnerabilities and capacities; making contingency should include the student where appropriate, the student’s plans for educational continuity; communicating parent or guardian, the student physician, the school nurse, your plan; local public health authorities, and the personnel associated with the proposed care or educational setting. In each case, b. Physical and Environmental Protection-structural risk and benefits to both the infected student and others in safety maintenance, nonstructural mitigation; local the setting should be weighed. For infected students, including infrastructure and environmental mitigation; fire preschool and neurologically handicapped students who lack safety; and control of body secretions, or who display behavior such as c. Response CapacityDevelopment-standard operating biting the review team shall consider recommending a more procedures; response skills and organization; restricted environment. response provisions. Prioritization of diseases under surveillance will improve Particularly an infectious disease program should have the overall reactivity of the system. It is therefore recommended following elements: to focus on infectious diseases for which early detection

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 109 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India matters. A list of those diseases must be made according to basic emergency procedures, locating safe assembly context and should be reviewed periodically. Infection areas, and providing for records safekeeping; prevention is not specific to an outbreak but represents a O Conduct prepositioning of education material and major task in epidemic control and mitigation. The principal temporary learning spaces, prepare for teacher objectives of infection prevention and control are to protect deployment and training plan, incorporate a protection patients, protect care providers, auxiliary staff and reduce mechanism for young children, girls, disabled persons spread of the infection. Effective infectious disease and other vulnerable groups; management plans should include only the most common/ O Implement regular drills of safety measures, especially in probable diseases according to disease prevalence and history disaster-prone areas; of epidemics in the area. The plans should be updated on a O Ensure the immune systems of all schools; yearly basis. O Promote the establishment of a school-wide early warning DRR Policy for Suppression of Infective Disease mechanism and ensure everyone in school and in Schools community knows how to respond to early warning During an infectious disease outbreak there are many singles, where applicable. alternative uses for schools, such as immunization sites or clinics. When using a school building as an immunization Conclusion: clinic; the planning is essential. In any school population, Usually, pandemic or epidemics in past have occurred at there are certain individuals who may have a higher risk of irregular and unpredictable intervals and have been associated complications if exposed to specific diseases. Students and with substantial morbidity, mortality and economic cost. staff with anemia; immunodeficiency; pregnant; and / who Preparing for the next influenza pandemic requires have chronic disease, nutritional deficiencies, or debilitating multidisciplinary support and collaboration from partners at illness should be informed of the possible risks of acquiring the local, national, regional and international levels. National an infection. Schools’ responsibility is not to determine the preparedness planning is not a quick or simple process and extent of that risk, but to inform these individuals and to will require time, a multisectoral approach, the involvement of encourage consultation with their licensed health care communities and commitment from the highest political levels. provider.One possible model to help infected people, students At one point so unpredictable, the education system has a and school staff’s application of modern concepts of Disaster very important place. The emergence of infectious diseases Risk Reduction (DRR) is the conceptual framework of elements primarilyaffecting the school population, where the fastest- considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities growing. Therefore, it is necessary that in future, the issue of and disaster risk throughout a society, to avoid (Prevention) managing infectious diseases in school buildings and between or to limit (Mitigation and Preparedness) the adverse impacts students and staff should be given to the experts who will be of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable specially trained.. In this sense the introduction of DRR is development. During emergencies (Epidemics) traditional essential in the overall country. support systems may be disrupted. Therefore, peer support and school clusters support play an important role and can References: be mechanisms through which to incorporate training on 1. Benell, Paul, Hyde, Karin, Swainson, Nicola, The Impact DRR. of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the education sector in sub-Saharan Africa, University of Sussex Institute of Procedures before epidemics of infectious disease: Education, 2002. O Conduct vulnerability/ capacity assessments and identify 2. Bergeson, Terry, at all Infectious Disease Control Guide gaps in school-level response capacity with the for School Staff, Office of superintendent of Public participation of students, teachers, school administrators, Instruction, Washington, 2004. parents and community members; 3. Disaster risk Reduction in education in emergencies,

O Based on the assessments, it’s important to develop UNICEF, Save the Children, 2010 school contingency plans; then identifying safety 4. Management of Chronic Infectious Diseases in School measures appropriate for different age groups and with Children, Illinois State Board of Education, Illinois, regard to hazards of infectious disease, establishing Revised Edition, 2003

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 110 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON SKILLED AND UNSKILLED MIGRATION WORKERS IN INDIA – A CASE STUDY

Harish Kumar R. Assistant Professor of Economics, Government First Grade College, Maddur, Mandya District. Mob : 9611347457, E-mail : [email protected]

Introduction: grossly denied to many migrant workers due to lack of their The epidemics of the past was hardly concerned with inclusion in urban society. migration and livelihood during the colonial India, although Migrants suffer from the double burden of being poor major Indian cities like Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay), and migrants. Many programmes meant for the poor do not Chennai (Madras) and many other urban places hugely suffered reach them due to lack of identity and residential proofs. The from influenza, smallpox, plague, malaria and cholera. lack of fulfillment of the economic, social and political rights Mumbai experienced a deadly plague in 1896 and also of migrants is a serious issue even though they are formal influenza in 1918. It was observed that epidemic of influenza citizens; their substantive citizenship rights are not fulfilled. arrived in Mumbai in September 1918 which swept through The Working Group on Migration set up by the Ministry of north and east India. He found that excess mortality due to Urban Housing and Poverty alleviation has examined the influenza was negatively related with outmigration at district plight of the migrant workers in the country and submitted its level analysis, but offered no explanation. Compared to report to Central Government in 2017. However, action on the epidemics, famine was seen not only causing mortality but report is still awaited. In the meantime, sudden eruption of also migration in the past. In 1994, a major epidemic of plague migration crisis resulting from the outbreak of COVID-19 broke out in western India with epicenter in Surat. There was again reminds us the urgency of the matter. a huge exodus of migrant population from the industrial city Impact of COVID-19 on Migrant Workers: of Surat. The spread of Corona virus from the epicenter of Wuhan When migrants flee from the city they not only lose in China to worldwide is attributed to migration and mobility their livelihood but they may carry the infections to their of people. On the other hand, the medical professionals largely native places. In the period of epidemic of HIV/AIDs which believe that the control of this infectious disease is possible broke during 1980s in various parts of the world, migrants through immobility and confinement like lockdown and social were greatly stigmatized as a carrier of the disease and distancing. In a globalised world, the lockdown is likely to considered to be a population at risk. This has obliterated the bring unprecedented breakdown of our economic and social great contribution of migrants in economic growth, innovation, system. Migrants are most vulnerable to urban disasters and skill development and entrepreneurship in building cities and epidemics. The first case of COVID-19 surfaced in India on the nation. On the other hand, policies and programmes of January 30, 2020, and following the out-break the lock down urban development and planning in India hardly launched any in the entire country was announced on 24th March for a specific programmes for the migrants as they were not period of 21days.Borders were sealed, transportation got considered as a part of the urban community. Failure to stopped, factories, shops, restaurants and all type of the recognize migrants as a stake holder in urban development is economic activities were shut, barring only the essential one of the biggest mistakes in achieving urban sustainability services. and realizing the goals of sustainable development in India. This proved to be a nightmare for hundreds of thousands It is to be realized that migrants are not a victimizer, nor a of migrant workers, who lost their livelihoods overnight and victim, but they are vulnerable. They are engaged in many 3D became homeless. The immediate challenges faced by these jobs (dirty, dangerous and demeaning) which the so-called migrant workers were related to food, shelter, loss of wages, urban natives hate to do. Access to social security fear of getting infected and anxiety. As a result, thousands of programmes, access to health care and other entitlements are

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 111 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India them started fleeing from various cities to their native places. cases. The incidence of COVID 19 shows that these Many migrants lost their lives either due to hardship on the metropolitan areas are the centers from where the disease has way, hunger, accident or co morbidity and some even been spreading to the near as well as far off places. Migrant committed suicide. Through telephonic, newspaper and mass workers constitute backbone of Indian economy. Out of 482 media information of more than 500 migrants from South India million workers in India about 194millions are permanent and that is Bangalore City (Karnataka) shows that majority of the semi-permanent migrant workers. In addition, there are about workers were the daily wage earners and at the time of 15 million short-term migrant workers of temporary and lockdown, 42% were left with no ration, one third was stuck circulatory nature. at destinations city with no access to food, water and money, 94% don’t have worker’s identity card. Sudden lockdown also stranded many migrants in different cities of the country. Those who were travelling were stuck up at stations or state or district borders. Many were forced to walk hundreds of miles on foot to reach their home villages finding no public transport. Those who reached their native villages were seen as potential carriers of the infection and were ill-treated by the police and locals. In one of the instances a group of returnees were sprayed with chemicals to disinfect them for which the local administration apologized (India Today, 2020). This is one of the biggest streams of mass return migration in the country. The very effort to stave off the pandemic turned into one of greatest human tragedy in India’s recent history. Migration and Livelihood

Source: Census of India 2011, D3 (Appendix) Migration Table, https: //www.Mohfw.gov.in/pdf/DistrictWiseList354.pdf accessed on 13th April, 2020)

The COVID 19 has affected the most the latter following the all India lock down. In general, in-migration rates were higher in high-income states such as Delhi, Goa, Haryana, Migration is a livelihood strategy adopted by millions of Punjab, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Karnataka, whereas low- people in India. Most of the migration for work and income states such as Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, employment is directed towards the urban centers. About half Rajasthan and Odisha reported relatively higher rates of out- of the urban population is migrants and one fifth of them are migration. inter-state migrants. Rural to urban migrants are mainly concentrated in 53 million plus urban agglomerations (with one million and more) that comprises 140 million out of 377 million urban population of the country equivalent to 43 percent of total urban population as per 2011 Census. Out of 53 million plus cities, eight of them are mega-cities with a population of 5 million and more (see Table 1).

Table 1: Migration Intensity, Share of Inter-Sate Migrants and Covid-19 Cases in Mega Cities, India, 2011 As on 13th April 2020, the respective districts of eight mega cities reported about two-fifth of corona virus positive

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Stock of Migrant Workers (in million), India, 2011 Transportation sector is also badly affected. This will When workers do not get any option for livelihood and lead to the cut down of job market (especially those who are employment and there is expectation in higher economic employed) and also make hardship for job creation. Besides, improvement in the place of origin, labour migration takes this will also have an effect on pay-cuts and late increments. place. In many cases, they work and stay in urban area for India is likely to face the job crisis because of the COVID 19. a long time while in other cases, short term or temporary Migrant workers and workers in informal sector are likely to be migration become a livelihood strategies of the rural poor. badly hit (ILO 2020). The National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized The most vulnerable section would be those migrant Sector (NCEUS) reports around 92 percent of India’s workers who are employed in informal sector, those who do workforce with informal employment is substantially drawn not have either security of employment or any social protection. from migrant labour (NCEUS, 2007). About 30 percent of In urban areas, average wage earnings per day by casual migrant workers are working as casual workers, are therefore labour engaged in works other than public works ranged quite vulnerable to the vagaries of the labour market and lack between Rs. 314 to Rs. 335 among males and nearly Rs. 186 social protection. Only 35 percent of migrant workers are to Rs. 201 among females during 2017-18 (Ministry of Statistics employed as regular/salaried workers (NSSO, 2010). and Programme Implementation, 2019). A large number of Corona virus outbreak can lead to a loss of livelihood migrant workers and workers in informal sector just have been for those who either work on short-term contracts or those surviving on subsistence wages. The Corona virus outbreak who are without any job contracts. This includes several jobs and subsequent lockdown is going to affect them badly in different industries. For example, in tourism industry, guide, leading to their further impoverishment due to loss of employees of parking contractors, cleaners, waiters in livelihood. It may also affect hugely their food and nutritional restaurants, suppliers of vegetables and flowers to the hotels intake, access to health care and education of children. and so on. A similar scenario would likely to prevail in other Response of the Central and State Governments industries (like manufacturing and non-manufacturing) mainly The spread of the Corona virus Disease 2019 (COVID- because of the falling demand. Manufacturing industries such 19) and subsequent nationwide lockdown to control its further as cement, plastics, rubber, food products and textiles would outbreak brought turmoil in the lives of millions who are reduce substantial jobs. primarily involved in the informal sector. To mitigate the effect of the lockdown on the vulnerable groups, Government of India on 26 March 2020, announced a Rs. 1.70-lakh-crore package under the Pradhan Mantri Gareeb Kalyan Yojana. It has within its ambit health workers, farmers, MGNREGA workers, economically vulnerable categories, especially women, elderly and unorganized-sector workers, Jan Dhan account holders and Ujjwala beneficiaries. The scheme entails an additional 5 kg of wheat or rice and one kg of preferred pulses every month to 80 crores beneficiaries for the next three months. Central Government also gave an order to the state governments to use Building and Construction Workers Welfare Fund of Rs.52000 crores to provide relief to Construction Workers through direct benefit transfer. The RBI also joined later with a sharp cut of interest rate along with a series of unconventional measures to lend to besieged Figure 3: Net Migration Rates by State, five years to 2011 businesses. and Number of COVID Cases as on 13th April, 2020 However, the fear of loss of livelihood sparked into the Note: Map of India as per 2011 Census. Source: Bhagat and mass exodus of millions of these migrant laborers in some Keshri (2020); https://www.mohfw.gov.in (COVID-19 State wise parts of country, who started on a long ‘barefoot’ journey with Status).

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 113 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India their families, in the absence of the transportation facilities, to They will be encouraged to be in contact with their their native places. Looking at the gravity of the situation, families many states, i.e. Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, and 3. Migrant workers who have reached their destination will Karnataka arranged special busses to drop these workers and be identified by the district administration will follow their families to either state borders or to their districts. This them up at their residence. massive migration led to the chaotic situation on national highways, bus stops and railway stations and raised Government of India also talked about the mental health misunderstandings between states. As this was the violation of these migrant workers and issued guidelines. Government of and a threat to the benefits of lockdown and was risky for emphasized that immediate concerns faced by such migrant them and for people in the villages, Government of India gave workers are primarily relate to food, shelter, healthcare, fear of a strict order to seal all interstate and district borders on 29 getting infected or spreading the infection, loss of wages, of March 2020 and asked states to issue necessary orders to concerns about the family, anxiety, fear and mental health. As District authorities to ensure adequate arrangements of an immediate response, measures to be taken to address these temporary shelters (especially near highways) with adequate concerns and need for social distancing, adherence to amenities and basic requirements, provision of food, clothing protocols for management of COVID-19, putting up and health measure for the poor and needy people including mechanisms to enable the migrant workers reach to the family migrants laborer, stranded due to lockdown measures in their members through telephone, video calls etc. and ensuring respective areas. their physical safety (Government of India, 2020d). In a recent report, government has proposed to send trained counselors Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) also asked the landlords and community group leaders belonging to all faiths to the not to charge rent during this crisis and employers to make the relief camps and shelter homes to deal with any consternation payment of wages of their workers without deduction for the that the migrants might be going through (Press Trust of period of closure. MHA set-up a control room to monitor the India, 2020e) on the direction of Supreme Court. situation 24X7 to ensure the access to essential commodities to anyone. States were allowed to utilize money in the State Though the lack of proper guidelines to implement the Disaster Relief Fund (SDRF) to provide food, accommodation strategies posed several challenges in front of state and medical care to homeless, including migrant workers, governments in form of lack of preparedness, however in line stranded due to lockdown and sheltered in relief camps and with orders given by central government, majority states have other places. Till 31st March, 2020, 6.6 lakh migrant workers devised their own strategies and taken substantial measures were accommodated in the 21,604 relief camps with provision to protect the lives and rights of migrants during this time. The of food, shelter and other basic necessities. Additionally, states of Delhi, Bihar, Odisha, Kerala and Maharashtra provided arrangements for food have been made for 23 lakh persons. In temporary shelters to all the migrant workers. Many states like another order, Ministry of Home Affairs issued an advisory for Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Kerala, Telangana, Karnataka are health actions at place of congregation of migrant workers, providing free food or ration bags to migrant workers, homeless which included the three types of migrant workers and their and poor people along with the distribution of food grain kits. health risk management: Many municipal corporations too have taken initiative to assist migrants and stranded people by starting community 1. Migrant workers who are still in the cities of local kitchen, health care to migrants, providing awareness to them residence, if they are found to be forming any and collecting funds to support the needy. Several states, congregation in bus station/railway stations or any including Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, have already announced other place of the city, recording of details of such major relief measures using DBT for expedient transmission. people and following them up for 14 days and risk The states of Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, and Karnataka screening by district health authorities. have already transferred or in the process of transferring the 2. Migrant workers who are on their way and are yet to funds in the accounts of vulnerable groups. reach their destination city/village, for them the quarantine centre were to be set-up with proper amenities and basic States have also initiated the involvement of Non- requirement. Thermal screening will be carried out with government Organizations (NGOs), Jail mates and volunteers appropriate actions for suspected or confirmed cases. to support them in this endeavor. NGOs have now started

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 114 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India crowd funding efforts to find a way out to help those in need families who are not registered to the social schemes and they are making substantial efforts to feed people, provide and depend on daily wages for survival? them meal kits, hygiene kits, family kits of essentials. 4. With severe disruption, the question arises, whether Additionally, many high end restaurants and IT companies reverse migrants will come back to work in towns or stay are also chipping in to meet the target of supply food. in their villages. If they don’t return, how to deal with likely economic stress in destination areas. At present As mentioned earlier there are more than 200 million the villages of Punjab, Haryana and other states are migrant workers in India, however there is no estimate of facing difficulties of harvesting of wheat without migrants stranded at different locations. The relief provided migrants. In the origin villages, where resources are by the government and non government organization may scares and opportunities are limited, how state bring some relief to the migrants, but looking into the huge government should meet the expectations of the people. migrant population, the amount of services provided proved highly inadequate. Some of the long-term strategies are suggested as Challenges and Future Strategy: below: 1. Food grain and pulses need to be supplied on weekly There is a huge uncertainty about how long this crisis basis to meet the food and nutritional needs of migrant will last and what damage it would do to the economy, workers and their families. Government should use the livelihood of people and availability of basic healthcare services. Public Distribution System (PDS) infrastructure and Given its size and spread, management of migrants under distribute the food grain lying as buffer stock to the lockdown represents a massive logistic challenge. Some of tune of 60 million metric tones with Food Corporation these challenges need to be addressed instantly and some are of India. It should also mobilise local bodies to the long term: ensure the supply of daily needs arising from the Corona 1. The instant challenges are related to stranded migrants: virus disruption. There is a need to remember that a. How to provide food and basic amenities at camps/ lockdown in the West is affordable while people in India shelters by maintaining better hygiene and cannot bear the lockdown empty stomach for a long sanitation to all of them (soap/ water/ toilet/ waste time. management)? 2. Migrants cannot be neglected as a stakeholder in b. How to provide basic health care and preventive development for a long time. Integration of migrants kits (like mask, sanitisers, and gloves etc.)? with development is the need of the hour. Government c. How to quick appraise their conditions and do the should seriously look into the recommendations screening of the possibly infected persons and UNESCO-UNICEF and the Working Group on Migration quarantine them separately? and implement them at the earliest (Bhagat, 2012; d. How to maintain the social distancing for the Working Group on Migration, 2017). migrants to check the spread of infection? 3. Public health system particularly at the primary and e. How to provide counselling and psychological secondary care needs to be strengthened, investment support to the migrants under the distress? should be increased, and drug supply and equipment’s 2. There is an urgent need for the development of authentic need to be made available at massive scale, and most database for the stranded migrants at destination, in importantly human resources of the public health system highway camps and return migrants in villages. Data on need to be augmented a spectacular level. volume and characteristics of the migrants (in camps, 4. Starting of health insurance scheme for migrants may be home quarantine) is needed to transfer the benefits of helpful for the state government as well as migrants at social welfare schemes at present and for future the destination especially during any epidemic or management needs. pandemic. For instance, in Kerala, a health insurance 3. During and post-lockdown period, how to provide the scheme named Awaz Health Insurance Scheme, which basic income support to migrants and their left behind aims to support migrants and also it is helpful to provide

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valid documents to migrants. Also, it helps the https://www.firstpost.com/health/coronavirus-outbreak- government to have record of migrants and also migrants return-migration-and- covid19-in-india-data-suggests- get the benefit of health insurance. kerala-tamil-nadu-punjab-up-bihar-may-be-future- 5. There is a need to strengthen the database on migration redzones-for-contagion-risk-8221531.html. and migrant households through Census, National Sample O Government of India (2020) Pradhan Mantri Garid Kalyan Survey (NSS) and NFHS and Migration Surveys. The Package. Press Information Bureau,March26 available data are very old and also not available on 2020.Available at https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/ time. As migration and migrants has affected the MoFPMGaribKalyanYojanaPackage.pdf,accessed on households in almost all dimensions in both rural and April 5 2020.

urban areas, an effective inclusion of migrants in our O Government of India (2020c) Advisory for quarantine of official statistics and access will be helpful in formulating migrant workers. Available at https://www.mohfw.gov.in/ robust and inclusive policy and programmes in the pdf/Advisoryforquarantineofmigrantworkers.pdf, country. accessed on April 5 2020.

O India Today (2020) https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ Web Based Sources coronavirus-migrants-sprayedwith- disinfectants-on- O DHNS (2020) A poorly thought-out package for the poor. road-in-up-bareily-dm-assures-action-1661371-2020-03-30.

Deccan Herald, March 27, 2020. Available at https:// O Press trust of India (2020c) Coronavirus: MHA changes www.deccanherald.com/opinion/first-edit/a-poorly- rules, State Disaster Relief Fund to be used to give food, thought- outpackage-for-the-poor-818067.html, accessed shelter for migrant workers. Deccan Herald, 27th March on April 5 2020. 2020. Available at, https://www.deccanherald.com/ O First Post (2020) Return migration and COVID-19: Data national/coronavirus-mha-changesrules- state-disaster- suggests Kerala, TN, Punjab, UP, Bihar may be future relief-fund-to-be-used-to-give-food-shelter-for-migrant- red zones for contagion risk, Apr 03, 2020, Available at: workers818579.html, accessed on April 5 2020.

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 116 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India AN OVERVIEW OF PSYCHOSOCIAL AND MENTAL HEALTH WELL-BEING OF CHILDREN DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Dr. Sree Lakshmi K. Assistant Professor Department of Business Administration Prof. Tahseen Assistant Professor Department of Commerce Government R.C.College of Commerce and Management Bengaluru - 560 001

Abstract Key Words: Children, anxiety, frustration, Community. In late 2019, a novel infectious disease with human to Introduction human transmission (COVID -19) Was identified in Wuhan A coronavirus is a kind of common virus that causes an China, which now has turned into a global pandemic. Countries infection in nose, sinuses, or upper throat. Most coronaviruses all over the world have implemented some sort of lockdown aren't dangerous. They are a large family of viruses that to slow down its infection and mitigate it. Lockdown due to usually cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses, COVID-19 has drastic effects on social and economic fronts. like the common cold. However, three new coronaviruses However, this lockdown will have profound impact not only have emerged from animal reservoirs over the past two decades in the health and economic situation, but also on the to cause serious and widespread illness and death. psychosocial well-being of societies across nations. The impacts will be felt differently among different population COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 that can groups. Among these, one group will face additional challenges triggers respiratory tract infection. It can affect upper to understand, absorb, and deal with the changes that COVID- respiratory tract (sinuses, nose, and throat) or lower respiratory 19 is bringing to our world: the children. In the current context tract (windpipe and lungs). It spreads the same way other of lock down and restriction of movements, children have coronaviruses do, mainly through person to person contact. constrained access to socialization, play, and even physical Infections range from mild to deadly. contact, critical for their psychosocial wellbeing and development. School closures are preventing children from SARS-CoV-2 is one of seven types of coronavirus, access to learning and limiting their interactions with peers. including the ones that cause severe diseases like Middle Children may feel confused and at loss with the current East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and sudden acute situation, leading to frustration and anxiety, which will only respiratory syndrome (SARS). The other coronaviruses cause increase with the overexposure to mass and social media, most of the colds that affect us during the year but aren’t a especially among adolescents. Some adults may struggle to serious threat for otherwise healthy people. find ways to explain and communicate with children about the Coronaviruses are found in avian and mammalian species. current situation in a way that is understandable by this age They resemble each other in morphology and chemical group, which will add frustration and disquietude. COVID-19 structure: for example, the coronaviruses of humans and cattle is also bringing new stressors on parent and caregivers. This are antigenically related. There is no evidence, however, that can hamper their capacity to provide care and remain engaged human coronaviruses can be transmitted by animals. In animals, with their children. Being very keen observers of people and various coronaviruses invade many different tissues and environments, children will notice, absorb and react to the cause a variety of diseases, but in humans they are only stress in their caregivers and community members, which proved to cause mild upper respiratory infections, i.e. common unavoidably will affect their wellbeing. This paper aims at colds. On rare occasions, gastrointestinal coronavirus infection providing parents and caregivers simple tools to help achieve has been associated with outbreaks of diarrhoea in children, this; to connect emotionally with children, understand their but these enteric viruses are not well characterized and are concerns, be aware of any situation leading to violence and not discussed in this chapter. abuse, and to thereby create an environment which is as normalised and joyful as it can possibly be. Coronavirus virions are spherical to pleomorphic

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 117 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India enveloped particles. The envelope is studded with projecting Children. In this research, researcher has tried to analyse and glycoproteins, and surrounds a core consisting of matrix explain the impact of COVID-19 on Children Socio Psychology. protein enclosed within which is a single strand of positive- Researcher has tried to figure out the changes occurred due sense RNA (Mr 6 × 106) associated with nucleoprotein. The to the COVID-19 and lockdown in the routine life of Children envelope glycoproteins are responsible for attachment to the and has also tried to figure out, how are they coping with this host cell and also carry the main antigenic epitopes, particularly COVID-19 and lockdown situation. the epitopes recognized by neutralizing antibodies. OC43 also possesses a haemagglutin. Objectives of the study 1. To study the Psychological changes amongst children Like other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 particles are during the outbreak of Covid-19 and Implementation of spherical and have proteins called spikes protruding from Lockdown. their surface. These spikes latch onto human cells, then 2. To assess the Behavioural pattern of Children during undergo a structural change that allows the viral membrane to the period of Lockdown fuse with the cell membrane. The viral genes can then enter the host cell to be copied, producing more viruses. Recent 3. To find out the measure for Psychosocial and Mental work shows that, like the virus that caused the 2002 SARS health well-being of children during pandemic COVID outbreak, SARS-CoV-2 spikes bind to receptors on the human Classification cell surface called angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The coronaviruses were originally grouped into the The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) brings with it family Coronaviridae on the basis of the crown or halo-like feelings like anxiety, stress and uncertainty — and they are appearance given by the glycoprotein-studded envelope on felt especially strongly by children of all ages. Though all electron microscopy. This classification has since been children deal with such emotions in different ways, if child confirmed by unique features of the chemistry and replication has been faced with institutions closures, cancelled events or of these viruses. Most human coronaviruses fall into one of separation from friends, they are going to need to feel loved two groups: 229E-like and OC43-like. These differ in both and supported now more than ever. Corona Virus Disease, the antigenic determinants and culturing requirements: 229E-like first case of corona virus pandemic in India was reported on coronaviruses can usually be isolated in human embryonic January 30, 2020. As on June 07th 2020 the ministry of health fibroblast cultures; OC43-like viruses can be isolated, or and family welfare have confirmed a total of 1,20,406 cases, adapted to growth, in suckling mouse brain. There is little and 1,19,292 recoveries and 6929 deaths in the country and antigenic cross-reaction between these two types. They cause experts are suggesting that the rate of infection could be independent epidemics of indistinguishable disease. much higher as India’s testing rates are amongst the lowest. There are hundreds of coronaviruses, most of which Looking at the situation in china and some major countries circulate among such animals as pigs, camels, bats and cats. like Italy, USA, France and Japan, Indian Government had Sometimes those viruses jump to humans called a spill over taken the precautionary step of announcing the curfew and event and can cause disease. Four of the seven known then a lockdown of 21 days, 19 days and 14 days respectively coronaviruses that sicken people cause only mild to moderate till May 17, 2020. Every citizen of the country was asked to disease. Three can cause more serious, even fatal, disease. stay inside the house and step out only for emergency by SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in November 2002 maintaining social distancing. As this lockdown has forced and caused severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). That everybody to stay inside the house, everyone has got ample virus disappeared by 2004. Middle East respiratory syndrome time to utilise. The researcher has tried to study the Impact (MERS) is caused by the MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV). on Children during the Lockdown period and assessed the Transmitted from an animal reservoir in camels, MERS was Socio Psychological wellbeing on Children. identified in September 2012 and continues to cause sporadic and localized outbreaks. The third novel coronavirus to emerge Research Gap Many Reports, News, Articles, Experts in this century is called SARSCoV-2. It causes coronavirus and Researchers are explaining the Economic, Financial, Geo- disease 2019 (COVID-19), which emerged from China in Political impacts of COVID-19 and lockdown. Very few December 2019 and was declared a global pandemic by the researchers were observed talking about the impact on World Health Organization on March 11, 2020.

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 118 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

Clinical Manifestation It’s important to disinfect surfaces to get rid of the Coronaviruses invade the respiratory tract via the nose. virus. Some dogs and cats have tested positive for the virus. After an incubation period of about 3 days, they cause the A few have shown signs of illness. But there’s no evidence symptoms of a common cold, including nasal obstruction, that humans can catch this coronavirus from an animal. sneezing, runny nose, and occasionally cough The disease Mechanism of corona virus cell entry resolves in a few days, during which virus is shed in nasal Coronaviruses are enveloped positive-stranded RNA secretions. There is some evidence that the respiratory viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm. To deliver their coronaviruses can cause disease of the lower airways but it nucleocapsid into the host cell, they rely on the fusion of is unlikely that this is due to direct invasion. Other their envelope with the host cell membrane. The spike manifestations of disease such as multiple sclerosis have glycoprotein (S) mediates virus entry and is a primary been attributed to these viruses but the evidence is not clear- determinant of cell tropism and pathogenesis. It is classified cut (1). The main symptoms include: as a class I fusion protein, and is Fever Coughing responsible for binding to the receptor on the host cell Shortness of breath as well as mediating the fusion of host and viral membranes Trouble breathing - A process driven by major conformational changes of the S Fatigue protein. This review discusses coronavirus entry mechanisms focusing on the different triggers used by coronaviruses to Chills, sometimes with shaking initiate the conformational change of the S protein: receptor Body aches binding, low pH exposure and proteolytic activation(2). Headache Sore throat Treatment Loss of smell or taste There’s no specific treatment for COVID-19. People who Nausea get a mild case need care to ease their symptoms, like rest, Diarrhea fluids, and fever control. Take over-the-counter medicine for a sore throat, body aches, and fever. National Institutes of The virus can lead to pneumonia, respiratory failure, Health says people who have the virus can use nonsteroidal septic shock, and death. Many COVID-19 complications may anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or acetaminophen as usual. be caused by a condition known as cytokine release syndrome or a cytokine storm. This is when an infection triggers your Many clinical trials are under way to explore treatments immune system to flood your bloodstream with inflammatory used for other conditions that could fight COVID-19 and to proteins called cytokines. They can kill tissue and damage develop new ones. Several studies are focused on an antiviral your organs. medication called remdesivir, which was created to fight Ebola. An emergency FDA ruling lets doctors use it for people Most of the time, it spreads when a sick person coughs hospitalized with COVID-19 and in clinical trials. Researchers or sneezes. They can spray droplets as far as 6 feet away. If in the U.S. say remdesivir helped patients in one study you breathe them in or swallow them, the virus can get into recover from the disease 31% faster. your body. Some people who have the virus don't have symptoms, but they can still spread the virus. The FDA also issued an emergency use ruling for hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine. These medications are You can also get the virus from touching a surface or approved to treat malaria and autoimmune conditions like object the virus is on, then touching your mouth, nose, or rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. Studies on their use against possibly your eyes. Most viruses can live for several hours COVID-19 have had mixed results, and research is ongoing. on a surface that they land on. A study shows that SARS- CoV-2 can last for several hours on various types of surfaces: There are no drugs or other therapeutics presently Copper: 4 hours approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prevent or treat COVID-19. Current clinical management Cardboard: up to 24 hours includes infection prevention and control measures and Plastic or stainless steel: 2 to 3 days

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 119 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India supportive care, including supplemental oxygen and mechanical get infected, experience mild illness and recover it, but its ventilatory support when indicated. To date, there are no infection can be more severe for other individuals. To take specific vaccines or medicines for COVID-19. Treatments are care of your health and protect others take care of your health under investigation, and will be tested through clinical trials. and protect others take the subsequent steps(5)

Coronavirus Vaccine Take steps to protect yourself Wash your hands There’s no vaccine, but intense research to create one regularly and thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 has been underway around the world since scientists shared seconds or with an alcohol based hand rub (hand sanitizer the virus’s genetic makeup in January 2020. Vaccine testing in that contains at least 60% alcohol) completely cover your humans started with record speed in March 2020. More than hands and rub them together until they do not dry especially 100 vaccine projects are in various phases of development after you have been visited a public place, or after blowing your nose, sneezing or coughing. Hands touch many surfaces Management and pick up viruses and these contaminated hands, can There is no specific antiviral treatment recommended for transfer the virus to your nose, eyes or mouth So, avoid COVID-19(3). The treatment is symptomatic, and oxygen touching these organs with unwashed hands. Because from therapy represents the major treatment intervention for patients there, the virus can enter the body and may cause persons with severe infection. Mechanical ventilation may be necessary to sick. Maintain social distancing (maintain at least 1 metre in cases of respiratory failure refractory to oxygen therapy, or 3 feet distance between yourself and anyone) and avoid whereas hemodynamic support is essential for managing septic close contact with people who are sick (who is coughing or shock (4). Different strategies can be used depending on the sneezing). When infected individuals cough or sneezes, they severity of the patient and local epidemiology (3, 4). Home spray small droplets from their nose or mouth which may management is appropriate for asymptomatic or paucisintomatic contain COVID-19 virus. The person can breathe in these patients. They need a daily assessment of body temperature, droplets.[31, 32] Avoid large events and mass gatherings blood pressure, oxygen saturation and respiratory symptoms Take steps to protect others Stay home if you are feeling for about 14 days. Management of such patients should unwell, unless you're going to get medical care. If you have focus on prevention of transmission to others and monitoring a cough, fever and difficulty breathing If you're sick avoid for clinical status with prompt hospitalization if needed. taking public transportation. Whenever you cough or sneeze Outpatients with COVID-19 should stay at home and try to cover your mouth and nose with a tissue paper. Throw used separate themselves from other people in the household. tissues in the trash and wash your hands immediately with They should wear a face mask when in the same room (or antiseptic soap and water. If possible, stay isolated in a vehicle) as other people and when presenting to health care separate room from family and pets and wear a facemask when settings. Disinfection of frequently touched surfaces is also you are around other people (e.g., sharing a room or vehicle). important. The optimal duration of home isolation is uncertain, If you are unable to wear a facemask (due to its causes but in consideration of incubation time around 14 days without trouble breathing or other reason) then you should cover symptoms (fever, dyspnoea, others) are considered sufficient your coughs and sneezes, and but when the people who are to end home isolation. Some patients with suspected or caring for you enter your room they should wear a facemask documented COVID-19 have severe disease that warrants (Facemasks may be in short supply and they should be saved hospital care. Management of such patients consists of for caregivers). Stay home for a duration of time and follow ensuring appropriate infection control, and supportive care. your doctor's instructions. If you're sick, avoid sharing Patients with severe disease often need oxygenation support. bedding, dishes, glasses and other household items If possible, use a separate bathroom and toilets from the family. Prevention & Precaution If surfaces are dirty, clean them, and use detergent or COVID-19 People should stay aware of the latest antiseptic soap & water before disinfection apply, Apply information on the COVID-19 outbreak provided by WHO and disinfectant daily on frequently touched surfaces. This includes Follow the directions of your local health authority and desks, phones, keyboards, toilets, faucets, tables, doorknobs, prevent secondary infections, interrupt human to human light switches, countertops, handles, and sinks(6. 7) Identify transmission to your close contacts, health care workers and and isolate suspected cases Before clinical care is started, prevent further international spread, most of the people who identify the potential cases as soon as possible and isolate

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 120 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India the suspected people separately from those who confirmed References cases of the virus COVID-19, to Prevent the potential 1. www. google.Com transmission of infection to other patients and health care 2. www.who.int staff. Avoid direct physical contact (including physical examination and exposure) to respiratory and other body 3. Lippi, G.; Simundic, A.M.; Plebani, M. Potential secretions. For instance, move potentially infectious people preanalytical and analytical vulnerabilities in the to isolation rooms and close the doors. In a working place, laboratory diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 make the distance in workers, customers, and other visitors, (COVID-19). Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2020. especially from potentially infectious individuals’ location In 4. Lagier, J.C.; Colson, P.; Tissot Dupont, H.; Salomon, J.; case of need to isolate a patient or patient group, pharmacies Doudier, B.; Aubry, C.; Gouriet, F.; Baron, S.;Dudouet, should designate and prepare a suitable space Most patients P.; Flores, R.; et al. Testing the repatriated for SARS- presenting in community pharmacies are unlikely to have Cov2: Should laboratory-based quarantinereplace COVID-19. If they have coughs, colds or flu-like symptoms traditional quarantine? Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 2020. but not relevant to COVID-19, travel or contact history, 5. Won, J.; Lee, S.; Park, M.; Kim, T.Y.; Park, M.G.; Choi, pharmacies should proceed in line with their best practice and routine management of the cross-infection risks to staff and B.Y.; Kim, D.; Chang, H.; Kim, V.N.; Lee, C.J.; et other patients. Restrict the number of individuals entering al.Development of a laboratory-safe and low-cost isolation areas, including the room of a patient with suspected detection protocol for SARS-CoV-2 of the coronavirus and confirmed COVID-19. disease 2019 (COVID-19). Exp. Neurobiol. 2020. 6. Loe_elholz, M.J.; Tang, Y.W. Laboratory diagnosis of Conclusions emerging human coronavirus infections–The state of This review provides an insight into the COVID-19 the art. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 2020, 9, 747–756. current situation and represents a picture of the current state 7. World Health Organization Coronavirus Disease (COVID- of the art in terms of public health impact, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and management and 19) Technical Guidance: Laboratory Testing for 2019- preventive measures. There is a rapidly growing body of nCoV in Humans. Available online: https://www.who.int/ literature on this topic and hopefully it will help in finding an emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus- 2019/ effective vaccine and the best practice for the management technicalguidance/laboratory-guidance (accessed on 31 and treatment of symptomatic cases. March 2020).

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 121 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India A STUDY ON COVID -19 CHALLENGES TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA

Dr. Mohammed Farooq Pasha Assistant Professor, Government First Grade College, Kengeri, Bangalore - 560 060, E-mail : [email protected] Jyothi Hegde Katte Assistant Professor, Government First Grade College, Kengeri, Bangalore - 560 060, E-mail : [email protected]

Abstract economic systems like ours, this is indeed a massive The world today is facing pandemic as the Covid 19 is inconvenience not only socially but also economically. At the broad its way around the globe and its impact is only same time, the success of such a step depends not only on beginning to be visible. The pandemics has brought in many an individual but also all those around him. A tiny act of error deaths, thousands have been quarantined and has led to a or adventurism by a single individual can prove to be severe serious situation of global health emergency. The need of the for scores of people. The question then is whether the Indian hour is social distancing and excellent medical care. Due to society is prepared for such discipline and empathy. More Covid 19, entire nation is lockdown due to this pandemic importantly, this will not be the last such crisis where one’s thing many sectors got impacted and economy has been slow welfare will depend on the person next door. Tough questions down because of this Covid 19. Among various sector, one need to be asked of our current institutions and systems. of the sector which place a dominating role is the education Amongst the most crucial of these is India’s education system. sector where educational institutions has to take more As per a research conducted by Brainwiz, across India, precautionary measures for the safety of Students, teachers the last two academic years have witnessed some unfortunate and all staff. The shutdown of the education institutions has disruptions. For instance, since the abrogation of Article 370 led to many apprehensions among the students and teaching in August 2019, schools across Jammu and Kashmir lost over fraternity. However the teaching fraternity has been adopting 60 working days. Extreme weather conditions and pollution innovative methods to interact with the students and focusing levels forced a loss of 120 days across states such as Delhi, on the curriculum. In this context I have been trying to Puducherry, Punjab and West Bengal. Furthermore, political analyze the challenges of e-teaching and its limitations. The rallies and bandhs accounted for over 30 lost days. Yet, as study focus on the challenges of E teaching and impact of the one might notice, all these events, or ‘shocks’ were largely same. The methodology adapted will be the both primary and local in nature. A student in Karnataka was not too affected secondary data where data has been structure to the various by the lockdown in Jammu and Kashmir. Even as students did parameters, one among these parameters is network connective not attend school in Delhi due to air pollution, students in and availability of phone, laptops and desktops. The major Nagaland did not face any such issues. Furthermore, students finding is the without proper internet connection and more across different states could have hardly made a difference to time in buffering the classes are getting impacted. educational mitigate the hardships of other affected students. However, institution need to have a strong internet connectivity so that something is fundamentally different about the COVID-19 e teaching will be effective. crisis.

Keywords: Covid 19, education institutions, challenges, E The key difference between the current crisis and the teaching other aforementioned crises is the former’s aggregate nature. The crisis, for instance, has impacted (or has the potential to Introduction impact) Madhya Pradesh as much as Punjab. There are no In no time, the COVID-19 crisis has brought the Indian safe havens. The last such ‘aggregate’ shock that comes to society to a painful halt. To be fair, the more prosperous mind in the Indian context is demonetization. Yet, in that case, societies across the west are also facing a similar crisis. Social we knew that an active government was working behind the distancing has become an imperative in this fight against a scenes to ameliorate concerns at the earliest possible. mighty, invisible enemy. In a country with cultural norms and However, in the current scenario, the government is depending

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 122 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India on social awareness as much as the society is banking on the suggests that ESD curricula help students develop a deeper government’s preparedness. On the bright side, that also understanding of real-life challenges that the global community means that as a community, we broadly know what is to be is facing. These include but are not limited to- climate change, done to ensure that one’s neighbour does not contract the socio-economic inequality, gender bias and peace-building. disease, or that a young student does not infect an older Through such a holistic approach, ESD seems to have not relative. As a citizenry though, are we mentally conditioned to only developed virtues such as empathy and compassion, but face such challenges? Is the Indian education system is also correlated with better grades and a wider range of promoting a value system that promotes compassion, empathy future academic and professional opportunities for students. and discipline aimed at public welfare? To our mind, the sad It is, therefore, not surprising that UNESCO is pursuing this answer to both these questions might well be negative. In objective very rigorously and is working with policy-makers such a case then, is there a case for an alternate approach to and educational institutions across the world to scale these education to instil the intent to act selflessly in the interest efforts up. However, a lot still remains to be done. of the society at large? Objectives of the study The case for Education for Sustainable Development O To study the overall impact of Covid 19 in the In November 2019, the 40th UNESCO General Conference educational sector in India adopted the new global framework on Education for O To analysis the impact of performance and effectiveness Sustainable Development (ESD for 2030) for the period of of E teaching 2020-2030. The global framework for implementation of ESD is the follow up to the Global Action Programme on ESD (GAP, Ø To Suggest the positive or negative effect on the 2015-2019). ESD for 2030 aims to build a more just and performance performance and effectiveness of E teaching sustainable world through strengthening ESD and contributing Research Methodology to the achievement of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. In this paper, has made a small attempt to analysis the The framework will focus on integrating ESD and the 17 SDGs impact of E teaching with the traditional Face to face teaching into policies, learning environments, capacity building of methods. The study is descriptive and analytical in nature educators, empowerment and mobilization of youth, and local where the data has been taken by structured questionnaire level action. Furthermore, UNESCO also plans to host a and by telephonic interview method and by zoom meetings.The ‘UNESCO World Conference on Education for Sustainable data has been collected from 60 colleges in Bangalore, where Development’, after the world recovers from this ongoing 120 teachers has been filled the data. crisis. The Conference will raise awareness of these challenges, highlight the crucial role of Education for Sustainable As much as we may want to wish, the COVID-19 crisis Development (ESD) as a key enabler for the successful will not be the last such aggregate shock. By not focusing on achievement of all SDGs, and create momentum for skills aimed at sustainable cohabitation, we have already strengthening ESD in policy and practice. produced several generations of adults who may not be psychologically equipped to deal with such challenges. Our ESD is aimed at internalizing the unintended effects of best hope, in such a case, is to begin as soon as possible and one’s actions on others. By introducing subjects such as churn out the next generation of community leaders who can gender studies and environmental sustainability, education think not only for themselves but also for those around them. systems across the world are trying to ingrain among their COVID-19 might just be a trailer for several such challenges students these concepts at a very young age. Through that await us. multidisciplinary, inter-disciplinary and multidimensional approaches, the overall objective of the exercise hinges around Challenges faced in COVID 19 situation from the idea of translating academic concepts into relatable real- educational sector life challenges and finding their solutions. ESD’s focus on O The Indian Internet infrastructure is not ready for the often ignored soft skills such as critical thinking, problem- paradigm shift to online learning mandated by the solving, leadership and communication equip students with situation arising due to COVID-19, according to a report the right toolkit to deal with these challenges. These assertions by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), which comes out with are also backed by evidence. Evidence from across the world coveted global ranking for educational institutions.

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O The report titled “COVID-19: A wake up call for telecom providing them such courses in which they can achieve service providers” is based on a survey conducted by excellence, gain deeper knowledge of subject so that QS I Guage, which rates colleges and universities in they will get jobs after recruitment in the companies India with complete operational control held by London- which would reduce unnecessary rush to the higher based QS. education. O One of the pointed out challenge is connectivity and Conclusion signal issues as the most prevailing problems faced by students while attending online classes. In this paper we have presented the present situation of India in higher education sector. We also identify the O “This paper pointed out that the infrastructure in terms challenges like demand-supply gap, lack of quality research, of technology in India has not achieved a state of problem of infrastructure and basic facilities, shortage of quality.”Although, due to the outbreak of COVID-19, faculty etc in the higher education. The implementation the world had witnessed a massive shift from the framework for twelfth plan aims to focus on improving quality traditional Face to Face (F2F) to online platform as a of state institutions, to revamp financial aid programs, to mode of delivery of classes. interlink expansion, equity and excellence. To improve the O Due to lack of proper infrastructure, a shift to a total higher education system we need to improve teaching reliance on the online platform for the delivery of lectures pedagogy, build synergies between research and teaching, seems to be a distant dream,” it added. and facilitate alliance of higher institutions among themselves, O According to the survey with over respondents found research centers and industries. This is necessary not only to that in order to use internet at home i.e. is 30% , 70 take care of economic growth, but it is also essential for social percent of the respondents use mobile data where internet cohesion and to empower the country’s youth. connective is bit challenging References Suggestions for Improving the System of Higher 1. Barnett,R. (1992).Improving Higher Education: Total Education: Quality Core, Buckingham: SRHE&OU. O There is a need to implement innovative and 2. Agarwal, P. (2006). “Higher Education in India: The transformational approach form primary to higher Need for Change.” ICRIER Working Paper, Indian Council education level to make Indian educational system for Research on International Economic Relations: No. globally more relevant and competitive. 180.

O In higher educational institutes Industrial co-operation 3. PWC report on “India-Higher education system: must be there for the development of curriculum, Opportunities for Private Participation, 2012. organizing expert lectures, internships, live projects, 4. Sanat Kaul, “Higher Education in India: seizing the career counseling and placements. opportunity”, Working paper no. 179, 2006. 5. British Council, Understanding India: The Future of O Higher educational institutes need to improve quality, higher education and opportunities for international reputation and establish credibility through student cooperation, 2014. exchange, faculty exchange programs, and other collaborations with high- quality national and Websites international higher educational institutes. O http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=122741 O Government must promote collaboration between Indian O http://ictpost.com/process-and-politics-ict-governance- higher education institutes and top International in-indian-education/ institutes and also generates linkage between national O http://thenamopatrika.com/smriti-irani-launches-new- research laboratories and research centers of top schemes institutions for better quality and collaborative research. O https://www.ibmbigdatahub.com/blog/8-ways-make- O There is a need to focus on the graduate students by educational-institutions-more-efficient-analytics

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 124 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India COVID 19 – EFFECT OF SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT: PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT, SUICIDES, RELIGIOUS IMPACT, PILIGRIMS AND SOCIAL GATHERING

Rukmini K Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce and Management, Government R C College of Commerce and Management E-mail : [email protected] Mobile: 9632502552 Dr. Shivani S. Research scholar

Abstract lives unsympathetically and affect the people and society on The coronavirus (COVID-19)pandemic hit India in the quite a few levels. The significant strategies indorsed for the month of January in 2020 and the associated uncertainty is containment of an outbreak are isolation and social distancing more and more testing the psychological pliability of the – both of these have significant effects on our life. Regrettably, population.Presently, as the global emphasis has been on the focus of gaugingthe impact of the pandemic is utterly testing, cure finding and preventing thetransmission,the biased in the course of ‘deaths’, whereas mental or publicis going through a number of psychological glitches in psychological well-being,one of the most common batons of altering and adjusting to the current lifestyles, dread and public health, takes a backseat.(9) anxiety of coming incontact withthe disease. The effects of Hence, it is crucial to note the different ways in which COVID-19 are having an overwhelming impact on health this pandemic may be affecting people’s mental health: services all around the world. Beyond the abrupt threat to life, 1. The fear of reliving a pandemic if you have lived through the pandemic is also laying waste to cultural schedules, pandemic/epidemic such as Nipah, Ebola or SARS. compelling cancellations and interruptions of most of society’s major cultural events. 2. Fear of losing livelihood as a result of isolation or limitation of travel (small scale industries, fitness, tourism INTRODUCTION: or hotel sectors). Since the announcement of the coronavirus 2019 3. A persistent sense of insecurity for oneself and loved (COVID-19) outbreak as a pandemic, there have been reports ones. on the amplifiedpervasiveness of physical signs and symptoms 4. Anxiety of social or physical distancing. detected in the over-all population. Affecting 7.14 lakhs people 5. The phobia of going out of home. worldwide and claiming about 481 thousand lives as of 14th June 2020, the pandemic has altered the very rhythm of all our 6. Stigma towards people with symptoms such as cold, livelihood, in additionto taking a large toll on the public cough or sneezing irrespective of the diagnosis. health.(12) COVID-19 originated in the Wuhan province 7. The obsessive need to hoard daily essentials like food (China)in December 2019 but took less than two months to or medical supplies such as face masks, sanitizers, turn into an important and distressing part of our everyday antibiotics. conversationsand social media communication.As it hits about 8. Increased psychological stress over the growing panic, 158 countries besides China, considerable amounts of socio- due to all forms of media. politico-economic impacts are already evident in unparalleled 9. Healthcare workers, persons at the frontline of the COVID- foreign policy measures, fractured global economy and stock 19 control may face anxiety and fear of contracting or market bloodbaths.(5) guilt of transmitting infection(2).

PSYCHOLOGICAL Quite similar to other fast spreading infections, the IMPACT; Pandemics are poles apart from being just a COVID-19 pandemicemanates with an exponentially growing medical phenomenon. They interrupt personal and professional barrage of misinformation repetitivelysnowballed at the general

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 125 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India population via social media, fuelling stress and mass hysteria. need for extensive mental health services. Appropriate and Furthermore, the ‘fear of transmission’ causes a stigma, and authentic information vis-à-vis COVID-19 andmental health- alsoxenophobia, further leading to the ‘fear of fellow humans’. care seeking opportunities is obligatory to prompt awareness regarding COVID-19 in the general population. Moreover, SUICIDES social media platforms, news media such as televisions, news Currently, public health measures like social distancing, portals, etc. should take measures to promote positive mental isolation and quarantine have been implemented worldwide to health in combating further COVID-19 suicides. combat the COVID-19 pandemic. The whole world is debatably under a lockdown, which disturbs the typical lifestyle. Studies RELIGIOUS IMPACT: have shown that lockdown and quarantine hoistthe Unlike most other countries affected by the virus, India psychological symptoms such as phobia, depression, anxiety, presents with unique apprehensions owing to its geographical trauma, etc. (6).In addition, there is an economic crisis and massiveness and the intricacy of its cultural and religious occupational deprivation existing everywhere, this situation diversityand practices contemporaneous with poor social also elevates the stress and causes psychiatric issues like indicators, being, lower life expectancy, higher fertility, and depression, anxiety, stress, etc. (10.) high child mortality. Wide illiteracy, poverty, poor sanitary conditions, open defecation and manual scavenging Psychological state accompanied by employment, furthermore add to its afflictions.With the COVID-19 outbreak economic status, and the lifestyle of individuals are against this backdrop, people’s fears and anxiety over health considerably affected in the Indian population. These issues combined with the religion-based mistrust has resulted in are most likely to have accounted for about 90% of the more social stigmas and discrimination.(1) suicide causalities (10.). In the sense of pandemic aftermath, suicide rate dramatically increases as of elevating psychological Numerous cases of COVID-19 reported across India comorbidities; have been linked to a Muslim congregation that was held in Delhi in March by an Islamic faction called the Tablighi Since the announcement of the COVID-19 outbreak Jamaat. After Indian authorities acknowledged the sect as the since January 2020 in India, the first Indian suicide case biggest gathering of coronavirus cases in the country, people occurred on February 12this said to have been due to the fear started blaming the Muslim community for the spread of the of infection with COVID-19 (7). There have since been a huge disease. Many political experts said that the Indian government number of suicides in the country accounting for the same reason. might purposely be encouraging communal rigidities to trigger something genocidal. Nevertheless, they agree that the current Table - 1: Distribution of the Indian COVID-19 suicide situation in the country is expanding the religious divide cases. between Hindus and Muslims.(8)

S.No. Reason Number of cases Earlier this month, the Indian government accredited that certain communities are being belittled based on false 1 Fear of COVID-19 infection 21 COVID-19 reports circulating on the social media. To address 2 Financial crisis 15 thisissue, the government issued an advisory telling people 3 Loneliness 8 not to spread on social media the names, identity or the locality of those affected by the virus or under quarantine. 4 Fear of being quarantined 4

5 COVID-19 related work stress 4 PILIGRIMAGE After the detection of COVID19 cases in Amritsar, the 6 COVID-19 positive 7 administration issued a ban on mass gatherings. This resulted 7 Unavailability of alcohol 2 in the closure of religious destinations where a lot of overcrowding happens. Also, Friday prayers at the Imambada 8 Depression 8 in Lucknow were called off. The Varanasi district administration Considering the COVID-19 associatedlife-threatening banned the gatherings on ghats for the ganga aarti, while the psychological impact on individuals, there arises a crucial J&K administration also suspended pilgrimage to Vaishno

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 126 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

Devi. The Tirupati Balaji temple was also shut down for Tolstoy’s words: “We are divided by borders, but united by devotees from Friday in a bid to contain the COVID-19 the world.” outbreak in the country.The Shirdi temple was closed for REFERENCES: devotees by the administration till further orders while the 1. Chatterjee, K., Chatterjee, K., Kumar, A. and Shankar, S., famous ISKCON temple in Vrindavan has also been closed for 2020. Healthcare impact of COVID-19 epidemic in India: all devotees.(3) A stochastic mathematical model. Medical Journal Armed SOCIAL GATHERINGS: Forces India. The states and union territories have been asked to 2. Chew, N.W., Lee, G.K., Tan, B.Y., Jing, M., Goh, Y., inform the district authorities on restrictions of the lockdown Ngiam, N.J., Yeo, L.L., Ahmad, A., Khan, F.A., and take all necessary measures for the protection and Shanmugam, G.N. and Sharma, A.K., 2020. A multinational, maintenance of law and order, peace and public tranquillity. multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and The Centre has also asked authorities to keep tabs on social associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare media and act against any objectionable content. The Union workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, behavior, and home ministry has instructed all states and Union territories immunity. to restrictall religious or social gatherings in view of upcoming 3. COVID-19: No religious, social, political gatherings, festivals. Clause 9 & 10 of the Consolidated Guidelines given protests of over 50 in Delhi till Mar 31 TOI regarding the lockdownstate that none of the religious 4. Covid-19: States asked not to allow religious gatherings congregations will be permitted with no exceptions and all during lockdown, Hintustan Times kinds of social gatherings shall be barred.(4) 5. Debanjan Banerjee, How COVID-19 is overwhelming our mental health doi:10.1038/nindia.2020.46 A certain relaxation was provided considering the 6. Dsouza, D.D., Quadros, S., Hyderabadwala, Z.J. and circumstances and to maintain social distancing in such Mamun, M.A., 2020. Aggregated COVID-19 suicide circumstances, a gathering of not more than 50 people was incidences in India: Fear of COVID-19 infection is the deemed allowed at wedding functions and not more than 20 prominent causative factor. Psychiatry Research, p.113145 people in funerals. 7. Mamun, M., Aggregated COVID-19 suicide incidences CONCLUSION: in India: Fear of COVID-19 infection is the prominent Pandemics are ultimately transient. As researchers across causative factor the globe unravel the mysteries surrounding the virus, drugs 8. Mufsin P. P. and Muhsin P. P. Sociocultural and Religious are made and countries mount their emergency responses, Factors Complicate India’s COVID-19 ResponseEnsuring there is hope that life as we know it, economy and work will awareness and dispelling pseudoscientific practices is a eventually take their respective course. Nevertheless, what necessity for India to confront the coronavirus. really immortalises this microscopic virus in the history of 9. Nidal Moukaddam, Psychiatrists Beware! The Impact of mankind is that it is bringing together the entire world as a COVID-19 and Pandemics on Mental Health unified family irrespective of geo-political differences with a 10. Sahoo, S., Bharadwaj, S., Parveen, S., Singh, A.P., Tandup, common suffering and a common goal of eradication. C., Mehra, A., Chakrabarti, S. and Grover, S., 2020. Self- Neverthless, fighting the COVID-19 crisis fundamentally harm and COVID-19 Pandemic: An emerging concern–A requires a holistic approach that integrates the social, report of 2 cases from India. Asian journal of psychiatry behavioral, psychological aspects to prepare the general 11. Shalini NairIndia COVID-19 coronavirus by city and population for any emergency responses. As the whole world state hopes to get a hold on this ongoing threat, we will surely 12. World Health Organization, 2020. Coronavirus disease remember this disease as one that made us retreat to Leo 2019 (COVID-19): situation report, 67.

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 127 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India COVID-19 OUT BREAK:NUTRITIONAL CRISIS IN INDIA

Dr. Nagesh Babu R. and Dr. Shafia Hoor F. School of Sciences, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Maharani Cluster University, Bengaluru - 560001, Karnataka, India.

Nutrition has been a subject of matter of top priority for obese, in poor as well as rich countries. Finding undernutrition more than a decade in health sector. Both Developedand and overweight within the same community, household or developing countries have made tremendous effort and even individual is quite common– it is also possible to be strengthened the nutrition policies/initiatives with quantifiable both overweight and micronutrient deficient. success. Derek Headey and Marie Ruel look at available evidence to show that nutrition progress will be threatened What is the extent of malnutrition in India? by the COVID-19 crisis, particularly if it persists. To mitigate India has the maximum number of malnourished children adverse nutrition impacts, they outline multisectoral nutrition in the world – 1 in every 3 children are malnourished. The actions that can protect the most vulnerable, including mothers situation is extremely critical because the effects of and children. -John McDermott, series co-editor and Director, malnourishment are irreversible if they occur at a young age. CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and If not death, it leads to permanent disabilities that render the Health. children ill for the rest of their lives.

What is malnutrition? Malnutrition in India has become a situation that haunts According to World Health Organisation (WHO) the lives of millions of children. Among the 472 million malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in children (2011 census), a whopping 97 million are anaemic and a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients. The term undernourished. For children five years or younger, close to malnutrition covers 2 broad groups of conditions. One is 40% (actually 38.7%) are stunted (below normal height for the ‘undernutrition’—which includes stunting (low height for age), 19.8% are wasted (underweight and short) and 42.4% are age), wasting (low weight for height), underweight (low weight underweight. The data-set revealed by the latest NFHS-4, for age) and micronutrient deficiencies or insufficiencies (a states that nine out of the 11 states surveyed have not been lack of important vitamins and minerals). The other is able to reduce the rate of Infant Mortality even by 2 points overweight, obesity and diet-related noncommunicable annually. And that, 40 out of 1000 infants don’t get to diseases (such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer). celebrate their first birthday. What are the consequences of malnutrition? While Malnutrition and Infant Mortality Rates remain high, the budget allocated for minors, constituting 40% of People in almost every country are affected by India’s population remains at a meagre 4%. For example, in the malnutrition. Around 1.9 billion adults worldwide are village of DamodarMohuli in Bihar, the only anganwadi in the overweight, while 462 million are underweight. An estimated village has been non-functional for the past 6 months. The 41 million children under the age of 5 years are overweight or anganwadi worker has not received her salary for this time obese, while some 159 million are stunted and 50 million are period, and doesn’t open the centre due to lack of food and wasted. In addition, about 528 million or 29% of women of medicines. The children are suffering as a result. reproductive age around the world affected by anaemia add to this burden, for which approximately half would be Impact of COVID-19 on Global health acquiescent to iron supplementation. COVID-19 infectious disease by a novel coronavirus, Owing to unaffordability of enough nutritious foods like became amajor global human menaceand twirledinto a global fresh fruit and vegetables, legumes, meat and milk by most of pandemic as humanrespiratory system is the main target for the families, and easy access and availability to cheaper foods pathogenic coronavirus. In the late December 2019, a nugget and drinks high in fat, sugar and salt has lead to a rapid rise of patients werefound infected by the deadly virus and were in the number of children and adults who are overweight and admitted to hospitals with an initial diagnosis of pneumonia

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 128 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India of an unknown etiology. Early investigations insights the global malnutrition and the crisis will damage the nutritional onset of coronavirus outbreak known as SARS-CoV-2, causing status of vulnerable groups through multiple mechanisms. the disease COVID-19. Later, theenduring epidemic has been The term malnutrition is well-defined most simply as declared as global public health emergency by the World imbalanced intake of protein and or energy over prolonged Health Organization. periods of time, and can occur in both under-nutrition and over-nutrition. Following the spread of the pandemic, Since the outbreak of this disease in January 2020 at households in family-food-secure regions of the world have Wuhan city of China, The Entire world got embroiled and fallen into severe food insecurity. While in India, many reports groping cluelessly around alternative short-term measures for say tens of millions of migrant workers and their poor family reliving people from life-threatening COVID-19 disease and might face starvation as the lockdown lingers. Since the subsequent livelihood hardship. The novel coronavirus outbreak of the COVID-19, individual and community resilience (COVID-19) that has been spreading worldwide since late emerged as a main resource while remaining the first line of 2019 has sickened millions of people. To mitigate the spread defense in emergency preparedness. In fact, psychological of coronavirus, the central government imposed a nation-wide and behavioral countermeasures of both the individual and lockdown on March 25, 2020 by shutting down major cities, the community are vital determinants to improve resilience prompting unprecedented global travel restrictions, and and enhance the efficacy of public health approaches vis a influenced the global spread of misinformation and panic. As vis a pandemic of a magnitude similar to that of COVID-19. In a result, all economic activities which requiredindividuals to addition, the confinement to one’s home has direct effects on travel or work outside home, such as manufacturing of non- one’s lifestyle, including food habitsand physical activity essential goods and construction, have stopped since then and the entire population has been suffering due to its patterns. The low physical activity levels, even for short indirect impact on lockdownleading tojob lossespecially that periods, could negatively affect physical and mental health. of daily wage workers and people in the informal sector.To The state of lockdown and confinement could also lead to combat the crisis our honorable Prime minister announced irregular eating patterns and frequent snacking, both of which Rupees 20 lakh crore at 10% of GDP as relief packageto take are associated with higher caloric intake and increased risk of care of poor, workers and those who needed immediate obesity. The changes in dietary patterns during the outbreak help.Most of the activities including relief work has been of COVID-19 could also be driven by the fear and anxiety confined to domestic chores. Majority of the activities have many people around the globe are experiencing. Compelling been confined to reliefwithin domestic chores including the evidence showed that dietary habits are affected by conditions relief works.Among various short run measures the livelihood of stress, distress, and emotional disturbance, whereby elevated space largely has been largely apprehended by the life saving distress levels are associated with unhealthy dietary patterns measures of lockdown for, social distancing and closure of all and poor quality of the diet. Furthermore, emotions like fear major economic and social activities for months. and sadness are associated with less desire or motivation to eat and with reduced enjoyment during eating. More recently, COVID-19 may lead to drastic reductions in dietary in explicating a five-way model of emotions and diet, it was quality found that changes in food intake may be the “natural” Adoption of lockdown policyin principle to save life response to stress and heightened emotional states through first by social distancingand then to continue with livelihood both psychological and physiological mechanisms.We can options once the spread of the pandemic subsides has been assumethe unsafe decline in dietary quality in low- and the strategy of the government. The loss of livelihoods and middle-income informal sectors/migrant people curtailing from non-payment of dues after the lockdown has left informal the income losses caused by nation vide lockdown and de- sector with very little cash to buy food supplies. As a result globalization, as well as from the freezing of food transfer/ of supply chain disruptions, small stores, which are the school feeding schemes and the breakdown shocks and lifelines, have had erratic stocks of essential items. National supply. However, malnutrition will also increase due to Nutrition Monitoring Bureau survey showed that consumption healthcare failures, as already strained healthcare systems are of calories, proteins, and minerals among the people had forced to divert resources from a range of nutritionally declined significantly, and was at a level lower than 40 years important functions – including antenatal care, micronutrient ago.The COVID-19 pandemic has made perfect storm for supplementation, and prevention and treatment of childhood

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 129 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India diarrhea, infections, and acute malnutrition-towards combating measures implemented to prevent the spread of COVID-19 COVID-19. infection can also increase risk for food insecurity. Based on evidence from current pandemic and reports from previous Malnutrition and Food Insecurity During the crisis, we outline strategies to address to protect the people COVID-19 Pandemic from informal sectors especially children and women form this The COVID-19 economic crisis could also affect nutrition nutritional crisis. To enhance the physical and mental health through disruptions to supply chains for nutrient-rich foods. of individuals we hypothetically proposed ecological health Most nutrient-rich foods are highly perishable, resulting in behavior framework for action plan to preserve optimal nutrition fragile supply chains. A breakdown in any part of the supply at the individual/community and national levels (Fig.1). chain – from farms to traders, transporters, and processors to retailers – can break the whole chain. In addition to the The common denominator at individual level, that drives the recommendations of nutrition and dietary to combat severe deterioration in household diets, there are major additional nutritional risks for mothers and young children. COVID-19 infections, lies the link between diet and Agencies like UNICEF are worried about disruptions to imports immunity.The existing situation highlights that diet has a profound impact on people’s immune system and disease of crucial nutritional products, including micronutrient supplements and micronutrient-fortified products used to susceptibility. In addition, it has been demonstrated that prevent and treat micronutrient deficiencies or severe acute specific nutrients or nutrient blends may modulate the immune systems. Furthermore, dietary ingredients are significant malnutrition. Poor nutrition, in turn, weakens the immune system and can jeopardize the body’s ability to fight a determinants of gut microbial composition in terms of probiotics COVID-19 infection. COVID-19 Pandemic itself could increase and consequently can shape the characteristics of immune responses. Nutritional deficiencies of energy, in terms of risk for malnutrition, food insecurity due to economic crisis and social isolation. Currently there have been no major food protein, and micronutrients which are associated with shortages reported in India related to the COVID-19 pandemic. depressed immune function and increased susceptibility to COVID 19 infection. As per the investigations, the adequate However, unemployment has spiked, causing unprecedented demand for unemployment benefits and several initiatives to intake of micro nutrients/vitamins viz., iron, zinc, and vitamins reduce the burden of monthly payments for rent, utilities, and A, E, B6, and B12 would play a pivotal role in maintaining immune function. Thus, the key to upholding an effective home or student loans etc., Despite these measures, many individuals are struggling economically, which can decrease immune system is to avoid deficiencies of the nutrients that accessibility of fresh and healthy foods. Social isolation would play an essential role in immune cell triggering, interaction, differentiation, or functional expression etc., During the COVID-19 pandemic,the responsibility of the individuals lies in trying to choose a healthy lifestyle and sufficient physical activities including adequate amount of sleep. In addition, the collective responsibility of all the individuals is to evade the spread of half-truth related to nutrition and dietary intake, and the COVID-19. Since the outbreak, networks of social media were flooded by false messages of single foods/herbs capable of cure or prevention. The possessions of such unsupported claims could lead to undesirable implications ranging from giving a false sense of shield against the infection to harmfulness. COVID 19 outbreak made massive implications in terms of transportation, distribution, and delivery which turns affected food access and availability to vulnerable in particular. This situation has led in numerous instances to ‘hoarding’. COVID-19 pandemic creates uncertainty and volatility in consumer demand, making Fig -1: Ecological health model framework of action to it particularly challenging to maintain food inventories as a support nutrition during the COVID-19 pandemic. just in time economy which would indirectly affect the food

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 130 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India supply chains by changing the consumer behavior.The elderly Recent evidence while probinginfected adults with COVID-19 and patients with chronic illness may already be susceptible showed a drastic impact of malnutrition on health outcomes. to malnutrition given their compromised health and limited Individuals who have multiple comorbidities, are older adults, purchasing ability. Furthermore, during the COVID-19 or who are malnourished, are at increased risk of being pandemic, older adults and preciously the individuals with admitted to the intensive care unit and of mortality from chronic diseases have become particularly vulnerable and COVID-19 infections. Medical nutrition therapy plays an most at risk to nutrition imbalance. Several reports indicated important role in the prevention and treatment of malnutrition. that adults of 60 years and older and patients with pre- It is evidenced that protein-energy malnutrition from inadequate existing medical conditions, especially those who are having dietary intake can increase risk of infectious diseases. respiratory related diseases are more likely to have severe Reciprocally, any exposure, including infectious disease, that deadly coronavirus infection than other groups. Thus, the impairs immune function and causes malabsorption, increased recommendations to stay home and abide by social distancing catabolism, or decreased nutrient intake, can increase risk of targeted these groups specifically, given their vulnerability. malnutrition. Exploratory studies designate that patients Therefore, at community level, it is crucial to identify these infected with COVID-19experience some or any of the following vulnerable groups and extend assistance in food access and symptoms: fever, cough, shortness of breath, muscle ache, availability through a structured and reliable support system. confusion, headache, sore throat, chest pain, pneumonia, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, and loss of taste and smell all In light of these challenges to provide adequate and of which can adversely influence nutrition status and ultimately nutritious food during times of pandemics, is urged to define, immune function. finance, and distribute a food basket of econimically viable diet that supports the health to ensure the use of the local COVID-19 Threatens Maternal and Child Health, agricultural production, and minimize reliance on food imports. Directly and Indirectly Significant preparation is required at the national level to The erosion of resources for maternal and child healthcare increase the nation’s readiness, including the formulation of policies to support the production, distribution, and access of could easily manifest in invisible tragedy, considered by this food basket to diverse communities. Among these policies drastic declines in antenatal, neonatal, and essential maternal are those related to mobilization of resources in order to and child healthcare services. In principle, nation-wide finance food purchases and provisions, tax waiving for staple lockdown protocols did not prohibit health-related travel, but foods and commodities, and support for agricultural and food healthcare providers and their clients will be less willing to production industries. Given the effect of the COVID-19 travel for non-emergency check-ups like immunization, pandemic on the demand and supply dynamics of food, price micronutrient supplement distribution, nutrition counselling hikes and black marketing became prevalent at times reaching etc., In fact our ASHA workers have already been reassigned to uncontrollable levels, a situation that requires national to COVID-19 responsibilities. We have noticed that pregnant efforts to closely monitor and inspect food prices and markets. women and mothers with young children are noticeably vulnerable to COVID-19, and especially so if they have other The COVID-19 pandemic levied a paradigm shift on underlying health conditions. However, the indirect effects on governments, whereby it became imperative to build networks healthcare systems will likely have far greater consequences with the private sector, the international agencies, and local for maternal and child health.Some of the most direct risks communities. It is only through a synchronized effort of include breakdowns in supply and/or distribution of different entities that securing decisive nutritious food stocks micronutrients and therapeutic food for home treatment of become possible. Specific methods to notify the public about acute malnutrition; and safe in-person treatment tolerable food consumption and intake might include public consultations.More indirect, yet equally severe, is the risk awareness campaigns, nutrition education, emergency news that diversion of heathcare resources toward combating COVID- bulletins, radio and TV announcements and interviews, and 19 will threaten regular but life-saving efforts to prevent and the dedication of specific telephone hotlines for direct treat malaria, diarrhea, and other infectious and tropical communication with government representatives. diseases.Twenty-two million children under the age of five The nutritional status of individuals has for long been and pregnant and nursing mothers rely on government considered as an indicator of resilience against destabilization. schemes to provide them with specialized food and

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 131 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India micronutrients for the prevention and treatment of O Maintain high levels of transparency malnutrition.Not surprisingly, child anaemia, sometimes caused necessary and critical to build trust and by iron and other micronutrient deficiencies, rose sharply compliance. from a baseline of 52% to 68% at the peak of the crisis, and Community O Educate the devasting consequences of children’s mean weight-for-height declined by over one-third hoarding and panic purchase. of a standard deviation. Health care section is working with O Identify and support populations at risk of governments to monitor populations vulnerable to COVID-19, malnutrition within the community level adapting nutrition support where required. In addition, the especially pregnant woman and children. section is also working to ensure production of specialized O Create a structured and reliable support nutritious foods is not disrupted by trade restrictions and is system to ensure availability, access and using its deep-field presence to pass information on COVID- affordability or essential food to all. 19 to communities beyond the reach of fragile health systems. Individual O Try to consume balanced food, avoid In India, the inevitable scaling back of these efforts will irregular snacking. coincide with the monsoon rainsa time when, even in normal O Choose foods rich with active Vitamins A, C, years, the incidence of tropical infectious diseases and of E,B6 and B12, zinc and iron etc. acute malnutrition rises steeply. In 2020, the perfect storm of O Ensure sufficient sleep, healthy life style eroded basic healthcare, chronic lack of access to safe water, exercise (home-exercise)/meditation. sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), declining dietary quality, and heightened seasonal risk of infectious disease means that O Refrain from spreading misinformation related many millions of children’s will be in danger of severe, life- to nutrition and dietary intake and COVID- threatening disease and malnutrition. 19.

Table - 1 : General recommendations to mitigate the impact References of COVID-19 on nutrition and food security. 1. S. Farhadi, R.S. OvchinnikovThe relationship between nutrition and infectious diseases: A review Biomed Nutrition Recommendations during COVID-19 Pandemic Biotechnol Res J, 2 (2018), pp. 168-172

National O Define, finance and distribute a least cost 2. Malnutrition Quality Improvement Initiative Malnutrition diet that address the health need of the Quality Improvement Initiative complete toolkit http:// populations to ensure the use of the local malnutritionquality.org/mqii-toolkit.html, Accessed 5th agricultural produce and minimizing the May 2020World Health Organization reliance on food import.· 3. Malnutritionhttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/

O Mobilize resources in order to assist detail/malnutrition, Accessed 27th Apr 2020 financially to food purchases and provisions. 4. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Client resources for O Waive taxation for staple food and pulmonary nutrition therapy. In: Adult Nutrition commodities. CareManual, https://www.nutritioncaremanual.org/ O Support agricultural and food production category.cfm?ncm_category_id=1&ncm_heading= industries. Meal%20Plans & client_ed=1 , Accessed April 25, 2020. O Closely monitor and inspect the food markets 1. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. and their prices. Food insecurity https://www.healthypeople.gov/ O Check black marketing of food products. 2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants- O Build private sectornetworks with local and health/interventions-resources/food-insecurity, international agencies. Accessed 25th Apr 2020.

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 132 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India CHALLENGES FACED BY TEACHING COMMUNITY AND OVERCOMING THE SAME IN INDIA IN VIEW OF COVID-19

Prof. Sowrabha. K Assistant Professor of English, Government First Grade College, Kyathanahalli, Pandavapura Taluk, Manya District.

Abstract routine. Obviously, we are all facing economic crisis, with The COVID-19 became pandemic in early 2020 and has severe effects on employment and earning wages. As said by stunned the world economy with apocalyptical proportion. Darwin, “It is not the strongest of the species that survives, There are several immediate effects and long-term disruptive not the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to affects on life and livelihood. Almost every sector is negatively change”. We, the mankind, are adapting to this change now affected. Education sector is one among those. It’s factual as well as we have in past. A positive mind can create and that education is key to reducing poverty and it’s crucial that recreate anything. During the nationwide lockdown, all places our younger generation gets education for upliftment of expected to have gathering were shutdown including schools, financial status of one’s family and socio-economic status of colleges and universities. However, amidst lockdown, the society. Understanding key concept behind education, Government took several measures to ensure that the present Government took several challenging initiatives to ensure pandemic doesn’t affect the future and focused on continuing learning is continuous and least affected even during lockdown education and thus reaching to students in all possible ways. due to pandemic. And widely relied on online teaching, which The one of the feasible ways considering various concerns was obvious on immediate effect. Though much of India was obviously the online teaching to students. To make good know the term ‘Online’, however, lacked the appropriate use of this off hours where students are confined in residences usage and understanding of term and platform. There’s a were now reached virtually through options online. Department saying “Science is a key that can open the doors of both of Higher Education, too, initiated online classes to students heaven and hell”. Technology enables and empowers our with new strategies.Initially, this was an unwelcome guest lives meanwhile it can take other way round, too. This paper because most faculties lacked online teaching experience as makes an effort to capture the challenges faced by both well as no planned curriculum, study materials suiting the students and teachers in teaching and learning online and online teaching were available. recommendations to overcome it. The issues and learning are “The International Association of Universities’survey focused and derived predominantly on bachelor/ graduate report on the impact of Covid-19 on higher education showed degree course students in rural areas, who lack exposure to that one of the key challenges encountered by higher education many privileges to access online learning material, while it institutions was the sudden shift to distance learning. This was regular affair to most others. The challenges and the challenge comes with different dimensions, most particularly recommended actions are rationalized through experience the technical infrastructure, the support tools to use for teaching to students of rural areas in Southern Karnataka. distance learning, assimilating online teaching pedagogies Background and finally how to organize and manage exams and student assessments from distance”. COVID-19 is taking us to a new state of living and lifestyle and we have altered our lifestyle to cope up with the Challenges of Teaching Community situation.To control the spread of pandemic, the Government Face to Face communication is said to be the best way announced national lockdown i.e.,all commercial and leisure of communication. Yet, due to lockdown the Government activities were restricted exception to emergency services, to shifted its initiatives towards teaching online.Delivering ensure least human interactions in the community and to lectures through online is unfamiliar to most of the teaching maintain social distancing; which has become part of our new

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 133 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India faculties.Learning is a process which builds us day by day. connection comes as a privilege to these categories of Learning goes by observing, listening, discussing, doing students. To some more, it’s the low band-width connection, (practicing) and experiencing. Thinking critically, expressing poor network connectivity or limited period power supply oneself articulately, respecting each other and building which limited their access to information online. As the confidence is the main motive of higher education.All these physical movements were restricted, they were in total cut-off can be learnt from our surroundings, with human interaction to reach and communicate. Some of our female students also which is restricted and challenging during such lockdown and have challenges in their family’s livelihood and marital status emergencies. Hence, teacher-student interactions are highly affecting their social life and educating themselves.Even with limited. He or she can just act as a catalyst in the process of all these obstacles, some students have shown interest to learning through online.In such situations, there are several learn new things. During daily relaxation period, they have uncertainties and ambiguities about how and what to be borrowed the smart phones and successfully downloaded the taught to reach the students effectively. Initially, as faculties information sent by us at the network supportive areas.The lacked guidelines and guidance, it had become a mechanical Government of Karnataka had issued free laptops in order to process of recording a video and uploading the same on the enable students to be technically competent in the digital era. online platform to share study materials, presentations, video Few are learning using these laptops. For any other living in or audio clippings etc., many of which were inapt and relatively comfort zone or cities, which looks as meagre ineffective to sustain in a long run. We are in danger of achievement; same are milestones in their life. Such is the losing students mental and physical health as well as their challenge they face and conquer to educate themselves. talents. Besides, a research survey says that more than 60% Addressing the Challenge of Rural Students of the students have ambiguous future career goals who lack confidence to build their future. In this case the point is just The challenges were numerous owing to foresight and an instancing from the wider gamut of issues and challenges preparedness in such direction. However, what should be being faced.The challenges intensify for teaching faculty as applauded is the efforts and initiatives by the Department of well as for the department, in rural areas, some of which are Collegiate Education, Government of Karnataka. It is of comprehended in the next paragraph. paramount importance that the support is extended by lead department in Government and we acknowledge the support Challenges of Students in Rural Areas and dedication at administration to ensure continued learning India’s backbone is agriculture and many of our students opportunity to students as well as providing guidance to are from rural part, whose family depend on farming. Most of teaching faculty to deliver the objective during this pandemic. the students are least bothered about their educational Department also issued advisories on need basis to address degrees, rather they prefer to earn during same time to the issues. support their family.For them, livelihood is much more valuable Understanding the need to create a common platform for than education and certification. In a situation like pandemic teachers and students, the Department of Collegiate Education, lockdown, they are neither bothered about exams nor Government of Karnataka started “Jnananidhi” and curriculum. Moreover, they lack in communication skills which “Vijayibhava”, YouTube channels to address the needs of is a hindrance in learning or develop curiosity to know the students and the teachers. These channels effectively issues around them. It’s the department’s support with reinstated the teaching and learning process during this beneficiary schemes and simultaneous faculty mentoring which pandemic and many professors across the state delivered is ensuring in retaining enrolments and attendance. lectures and uploaded on these channels.Nodal points were Though India is one of the leading countries in South made to constantly interact and check the progress and lags. Asia to have biggest growth in telecommunication market Guidance videos were posted specifically for teachers on reaching even to rural areas; the lower socio-economic recording and uploading the teaching videos, with backgrounds of parents and families, are limited to having one professional advice and tips.These video lectures were mobile phone with basic features. Owning a personal mobile accessed by the students all over Karnataka. A student can or to be further specific, a smart phone with access to internet access any video lecture at any point of time on any interested

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 134 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India topics in the curriculum. Some of the students also presented would be commercially unviable option for channels, teaching their seminar papers or assignments with the help of their for all courses of different levels would be highly demanding; teachers and making use of these videos. As per the unless dedicated channels are created by Government. instructions from the department, teaching faculty were Programmes related to education are telecasted and constantly communicating with the students of their college broadcasted regularly for the benefit of all.One would also through messaging platforms using mobile applications like agree that it is one of the best ways to watch news on Radio WhatsApp, and creating groups for individual classes made or Doordarshan in order to improve the language and us to reach easily. The study materials, audio and video pronunciation. lectures are posted to them.Few students have responded Digital Libraries and Online Repositories:To a greater affirmatively, and they have shown interest in learning possible extent, the Government has accelerated digitization online.This period also made faculty to interact among process of study materials. Online sites like ‘Swayam’, National themselves about the successful ways and effective means to digital library and similar cases have been very helpful.Students communicate students online and improving their learning as well as teachers can access books and journals to widen abilities.As we are transforming to new ways, hurdles are their knowledge horizon on curriculum studies and beyond. In meant to challenge us in adopting new teaching and learning the transition process, there is always scope to create new means unexplored and inexperienced in recent past.In fact, as ideas for improvements. While Online libraries provide access everything can’t be possible through online platform, we to library content and books online, repositories would be of should be open to explore the new opportunities in this way. wider reachability and interest to students providing access Lessons learnt and way forward to absorbing materials. The present ‘Jnananidhi’ and ‘Vijayibhava’, to some extent act as repositories; requires finer In order to keep the system in a good pace, we need to guidelines to improve the content and data. find some innovative methods which can help students to get some benefit out of it. The Government has endeavoured to Need for novel curriculum to suit online and on- ensure continued education and learning to students and campus teaching and learning: Technical courses and provided advisories when need arouse. While we appreciate vocational courses find it hard to tackle with the problem. the efforts, we should also be mindful of identifying and Universities are encouraging students to learn out of books.A adopting successful methods to reach out to students new and novel curriculum has to be designed in order to especially those in remote and challenging areas. This can teach online. A lecture should be lasted up to 20-25minutes only be achieved through experience and try and testing the which means the content must be small to reach the students best practices customized to local conditions. Therefore, a easily. The topics should be effective and direct to general advisory to address needs of all students would be understand.In order to ensure their understanding, discussion an ambitious notion. or if self-paced learning material, then subject wise assessment must be followed. In the current scenario, trying to understand the issues and challenges of rural education at graduate level would be Awareness about Netiquettes: We must be prepared and an opportunity to establish standard procedures to improve make our students to be flexible accommodating themselves the system. The pandemic situation and the lockdown have for such emergencies.It is highly necessary to teach the provided an opportune moment to pilot the new strategies students about social conventions on internet etiquettes and test its success and applicability universally and locally. during usage, interactions and networking in the cyberspace. Students should be aware of their surroundings, person with Telecast and Broadcasting for benefit of remote whom they are dealing with, communication skills and beneficiaries:There are remote places where students have language. no access to internet. In order to reach such remote students, the Government telecasted classes on Doordarshan channel Capacity Building of Teaching Faculty: Orientation is for SSLC students and broadcasted in AIR, are one of the required for faculties to enhance their teaching skills over best ways to reach these remote areas.However, as these online platform.We all know that there is no substitute for a

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 135 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India good teacher yet in this crucial time, there is need to redefine within stipulated period. Assessment may also involve the teacher and teaching while we have the responsibility of applicability of learnt knowledge to real-life situation and addressing the needs of the situation and keep the learning industry needs. process to GO ON! Action Plan to cater in future emergencies: It is high Assessment of students: While the curriculum is revised time; we delve deeper into various aspects in teaching and and new teaching options are adopted, it’s equally important learning for better understanding and improvisation of system to monitor the learning capabilities of students and assess in overall. A comprehensive action plan guide-lining the learning. To reduce the stress of exams and evaluations, activities, nodal points and support system establish during assessments may be made simpler. Self-paced assessment emergencies as well as for on-campus and online teaching methods may be explored so that students can evaluate and access to learning materials, will increase our preparedness their learnings and understanding at their convenient time to any shock events.

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 136 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India BRUNT ON COVID-19 ON EDUCATION - AN OUTLINE

Dr. R. Narmadha Assistant Professor of Commerce, Government First Grade College HSR Layout, Bangalore E-mail : [email protected]

INTRODUCTION worldwide server foundation and designing capacities to The COVID-19 has brought about schools closed the guarantee dependable network. whole way across the world. Universally, over 1.2 billion kids EFFECT ON EDUCATION are out of the study hall. Subsequently, training has changed drastically, with the unmistakable ascent of e-learning, whereby 1. Drowsy cross-outskirt development of understudies educating is embraced distantly and on computerized stages. Colleges in numerous nations, for example, Australia, Exploration proposes that internet learning has been appeared UK, New Zealand, and Canada are profoundly subject to the to expand maintenance of data, and take less time, which development of understudies from China and India. Numerous means the progressions crown infection have caused may be guardians will abstain from sending understudies to another staying put. While nations are at various focuses in their country for advanced education because of high hazard from COVID-19 disease rates, overall there are at present more than the pandemic. 1.2 billion kids in 186 nations influenced by school terminations because of the pandemic. In Denmark, kids up to the age of 2. Uninvolved learning by understudies 11 are coming back to nurseries and schools after at first The unexpected move to web based learning with no shutting on 12 March, however in South Korea understudies arranging - particularly in nations like India where the spine are reacting to move calls from their educators on the web. for web based learning was not prepared and the educational With this unexpected move away from the study hall in program was not intended for such an arrangement - has numerous pieces of the globe, some are pondering whether made the danger of the vast majority of our understudies the selection of web based learning will keep on persevering turning out to be inactive students and they appear to lose post-pandemic, and how such a move would affect the overall enthusiasm because of low degrees of ability to focus. Added training market. Indeed, even before COVID-19, there was at to this is we might be leaving an enormous extent of the that point high development and reception in instruction understudy populace immaculate because of the advanced innovation, with worldwide edtech ventures coming to separation that is a piece of many creating countries including US$18.66 billion of every 2019 and the general market for India. online training anticipated to reach $350 Billion by 2025. 3. Ill-equipped educators for online training Regardless of whether it is language applications, virtual coaching, video conferencing devices, or internet learning Web based learning is an uncommon sort of procedure programming, there has been a noteworthy flood in utilization and not all instructors are acceptable at it or if nothing else since COVID-19. not every one of them were prepared for this abrupt progress from eye to eye figuring out how to web based learning. In Different organizations are reinforcing capacities to give this manner, the majority of the educators are simply directing a one-stop shop to instructors and understudies. For instance, talks on video stages, for example, Zoom which may not be Lark, a Singapore-based coordinated effort suite at first created genuine web based learning without a committed online stage by ByteDance as an inner device to meet its own exponential explicitly intended for the reason. development, started offering instructors and understudies boundless video conferencing time, auto-interpretation 4. Changing arrangement of understudy enrollment abilities, ongoing co-altering of venture work, and brilliant Colleges and universities overall are confronting a schedule planning, among different highlights. To do so significant hazard in the zone of understudy enlistment and rapidly and in a period of emergency, Lark inclined up its maintenance. The danger of losing understudies is high to

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 137 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India such an extent that they should re-take a gander at their expects you to comprehend online innovation. It isn’t just affirmation rehearses, confirmation measures and the general about realizing how to begin your PC and getting to the site. enlistment process itself which will incorporate, new strategies You have to realize how to explore the screen. This is for effort and application process itself. exceptionally simple for individuals who are consistently online on various locales. They can make sense of how to ONLINE EDUCATION move around a video, undertaking or text. Without such The Coronavirus pandemic and the resulting lockdown abilities, internet learning gets upsetting. has constrained schools and universities across India to incidentally close and this exceptional move had made a major 3. Comes up short on the Warmth of Face to Face hole in the training framework regardless of the focal and Interaction state government putting forth a valiant effort to offer help for Learning in a physical homeroom is fascinating and e-learning and online instruction. A few schools in the nation additionally including as human collaboration is available. are presently beginning to give online classes to assist There are schoolmates to associate with and a teacher to understudies with continueing their training from the solace counsel for guaranteed criticism. This needs internet learning. of their homes. Here’s the means by which a couple of them are making it work. 4. Unacceptable for Hands-on Fields There are courses that require numerous down to earth E-learning has end up being the best methods in the meetings, for example, medical procedure, medication, and corporate area, particularly when preparing programs are led technical studies. You will require a lab, which online projects by MNCs for experts over the globe and workers can procure can’t offer. significant abilities while sitting in a board room, or by having workshops, which are directed for representatives of the 5. Unpleasant for Those with Weak Character equivalent or the various associations under one rooftop. The In the event that you are the sluggish sort, never schools which use E-learning advances are a stride in front prompt and love deferring undertakings, internet learning will of those which despite everything have the customary be an exercise in futility and cash. This is particularly for the methodology towards learning. Almost certainly, it is similarly expert courses. There is no coach to tail you up. Better go for essential to take forward the idea of non-electronic educating common study hall based courses. with the assistance of books and talks, however the significance and adequacy of innovation based learning can’t 6. Plausibility of Distractions be trifled with or disregarded totally. It is accepted that the In the event that you are taking on the web programs human cerebrum can without much of a stretch recall and from home or a recreation center, for instance, be certain that identify with what is seen and heard by means of moving there will be aggravations. It could be commotion from your pictures or recordings. It has additionally been discovered kids, individuals moving around, companions who need to that visuals, aside from holding the consideration of the state hello or you may effectively turn off. Primary concern, understudy, are likewise held by the mind for longer periods. the earth is enticing to such an extent that without discipline Different divisions, including agribusiness, medication, you may forget about your objective. Unmistakably the instruction, administrations, business, and government benefits of internet learning outperform its inconveniences. It arrangements are adjusting to the idea of E-realizing which is a beneficial course worth seeking after, taking into account helps in the advancement of a country. what you will pick up from various learning stages. It doesn’t WEAKNESSES OF ONLINE EDUCATION make a difference the field you are keen on be it wellness, wellbeing, innovation or style. With discipline and the aptitudes 1. Web Connection Problems to deal with online innovation, you are a great idea to go. When there is an issue with your web framework, web Increase an amazing value without being in a physical class based learning is unthinkable. There is no other option for through web based learning. you. Slow associations are much more dreadful. CONCLUSION 2. Requires A Good Grasp of Tech Skills Stood up to with the COVID-19 emergency, computerized Gaining from a site, blog or whichever online stage change in the training part is on the ascent with another

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 138 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India time deserting the old customary instructing style. The 3. C. Ardil, “E-learning Collaborative Circles” , International training division is receiving advanced arrangements that Journal of Humanities and social Services, Vol. 1, No. 4, make e-learning more open than any other time in 2007. [8] ASTD State of the Industry Report. Retrieved recent memory, engage computerized prepared showing December 1, 2010 biological systems, and overhaul exercises while reducing 4. R. M. Bernard, P. C. Abrami, Y. Lou, and E. Borokhovski, expenses, dangers, and endeavors. The pandemic brings “A methodological morass? How we can improve an open door for speculators and the instructive organizations quantitative research in distance education”, Distance to put resources into instructive application improvement Education, 25(2), 175-198, 2004. for simple learning and remaining associated. 5. C. Blezu, and E. M. Popa, “E-Learning and its Prospects References in Education” 12th WSEAS International Conference on 1. S. Adkins, “The US Market for Self-paced eLearning COMPUTERS, Heraklion, Greece, July 23-25, 2008. Products and Services: 2010-2015 Forecast and Analysis” 6. J. Dikshit, A. Gaba, S. Bhushan, S. Garg, and S. Panda, Ambient Insight, LLC, January 2011 “learning Attitude, Motivation and Preferences of Online 2. E. Allen, J. Seaman, “Online Nation: Five Years of Growth Learners” Indian journal of Open Learning 12(3), 149- in Online Learning”. Needham, MA: Sloan Consortium, 167, 2003 . 2007.

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 139 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India ROLE OF NGO’S IN SUSTAINABILITY OF SLUM DWELLERS DURING COVID-19 – A STUDY ACROSS BANGALORE CITY

Dr T. ASWATHA NARAYANA Assistant Professor Department of Commerce & Management, Government First Grade College & PG Centre, Shivamogga - 577 201 (INDIA).

Abstract: infection, governments over the world have been scrambling India’s 22 per cent population lives in urban slums, to take part in mass testing, isolates, contact following and which are characterized by acute poverty, over-crowding, possible shutdowns. On March 24, Indian Prime Minister unhealthy living conditions, and a weak urban public health Narendra Modi made the radical stride — with only a couple setup. Therefore, the government along with the NGO’s is of hours notification ahead of time — of requesting the acting like Corona Warriors to help the slum dwellers in both prompt three-week lockdown of the whole country. (Suparna basic necessities and health facilities. With this background, Chaudhry and Shubha Kamala Prasad,2020) While this measure the current study aims at Understanding the Role of NGO’s was fundamental and reasonable, it brought to the front in a Pandemic situation and their impact on the lives of the India’s reputation of inadequately executing choices that slum dwellers and to create a model for Roles of NGO’s during influence the entire nation, particularly as it abandoned a Pandemics to create sustainability among Slum dwellers. The huge number of out of nowhere unemployed transient laborers and set underestimated networks further at risk research objectives are accomplished with the help of primary data collected from 106 slum dwellers across 10 slums in In the midst of the huge disturbance brought about by Bangalore. The statistical tools used under study are the the pandemic, non-government associations (NGOs) have SPSS software used for Descriptive statistics and Exploratory gotten a move on fill in the holes of correspondence and Factor analysis, The AMOS software is used to carry out the conveyance of basic things to underserved communities- confirmatory factor analysis for the study. The findings Slum dwellers revealed that majority of slum dwellers have monthly income less than 10,000 which press the need for financial help during NGOs in India play a wide scope of jobs including the economic crisis caused to due pandemics. More than half however not restricted to support conveyance, government of the respondents earn income in form of wages which assistance works for network advancement, advancing vote means that when there is no work there is no income and due based system, human rights, evenhanded administration and the crisis the economy has slowed down bring a halt to residents’ investment and so forth. Taking into account the business activities and hence badly affecting the slum constrained financial space accessibility to the administration, dwellers. the current study succeeded in creating a model for its social area spending remains profoundly deficient. the roles of the NGO’s towards the slum dwellers in any The impacts of deficient social part provisioning are pandemic situation. The model classified the roles as – Primary exacerbated by the disintegration of security nets at the roles, secondary roles and collaborative government roles. network level. Absence of childcare plans for working ladies, The data fit the model well and it can be suggested as a way particularly those in low-pay gatherings, and decay of old for further researchers who want to know in depth the consideration in families across various salaries bunches is activities and roles of NGO’s during disasters or Pandemics two models. In such a circumstance, the commitment of Keywords: Non-profit Organization (NGO), Slum Dwellers, NGOs, to minimized areas of society specifically, accepts Covid-19, Pandemic noteworthiness. I. INTRODUCTION Returning to the COVID-19 emergency, our reaction should be both quick just as long term. While the In an offer to battle the spread of the novel COVID-19 administration appears to welcome the capability of NGOs in

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 140 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India tending to the prompt repercussions of the lockdown, the The Supreme Court also praised the individuals who need is to cultivate a correlative and community oriented contributed and played an important role in extending a commitment which looks a long ways past. Support in helping hand to the migrants and said the society, which was expansion of facilities and capacity in the health sector, just moved by their miseries and difficulties, has exhibited its as cutting edge specialist co-ops like ASHA, ANM and AWW “passion and devotion”. and so on., are clear zones of coordinated effort in the medium Pandemic preparedness is critical. Every sector must and since a long time ago run. play its role in ensuring that communities at risk are aware of, There are different various more subtle yet exceptionally and can take measures to prevent and mitigate pandemic critical circles where NGOs can assume a job to improve the influenza. NGOs are an important sector that can bridge the adequacy of the administration’s reaction. For instance, as the gap between knowledge and practice. Governments, donors and the international community need to recognize the unique administration re-organizes its spending to address the and important roles that NGOs can play in preparedness financial effect of the emergency, the services and divisions programmes, especially at community levels. In short, there is for underestimated networks and for social segments, for an unprecedented need—and now also a unique example, ladies and kids, social equity, ancestral government opportunity—for all stakeholders to play their roles in assistance, water and sanitation and training and so on will preparation for a potentially widespread and devastating be best positioned to profit by the examination based backing emergency that is yet to materialize. of NGOs about ensuring spending portion for the center gatherings/regions of these services/offices. II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE An examination on the commitments of NGOs to NGOs can likewise help in spanning the holes in security advancement by looking at the exhibition of the Aga Khan nets influencing transient workers, provincial and urban poor Rural Support Program (AKRSP) and the administration in just as most underestimated networks like sex laborers and watershed the executives program was attempted by Anil C. transgender individuals and so forth. The sneaking threat of Shah and Sudarshan in around 35 towns in Savarkundla taluk an ecological catastrophe because of environmental change of Bhavnagar area, Gujarat. This contextual analysis recognized further requires the requirement for powerful and manageable the truth that NGOs, with suitable and proficient information coordinated effort among government and NGOs. Not just sources and preparing, could add to country advancement that, NGOs have the HR, aptitude and involvement with these through nature of work and their reasonable effect on the zones, the re-prioritization of worldwide givers for tending to procedures; despite assets, ability and force, the administration the repercussions of the emergency gives them the influence program on watershed couldn’t make a big deal about an to carry some extra assets into the nation, which is the need effect. of great importance. An investigation by Samuel C. on Voluntary Agencies Though it is the responsibility of government to take and Social Change was focussed on the models of intentional care of migrant workers, the contribution and role played by associations identified with provincial turn of events. A wide Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) “deserves all scope of exercises of willful associations, for example, good appreciation” for coming forward to help them by providing cause, alleviation, administrations, government assistance, food, water and transport during the “difficult time” of COVID- recovery, improvement of financial, natural, and human 19 pandemic, the Supreme Court said on Tuesday. viewpoints were recognized. The examination additionally Figure 1: Role of NGO’s in disaster Management affirmed the five qualities of deliberate activities: individuals’ investment, popularity based methodology, monetary and social turn of events, individual and gathering activity and willful government assistance action. It depicted the huge commitments of willful activities in advancing a populist and confident example of social and financial change. This examination not just counted unmistakable highlights and striking accomplishments of the NGOs yet in addition made an inside and out investigation of the techniques, approaches Source: Anninditaa Mitra and systems received by NGOs.

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An examination on Community Participation and the 4.2 Data collection Technique: Interview method - As the Roles of NGOs by Surendra K. broke down three NGOs in slum dwellers are mostly illiterate and do not show much Tamil Nadu. The focal theory was that support of the frail interest in research it is important to meet the people, gatherings in dynamic procedures brings about the decrease convince them to answer the interview schedules of contrasts in political force between the more impressive 4.3 Data collection Tool: Interview schedule consisting of and the feeble gatherings. It affirmed the fundamental job of Likert scale items of agreement as this scale is most NGOs in engaging the feeble. The finish of the examination recommended to analyze the opinions and perceptions was that the job of NGOs in engaging poor people had been of the respondents. Due to the COVID-19 implications compelling and proportionate to the degree of interest by of Social Distancing the interview schedule is designed poor people. The significant restriction was the avoidance of to be short and to the point. Demographic Questions the social and sociological points of view of individuals’ and 16 questions related to the roles and activities of development the NGO’s are taken. For a very long while, advancement was considered 4.4 Sampling design: Population under study are the slums uniquely to be financial turn of events and estimated basically in Bangalore city. According to (George, C.E., Norman, as an expansion of the gross national pay. In the wake of G., Wadugodapitya, A. et al. , 2019,) There are 2397 dissecting various rustic advancement ventures in the Third Notified slums in the state of Karnataka and 387 slums World: Dirk B.W.M. unmistakably called attention to the are situated in Bangalore city. Using the Cochran Formula financial, social, social, hierarchical, administrative and of Known Population, at 40% error and 5% significance specialized conditions of ventures underlining uniqueness of level the sample size is 10 slums. undertaking circumstance. Expound examination of rustic Therefore the researcher has decided to survey 10 slums advancement ventures uncovered the way that each task across Bangalore city and randomly take 10 people from should, in actuality, embrace an undertaking cycle and system each slum who may be a representative of the whole that would suit the nearby condition and satisfy the slum. Devarjeevanhalli slums, Rahmatnagar slums, neighborhood needs of the neighborhood network. The triple Rajendranagar slums, Sevanagar slums, Coxtown slums, points of interest of NGOs clarified in the investigations were: Austin town slums etc are covered. A total of 106 progressively compelling help conveyance, well known responses are collected from 10 slums across Bangalore cooperation being developed procedures, and speaking to city, the selection of slums is based on convenience premiums of the denied masses; and the apparent Sampling. inconveniences of NGOs were: making separate help 4.5 Reliability of the questionnaire: The reliability of the associations, quality versus amount, accessibility of assets, questionnaire is checked with the help of Cronbach’s and the executives issues. The job of Governments and NGOs Alpha and in the current study 26 items have a reliability in country development was viewed as similarly essential as statistic of 0.813 which is a good measure. The content one can’t disregard the other validity of the questionnaire is performed and the III. OBJECTIVES Cronbanch’s Alpha for 16 Likert scale items stood at 0.899 and the composite reliability is 0.871 and the The objectives of the study are: Average variance Explained was 3.009. All the validity OOO To study the demographic characteristics of the slum criteria are within the acceptable range. Dwellers in Bangalore city 4.6 Tools of analysis: The statistical tools used under study OOO To Understand the Role of NGO’s in a Pandemic situation are the SPSS software used for Descriptive statistics and their impact on the lives of the slum dwellers and Exploratory Factor analysis, The AMOS software is

OOO To create a model for Roles of NGO’s during Pandemics used to carry out the confirmatory factor analysis for to create sustainability among Slum dwellers. the study. IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 4.7 Limitations of the study: The study is biased on the responses of the slum dwellers and the sample size is 4.1 Research Type: Exploratory research aiming to explore small due to Covid-19 social distancing implications. the current situation of slums in Bangalore city as the The study is limited only to the perceptions of the slum whole world is affected by the pandemic and the roles dwellers and may not be enough to finalize the model of of the NGO’s in such situations. role of NGO’s during Pandemics.

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V. FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS the overall perception of the slum dwellers on the fulfillment 5.1 Demographic Profile of roles of NGO’s during the unexpected conditions is good. The minimum statistic shows the minimum value of the The demographic profile of the respondents revealed response; all respondents have not chosen the option of that a majority of 67.9 % respondents are male and remaining strong disagreement which is an accomplishment to the NGO’s. is female. The age group of the slum dwellers under study The maximum statistics shows that respondents have chosen shows that a majority of 52.8% respondents are above 55 5 - strong agreement option. The skewness and Kurtosis are years and this calls for a need to create more safety in the within the acceptable range and the data is said to be fit for slums of Bangalore city. A majority of 83% of the respondents further analysis. are married indicating high level of responsibilities on their shoulders. 62.3% slum dwellers worked at construction sites, Graph 1 : Role Of NGO’s during Pandemic 16% worked at private offices. A large majority of 73.6% slum dwellers are illiterates and only 3 respondents had completed their Graduation which indicates a need for creating awareness among them to avoid the harsh health effects of pandemics. A majority of 83% slum dwellers have monthly income less than 10,000 which press the need for financial help during the economic crisis caused to due pandemics. 57.5% respondents earn income in form of wages which means that when there is no work there is no income and due the crisis the economy has slowed down bring a halt to business activities and hence badly affecting the slum dwellers. A majority of 85% respondents live in rented houses and major expenses which have to aid every month, this burden also affects the peace of the slum dwellers. In a slum dwelling majority of the Source: Author Created members in the family work for petty amounts which will run the family but due to the COVID-19 all respondents have felt 5.3 Exploratory Factor Analysis the pinch of the pandemic in most ways, especially the The KMO is a measurement of sampling adequacy that economic conditions in cities where the standard of living is compares the magnitudes of the observed correlation very high. coefficients to the magnitudes of the partial correlation coefficients. The Keyser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling 5.2 Descriptive statistics adequacy is an index for comparing the magnitudes. From the Descriptive statistics in relation to the roles and activities above Table it is found that the KMO measure of sampling rendered by NGO’s during the current Pandemic as perceived adequacy 0 .637 and Barlett’s Test of Sphericity are statistically by the slum dwellers are discussed. Likert scale of agreement significant at 5% level. Chi-square value of Bartlett testis is used where 1= Strong Disagreement and 5= strong 130.949 with the significant value less than 0.05, which agreement. The mean score of the responses indicates the suggests that correlation matrix, is not an identity matrix and level of agreement on the statements. Providing food and that it appears to be factorable. (Table 1 ) ration kits, Providing sanitization and masks and providing cooked meals had the highest mean score of 4.62, 4.76 and 4.89 respectively. The standard deviation is also very small indicating no much variation in the responses. Creating awareness (4.42), Collaboration with Government organizations to provide appropriate facilities (4.43), Act as loan providers at low rate of interest (4.51) and sanitation of the slum dwellers surroundings (4.50) have mean scores above 4 which indicates agreement to strong agreement range of responses. The other roles are also agreed upon by the slum dwellers and

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After examining the output of explorative factor analysis various items are removed from study due to lack of reliability and lack of validity. The initial number of items were 16 and final number of items 10 are selected and loaded in 3 factors(Table 3) . The table below shows the factors and items loaded under the same. (Table 4)

5.4 Confirmatory Factor Analysis CFA is used to verify the factor structure of Roles performed by the NGO’s during Pandemics. This is to determine if any relationship exists between these variables From the above Table it can be stated that the total and their underlying latent constructs. A Path Diagram has variance of the set of inter-related items are extracted to been laid out that represents the inter relationships among identify the underlying dimension in the data set by Maximum these stated variables Likelihood Method of Extraction with Varimax and Kaiser The above diagram displays the factor loading of each Normalization for factor rotation. The total variance, extracted item to the respective latent factor. The items with error term sums of squared loadings and rotation sums of squared and linkages between the latent factors can also be seen. The loadings are displayed in the. The cumulative percentage of CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis) model by using AMOS is extracted sums of squared loadings is 51.422 %. Three factors displayed in the diagram Roles_NGO_during_Pandemic is are identified by using the stated method of Factor Analysis the only exogenous latent factor and remaining factors namely Table - 3 Primary Roles, Secondary roles and Collaborative_Govt are endogenous in the stated model which is represented in the Path diagram. As per the CFA the items loading to the respective latent factor is more than 0.7. Therefore the items are significantly loading to their respective latent factors

A three factor measurement model was initiated to validate the scales of the study and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test the measurement model. The fit of the model was evaluated based on the fit indices namely goodness of fit index (GFI) and the root means square error approximation (RMSEA). From the output of CFA, the model fit the data well because Chi-Square value of 347.156 with 24 NPAR is statistically significant since the p value is 0.00. It Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) = 0.917 and Root Mean Square Error Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.0444.

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Figure: 2 Confirmatory Factor Analysis – Role of NGO’S in pandemic

OOO Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the form of civil The structural relationship showed that Primary roles society-state cooperation on display in Bangalore and during pandemics have a greater impact as compared to the elsewhere throughout these extraordinary situation could secondary and Collaboration with Government roles. AS the provide the encouragement and the model for practical Roles of the NGO increase in pandemics, 32% is contributed partnerships aimed not just at preparing for the next by fulfilling Primary roles. public health emergency but also for ameliorating the living conditions for Slum dwellers in ordinary times. VI. FUTURE ROLE OF NGO IN INDIA VII. CONCLUSIONS From the findings of the study the following role is .The sudden crisis arised due to the COVID-19 pandemic expected from the NGO’s for management of Post pandemic has shaken the whole world, in such a situation; the plight of situation the undeserved communities or the slums is unimaginable. OOO The NGO’s should become indispensable lifelines and Luckily, along with the Government a number of NGO’s are force multipliers for governments that will be struggling serving the communities right from the basic need of food to to deal with healthcare and essential commodities. creating awareness on the pandemic and taking care of such OOO The NGO’s should likely be able to leverage their past communities. the current study created a model for the roles actions and subsequent credibility to drive the message of the NGO’s towards the slum dwellers in any pandemic of social/physical distancing to populations that may be situation. the model classified the roles as – Primary roles, unconvinced of government announcement. secondary roles and collaborative government roles. The data fit the model well and it can be suggested as a way for further OOO The NGO’s should enable taking help from the wealthier sections of the society researchers who want to know in depth the activities and roles of NGO’s during disasters or Pandemics. OOO By their actions and example, NGO’s play a crucial role in creating alternate narratives of effective governance, REFERENCES

holding government institutions to higher levels of O George, C.E., Norman, G., Wadugodapitya, A. et al., 2019, performance and accountability. Health issues in a Bangalore slum: findings from a

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household survey using a mobile screening toolkit in a Ccrse Study, in M.L. Dantwala, et a1 (ed), Social Devarajeevanahalli. BMC Public Health 19, 456 https:/ Change Through Voluntary Action, Sage Publications, /doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6756-7 New Delhi pp.92-112.

O https://www.academia.edu/23315329/Role_of_NGOs_In_ O Van Dusseldorp, Dirk B.W.M., (1 992), Projects for Rural Disaster_Management Development in the Third World: Preparation and O Mathivaanan, Samuel C., (1 99 I), Voluntary Agencies Implementation, Wegeningen Agricultural University.

and Social Change, Manas Publications, Delhi. O Vettivel, Surendra K., (1992), Community Participation - O Shah, Anil C, and Sudarshan Iyengar, (19981, The Empowering the poorest - Roles of NGOs, Vetri Publishers, Contribution of NGOs to Development: Some issues and New Delhi.

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 146 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India WORK FROM HOME DURING COVID-19 – A STUDY ACROSS IT SECTOR EMPLOYEES IN BANGALORE CITY

Dr. DHANANJAYA M. S. Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce and Management, Government R.C.College of Commerce and Management, Bangalore - 560 001. (India)

Abstract: a few a huge numbers of Employees across various segments With the COVID-19 Outbreak, everything changed. The are asked to self-isolate, a comprehension of the effect of this pandemic permitted businesses and employees to reset the move and relief methodologies gets basic. The bits of thought of work from home (WFH). The greatest obstacle of knowledge from earlier investigations on the effect of work WFH model of working had been the trust deficiency among from home plans don’t reach out to the current setting since representatives and businesses. This time the WFH model these courses of action were for the most part constrained to generally has all the characteristics of being functioning a select gathering of laborers as well as associations and were admirably enough to persuade managers that it tends to be regularly self-chose. the standard working model. The principle purpose behind Work from home has been a far reaching marvel since this effective move has been innovation, which is digging in innovation has permitted individuals to associate their PCs for the long term improvements, Employee Professionalism and work remotely. The vast majority of the worldwide and Productivity. Recent Reports on WFH revealed that a organizations urged telecommute to enable their majority of Indian IT employees are not capable to WFH, representatives to adjust their work life, fundamentally in the therefore with this background the current article aims to find USA. Notwithstanding, telecommute stayed confined to the Impact of Pros and cons of WFH on the self rated representatives working in the innovation business and that productivity of the employees, Also the influence of too for constrained occasions and a restricted arrangement of demographics on productivity are studied. The research is representatives. exploratory in nature and selects on a random basis 100 respondents for the study. The questionnaire is drafted using Work from home stayed famous principally in the US the likert scale of agreement and consisting of 4 parts. The and Europe as the development of representatives and reliability and validity of the questionnaire is checked with the managers had been customarily high. Though, telecommute help of Cronbach Alpha which is 0.867 and a good reliability (WFH) adaptability has regularly been abused by not many, measure. The software used for data analysis is SPSS version putting an inquiry on the wide-scale reception of this training. 25 and AMOS version 22, ANOVA and independent t-test are Many top officials have been vocal in communicating their used to test the first hypothesis and structural equation reservations to the act of work from home. It has been modeling is used to test the second hypothesis. The Findings considered more to be an advantage to the worker at the reveals that there is an impact of the disadvantages of WFH danger of efficiency misfortune for the association. Before on the productivity. The demographic factors however do not COVID, WFH was permitted specifically essentially dependent affect the WFH productivity of the employees except for the on the need of representatives and to keep them locked in. Job levels. There is scope of further research on a larger With the COVID flare-up, everything changed. The sample size and case studies pertaining to a single Organization. pandemic permitted businesses and representatives to reset Keywords: Work From Home (WFH) , Productivity of the thought of work from home. The greatest obstacle of employees , IT employees, Covid-19 WFH model of working had been the trust deficiency among representatives and businesses. COVID guaranteed upheld 1. Introduction long and supported work from home working for everybody. The flare-up of the novel corona virus (COVID-19) and This time the WFH model generally has all the earmarks of the ensuing work-from-home goals and lockdowns have being functioning admirably enough to persuade managers prompted critical financial disturbances around the globe. As that it tends to be the standard working model. The principle

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 147 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India purpose behind this effective move has been innovation, workers face when they telecommute is over work, which is digging in for the long term improvements. persistent disengagement and in satisfactory instruments to chip away at this drawback of work from home will Figure: 1 – Recent research on WFH in IT sector influence the polished methodology of the Across India representatives in the corporate world.

Source: SCIKEY Research OOO Richardson and Writer, 2017 suggested that expansion in current innovation WFH has expanded the believability for example increment utilization of web for web conferencing, phone message, fax which made work increasingly simpler as indicated by Richardson WFH has influenced in positive just as negative sense. A few features of positive side, representatives can begin their work as indicated by their comfort this announcement likewise negative effect accommodation will give them A report from (SCIKEY, MARCH, 2020 ) depends on the freedom to postpone the work and not presenting experiences from respondents chiefly IT experts between the the work on schedule. The clothing and working age gathering of 22 to 47 from conditions of Maharashtra, behaviors will be misinformed this announcement Gujarat, Karnataka, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Uttar additionally has a positive side the worker can work Pradesh, Kerala, Haryana and West Bengal. The SCIKEY unreservedly and agreeable in various occasions. Research Report has been gotten from the SCIKEY Mind OOO Go, 2016 expressed that the article primarily centers Match Algorithm. This calculation can outline proficient’s around the on the bleak side of WFH and the significant mentality that depends on a lot of inquiries that comprehend disappointments in the wake of starting work from home, the person’s propensities and the environment unsettling the social contrasts which are looked by representatives influences that cause interruptions and stress, passionate when they handle online courses. WFH makes a remainder, personality channels, goals and conviction levels correspondence gap among unrivaled and the in a expert’s life. subordinates and other co-representatives to speak with With this background there is a need to study the pros in the group. and cons of Work from home and its impact on productivity OOO McCain, 2013, talked about the stars of telecommuting across IT sector employees. like wearing most loved garments, reducing the expenses on office cum proficient dresses, less drive time, and its 2. Review of Literature advantages to mothers; she likewise featured the cons OOO Amabile and Kramer, 2013, According to Harvard of telecommuting. For example, disengagements, specialists telecommute transmission has changed work interruptions detach with the organization, keeping life of the representatives this is helping the workers to individual and expert life isolated. What I loved about parallelize and separate their corporate work with their the article was that it featured the point – “Cost of everyday tasks. The examination done in New York bank setting up a home office” with cost it implies money infers that telecommute has expanded the efficiency, related expense as well as the non-financial expense, yet spared time, finished their objectives on schedule, were it neglected to determine which specifically. more innovative than the remote workers yet additionally OOO MSG.E, this article shared the businesses perspective. happy with their activity. This progress likewise helped Numerous HR experts state that WFH, forces extra them to give more opportunity for their own life. expenses on the associations regarding home availability OOO Carter, 2016, according to the measurements just 7% of and other infrastructural viewpoints, which the the representatives’ viewpoint that they work more gainful associations need to pay for the workers. Numerous in corporate rooms as opposed to home. However, while supervisors additionally state that WFH, is a thump on 65% of laborers figure they would be more beneficial impact wherein different representatives need to go with working from home than working in a conventional the same pattern and this makes an unfortunate working environment. The three weaknesses that remote circumstance for organizations. It was likewise said that

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it is extremely unlikely to keep a mind the employees which is not affected by Pandemic, Therefore the impact of working hours when they WFH and subsequently, it is Pros and cons on the employee productivity is checked. Also highly unlikely of knowing whether the worker is by and the researcher aims to explore possibilities of the demographic large extra profitable or only deferring work to be done variables such as age, Gender, marital status, Qualification, once they come back to the work environment. Experience and Job levels impacting the productivity during

OOO Vanderkam, 2013, this article brought new bits of a pandemic situation. knowledge, for example, The advantages to condition by 3. Objectives taking vehicles off the street. It likewise uncovered that one meta-investigation of 46 examinations found that The Primary objective of the study is to analyze the working from home was related with more occupation impact of changed work culture of work from home on the fulfillment, less want to leave a business, and - at productivity of the IT Employees. unobtrusive levels - had no impact on the nature of OOO To study the influence of demographic variables on the working environment connections. In another Employee productivity through WFH

investigation, specialists from BYU dissected 24,436 OOO To analyze the impact of Pros and cons of WFH on the (IBM, - 0.53%) representatives in 75 nations to distinguish Employee productivity where 25% of representatives revealed work-family clashes. Individuals with the capacity to WFH and set 4. Hypothesis their own hours could work 57 hours of the week prior Hypothesis 1: Gender, Age, Marital Status, Qualification, to a noteworthy piece experienced work-life stress. For Experience and Job levels influence the Employee productivity the individuals who must be in the workplace at set through WFH hours, that break point happened at 38 hours. Hypothesis 2: Pros and Cons of WFH impact the 2.1 Research gap Employee Productivity There are various studies which focus on the Pros and 5. Research Methodology cons of WFH and their impact on the productivity, health and The current study is exploratory in nature, the researcher professionalism of the workers. But keeping in mind the aims to collect primary data through questionnaire method. current scenario of Pandemic most of the IT employees are The questionnaire is drafted using the likert scale of agreement forced to WFH and there is a need to find the impact on the and consists of 4 parts – productivity of IT employees when they are affected by a Pandemic situation and how they cope with WFH pressures. OOO PART A - Demographic profile

OOO PART B - Advantages of WFH (Source: Timbal, A. 2.2 Conceptual framework and Mustabsat, A. (2016).

Figure 2: Conceptual Framework for the current study OOO PART C- Disadvantages of WFH (Source: Grant, C.A., Wallace, L.M. and Spurgeon, P.C. (2013).

OOO PART D - Productivity of employees through WFH (Source: Nakroðiene, Audrone & Buciuniene, Ilona & Goðtautaitë, Bernadeta. (2019).

Due to the COVID-19 social distancing norms meeting the respondents was not possible and questionnaire was circulated using the Google forms. There are about 2.5 million IT employees (Economy of Bangalore,2020) in Bangalore city, Due to limitation of time and pandemic situation 100 Source: Author Created respondents are randomly chosen as the sample and 92 duly filled responses were obtained. The reliability and validity of The above conceptual framework shows the entire the questionnaire is checked with the help of Cronbach Alpha research ides in a diagram, The benefits and drawbacks of which is 0.867 and a good reliability measure. WFH during the COVID-19 may be different from a situation

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The software used for data analysis is SPSS version 25 professionalism has decreased due to work from home (4.63) and AMOS version 22, ANOVA and independent t-test are and My incentives and rewards have decreased due to work used to test the first hypothesis and structural equation from home(4.64)] have high mean scores indicating strong modeling is used to test the second hypothesis. The level of agreement of the IT employees. (Appendix) significance for all statistical test is assumed at p=0.05. The limitation of the study is that the small sample size and the ANOVA and Independent T test Results geographical boundaries are restricted. The productivity of To check the first hypothesis of the influence of the employees is self rated and hence biased. demographic variables on Productivity, One way Analysis of Variance is used for all the variables which have more than 2 6. Findings and suggestions groups. Independent T test is used for all Variables which 6.1 Demographic profile of the respondents have only 2 two groups. The level of significance is accepted at less than p=0.05. Graph 1 : Demographic Profile of the respondents Table -1: ANOVA and Independent T test –Significance levels

Source: Author Created

The demographic profile of the respondents is clearly elucidated in the graph 1. A majority of respondents under The Significance values for all variables expect Job level study are male, The IT employees are majorly under 35 years are insignificant i.e Greater than the specified P value of 0.05. of age and 58.7% are married. The experience levels showed This result indicates that the productivity of the IT Employees that more than 705 employees had below 9 years of experience in the WFH during pandemic is not affected by age, gender, and majority had completed their Graduation. Three fourth of marital status, experience and qualification. In case of Job the employees are in Job level 2. It is clear from the demographic level the Employees with Job level 1 – managers have higher profile that the respondents are young and dynamic with productivity as compared to the Job level 2-executives. good experience and qualification levels which match the Significance value for Productivity items is below 0.05 indicating need of the study. that managers have greater productivity as compared to executives, A recent article (The Hindu, March 2020) also Descriptive statistics have similar results where the managers have higher The descriptive statistics show that advantages of WFH productivity as they have less need for human proximity in during the pandemic situation are strongly agreed as the the nature of their job. Null hypothesis accepted. Average mean score is 4.56 with least variability in responses. Structural Equation Modeling Safety from transmission of COVID -19 has the highest mean To test the second hypothesis of Pros and Cons of score of 4.77 indicating that majority of the respondents have WFH impact the Employee Productivity a structural equation strongly agreed to it. When the disadvantages of WFH due model is created and the results indicated that there is model to pandemic are discussed an average mean score of 4.12 with fit having a chi sqr value of 475.417 with 40 NPar Values. The a standard deviation of 0.82 is obtained indicating agreement Goodness of fit index stood at 0.778 and it can be indicated range of responses from the IT employees in relation to that the results of the SEM are reliable. drawbacks posed y a Pandemic situation. In case of assessing Table- 2 : Structural Relationship between variables the productivity, self rated scale is used and the overall self rated productivity of the employees during a Pandemic and WFH situation is 3.93 indicating neutrality to agreement range of responses. The two statements which Indicated that professionalism and rewards are lost due WFH[My

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The diagram below shows the structural relationship REFERENCES between the Pros and cons and the Productivity. The pros/ OOO Amabile, T., & Kramer, S. (2013, July 24). Working from Advantages of the study are insignificant to the Productivity home: A work in progress. Harvard Business Review, as the significance values are greater than 0.05 but the https://hbr.org/2013/07/working-from-home-a-work-in-pr disadvantages strongly impact the Productivity as the Beta co –efficient is 0.82 indicating 82% change is productivity is OOO Carter, C. (2016, October 4). 3 Things No One Tells You caused due to the disadvantages of WFH. Null hypothesis About Working From Home. Forbes. Retrieved from rejected. http://www.forbes.com/sites/christinecarter/2016/10/04/3- things-no-one-tells-you-about-working-from-home/ Figure 2: Structural Equation Modelling home/&refURL=https://www.google.co.in/&referrer= https://www.google.co.in/

OOO Go, R. (2016, May 9). The 7 deadly disadvantages of working from home. Retrieved from Hubstaff, http:// blog.hubstaff.com/disadvantages-of-working-from-home/

OOO Grant, C.A., Wallace, L.M. and Spurgeon, P.C. (2013). An Exploration of the Psychological Factors Affecting Remote e worker’s Job Effectiveness, Well being and Work life Balance, Employee Relations, 35(5), pp.527- 546, https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-08-2012-0059

OOO McCain, D. hall. (2013, November 12). Pros and cons of working from home. Retrieved from Work Life Balance, Source: Author created- AMOS software http://www.imom.com/pros-and-cons-of-working-from- Conclusions home/#.WIZU8fl97IU

Some business chiefs are thinking about WFH a lasting OOO MSG, E. The advantages and disadvantages of working component and have begun assessing its benefits and from home and organizational policies. Retrieved February difficulties. Truth be told, some of the huge organization 7, 2017, from MSG MANAGEMENT STUDY GUIDE, declared that they will move from current 100/100 model to 25/ http://www.managementstudyguide.com/advantages-and- 25. They implied that 25% of workers will go to office at some disadvantages-of-working-from-home.htm# random time and by and large representatives will invest 25% OOO Nakroðiene, Audrone & Buciuniene, Ilona & Goðtautaitë, of their energy in the workplace. The primary test of WFH is Bernadeta. (2019). Working from home: characteristics to determine same execution levels regarding quality and and outcomes of telework. International Journal of profitability from the representatives consistently. The study Manpower. 10.1108/IJM-07-2017-0172. reveals that there is an impact of the disadvantages on the OOO Ricci, M. (2014, March 21). 12 Pros (& Cons) of Working productivity and the management can take corrective measures From Home. Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/ to turn threats of WFH to opportunities for growing pulse/20140331142817-17950-12-pros-cons-of-working- professionalism and career development. The demographic from-home factors however do not affect the WFH productivity of the employees except for the Job levels. Therefore the employees OOO Richardson, B., & Writer, M. C. (2017). The pros and at Job level 1 should be encouraged to WFH as their cons of working from home. Retrieved from https:// productivity is greater than Job level -2 Employees. The www.monster.com/career-advice/article/pros-cons-of- current study is based on a small sample and can act as a working-from-home guide to larger studies in various other geographical locations. OOO Rogers, (2013, November 27). Pros and cons of allowing Case studies pertaining to a single Organization may also help employees to work from home. Retrieved from http:// in understanding the WFH cultural transformation in 2020 due www.businessreviewcanada.ca/leadership/11/Pros-and- to the COVID-19 Pandemic. cons-of-allowing-employees-to-work-from-home

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OOO Timbal, A. and Mustabsat, A. (2016). Flexibility or Ethical WEB REFERENCES

Dilemma: An Overview of the Workfrom Home Policies OOO https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bangalore in Modern Organizations around the World, Human OOO https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/work-from- Resource ManagementInternational Digest, 24(7) home-in-the-time-of-covid-19/article31207008.ece OOO Vanderkam, L. (2013, July 22). Home vs. Office: Where OOO https://resources.scikey.ai/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ should you work? Retrieved from http://fortune.com/ Work-From-Home-Champions.pd 2013/07/22/home-vs-office-where-should-you-work/

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 152 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

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Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 154 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

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ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 155 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

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Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 156 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

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Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 160 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

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ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 163 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

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Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 164 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

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ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 165 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

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Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 168 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India FISCAL PRUDENCE IN POLICY EXECUTION AMIDST GLOBAL TRAUMA AGITATION

Dr. Hemalatha Ramakrishnan Associate Professor, School of Business and Management, Christ (Deemed to be University), Bangalore - 560 074

Abstract noted for its wide range fiscal policy support and incentives Chapter note would like to discuss role and effectiveness for businesses under the Karnataka Industrial policy, 2014- of decision authorities in the midst of pandemic challenges. 19.One of the indicators that is noteworthy to witness is the Efforts taken by decision authorities to pause economic State Human Development Index. With healthy SGDP activity and divert higher attention towards welfare of the indicators of human development has well blended to push citizens in all the districts and as well in the capital city of the state to be a performer. Income and well-being of the Karnataka. Decision authorities have been able to challenge citizens in the state has been a major concern. Citizens in the the pandemic with contra cyclical fiscal policy to gain citizens state want to lead a long and healthy life, want to achieve confidence, extend financial assistance especially to the good education and gain knowledge, along with these informal sector and priority sections of the society. Adequate indicators citizens want to access resources in making their significance given to Intra and Inter districts with in the state standard of living a prosperous way, and this is well identified has made transparency and visibility. Certainly decision made with State’s per capita income at US$3258. The state in its by state fiscal team, exhibits remarkable effort put in integration vision 2020 has emphasized on education and skill with other coordinating team as well. To ensure and bring development, better governance, leadership in sustainable equitable attention to all those under critical situation, industrial development, enhance opportunities and empower authorities could coordinate with private and public Health women, preserve, promote heritage of Karnataka tourism, care centers. Care and support taken from testing labs clinics improve access quality health care for all citizens, increase are appreciable. To mandate the emergency need of the rural income and to boost and build quality infrastructure in citizen’s state, fiscal authorities involved task forces under the state. decision making as well protective force taken for support to Vision of the State: Among the eight vision one of them manage the uncertain emergent pandemic situation. Main is quality health care for all citizens, Karnataka has made objective of the chapter in discussion is to retain state goals tremendous effort in improving the health status of its people of growth, continue in its vision execution, maintenance of in the past few decades. State has made substantial progress internal law and order as well safeguarding the interest of the in building credible health infrastructure with a wide state citizens with development index. institutional network providing health services both in urban Key words: Fiscal policy, GSDP, Health,HDI and rural areas. State has allocated nearly Rs.2067crore towards medical education and research. There are 55 district Introduction hospitals, 555 sub-district hospitals 31 autonomous and Karnataka Gross State Domestic Product has grown with teaching hospitals, as well 146 taluk Vs General hospitals. a Cumulative Average Growth Rate of 12.80percent. With 30 There are 6 health programmes that function under ayush districts in the state district administrators are effective in scheme services. This has increased life expectancy of both executing their policy on a timely manner. Knowledge capital male and female population ranging from 63-67years of of India state, shines in literacy percentage of more than age.Bangalore IT hub and is one of the best execution cities 75%.The IT hub of India and fourth in technology cluster in in the world with a population of over 10 million. During the the world, with an energetic industrial base and every annual outbreak of disease when Mumbai had 60,000 positive cases year Global Investors meet bring in outstanding glories of and 3,167 deaths, Delhi 44,000 cases and 1,837 deaths, and foreign direct investment to the State. Being the most preferred Chennai 34,000 cases and 422 deaths, Bengaluru had a mere state on investment prospects as well startup ideas has 827 positive cases and 43 deaths. It was the result of a emerged to a vivacious level of performance. State is also systematic and meticulous handling of the pandemic in the

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 169 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India beginning. Almost a week before a national lockdown was and delivery boys of food chains and couriers. declared on March 25, Karnataka began screening people Decision Making Teams: Epidemiologists say that key coming from outside the state and sending those showing to Bengaluru’s success was that the political leadership set COVID-19 symptoms to a 14-day institutional quarantine. up a task force of experts at a very early stage and its General profile of state capital city is briefed with recommendations were followed meticulously. Tracing and population and literacy strength. As per Bangalore tracking with large influx of people entering watchfulness BruhatMahanagaraPalike data break out can be viewed as went for a toss. With conflicts and indifference among team follows members Chief Minister, Deputy Minister, Health Minister, Bangalore Education Medical Minister came to consensus as per direction Metropolitan Male Female Total of the state, to define the role of decision and allocation of responsibilities. Team members acted swiftly and made counter Population 443,3855 4086580 8520435 fiscal measures in order to pause the pandemic. This initiative Literates 3629096 3106417 6735513 made the engine of fiscal stimuli to push the state economy Children 476632 449033 925665 to revive and control the pandemic

Source: Census 2011 BBMP

Population resource in any city is a rich human wealth of the city, matrix clearly indicates male and literacy rate are growing at high rate. Category break up reveals that Hinduism is majority religion in Bangalore city with 78.87 % followers. Islam is second most popular religion in city of Bangalore with approximately 13.90 % following it. In Bangalore city, Christianity is followed by 5.61 %, Jainism by 0.97 %, Sikhism by 0.15 % and Buddhism by 0.15 %. Around 0.01 % stated ‘Other Religion’, approximately 0.44 % stated ‘No Particular Religion’.

As per the survey conducted by Karnataka Slum Development Board 2011, there are 2,804 slum areas in the state; out of which, 597 slum areas are in Bangalore City. It is estimated that the population of the slums in the state is Above figure illustrates sequence of integrity in decision about 40.50 lakhs, which works out to 22.56 percent of the and allocation of funds to handle the pandemic situation. state’s urban population.Along with structured population Policy in consultation among core team and task force has simultaneous growth of slum is also growing cumulatively. handled the State agitation. Nearly 20,488 rapid antigen Total number of Slums in Bangalore city and its Out Growth detection tests were done across 30 districts of the state. numbers 165,341 in which population of 712,801 resides. This Government took all measures to ramp up testing across is around 8.39% of total population of Bangalore city and its zones in Bengaluru. This enabled faster tracing and treatment outgrowth which is 8,495,492.The category of people include of the infected persons. As per the Department of Health and slum dwellers, vendors or bill collectors in malls, supermarkets, Family Welfare Services, a cumulative 53,324 people in the markets and footpaths, and delivery boys of food chains and capital city have tested positive. In view of the daily rise in couriers. In the wake of a sudden spike in the number of fresh cases reported from Bengaluru, the Karnataka coronavirus cases in the state, the Health Department, decided government decided to ramp up testing across all eight to begin random testing for people who are likely to come in Bruhat Bengaluru MahanagaraPalike (BBMP) zones in the contact with a large number of others as part of their work. city. In order to ramp up testing in containment zones, two Government began random testing using RT-PCR pooled lakh rapid Antigen test kits have been procured and supplied th sample technique in people including slum-dwellers, vendors/ to all districts across the state. As on July 30 2020, Karnataka bill collectors in malls, supermarkets, markets and footpaths, has cumulatively reported 1,18,632 Covid-19 cases, of which

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 170 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

45 per cent is from Bengaluru alone. Act provides penalties for disobeying any regulation or order made under the Act. These are according to section 188 of the Is COVID-19 an outbreak, disease or a pandemic? Indian Penal Code (Disobedience to order duly promulgated Pandemic it is said.World Health Organization has been by public servant). And the finally Act, gives legal protection evaluating the spread around the clock and they were deeply to the implementing officers acting under the Act. Emphasis concerned by the alarming levels of spread its severity with of the Act indicates reinforcement of the legal implementation no action. WHO in its tweet confirmed that it is an outbreak to active measures, to protect as well safeguard the State. and not a ‘Pandemic’ status has to do more with the spread of the disease, than its severity. Dr Michael J Ryan, says Preparation and Precautions taken to handle the “pandemic comes from the Greek ‘pan demos’, which means Situation: BBMP and the state Health Department have everybody. “Demos means the population. Pan meaning managed to secure 10-20% of the city’s private hospital beds, everyone. So ‘pan demos’ is a concept where there’s a belief rather than 50%. Required estimates reveal there are only that the whole world’s population will likely be exposed to around 2000 private hospital beds overall for COVID patients this infection and potentially a proportion of them fall sick. now, however the BBMP portal says there are over 11,000.There were many challenges as some hospitals are too Legal Act and Previous incidence of Epidemics: The small and can’t create separate COVID wards. Others don’t Epidemic Diseases Act is routinely enforced across the country have the equipment or are refusing to set it up, and some just for dealing with outbreaks of diseases such as swine flu, don’t want to do it. Government asked for 50% of their beds, dengue, and cholera. The colonial government introduced the but they only gave 10-20%.”Expert committee, has indicated Act to tackle the epidemic of bubonic plague that had spread that a COVID patient in Bengaluru has three options for in the erstwhile Bombay Presidency in the 1890s.Using powers hospitalisation: one is Government hospital: Admission conferred by the Act, colonies authorities would search through BBMP’s centralised bed allocation system. Treatment suspected plague cases in homes and among passengers, is free of cost, Second, is Private hospital (Government with forcible segregations, evacuations, and demolitions of quota): In June, government appointed the SuvarnaArogya infected places. The Act, aims to provide “for the better Suraksha Trust (SAST) to empanel private hospitals that can prevention of the spread of Dangerous Epidemic Diseases.” provide subsidised COVID treatment. It also ordered private and empowers state governments/UTs to take special measures hospitals in the city to reserve 50% beds for COVID. Third, and formulate regulations for containing the outbreak. It Private hospital (Independent): Patients can use beds in reads:”Power to take special measures and prescribe private hospitals that have not been reserved by the regulations as to dangerous epidemic disease.When at any government, based on the discretion of the hospital. Treatment time the State Government is satisfied that the State or any is paid for by the patient, but a ceiling was introduced by the part thereof is visited by, or threatened with, an outbreak of government.Following is a list of beds allocated for COVID any dangerous epidemic disease, the State Government, if it as per the BBMP portal, in comparison with estimates of thinks that the ordinary provisions of the law for the time what’s available in reality. Annexure I and II will furnish being in force areinsufficient for the purpose, may take, or details of listed hospitals, their capacity and equipment non require or empower any person to take, such measures and, affordability. Few private hospitals are under construction by public notice, prescribe such temporary regulations to be and could not extend support and huge difference with observed by the public or by any person or class of persons reliance and cooperation to manage the contagious patients, as it shall deem necessary to prevent the outbreak of such we could also view that with manifold growth in the city disease or the spread thereof, and may determine in what population, extent to medical and health infrastructure is manner and by whom any expenses incurred (including absolutely lagging behind. When population is accelerating compensation if any) shall be defrayed.In particular and in a high magnitude, required infrastructure is also the need without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provisions, of the hour. Allocation and planning efficiency through healthy the State Government may take measures and prescribe and cordial public private participation would help citizens to regulations for, the inspection of persons travelling by railway take treatment reliably. Sufficient estimation and procurement or otherwise, and the segregation, in hospital, temporary of equipment need to scale up. Planned inventory to retain all accommodation or otherwise, of persons suspected by the emergency equipment has to be made and procured adequately inspecting officer of being infected with any such disease.” to treat the public from all districts and build confidence of

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 171 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India the people with in the state as well among districts. Annexure spread-of-covid-19/articleshow/74581027.cms

III discussed the recurring case of pandemic district wise OOO https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/how- Bangalore urban is leading due to high agglomeration karnataka-is-losing-its-advantage-in-the-fight-against- population and concentration of business trading activities. covid-19-5522161.html

Global countries, Regional states, Inter-state neighbouring OOO https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/b-s- states also depend upon Bangalore City for investment in yediyurappa-to-decide-on-fresh-lockdown-as-karnataka- business and to participate actively in a productive manner. s-covid-19-tally-crosses-10k/story- Data furnished by critical care support units and special 0PU3nfCw60OiDNmiEGJ2uI.html service unit have provided recurring cases with pandemic that OOO https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/karnataka- is raising in an alarming way. announces-complete-lockdown-from-july-14-to-23-amid- spike-in-covid-19-cases/620025 Conclusion OOO https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/centre-approves- To summarize State fiscal prudent management of the new-private-laboratory-karnataka-covid-19-testing-120885 pandemic is a perennial process. Effect in policy execution OOO https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/human- reveals an inherent way of regulating the cause that has clinical-trials-of-indigenously-developed-covid-19- disturbed the normal way of thinking. State fiscal proactive vaccine-candidates-move-to-phase-2-icmr/story- plans and initiatives no doubt has brought absolute advantage UslelmRuWk1SmZe7FELK5J.html in retaining the State connectivity as well capital city to move OOO https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-india- on with its day today productive activity. karnataka-extends-covid-19-lockdown-by-2-days-2230372

OOO https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and- References: nation/covid-19-karnataka-minister-officer-teams-identify- OOO https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/covid-19- problem-areas-in-respective-zones/articleshow/ updates-march-4-2020/article30979516.ece 76953381.cms OOO https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus- OOO https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and- live-updates-march-22-2020/article31133641.ece#! nation/covid-19-karnataka-minister-officer-teams-identify- OOO https://www.thequint.com/news/india/bengaluru-news- problem-areas-in-respective-zones/articleshow/ today-karnataka-on-lockdown-till-31-march-covid-19- 76953381.cms cases-at-33 OOO https://www.india.com/news/india/coronavirus-update- OOO https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/ march-18-karnataka-announces-rs-200-crore-to-combat- karnataka-coronavirus-lockdown-updates-6374560/ spread-of-covid-19-state-lockdown-till-march-31-3974038/ OOO https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/karnataka- OOO https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/ coronavirus-latest-news-updates-covid-19-karnataka/ cyberattacks-up-37-over-past-month/ 564271 OOO https://www.india.com/news/india/unlock-2-0-follow- OOO https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/covid-19-mask-day-in- karnataka-covid-19-model-centre-urges-other-states-10- karnataka-bs-yediyurappa-anil-kumble-puneeth-rajkumar- things-karnataka-did-right-4063044/ march-to-spread-awareness-2248193 OOO https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/ OOO https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/ 080720/karnataka-over-40000-private-school-teachers- coronavirus-karnataka-reports-over-5000-new-cases-cost- lose-job-amid-coronavir.html of-covid-19-rt-pcr-and-rapid-antigen-tests-reduced/ OOO https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ 626704 karnataka-expert-committee-bats-for-online-learning-sets- OOO https://indianexpress.com/article/coronavirus/karnataka- guidelines/article32010482.ece 9-districts-including-bengaluru-to-be-under-week-long- OOO https://www.districtsofindia.com/karnataka/ lockdown-from-tomorrow-6326915/ statedistrict.aspx OOO https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/ OOO http://www.populationu.com/in/karnataka-population karnataka-bangalore-coronavirus-covid-19-lockdown-5-0- OOO https://covid19.karnataka.gov.in/english news-live-updates-pu-examination-live-6464312/ OOO http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/829971589899181351/ OOO https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/ May15-Response-to-COVID-in-Slums-and-Cities.pdf karnataka-government-issues-regulation-to-prevent-

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 172 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India ANNEXURES

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 173 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India MND MAPS : A POWERFULL TOOL FOR INFORMATION DISSEMINATION

Kumar Patil 1Librarian, Govt First Grade College for Women, Byrapura, T. Narasipura Taluk - 571124, Mysuru District, Karnataka. E-mail : [email protected] Manjunatha K. 2Librarian, Govt First Grade College, Kyathanahally - 571 427, Mandya District, Karnataka. E-mail : [email protected]

Abstract us record, memorize, connect and output information in a Over the years, visual representation of information has visually expressive way. The graphic emphasis of a Mind gained attention due to ease of dissemination and assimilation. Map works in a way which the brain finds captivating and Several visual tools have been developed and employed. easy to process” (Buzan, 2013). Mind map is one such tool which is increasingly being used. Mind mapping functions in the same way as that human It is a non-linear and visual way of representing, linking, and brain thinks. Whenever human brain receives new information, arranging concepts, ideas and themes. This paper discusses it relates that information with the previously received and importance of mind maps and features of five major free online stored information in the form of images, thoughts and tools and softwares used to create mind maps electronically. concepts and processes it. That being the case, information Key Words: Mind map; Mind mapping; Draw.io; GitMind; dissemination in the form of traditional written text creates WiseMapping; mindmaps; FreeMind one more layer in between and makes information absorption less effective and more time consuming. This problem can be 1. INTRODUCTION solved when information is presented in the form of images. One of the major challenges of dissemination of Mind map helps to make sense of information. “Mind maps information is to describe the information in a way that is easy can be used for a large range of activities, including note- to comprehend and communicate. This can be done by taking and reporting, brainstorming, clarifying of thoughts, presenting the information in graphical form. This helps to summarizing, presentation, planning team building and group convey information in a more concise form than its original communication etc.” (Tsinakos and Balafoutis, 2009) form while retaining the essential characteristics so that effective 3. HOW A MIND MAP IS CREATED AND understanding can be made at the receivers’ end. Human eye IDEAS ARE ORGANIZED and brain are more accustomed to capture information in colours and patterns. This natural ability can be made use of to disseminate information.

Visual content attracts attention of the receiver and keeps his eyes on the message. This aspect has been exploited since ages to convey information. Many tools have been developed for this purpose and mind map is one of such kind. 2. MIND MAP AND ITS APPLICATION

“Mind Mapping is a technique that enables one to Figure 1: A typical mind map visualize, structure and organize thoughts and information” (Rustler, 2012, p. 85). It is involves representing a subject Creating a Mind Map starts with a central idea or topic. content visually in non-linear form using pictures or other From this central idea or central node, a series of connecting graphical representations. “A Mind Map captures and helps branches are drawn out. Each branch has a new word or idea

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 174 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India that’s related to the central concept (See Figure 1). From each technique. However use of electronic forms offers certain branch, sub-branches are again drawn with sub-ideas. This advantages such as: resembles the process the brain cells or neurons make OOO Flexibility in altering, reworking at any later time. connections with other brain cells and hence natural. OOO Mind Maps can be provided with hyperlinks so that it 4. NEED FOR MIND MAP BASED can be accessed across the internet. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION OOO Short text information can be just copied and added to As lecturing is traditional teaching–learning method, it provide further information to each branch. involves one way process of knowledge transmission from OOO Mind Maps can be exported to other formats. the teacher to the student due to which students are lacking OOO Mind Maps created by softwares have uniform behind in their creative abilities (Kalyanasundaram et al, appearance. 2017). To replace this conventional method by an advanced and student-centered educational method a British Some free online tools and softwares for creating mind psychologist named, Buzan T introduced “Mind mapping maps are given below: during the end of 1960s. This method of information 5.1 Draw.io (https://www.draw.io/) dissemination has yielded good results in effective teaching. An interventional study was conducted by Muchhal et al. (2007) among 90 students of BDS 3rd year students. The mean score of students in the mind map (MM) group was significantly higher than the conventional group. The study concluded that mind mapping is one of the innovative as well as attractive processes of teaching which further help the students to learn the subject more effectively in a creative way.

Mind maps offer following advantages over traditional dissemination of information: Draw.io is a web-based application that can be directly OOO The process of creating a mind map is more interesting accessed from a web browser. It has a ‘drag-and-drop” feature than writing. with the help of which, mind maps can be easily created.

OOO Logical and structural association among the central shapes, links, text, and images can be added to mind maps subject and its associated ideas can be clearly brought with facility of changing colours. Only draw-back is that out. connecting lines are to be manually added. Ready-made templates are absent but it also gives room for more flexibility OOO Summarizing and consolidating and grasping large to find new and hard-to-find correlations among the idea amount of information becomes easy. units. OOO Due to visual presentation, mind maps facilitate easier and faster recall. 5.2 GitMind (https://gitmind.com/)

OOO Mind maps through light on important issues and clearly identify gaps in information. 5. SOME FREE ONLINE TOOLS AND SOFTWARES FOR CREATING MIND MAPS Mind maps can be generated through pencils, pens and paper. This was the case before the widespread use of computers. Now they can also be created electronically with the help of some specialized softwares and online web tools. GitMind is also a free, web-based mind map tool. It has It is not related to a medium of creation but it is only a an intuitive, well-designed toolbar. Availability of custom

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 175 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India lines, border color, transparency, shape, and thickness add to visual appeal of mind maps created. Mind maps under creation can be collaborated with others in real time. Five different layouts are available to arrange mind maps. It is suitable for reducing complicated concepts into images, produce novel ideas, creation of task lists with order of precedence.

5.3 WiseMapping (https://app.wisemapping.com)

almost any system with a Java runtime environment. It can be downloaded via link http://freemind.sourceforge.net/wiki/ index.php/Download. Though free, it offers a wide range of symbols, icons and colours for creation of mind maps. It also allows to export end maps in several formats such as PDF, HTML, SVG or JPEG. Copy and paste, drag and drop are supported with functionality to embed web links. A notable feature is availability of keyboard short-cuts. It looks somewhat outdated, but is very useful for organizing academic content, WiseMapping is an open source and user-friendly mind planning projects etc. mapping online application. It has a drag-and-drop feature with the help of which non-linear idea blocks can be added 6. CONCLUSION around a central concept. To provide additional and specific Mind mapping with its non-linear and natural organization details, Icons, notes, and links can be attached to each part of ideas and concepts encourages fast and efficient of the mind map. Background and border colour, font-sizes, dissemination and assimilation of information. It scores over font-formats etc. can be formatted. sequential memory based rote teaching and learning system. Mind mapping should be employed whenever there is a flow 5.4 Mindmaps (https://www.mindmaps.app/) of large amounts of information such as teaching and other presentations, condensation of huge amounts of information and for brainstorming etc. 7. REFERENCE 1. Buzan, T. (2013). Modern Mind Mapping for Smarter Thinking. Cardiff, UK: Proactive Press. 2. Kalyanasundaram M, Abraham SB, Ramachandran D, Jayaseelan V, Bazroy J, Singh Z, et al. Effectiveness of mind mapping technique in information retrieval among medical college students in Puducherry – A pilot study. Indian J Community Med 2017;42:1923. Mindmaps is yet another mind mapping application. It is 3. Muchhal M, Patthi B, Singla A, Gupta R, Malhi R, an open source and HTML5 based application and works Chaudhary D. Effectiveness of mind mapping as a offline too inside a browser. It is a very simple but powerful learning tool among dental students. J Indian Assoc tool for creating neat-looking mind maps. Finished maps can Public Health Dent 2018;16:122-6 be exported as images. Though functionalities are few, it can 4. Rustler, F. (2012). Mind Mapping For Dummies(p. 85). be used to create quick and easy to understand maps. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. 5. Tsinakos, A, Balafoutis, T . (2009). A Comparative Survey 5.5 FreeMind On Mind Mapping Tools. Turkish Online Journal of FreeMind is an open source mind-mapping utility Distance Education , 10 (3) , 55-67 . Retrieved from software written in Java, As it is based on Java, it will run on https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tojde/issue/16913/176433

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 176 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India IMPACT OF COVID-19 AND CHALLENGES FACED BY MSMES IN INDIA

Dr. Sampangi Ramaiah P.N. Associate Professor, P.G. Department of Economics, Government First Grade College, Yelahanka, Bangalore - 560 064.

Abstract reeling under huge distress firstly because of demonetisation, The world is battling with modern horrors like the then because of poorly implemented GST followed by the COVID-19, which has left the entire world befuddled and in prolonged economic slowdown and finally, the biggest of all the lurch as to how one virus has brought the entire world - the COVID-19 which is going to aggravate the crisis in this to a standstill. This devastating virus which is declared by the specific sector further. WHO as the pandemic has taken over almost 195 countries According to a study commissioned by All India in its grip.The unmatched fluctuations that is caused by the Manufacturers Organisation (AIM0), India is currently home Covid-19 are tossing to significant grounds and prospects for to over 75 million MSMEs and close to 25 per cent of these MSMEs sectors by adaptation and adoption of innovative firms will face closure, while a whopping 43 per cent will shut strategies for business sustainability.COVID-19 crisis time is shop if panic extends. MSME forms the backbone of the very crucial to undergo with transformation of MSMEs to Indian economy and is one of the most crucial segments that robust economic sustainability.This virus is mounting a very let the economy grow by leap and bounds. The sector which serious threat to the global economy as well, which is already provides employment to over 114 million people and in grave peril. There is no doubt that the Indian economy, contributes to more than 30 per cent of the GDP is going which is already sputtering, is growing at one of the lowest through one of the tough phases, thus actions are required rates in the last six years. And now, a new set of economic immediately. challenges unleashed by this virus is leaving many sectors in tatters. 2. COVID-19 Tackling MSME Sector And Unemployment Keywords: Challenges, MSMEs, Unemployment, COVID-19 The COVID-19 pandemic has shaken global markets as and Policy Measures. countries struggle to battle national and global health crisis. 1. Introduction: Indian government has announced an economic stimulus of It is a well-known fact that in the global supply chain, Rupees 20 lakh crore, roughly 10% of GDP for FY 21, in which China plays a very pivotal role for India and its MSME sector six measures were framed for the Micro Small Medium Scale as well, this sector is largely dependent on China for its raw Enterprises (MSME). Government has allocated 3 lakh crore material. For example, Indian drug makers source almost 70 per for collateral-free loans, additional debt and equity infusion cent of their ingredients from Chinese factories and Chinese with slew of other measures to protect the bruised MSME goods worth $30 billion. Thus complete lockdown of China sector.India will need to overcome significant structural and partial lockdown of India has led to various issues challenges to bring the economy back into a high growth ranging from shrinkage of exports, cessation of production, trajectory. The cost of battling COVID-19 is not limited to the non-availability of manpower, the uncertainty of consumption, dip in growth but also includes the bleak prospects of a and liquidity squeeze in the market as well. sizable percentage of the population being pushed below the poverty line. According to the Confederation of All India Traders (CAIT) which represents 70 million traders in India and the Apart from the virus, India faces two key challenges. majority of them are MSME. The trade impact for India is Firstly, almost 80 percent of its labour force is part of the estimated to be around Rs 380 lakh and the chemical sector informal sector, which is expected to take major hit as a result is expected to take a big hit of Rs 12 crore 90 lakh . Micro, of the lock-down. Secondly, as India’s working age population small and medium enterprise is the sector which was already will continue to expand till 2055% the cost of missing this

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 177 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India demographic dividend will directly impact the future growth this crisis. Policy prescription to create rapid employment and trajectory. Most of the labour force are employed with small facilitate business operations is the priority. For India, it is enterprises which have been forced to lay-off most of their important to endeavour to balance the immediate financial employees due to the extended lockdown. response with continuous public and human capital investment. Biting the fiscal bullet is inevitable in a crisis 2.1 Business Supply versus People Demand situation but assessing the cost of growth foregone is crucial Contributing 30-35 percent of the GDP— Micro, Medium to strategize policies for future. The real challenge lies in the and Small scale industries face a higher risk of shutting down transition of role from being protective to promotional through their production due to cash flow constraints. All India structural operations by factoring in the consumption demand. Manufacturers association reported that 43 percent of the MSMES will cease to operate with the lockdown extension. 3. Major challenges faced by MSME's in India

Around 99 percent of the MSMEs are dominated by Micro OOO FREEZE IN EXTERNAL FUNDING enterprises in which labour intensive production units are Even though the bank contributions have been conceded, already under stress with restricted labour movements. Finance the quick test of MSMEs will be to take care of their legal minister’s attempt at redefining MSME by including businesses obligations, wages, and squeezing loan bosses. Lockdowns, with higher investment and turnover does not address the interruptions in flexibly chain and effect of enormous main problem of majority of unregistered micro enterprises enterprises advances would increment prompt wrongdoings shutting down due to less or nil operating capital. in this fragment.

2.2 Reorganize MSME and Boost Employment Oppurtunities OOO IMMENSE CASH CRUNCH Although strong relief packages are demanded, India They are set to confront an intense money crunch has limited fiscal space. The slew of measures announced by because of a sharp fall in business and operational difficulties the central bank to ease the liquidity will cushion the MSME with low or zero labour throughout the following weeks since sector during the lockdown period. However, incentivizing workers from other towns who migrate are going back home. small scale businesses to operate amidst weak demand would need recapitalizing finance based on the firm’s productivity. A OOO OFFSIDE OF THE GOVERNMENT’S structural makeover of the business sector will call for measures PROTECTIONIST POLICIES beyond just monetary policy. The OECD countries have Seeking a protectionist strategy in the business division broadly undertaken measures to reduce the impact on their before the recuperation of local interest would suggest the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) by providing greater danger of the economy being trapped in a low-interest wage subsidies, loan guarantees, direct lending and modified cycle. Also, the ongoing exception of work laws compromises structural policies. Even prior to the pandemic, unemployment the labourers’ income% lessening the restoration pace of was at a 45 year’s high at 8.5 percent and consumption was purchaser requests. As indicated by a most recent perusing on downtrend. The economic response for India must factor of the shopper request hazard map, easygoing workers in in the welfare loss while assessing the economic consequence. both provincial and urban territories are at the most noteworthy In five out of the first ten years of entering its demographic danger of rescuing likely consumption. dividend phase, Japan was experiencing double digit growth. OOO FALL IN CREDITWORTHINESS AND RATINGS If India is not to lose out on growth momentum during the current stage of its youth bulge, it would require effective and MSME loans taken from NBFCs can see a considerable radical policy measures to counter the problem. increment in default payment levels. As per the CIBIL and CARE Ratings, the future doesn’t look too good. The risk that To keep up with the growth of the working age follows non-payment of debt likewise exists for lenders offering population, estimates suggest that India must create 10 million unstable loans to MSMEs, which ordinarily rely on the increase jobs annually. Ease of doing business becomes a crucial of incomes due to high returns and good business turnover. factor in creating employment opportunities. Indian This is a rare possibility due to the COVID crisis. policymakers are tasked to identify the methods to sustain the operations of MSME sector post lockdown. The large workforce OOO LACK OF RECAPITALIZATION resulting from India’s youth bulge cannot be undermined by Boosting medium and small scale organizations to work

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 178 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India during powerless interest would require recapitalizing money and dependent on the association’s profitability. A necessary OOO Adjusting to the expanded family demands. makeover of the business division will call for measures past only fiscal arrangement. While current financial improvement OOO SEVERE MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES targets securing the business segment, challenges stay in Numerous MSME managers and directors have said that receiving a medium-term strategy given the disorderly dealing with family dependents is their central concern. Most structure. of these businessmen are left burnt out, attempting to handle business concerns and family demands simultaneously. They OOO FEAR OF SHUTTING DOWN are also exceptionally restless about bringing the infection of On the off chance that the lockdown is forced because COVID-19 back home. of the COVID-19 goes past the effectively passed period, an astounding 43 per cent will close. MSME structures the 4. Key announcements of Atma-nirbhar Bharat foundation of the Indian economy and is one of the essential Abhiyaan fragments that let the economy develop by jump and limits. OOO Rs 3 lakh crore collateral-free automatic loans for The part which gives work to more than 114 million individuals MSMEs and adds to more than 30 per cent of the Gross domestic OOO Rs 50,000 crore equity infusion through MSME product is experiencing one of the acute stages, in this way Fund of Funds activities are required right away. OOO Rs 20 crore subordinate debt for MSMEs. OOO FURTHER DELAY IN LOCKDOWN AND THE 5. Measures Taken By The Government To Tide BACKLASH Over The Pandemic While on the one hand, a prolonged lockdown may To inject lifeblood to the MSME sector, the government confine the interest for their items, the interruption in the needs to soon arrive at a fiscal stimulus. The Reserve Bank graceful chain may push costs for crude materials up that may of India declared several monetary policy measures to curb contrarily hurt SMEs’ incomes. Therefore, delayed lockdown the impact of the coronavirus pandemic: will have material effects for the items/administrations offered OOO Declared a considerable cut in the policy repo rate by 75 by small firms. basis points to 4.4% – lowest policy rate in this century

OOO CATCHING UP WITH THE ONLINE AND DIGITAL OOO Announced to inject around 3.74 lakh crore liquidity RACE into the system

Probably the most significant pattern to develop during OOO Allowed a 3-month moratorium on payment of the COVID-19 pandemic is private ventures going digital. installments on the existing term loans Undoubtedly, for some private companies, the web stays a lifesaver, helping them to remain above water during the RBI has also opened another Rs 50,000 crore in pandemic. While advanced devices can positively help, they refinancing window for NABARD, SIDBI and NHB under aren’t a fix-all arrangement. Once more, these new channels which: won’t compensate for the entirety of the lost business, and OOO Banks will require to make these investments within one they can help in exceptionally restricted manners. month from receiving the funds from the RBI

OOO Reduced the liquidity coverage ratio to 80% from 100% OOO BALANCING THE WORK-LIFE TUG OF WAR: previously, and provided a special financial facility of Rs Probably the most significant test for entrepreneurs has 50,000 crore to All India Financial Institutions (AIFIs) at been offsetting work with home life. Perhaps the most the repo rate considerable difficulties among MSMEs are:

OOO Getting the capital, Although these announcements are expected to assist the MSMEs in tackling economic stress, they may not prove OOO Remaining above water with business, to be remunerative immediately as the demand is likely to OOO Keeping their flexible lines open, remain low due to the prevailing lockdown restrictions and OOO Ensuring their representatives can work distantly, low business emotions.

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 179 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India

Other measures to help the MSME sector comprises enterprises (MSMEs) may close down if the lockdown extends emergency credit lines announced by Public Sector Banks, a beyond four to eight weeks, according to an estimate. The low-interest loan rate of 5% within 48 hours declared by industry has sought soft loans and deferment of GST to tide SIDBI, and business continuity measures by the RBI. over the crisis.

The post-pandemic world will experience a dearth of Despite the government deferring loan EMIs and easing capital and will require financial institutions to lend a helping credit, India’s micro, small and medium enterprises are staring hand to the MSME sector. The government will need to at a bleak future in wake of the Covid-19 crisis. enable a comprehensive ecosystem for the MSMEs to get back on track and start conducting business. Webilography: OOO https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme- Conclusion: sector/finance-minister-announces-revised-msme- This research article may be concluded on the basis of definitions-no-different-between-manufacturing-and- facts and figures discussed in the above paragraphs. service-enterprises/articleshow/75717694.cms

The flaring up of the COVID-19 pandemic has put the OOO https://msme.gov.in/sites/default/files/IndianGazzate_ economies over the world on a literal freeze. Mulling over the 0.pdf across the board destruction unleashed by the COVID-19, the OOO https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/ administration needs to concoct a steady following component. newsbuzz/for-indian-gaming-startups-covid-19-lockdown- It ought to report quick help measures to support the trust in is-a-boon-for-business/articleshow/75115595.cms? this significant part which has gotten destroyed because of utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign a whirlwind of disturbances presented by the legislature. =cppst

OOO https://smefutures.com/post-covid-19-smes-new-mantra- Many micro, small and medium enterprises have business-model-innovation-brand-building-and-digital- temporarily shut their businesses due to the impact of COVID- marketing/ 19 crisis, shows a survey conducted by Endurance International Group.The survey drew responses from close to References

500 Indian micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in a b c OOO ^ Jump up to: Vyas, Mahesh (21 April 2020). the first two weeks of June. One third of the respondents “Unemployment rate touches 26%”. Centre for confirmed that they are temporarily shutting their business Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE). Retrieved 24 April until normalcy resumes. 2020.

a b c Brief imbuement of cash in organizations and remodel of OOO ^ Jump up to: Goyal, Malini (22 March 2020). MSME division is truly necessary to understand the ‘Make “Covid-19: How the deadly virus hints at a looming in India’ dream. An upgrade monetary bundle is required to financial crisis”. The Economic Times. Retrieved 23 re-invigorate the market economy. The simplicity of working March 2020.

a b together turns into a significant factor in making business OOO ^ Jump up to: Research, Centre for Policy. “Podcast: openings. Indian policymakers are entrusted to distinguish How has India’s lockdown impacted unemployment the strategies to continue the activities of the MSME area rates and income levels?”. Scroll.in. Retrieved 24 April post lockdown. 2020.

a b For India, it is essential to attempt to adjust the quick OOO ^ Jump up to: “Covid-19 lockdown estimated to cost monetary reaction with nonstop open and human capital India $4.5 billion a day: Acuité Ratings”. Business ventures. Financial relief policies during this emergency must Line. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020. be followed with procedures to give monetary security to OOO Prof. Mani Govil, Current status, challenges and potential those working with the MSMEs. for Innovation in the MSME Sector, Shodhaditya Vol. IV, Issue 1 ISSN-2347-8403,PP 36-46 Over 25% of India’s 6.9 crore micro, small and medium

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 180 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India CAN REIT ADDRESS EXPECTATIONS OF INDIAN REAL ESTATE INVESTORS?

Dr. Harmeet Matharu Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce (Finance & Marketing), St. Claret College, Bengaluru - 560 013, Karnataka, INDIA Contact: +91 96320 85608; Email: [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0003-1636-8128 Vijaya Kittu Manda Doctoral Research Scholar, GITAM Institute of Management, GITAM Deemed to be University, Visakhapatnam - 530 045, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA Contact: +91 98495 19188; Email: [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0002-1680-8210

Abstract real estate is one of the most sought-after investment asset Indian Real Estate investors got into an exciting phase classes for investors. The sector is subdivided into commercial, with the capital market regulator SEBI allowing the listing of hospitality, housing, and retail sub-sectors with an increased units of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REIT). With two demand for both offices and residential spaces in recent REITs already listedand trading on stock exchanges, investors times. (Maiti, 2017) now cannot invest indirectly in the real estate asset class yet The infrastructure sector is playing a vital role in overcome the disadvantages that traditionally come with it. boosting the Indian economy, next only to the agricultural This study attempts to understand the expectations of Indian sector. The financial crisis of 2008 occurred globally and Real Estate Investors and discusses how emerging products weakened the environment of the Indian economy leading to attempt to provide solutions. A survey with 268 respondents sluggish economic growth. isconducted to understand their expectations on the Demonetization negatively impacted the S&P BSE Realty dimensions of liquidity, geographical diversification, taxation, Index for the short-term because of fears of moving to a cash- inflation protection of investment, and regular/stable rental less formal system. It is well known that the Indian real estate income are collected. The results were using statistical sector is mostly cash-driven in the secondary market. However, tools.The paper draws experiences from research undertaken the demonetization impact disappeared after a few days in other parts of the world to complement missed experiences. meaning its impact is negligible for the long-term. (Nippani & The research finds that REITs have the necessary Malhotra, 2020) features to address the expectations of real estate investors. Liberalizationof FDIs and opening up of the real estate Indian experience with REITs is in a nascent stage but has a market by the enactment of the Real Estate Act, 2016, huge scope for development owing to the availability of substantially impact the economy. The infrastructure sector sufficient investor interest. Easing of taxation and regulatory got a boom with the Government taking up an ambitious goal requirements can help improve product penetration. Findings of providing a home for everyone by 2022 and bringing about from this study can help financial services companies and the concept of Smart Cities across the country. Experts believe regulators in designing better products. the infrastructure sector is expected to reach a market size of Keywords : real estate investor, property prices, house prices, USD 1 trillion by the year 2030. Three phases of real estate residential property, commercial property development in India during 2005-2015 are examined, and it is found that REITs, Housing for All by 2022, Smart City Project, JEL CLASSIFICATION tax reforms, and other government initiatives will boost L85, R33, E62, G11 transparency and corporate governance in real estate, thereby helping the growth of the industry.(Kumar, Chawla, & Mohanty, INTRODUCTION 2018) The Indian Real Estate is a vital sector for its economy. Contributing seven percent to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), INVESTMENTS IN REAL ESTATE it is the second-largest employer in the country. With the Investments in the real estate asset class are distinct increasing population and growing income levels of the people, and different compared to other asset classes such as equities

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 181 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India and gold. The number and size of transactions by small retail OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY investors in the real estate sector are fewer and almost 1. To understand the expectations of Indian Real Estate entirely happen in the secondary market. The commercial and investors office spaces business is mostly by family groups and 2. To analyze the preparedness of Indian investors towards institutional investors. REIT. India announced a series of legislations and regulations for REIT, GST, RERA, and Benami Transaction Act RESEARCH METHODOLOGY strengthening. (Shah & Bhagat, 2019)Income levels do not The study uses a Mixed Research Approach by using significantly influence the rise in housing prices in India, and a combination of Survey and Secondary Data Analysis the absence of macroeconomic factors (GDP and House Price methods. Index) appears to have supported irrational consumer expectations. (Parrikar, 2019) DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS The study uses both primary and secondary sources. Foreign investments in the sector are necessary to reach Primary data comes from a survey with respondents from 23 the ambitious mission targets set out by the Government. Indian states above the age of 30years who expressed their Though yet to take the test of time, the enactment of the expectations from real estate investing and views related to Indian Real Estate Act, 2016, has the potential of fueling their preferences to REIT. The researchers made an attempt to inflows from foreign direct investment (FDI) into the country. analyze the responses received through the survey by using (Gupta, Sawhney, Bajaj, & Agarwal, 2017) various statistical methods. Recent trends are that not just institutional investors but even non-residential Indians (NRIs), with their inward The survey data is analyzed using various statistical remittances back home, were instrumental in channeling tools to get empirical backing to the views expressed by investments into the sector. Key factors supporting this survey participants. The first test the data sample is subjected include: A large number of non-residential Indians abroad, a to is Cronbach’s Alpha. Though not a strict statistical test, considerable amount of inward remittances to India, Cronbach’s Alpha is used to test internal consistency so that deprecation tendency of Indian currency, government policies an understanding of how closely related a set of items are as and non-residential Indian investments in the residential sector, a group. Descriptive statistics are then computed and reported. focus on amenities, sustainability, and urban design, high gross domestic product growth rate and infrastructure Secondary data sources were used for collecting expansion, demand and supply mismatch in Indian residential information necessary for this study. The data is collected real estate and real estate marketing strategies are found to be from several journals, research papers, websites, including critical deciding factors. (Tiwari & Aljoufie, 2016) from the official websites of both the REIT companies and other agencies and annual reports. Though studies established that workplace cultures are necessitating Indians to shift their investments to other RESEARCH FINDINGS counties (such as Dubai, UAE), even in real estate and The Descriptive Statistics of the survey data are reported infrastructure sectors(Rao, 2019), India by itself still has a in Table 1. compelling investment story. Table 1: Descriptive Statistics Like investors in any other class, investor behavioral bias exists in real estate too. The research established that investment satisfaction is found to have significant and complementary partial mediating effects. (Pandey & Jessica, 2019)

A systemic review on the topic regarding residential property investor types has organized meta-categories on the topic as spatial scales of operation, size and social composition, investment objective and finance, and investment and social Data Source: Author compilation behavior. (Grant, 2019)

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The summary findings from the data are as follows: their funds, giving the responsibility for its management to a trust. OOO A very small portion of investors invests in real estate. Within such investors, residential properties are more The capital markets regulator - the Securities Exchange preferred over commercial properties. Board of India (SEBI) had first notified REITs and InvIT

OOO The median age of Indians is 28.1 years, as per the 2018 Regulations in 2014, allowing setting up and listing of such CIA World Factbook. (CIA, 2018) This means to say trusts, which are popular in some developed markets. that even those who have bought a real estate property According to the regulations, REITs are meant for investments for investment have not yet completed a sell translation in rented and commercial properties and thereby providing and thereby have not yet booked their profit. This is type, concentration, and location diversification to its investors. (Rohaya & Hishamuddin, 2015). These diversification confirmed with 65% of respondents confirming they features can greatly reduce investor risk. have not completed both a buy and a sell transaction involving a real estate property. Investments broadly give two forms of returns to its

OOO Liquidity and inflation protection of investment from investors- dividends or such intermediate benefits and capital inflation play a very important role when it comes to appreciation that gets realized at the time of selling the investing in real estate. investment at the end. The real estate sector provides this in two forms.It gets rental income when the property is rented OOO 66.8% of the respondents say they have heard of REITs. to a tenant (client). Secondly, the property value appreciates However, 88.1% of them have never invested in a REIT. over time, thereby giving capital appreciation. The rate of OOO Hardly 6% of respondents have invested in Embassy returns will, of course, depend on the location, infrastructure, Officeparks REIT, and only 5% invested in Mindspace and industrial growth around that area. REITs juggle these Businessparks REIT. A healthy 6% invested in both risks through a diversified portfolio of properties. The risk REITs meaning that those who are aware of REITs are management part of real estate investing gets reduced with as active and are interested in the concept. much as 80 percent of the value of the REIT going into fully completed and rent-generating assets. SEBI regulations insist OOO Real estate is subject to volatility as it has already witnessed situations like the sub-prime crisis; however, that the investment vehicle be professional management with it is an excellent source for passive income. specified years of experience under the onus of a trust.

OOO Safety, regular return, and liquidity arethe key factors REIT has become an emerging tool and was even that influence real estate investor preferences. successful in catching the attention of large-sized domestic and foreign institutional investors, as evident from the anchor DISCUSSION book of the two REITs. Apart from stock-exchange listed REIT LANDSCAPE IN INDIA products, there are several non-listed real estate funds (NREFs) Not all is rosy for the real sector that was haunted by as well, the risks of which are slightly different. (Gupta, a liquidity crunch on account of unsold inventory on one Newell, Bajaj, & Mandal, 2018) side, and the low demand on the other. In some cases, A large portion of real estate investments is through projects are stuck in limbo because of process bottlenecks REITs in several countries such as the US (96 percent), and capital deprivation to developers. Several such factors Singapore (55 percent), Japan (51 percent), and Malaysia (42 necessitated the introduction of new and emerging financial percent). India is a late entrant on the REIT charts. The real engineering products such as Real Estate Investment Trust estate market cap from Embassy Officeparks is a mere 17%, (REIT). REITs promised the much-needed help for cash- and with the recent Mindspace Businessparks listing, it is strapped developers to monetize their existing property. now expected to be 29 percent of the total real estate market- cap.(ET Contributors, 2020) A REIT works on similar lines of a mutual fund by pooling money, investing in the real estate asset class, and Funding commercial real estate is a critical factor, and distributing the proceeds back to the investors. It is a large- with REIT regulations insisting on minimum asset valuation to scale investment vehicle where like-minded investors pool be a minimum of Rs. 500 crores, not all commercial property

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 183 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India portfolio developers and owners can take the REIT route. from an SPV or dividend referred to in Section 115(O)(7) of the (Chowdary & Kishore, 2019) Income-Tax Act.Any income generated through rentals or leasing does not form a part of the total income under Section LIQUIDITY 10(23FCA). The taxability of unitholders is governed by the Studies showed that REITs are as liquid as equity provisions of section 115UA of the Act.As per Section 115UA, instruments even at times of financial crisis and recessions income distributed by business trust to its unit holders shall (GFC and COVID-19), making them have a compelling benefit be treated of the same nature and in the same proportion as against direct real estate investments. (Bergström & Carlsson, the trust receives it. 2020) Taxation treatment slightly changed effective April 1, From the perspective of construction companies, globally, 2020, after the taxation of dividends is revisited. The dividends profitability from real estate activities fall between industrial from REITs, which were exempt from being returns from SPVs, construction and infrastructure. The profitability is primarily are now taxable. Parliament modified the tax reforms by driven by liquidity. (Jolly Cyril & Singla, 2020) Real Estate authorizing the Finance Bill, according to whether or not the projects are capital intensive, and project completion takes SPV opted for the newly proposed concessional corporate tax much time. The real estate company needs to remain solvent. scheme. Tax residence of investors, if the SPV can opt for the Liquidity analysis (current ratio, quick ratio, cash to current concessional corporate tax system, and the debt-equity ratio assets ratio, cash turnover ratio) and such various gives us at the SPV level will be the primary structuring considerations insights on the liquidity of a company. (Kirti, Maan, & Kala, from an overall perspective. Concerning the issue of cashflow, 2020) where the SPV withholds tax on dividend distribution, one may approach the Government for clarification or follow the GEOGRAPHICAL DIVERSIFICATION procedure of obtaining a tax certificate withholding zero. (Ritu Traditional real estate investments do not provide & Bajaj, 2020) geographic diversification. Individual investors can only deploy INFLATION PROTECTION OF INVESTMENT their money into one or rarely in fewer geographies. REITs Equity and real estate are two different horizons of overcome this disadvantage, but then again, when investors investing, and both have their cons and pros that an investor invest in multiple REITs, they have the additional burden of should seriously consider before investing. (Colaso & Rao, ensuring that overlaps between REITs are reduced and even 2016) Inflation protection is an important reason investor put eliminated to the extent possible. Since Indian REIT investors their money into real estate. Since researchers cannot conduct only have two REITs listed so far, ensuring low geographic localized studies across a wide geography, particularly in a overlap is more manageable and can best be done once in a country like India, one simple and yet reasonable route is to quarter, usually at a time when companies make their take a stock market-linked index, which should ideally be disclosures. Research shows that geographic concentration is treated as a proxy to the real estate market as a whole. associated with higher REIT values for firms that can be described as being less transparent.(Zhilan, Maneechit, Price, However, inflation and stock market return are parts of & Sirmans, 2019) systematic risk that cannot be controlled by them. Several studies revealed that is no association between inflation and TAXATION Realty Index Return (RIR) and that market return and RIR also Taxation is an essential factor in investing. Indian taxation do not cause inflation. (Upadhyay, 2019) focusses on the differentiation of an investment as equity and REGULAR/STABLE RENTAL INCOME non-equity. This parity has made REIT and InvITs to be taxed as equity, giving an advantage for such investors. Taxation Positive cash flows are necessary so as to distribute systems fundamentally need to be neutral. India’s existing income regularly for investors in the form of dividends. taxation system is not neutral and hence requires a re-look Experience from Thailand shows that REIT IPOs with income from a policy perspective. (Tandon, 2020) guarantee are much less underpriced on average, have lower systematic risk and returns, thereby making them look like REITs have been given a pass-through status under more of a debt-asset class over an equity-asset class. Section 10(23FC) concerninginterest received or receivable (Saengchote & Charoenpanich, 2020)

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48 percentof respondents say regular/stable income is CONCLUSIONS “very important,” while 35 percent said it is “important,” REIT addresses the liquidity, geographical diversification, which means that it is a leading reason why investors put taxation, and inflation protection of returns and hence can be their money in a REIT. seriously considered by real estate investors. India currently SCOPE FOR FURTHER RESEARCH has only two listed REITs, but being a country with serval developers and construction projects on one side and savvy 1. Corporate governance and disclosures of REITs are investors on the other side, both the demand-supply aspects worth studying. can be well addressed. Increased awareness of REIT products 2. Shareholding pattern related studies can give us insights and encouraging mutual fund participation will increase if REIT IPO investments are held for long periods in the product penetration. Small retail investors need to identify same way that real estate properties were held. their motive or goal of investment and can consider REIT to 3. Investment patterns by DII and FIIs in the REIT sector widen their portfolio scope using REITs and thereby to can be studied. Further, the extent of investments of lookbeyond the traditional form of real estate investment. A Mutual Funds in REITs is worth studying. The topics lot more reforms are needed to shift the investor’s attention also can go deeper into studying systemic risk in the from the unorganized sector to the formal electronic form of system. investing in the real estate asset class. RECOMMENDATIONS CONFLICTS OF INTERESTS OOO The major expectation as an owner of any kind of real The first author (HM) has no investor exposure to estate is that the rate of the premises should keep on REITs in any form.The second author (VKM) declares that increasing along with a certain increase in rentals too. being an investment trainer, he has been teaching on various So, a certain amount or percentage of ROI (Return on investment products, including real estate asset class and Investment) keep on coming. REIT as an investment product. Further, being an investor, he OOO Simple and hassle-free buy or sell approach. Brokers is having investment exposure to Indian REITs in his individual and real estate companies are often treated as big frauds capacity. and lawbreakersof the country. The moment they receive some payments, and the dealer receives brokerage, their FUNDING tone and behavior change. Strict regulations towards The authors performed the research in their individual/ customer protection are required though sufficient personal capacity and have not received any funding for this progress was made in the recent past by legislation research from any institution or a funding agency. amendment. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS OOO The investment should be hassle-free, litigation-free and transparent transactions, regular income, quick liquidity, The authors wish to thank Dr. Aruna Polisetty of and inflation-protected income GIM, GITAM Deemed to be University, Visakhapatnam, for her inputs. The authors also wish to thank Sujatha · Investor awareness programs should be made on REITs Pentireddi (GIM, GITAM) and Divya Varma (KWJ) for their by the stock exchanges and the REIT companies. support. FUTURE OF REITS IN INDIA References Indian market welcomed its first REIT in April 2019, OOO Bergström, T., & Carlsson, P. (2020, May). Diversification which was well received by the investor community. The Attributes of Dutch REITs During Recessions: Return, oversubscription of the second REIT shows that investors’ Standard Deviation and Liquidity Characteristics. From interests are well held. This gives the confidence for more https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1450329/ |REITs to come up in the future. In fact, a marquee real estate FULLTEXT01.pdf players in India are already looking to mop up billions via REITs in the next two years or so. All these signsgive a OOO Chowdary, V., & Kishore, N. (2019). Case Study - positive outlook on the Indian Real Estate Market – primarily Futuristic funding for commercial real estate. Global in commercial real estate. (TaxGuru, 2020) Management Review, 13(2), 10.

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OOO CIA. (2018). CIA The World Factbook/ Median Age Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, 13(2), 330- 2018. From https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/ 348. doi:10.1108/IJHMA-10-2018-0075 resources/the-world-factbook/fields/343rank.html OOO Parrikar, J. (2019, March). The influence of macroeconomic

OOO Colaso, G., & Rao, D. (2016, Jul-Dec). The Wonderland factors on housing prices in India: an empirical study. of Equity and Real Estate Investment. Anveshana, 6(2), Indian Journal of Economics and Development, 7(3), 7. 61-84. OOO Rao, I. (2019). Competing values in Asian business: evidence from India and Dubai. Journal of Asia Business OOO ET Contributors. (2020, August 10). Better late than never! Investors finally lap up Indian REITs & InvITs. Studies, 13(1), 97-107. doi:10.1108/JABS-09-2017-0164 OOO Ritu, S., & Bajaj, R. (2020, April 2). How the tax equation From Economic Times: https://economictimes. indiatimes. changed for REITs and InvITs from April 1, 2020. From com/markets/stocks/news/better-late-than-never- Economic Times: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ investors-finally-lap-up-indian-reits-invits/articleshow/ markets/stocks/news/how-the-tax-equation-changed-for- 77350999.cms?from=mdr reits-and-invits-from-april-1-2020/articleshow/ OOO Grant, P. (2019, May 29). India Draws Real-Estate 74943558.cms Investors. Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition; New OOO Rohaya, A., & Hishamuddin, M. (2015). Performance York, N.Y., B.7. Determinants of Malaysian Real Estate Investment Trusts. OOO Gupta, A., Newell, G., Bajaj, D., & Mandal, S. (2018). Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering), 73:5, 151– Identifying the risk factors in Indian non-listed real 159. From https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ estate funds. Journal of Property Investment & Finance, 275222303_Performance_Determinants_of_Malaysian_Real_ 36(5), 429-453. doi:10.1108/JPIF-11-2017-0073 Estate_Investment_Trusts

OOO Gupta, A., Sawhney, A., Bajaj, D., & Agarwal, S. (2017). OOO Saengchote, K., & Charoenpanich, C. (2020, May 27). Significance of Real Estate Fund Management in India. Cash flow uncertainty and IPO underpricing: Evidence Journal of Real Estate Literature, 25(1), 141-168. from Thai REITs. From https://www.pier.or.th/wp-content/

OOO Jolly Cyril, E., & Singla, H. (2020). Comparative analysis uploads/2020/05/pier_dp_138.pdf of profitability of real estate, industrial construction and OOO Shah, Y., & Bhagat, S. (2019, December). Housing Policy infrastructure firms: evidence from India. Journal of in India: Challenges and Reforms. International Journal Financial Management of Property and Construction, of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, 25(2), 273-291. doi:10.1108/JFMPC-08-2019-0069 2(12), 180-183. OOO Tandon, S. (2020). Is the tax system neutral in India: An OOO Kirti, K., Maan, S., & Kala, V. (2020, March). LIQUIDITY ANALYSIS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SELECTED analysis of tax treatment of select funds. New Delhi: REAL ESTATE COMPANIES IN INDIA. International National Institute of Public Finance and Policy. Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), OOO TaxGuru. (2020, January 6). Taxation of Real Estate 7(1), 27-32. From http://www.ijrar.org/IJRAR2001853.pdf Investment Trusts (REITs). From https://taxguru.in/sebi/ taxation-real-estate-investment-trusts-reits.html OOO Kumar, B., Chawla, N., & Mohanty, B. (2018). Reform in OOO Tiwari, A., & Aljoufie, M. (2016). Examining why the Indian real estate sector: an analysis. International developers encourage foreign investment in local Journal of Law and Management, 60(1), 55-68. residential real estate in India. International Journal of doi:10.1108/IJLMA-10-2016-0093 Housing Markets and Analysis, 9(4), 580-600. doi:10.1108/ OOO Maiti, M. (2017, Oct-Dec). Real Estate Finance in India. IJHMA-10-2015-0061 South Asian Journal of Management, 24(4), 158-161. OOO Upadhyay, H. (2019, September). Inflation, Stock Market OOO Nippani, S., & Malhotra, D. (2020). The impact of Return and Real Estate Sector: Evidence from Indian demonetization on the short-term and long-term returns Economy. IUP Journal of Financial Risk Management, of India’s leading real estate index. The Journal of 16(3), 7-13.

Wealth Management, 23(1), 88-97. doi:10.3905/ OOO Zhilan, F., Maneechit, P., Price, S., & Sirmans, C. (2019, jwm.2020.1.104 November 27). Geographic diversification in real estate

OOO Pandey, R., & Jessica, V. (2019). Sub-optimal behavioural investment trusts. Real Estate Economics. doi:10.1111/ biases and decision theory in real estate. International 1540-6229.12308

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 186 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT ON OLDER PERSONS OF COVID-19: CHALLENGES AND INTERVENTION

Dr. Veda C. V. Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, Karnataka E-mail:[email protected].

Abstract can make move with or without the support of a care giver The present pandemic of COVID-19 is a worldwide based on the given situation, to guard their psychological challenge. It not only made an impact on economic and social health during COVID-19. conditions but also an adverse mental health on general The objectives of the present paper are: population especially on older persons. Any individual with lower immunity are identified as more vulnerable to corona Analyse the risk factors which makes an impact on virus especially older population due to lack of resistance psychological health older persons. power. The COVID-19 has made larger psycho-social impact Suggest intervention strategies to reduce negative on older persons. The impact on psychological health on psychological impact by having positive mental health. older population can include stress, anxiety, loneliness, insomnia and so on. The objectives of the present paper are: Review of literature Analyse the risk factors which made an impact on Older person aged 60 or above, are playing important psychological health and suggest intervention strategies to role in society as member of family, and as active personnel reduce negative psychological impact by having positive in the workplace. While majority of them having sound mental mental health. The historic research design was applied to the health, several older persons are at risk of budding mental present paper. The sources collected through secondary data illnesses and neurological disorders. such as books, journals, websites, reports and previous studies. The results of the paper shows that the severe public “Over 20% of adults aged 60 and over suffer from a health concern to control corona virus disease such as mental or neurological disorder (excluding headache disorders) isolation, lockdown, social distancing which are major and 6.6% of all disability (disability adjusted life years-DALYs) approaches to control pandemic itself major risk factors for among people over 60 years is attributed to mental and loneliness, anxiety, stress, depression among older persons. neurological disorders. These disorders in older people As interventions, undertaking yoga, meditation, exercises; by account for 17.4% of Years Lived with Disability (YLDs). The maintain regular routines or initiating new activities, and most common mental and neurological disorders in this age Keeping social circle alive which gives a sense of group are dementia and depression, which effect approximately accomplishment. 5% and 7% of the world’s older population, respectively. Anxiety disorders effect 3.8% of the older population, Keywords: Older Persons, COVID-19, Psychological impact, substance use problems effect almost 1% and around a Mental Health quarter of deaths from self-harm are among people aged 60 or Introduction above” (WHO, 2017). Older people are identified as more vulnerable to COVID- According to report of WHO, numerous risk factors are 19, and to be said that itself, can creates enormous fear, contributing to the mental health issues during the evening anxiety and frightening. The impact on psychological health of older person’s life. They may feel occurrence of life stressors on older population can include anxiety and stress. This can like others, but more related to the late adulthood stressors, be mainly tuff for older persons who are facing decline in like physical and mental functional ability. For example, older cognitive level. And few older persons may in social isolation adults may experience reduced mobility, chronic pain, frailty and facing loneliness which impacts negatively on or other health problems. In added to that, older people are psychological health. On the other side of coin, older people gone through situations such as bereavement spouse, friends

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 187 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India or relatives during COVID-19, or a low in financial conditions. Older persons: The citizens of the country who are Isolation, loneliness or psychological distresses are the aged 60years and above. Older people and elder are outcome of the stressors among older people (WHO, 2017). synonymously used to older persons in the paper.

“Stigma and fear are other aspects of the outbreak of a Mental Health: In this paper, Mental health refers to pandemic. It can present major barriers against healthcare cognitive, behavioral, and emotional well-being. seeking, social marginalization, distrust in health authorities and distortion of public perceptions of risk, resulting in mass Psychological Impact: The impact of risk factors which panic” especially among citizens (Kar S.K., 2020). are responsible for adverse effect on mental health of older persons due to COVID-19. “Patients with pre-existing severe mental illness (SMI) have been inevitably effected by the pandemic. In-patients, Risk factors for Mental Health issues among older especially those requiring long-term hospitalization in closed adults wards, pose a high risk of cluster contagion” (Kar S.K., 2020). As already discussed in the literature part, there are Social isolation and loneliness aren’t the same thing, the various risk factors for mental health issues among older report emphasizes. Isolation is an objective lack of social persons such as life stressors due to decline in physical and contact, while loneliness is the subjective feeling of being mental functional capacities. For instance, older persons may lonely; you can be alone without feeling lonely. But both experience reduce in physical mobility, chronic pain, frailty isolation and loneliness are associated with increases in heart and so on. Along with that older people are more likely to face disease, dementia and other health problems (Clay, 2020). the events such as low socio-economic, spouse bereavement etc. This situation can build stressors results in isolation, Due to COVID-19, According to the psychologist James loneliness or psychological distress in older people. Due to S. House “On one hand, you have to protect older people this COVID-19, the physical mobility of older persons are from the virus,” he says. “On the other, we’re cutting them off minimized by family members, Government because older from one of the things that are very important to their well- people are more vulnerable to the infection of corona virus being.” (Clay, 2020). disease. “Physical activity, appropriate nutrition, social support “Mental health has an impact on physical health and and social interactions, and cognitive stimulation are important vice versa. For example, older adults with physical health measures for reducing cognitive decline. During the current COVID-19 crisis, where many countries have initiated isolation conditions such as heart disease have higher rates of depression and lockdown procedures, it is likely that these protective than those who are healthy. Additionally, untreated depression factors are compromised, particularly in frail elderly, with or in an older person with heart disease can negatively effect its without mental disorders, at risk of developing dementia and outcome” (WHO, 2017). Older Persons are at risk of elder those with and low cognitive/brain reserve, which may cause abuse such as physical, verbal, psychological, financial and a cascade of events leading to cognitive impairment” (frontiers). sexual abuse; abandonment; neglect; and serious losses of dignity and respect. Elder abuse not only leads to physical “Older persons, especially in isolation and those with harms, sometimes it occurs in severe psychological impacts, cognitive decline/dementia, may become more anxious, angry, including panic, depression and anxiety. During COVID-19 stressed, agitated and withdrawn during the outbreak or while pandemic occurrence older abuse cases are more due to in quarantine. Provide practical and emotional support through abuser continuously stayed at home during lockdown period. informal networks (families) and health professionals” (WHO, 2020). COVID-19 has possible impact on the effected persons may lead to psychiatric symptoms which are related to the Method: The historic research design was applied to the mental disorders. “The symptoms of COVID-19 can also present paper. The sources for the paper had been collected worsen cognitive distress and anxiety among people who through secondary method. have poor mental capabilities previously”. A different form of Operational definitions: mental disorders can be found such as depressive disorders, COVID-19 Pandemic: The corona virus COVID-19 anxiety disorders, panic disorder, somatic symptoms, self- pandemic is the defining global health crisis. blame, guilt, psychosis and even suicidal tendencies. (Kar

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S.K., 2020). Due to COVID-19, impact of social distancing, to alternative therapies such as pranayama/breathing closures and other pandemic-related factors putting older exercises, meditation, acupuncture, acupressure, laughter people mental health at even greater risk (Clay, 2020). therapy and music therapy to keep sound mental health.

During this COVID-19 pandemic, older person’s mental Conclusion health has been effected largely. The severe public health Globally, the aged population is increasing rapidly. concern to control corona virus disease such as isolation, Between 2015 and 2050, the proportion of the world’s lockdown, social distancing which are major approaches to population over 60 years will nearly double, from 12% to 22%. control pandemic itself major risk factors which are made older Having sound mental health is important in any especially persons more vulnerable to psychological issues such as later stage of life. Mental and neurological disorders among loneliness, anxiety, stress, fear, angry, depressive disorders, older persons account for 6.6% of the total disability (DALYs) insomnia and so on. for this age group. Approximately 15% of adults aged 60 and Positive and Negative Aspects of Mental Health on over suffer from a mental disorder (WHO, 2017). During this Older Persons COVID-19 pandemic, older person’s mental health has been effected largely due to the risk factors such as corona virus disease, lockdown, social distancing, and isolation made them vulnerable to psychological issues- increasing in stress, anxiety, fear, angry and so on. An intervention strategy includes practicing yoga, meditation, exercises; by maintain regular routines or initiating new activities. Keeping social circle alive and engaging ourselves in daily routines which gives a sense of accomplishment. Older persons who are active in utilizing social media platforms were remain active to some extent. Of course, psychosocial support services, counselling services and other relevant services must available to the older Intervention Strategies population during this COVID-19 pandemic. O Older persons, especially with decline in cognitive, may References become more panic, stressed, angry, anxious and feeling O Clay, R. A. (2020, March 18). COVID-19 isn’t just a of withdrawn during the outbreak of COVID-19. They danger to older people’s physical health. American require practical information, helping older people to Psychologocal Association. Retrieved from https:// practise prevention measures, emotional support through www.apa.org/news/apa/2020/03/covid-19-danger- families, care givers friends, and from health practitioners. physical-health O Valuable and effective, community-level primary mental O frontiers. (n.d.). Retrieved june 16, 2020, from https:// health care for older people is very important. Educate www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/13776/cognitive- all health professionals such ASHA workers, Anganwadi psychological-and-psychiatric-consequences-of-the- workers in working with issues and mental disorders coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic-in-the-pop related to ageing. O Kar S.K., Y. A. (2020). Coping with Mental Health O An online Counselling service is one of the methods to Challenges. In S. Saxena, Coronavirus Disease 2019 seek help for mental health issues such as anxiety, (COVID-19), Medical Virology: from Pathogenesis to angry, withdrawn, stress and such due to corona virus Disease Control (pp. 199-213). Singapore: Springer, disease, Isolation, Social distancing. Singapore. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4814- O Seeking online psychosocial support boosts the older 7_16

person’s mental health by increasing their self-esteem O WHO. (2017, DEC 12). WHO. Retrieved from https:// and by reducing their fear and anxiety in relate to www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health- COVID-19 as well as in the cases of elder abuse. of-older-adults

O Provide caregivers and family members and older persons O WHO. (2020, March 18). Mental health and psychosocial with proper training, education and information in regard considerations during the. WHO.

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 189 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India EFFECTS AND CHALLENGES OF COVID-19 IN INDIA

Rukmini K Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce and Management, Government R C College of Commerce and Management E-mail : [email protected] Mobile: 9632502552 Dr. Shivani S. Research scholar

Abstract cough, breathlessness, fatigue among others. The disease is Towards December 2019, there was an emergence of a in its mild state in most of the individuals, in somegenerally SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) in Wuhan, China the older population and those with comorbid conditions, it called the COVID-19. This syndrome went on to be declared may advance to pneumonia or acute respiratory distress a pandemic and has created an International Public Emergency syndrome (ARDS) and cause multi organ dysfunction. Many and caused a global outbreak. The influence the coronavirus people are asymptomatic. The case fatality rate is estimated to range from 2 to 3%. has been continuously growing despite comprehensive containment, isolation and quarantine efforts. This article The COVID pandemic in India is a part of the worldwide shows the total updated number of cases that are confirmed pandemic. India reported its first case of COVID- 19 on th along with the death rates in India (as of June 11 2020) with January 30th 2020 and as of June 11th 2020, India has a total the current scenario and challenges in India. Furthermore, it of 2,86,579 confirmed cases with 1,41,029 recoveries and 8,102 deliberates the effects of the ‘Janta Curfew’, containment deaths. the country currently has the largest number of measures implemented by the country to curb the spread of confirmed cases in all of Asia. Although the fatality rate is this pandemic. relatively low (2.80%) compared to the global fatality rate (6.13%). More than half of the reported cases are from 6 major INTRODUCTION cities, being- Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Chennai, Ahmedabad and There is a new public health predicament threatening Kolkata.(8) the world with the advent and spread of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or the severe acute respiratory CHALLENGES AND EFFECTS syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). India faces manifold major challenges on the COVID-19 front mainly due to its dense population: 464 people/km2. In December of 2019, individuals in Wuhan (Hubei Practising social distancing without a total shutdown is province) began presenting to the local hospitals with severe unimaginable, especially in big cities with crowded streets, pneumonia of unknown cause. It was found that the initial public transport and offices. Also, the concept of hygiene is cases were due to a common exposure to the Hunan wholesale absolutely neglected. The government National sample survey st food market that traded live animals. On December 31 2019, organisation recently stated that only 36% of the Indians China placed an alert of the outbreak to the World Health wash their hands with detergent before a meal.(12)More th Organisation. On 7 of January, the virus was identified as alarmingly, clean water is inaccessible to an approximate of “coronavirus” that had approximately 95% and 70% similarity 160million Indians.(5) Research suggests that diabetes and with the bat coronavirus and SARS-CoV respectively. The hypertension worsen COVID-19 outcomes: the incidence of number of cases began to spike exponentially and most of the diabetes and hypertension among Indian adults is 10% and cases did not have any exposure to the Hunan market, 25%, respectively. Furthermore, India has a number of cases suggesting the occurrence of a human-human transmission.(7) of TB and pneumonia. The general population has resisted th The first fatal case was reported on January 11 2020 and the screening and quarantines with exemption.3 The cognizance massive migration of the Chinese during the Chinese Newyear about this disease dynamic is rather poor, even among high fuelled the epidemic. The disease transmits by inhalation or socio economic class: after the national voluntary ‘people’s contact with infected aerosols. The incubation period is curfew’ called by the prime minister on 22 March, which was usually from 2 to 14 days. The symptoms include fever, by and large a success, people got out on the roads and

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 190 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India celebrated with no consideration to social distancing, mental health is ignored resulting in a great number of accomplishing the contradictoryoutcome of what the curfew suicides in the country. was supposed to attain. Education: th On March 24 , the Government ordered a 21-day, nation- During the second week of March, state governments all wide lockdown in order to contain the spread of COVID-19. across the country ordered theshutting down of schools and At that point in time, the total number of cases in India were colleges briefly as a measure to limit the spread of the novel fairly low, with only 492 confirmed cases. However, total tests coronavirus. This time period(Month of March) is a vital time done at that time were also so low, in order of 20,000, that it for the education sector because of the board examinations, was next to impossible to truly know the infection rate, or to school admissions, entrance tests of various universities and know the mode of infection. The decision to impose lockdown competitive examinations, among others, are all held during was hence taken in the face of deep uncertainty, and required this period. Since there is no immediate solution to stop the weighing up the consequences to livelihoods against the risk outbreak, school and university will continue to remain closed of an uncontained outbreak. and closures will not only have a short-term impact on the Healthcare impact: steadiness of learning for more than 285 million young students in India but also endanger far-reaching economic and societal In India, the COVID-19 pandemic had surged to 2,86,579 penalties.(8) The pandemic has pointedly disrupted the higher cases and 8,102 casualties as on June11th 2020. The healthcare education sector as too, which is a crucial determinant of the impact of the pandemic in India was studied using a stochastic economic future of the country. A huge number of Indian mathematical model and this showed that the uninterrupted students enrol in universities abroad like US, UK and Australia, pandemic would certainly result in more than 3 lakh cases and and these countries are worst affected by the pandemic. 1.56 lakh deaths by mid-July and this would absolutely Many such young learners are now barred from leaving these overwhelm the healthcare system in India. The rapidly countries. If this situation persists, in the long run, a increasing demand on health facilities and health care workers deterioration in the demand for international higher education threatens to leave some health systems overstretched and is mostexpected.(16) unable to operate effectively.(3) A pandemic of this proportion requires a certain infrastructure to deal with and none of the Employment: countries, irrespective of being developed or developing or Fresh graduates in India are in fear of withdrawal of job poor, possess such an infrastructure. In reality, the Covid-19 offers from corporates due to the current situation. The has exposed the countries’ systems to the maximum. From Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy’s approximatesthat essential commodities to healthcare facilities, everything is unemployment shot up from 8.4% in mid-March to 23% in super-strained in almost all the nations. early April and the urban unemployment rate to 30.9%. Emotional impact: Transport: Infection outbreaks like the COVID-19, can cause a The transportation sector has been one of the primary certain emotional stress and anxiety. This emotional state of victims of COVID-19 pandemic. Everything from road to air distress and anxiety do occur even in the people who are not travel, all have been hugely affected economically by the at high risk of getting sick, in the face of a virus with which pandemic. The country’s overall energy demand declined by the common people may be unfamiliar. there have been 11% in March 2020. Due to lockdown in most countries, the numerous articles on “Vicarious traumatization in the general demand for passenger transport has been unpleasantly hit. public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in The consignment segment has had a mixed short-term effect COVID-19 control” and on “Traumatization in medical staff in terms of transportation demand. There is an increased helping with COVID-19 control”.(4)New psychologicalsigns surge in demand for truck drivers in transportation of essential and symptomsmay occur in people without mental illness or commodities. (1) exacerbatein those with pre-existing mental illness leading to distress in the caregivers.(14) Most of the health professionals Quoting higher risk of community spread of the serving in isolation units and hospitals often do not receive coronavirus in buses, government has issued guidelines for any sort of training for providing mental health care and thus public transport operators. These comprisedof various

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 191 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India instructions vis a vis dispensing tickets, disinfecting seats Agriculture: etc. With snowballing restrictions imposed by the government, The COVID19 impact on agriculture is quite complex and public transport services and also their demand have been speckled across diverse sections that form the agricultural adversely hit price chain. The difficulties in agriculture currently are mostly related to Immigrant workers: 1. Availability of labour After imposition of nationwide lockdown, factories and 2. Inability to access the markets for produce resulting workplaces shut down compelling many migrant workers into from issues in transportation and operation of unemployment and were left with no livelihood. They markets. thereforewere forced toreturn to their native villages, along with their families in many cases. (2) later, the central Agricultural producers have been very adversely hit government announced that the state governments were with returns on yieldfluctuating from one-third the typicalprice instructed to set up immediate relief camps for the migrant or a comprehensive loss. Inter-state trade in commercial crops workers returning to their native states,and well along issued and propinquity to urban zones provide market access and orders defending the rights of the migrants.(11) the central prices in most of the districts. These are frequently due to government, In its report to the Supreme Court of India on 30 ingenuities of individual farmers rather than a direct state March, stated that the migrant workers, anxious about their support.Also, the upsurge in labour costs and lack of access implies that the farmers are gaping at enormous losses survival, relocated in the panic brought about by fake news and henceforward allowing yields to rot in their fields, a thatlockdown would persist for more than a span of three better ‘stop-loss’ mechanism. And those who have somehow months. In May, the central government permitted the Indian avoided a complete loss hardlygot out any coinage to cover Railways to introduce “Shramik Special” trains for the migrant the cost leave alone household maintenance or land lease workers and otherstranded individuals. On 26 May, the rates. (15) Supreme Court acknowledged that the glitches of the migrants had not been solved yet and ordered the Centre and States Environment to provide food, shelter and transport free of cost to the The Covid-19 lockdown although causing a lot of glitches stranded migrant workers. (13) for a typical or normal livelihood of the general population, is in fact healing the planet in means never perceived before in Socio cultural impact: living antiquity. Unlike the other countries that the virus has affected, India presents with unique concerns owed to its topographical Here are a few evidences of improved health of the vastness and the complexity of its cultural and religious planet: diversity and practices concomitant with poor social indicator. 1. Improvement in quality of air While globally there ismisinformation circulating hastily across 2. Dolphins were spotted near Kolkata ghats numerous social media podiums, India has its own culturally 3. There is an increase in the number of flamingos in ingrained and domestically-driven mis-informationand Mumbai city misconceptions that are fuelling the fire. Regrettably, some of 4. Ganga fit for drinking in Haridwar (9) this misinformation is being spread by public figures and government agencies CONCLUSION Humans often forget that we are basicallyat the mercy There is Misguidance suggesting cow urine offers of Mother Nature and turn out to be ignorant towards caring protection against the virus; religiously-oriented compulsions for it. We have always been disinclinedand reluctant towards that daunt social distancing; and mass disregard and denial the conservation of natural resources and sustainable to adhere to guidelines restricting; and in some cases, development.The Covid-19 lockdown leviedall over the world prohibiting cultural gatherings suggest that such behavior has struck a chord in each one of us and it has made escapes the particularity of any one religious, cultural and us realise how nature plays a great role in our day to day geographic identity. (10) lives.

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REFERENCES 9. Mufsin P. P. And Muhsin P. P, Sociocultural and 1. Aravind Harikumar, Effects of COVID-19 on Religious Factors Complicate India’s COVID-19 Response Transportation Demand 08 Apr 2020 Ensuring awareness and dispelling pseudoscientific practices is a necessity for India to confront the 2. Borbon, Christian,”Indian migrants forced to walk home coronavirus. amid COVID-19 lockdown” Gulf newsmay 2020 10. Pandey, Devesh K “Coronavirus | Migrant workers to be 3. Chatterjee, K., Chatterjee, K., Kumar, A. And Shankar, S., stopped, quarantined at borders, says Centre” The Hindu 2020. Healthcare impact of COVID-19 epidemic in India: ISSN:0971-751X A stochastic mathematical model. Medical Journal Armed Forces India 11. Prakash k dutta,Challenge to fighting coronavirus in India, INDIA TODAY 4. Chen, Q., Liang, M., Li, Y., Guo, J., Fei, D., Wang, L., He, L., Sheng, C., Cai, Y., Li, X. And Wang, J., 2020. Mental 12. Rajagopal, Krishnadas, “Supreme Court orders Centre health care for medical staff in China during the COVID- and States to immediately provide transport, food and 19 outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), ppe15-e16 shelter free of cost to stranded migrant workers” The Hindu ISSN:0971-751X. 5. Clean Water Access for India’s Poor Spawns Virus Concerns by Associated PressGovernment. Com, COVID- 13. Rubino, S., Kelvin, N., Bermejo-Martin, J.F. and Kelvin, 19 Pandemic: Impact and strategies for education sector D., 2020. As COVID-19 cases, deaths and fatality rates in India surge in Italy, underlying causes require investigation. 6. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 14(03), patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, pp.265-267 China. Lancet. 2020;395:497–506. 14. S Ananth, COVID-19 impact on agriculture: Varied and 7. India’s case count crosses 100,000, Delhi eases devastating restrictions: Covid-19 news today”. Hindustan Times 15. Schools Closed, Travel to Be Avoided, Says Centre 8. KajariGowswami, Covid-19: 4 unbelievable environmental On Coronavirus: 10 Points”. NDTV.com. Retrieved changes seen in India since lockdown, INDIA TODAY 2020-03-18.

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RESHMA N. A. Assistant Professor of English, Government First Grade College, H.S.R. Layout, Bengaluru - 560 102.

ABSTRACT Key Words : COVID – 19, Economy, Loss and Risks, COVID-19 Pandemic is embracing the whole world, gives Agriculture Zone, Microfinance, Rural Enterprises, Role of a ray of hope to all. In one stroke large segment of society CSO’s etc., became dependent, and those in vulnerable state, including INTRODUCTION daily wage laborers, migrants, maid-servants and individuals We are in the midst of an historic event that will change working in operations department of any company, became many aspects of our world. There will be major impacts on the vulnerable. Coronavirus pandemic is a world-shattering event global economy, geopolitics and our societies. It is clear that whose far-ranging consequences we can only begin to imagine these global impacts and risks are highly interdependent and today. are changing the current and future global risk landscape. We This much is certain: Just as this disease has shattered are already seeing record levels of unemployment due to lives, disrupted markets and exposed the competence (or lack lockdown measures to control transmission and have re- thereof) of governments, it will lead to permanent shifts in learned hard lessons, in particular that social deprivation political and economic power in ways that will become determines health outcomes. The long-term societal impacts, apparent only later. In short, COVID-19 will create a world that such as an exacerbation of inequality and changes in consumer is less open, less prosperous, and less free. It did not have behaviors, the nature of work and the role of technology - to be this way, but the combination of a deadly virus, both at work and at home - will change our way of life forever, inadequate planning, and incompetent leadership has placed for us as individuals, as a workforce, and as a society. These humanity on a new and worrisome path. COVID-19 is forcing social dimensions of the crisis, including generational frictions governments, companies, and societies to strengthen their and continued stress on people’s wellbeing, will be felt by capacity to cope with extended periods of economic self- people worldwide and will create substantial societal isolation. consequences for the long term.

It seems highly unlikely in this context that the world Consumer behaviors are already changing, even during will return to the idea of mutually beneficial globalization that the stabilization phase that most economies are in right now. defined the early 21st century. And without the incentive to Human resources departments have rarely had such an protect the shared gains from global economic integration, the important role. Working remotely increases the risk of isolation, architecture of global economic governance established in the as well as alcohol dependency, smoking too much, and bad 20th century will quickly atrophy. COVID-19 pandemic brought backs through poor ergonomic posture. What’s fascinating is the whole world to an equal but uncertain state. The living that the state was previously seen as the ultimate safety net; condition of all became similar in some sense; including living now, employers have had to accept that they too have to with minimal resources, traveling less, more time at home with protect their workers in order to survive and thrive. family, keeping distance with your neighbors, etc. made most of us socially equal. It is expected that in short term this will Agriculture Sector hold similar impact on many, but situation may change to a The period when lockdown was imposed in India, farmers larger extent with the passage of time in the long term. As were about to harvest their crops. Social distancing precipitated Indian economy cannot stand still for a longer time, it should reverse migration in states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand walk if not allowed to run. Imagine a situation, which gives and Madhya Pradesh. Large farmers who were commercial us a recent flash back when farmers were not able to harvest producers of crops faced issues related to non-availability of their crops in April, due to non-availability of labor. labors to harvest their field, those having mechanized options

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 194 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India had some margin but they also were in need of labor at some Rural Enterprises point in sorting, grading and packaging. The cost of production The present government have taken various steps to is going up, while farmers are not able to negotiate with trigger rural development, some of the most important being wholesale purchasers. Having said so, government decision promotion of rural SMEs and Rural Entrepreneurs. to allow farm machine movements, produce movements, Entrepreneurs and their enterprises have taken credit from purchase of produce at farm by whole sellers, etc. are government under various schemes for establishing, commendable. Another area of concern is lease and rent of transforming or expanding their businesses. Rural enterprises large and medium agri -machines, the demand of these are dependent upon rural areas for natural resource available machines is expected to rise, with increase in its rent and within the community boundaries, which gets a value addition transferring this cost to production cost of crops. Addition to in rural enterprise and then sold in urban or semi-urban problem is limited availability of storage facility at local level. market. This gives opportunity to rural households, vendors Situation is positive for farmers who came together in recent and market players to earn more and improve their living times and became a part of mainstream institution; started a condition locally, completing the circle of rural prosperity. Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs), build their market linkages COVID-19 brought in critical issues on both sides of the value and developed infrastructure at local level. FPCs are at cutting chain, the supply side and the demand side. Lockdown if edge as they are facing this crisis in a collective and more imposed longer, the chances of failing out of these small rural united way; this makes the negative impact less effective to enterprises are higher. each household, sharing the loss and risks in this difficult These enterprises need regular labor, timely supply of time. raw material, standard quality of production, retailers and Microfinance transporters for operations at production level. On the other NBFCs, MFIs, Cooperative banks and other rural financial hand, they also require customers to purchase the products institutions have large agriculture portfolios. Large financial or services produced, with increasing uncertainty demand is institutions appoint business correspondents to expand their expected to see sharp decline. This will affect all value chain rural portfolio and allow them to use their brand value through enablers, including middlemen, retailers, whole sellers, suppliers hired individuals for field operations. The operations of these etc. The situation will be different for enterprises involved in financial institutions involve a critical role played by their production of essential items. front field staff, sometimes named as field officer, livelihood Entrepreneurs of any scale have received some relief support assistant, field executive, etc. In standard terms these from government’s financial department in the form of increased individuals provide banking and financial services at door moratorium period, but liquidity crunch will affect wage earners step to rural households are business facilitators. and salaried employees, giving sharp increase in unemployment rates. Social distancing played a role here, field staffs are facing issues in collection of repayments. First reason being Education System no group meetings are happening and another being small There is no denying that the impact of global pandemic business activities are now shut. Overall the loan portfolio is Coronavirus has put the world in a disturbing situation. It has at risk. RBI on 27th March 2020 after lockdown announced affected every sector globally including education. Considering ‘Three-month Moratorium on EMIs for all term loans during India, educational institutes have been shut affecting millions March 1 to May 31’. Announcement gave liberty to banks of school-going students and those who are pursuing higher and financial institutions to extend three months’ moratorium education. The Central Government and all State Governments to its customer, leaving a scope of ambiguity to pass on the have worked aggressively to reduce the immediate effect of same to on-lending MFIs. In case the moratorium period is the national lockdown by maintaining the education regularity not applicable to MFIs then the question is how to keep MFI through remote learning. operation live. MFIs have asked for a separate package to fund their operations with three more months of moratorium With an aim to support and motivate the students at period, as the client base is relatively more affected from this school & college level during this difficult phase, the crisis. government has come up with e-learning programs and most

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 195 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India of the ed-tech brands have given their support to strengthen festivals. Many churches, synagogues, mosques, and temples this by offering free online classes or discounts on e-learning have offered worship through livestream amidst the pandemic. modules. This advanced initiative has been met with immense Role of Civil Societies Organizations (CSOs) & response from the students and their parents. Thus, digital Volunteers education came out as the most workable and trustworthy way to completely fill in the gap for teaching in the classroom With so much of negativity, there is a silver lining for until the pandemic ends. This has also initiated the earlier sector which will make the country stronger and make its own place much relevant in coming years. The government outlying issue for digital education in India. machinery can make a policy, administration department can All the education institutes and universities have been implement the policy and make sure that systems should run closed for almost more than five months now. Therefore, to help the needy, but who is going to work on field; one these institutes turn their hands towards digital learning when cannot imagine the solution without civil society organizations coronavirus forced schools to shut down. This industry in and volunteers. COVID-19 crisis requires resources for its India has had an adoption problem for a very long time. prevention, protection and cure. Human resource available Despite good initial tactics to impress schools, teachers and with CSOs and volunteers are going to play an effective role parents for E-classes are still dubious in accepting it on a in tackling the situation. massive scale. While private schools have adopted this feature Recently we have seen that SHG members are producing and started taking digital sessions, students in the government masks, FPCs are inviting large companies to buy produce schools are left behind. It took a pandemic for the government from local office at village level, several SMEs are producing to understand that India’s Education system needs a toilet cleaners, sanitizers, liquid soaps and other essential technology boost. As soon as India adopted the national items, innovative entrepreneurs are coming out with low cost lockdown, there is an increase in user registrations and traffic ventilators, etc. Private sector organizations are planning to on the EdTech platforms. A study revealed by the top learning divert their funds for effective management of this crisis. The platforms that there is 26% increase in the user registrations crisis brought together all the three sectors together again, between April and May compared to the year before. Dolly, with more focused deliverables and objectives. To make India a 10th class student in the District of Raipur said that “I don’t a stronger country we should learn managing its human have smartphones or computers, therefore, used my neighbor’s resource. Post COVID-19, government must promote phone to register on the portal. But not able to attend online volunteering, capacity building of CSOs/volunteers in disaster classes because I cannot keep buying them phone regularly”. management, individual mapping with livelihood and location, According to the Indian government national sample survey, SME mapping with primary and secondary production line, less than one-fourth of the households have internet access. special status for CSOs at the time of crisis and better The telecom regulatory authority of India indicates that 78% resource mapping with the help of technology. of the Indians have mobile phones, out of which only 57% reside in the rural area where the bulk of the population Now COVID-19 is adding new pressures to international resides. A recent survey by Quantum Satis shows that out of divisions that were already evident. The fact that the Chinese 7500 students, 72.6% use the mobile hotspot feature for government seemed to suppress initial information about the internet connectivity and 97% of them face signal issues, only novel coronavirus, potentially missing opportunities to contain it before it became an international problem, has harmed 15% use the broadband connection. Even before coming up China’s perception around the world. And the extent to which to the situation of lack of gadget availability and an internet various industry sectors are exposed to fluctuations in supply connection, there are more issues to consider about such as is more evident now than it was before. electricity. Religious Impacts As markets try to gradually reopen following the pandemic, it is unlikely that we return exactly to the way The pandemic has impacted religion in various ways, things were before the virus outbreak. Travel to develop new including the cancellation of the worship services of various products was curtailed during the worst phase of the outbreak, faiths, the closure of Sunday schools, as well as the leading to delays in product launches. It is probable that cancellation of pilgrimages surrounding observances and travel continues to be restricted in various ways. Immigration

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 196 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India for work will be increasingly constrained as governments unemployment has immediately spiked higher. Some of the impose limits on visa grants – often in response to those casual workers that were quickly laid off, may be able to find imposed by others. new positions as economies rebound, but salaried worker unemployment is likely to get progressively worse for months National governments have tended to become more to come – exacerbating already poor levels of consumer nationalistic – favoring local players, many of whom they confidence. will have had to prop-up with crisis financing – this again will hurt international trade. In India, there has been a backlash The indicators all point to a lengthy period of reduced against Chinese applications. This has spawned a rise in apps economic activity – so a U-shaped recovery is more likely that target Chinese apps for removal from devices, though than V-shaped. And any re-emergence of coronavirus infections these apps have themselves run into problems. We can expect either later in 2020 or in early 2021, will almost certainly cause some level of normalcy will have been reached by June – with a second dip – producing a potentially even more destructive most stores open and people starting to return to offices, W-shaped economic pattern. though we do not expect a full move away from increased While the countries around the world start to consider levels of remote and home working, perhaps ever. their next steps – furthering lockdowns or easing them – This is unlikely to be a smooth resumption of economic companies are now reporting results from the first quarter. activity. There is a high chance of new spikes in infection – These provide an indication as to the likely impact for second especially if measures to maintain physical distancing – are quarter as most economic activity was seriously impacted not observed. That the world is in the grip of a recession is only in March and will likely deepen before, hopefully, not in doubt. The question is what does the future hold in recovering by mid-year. general and what does this imply for the technology sector Unemployment is a better economic indicator, but one in particular? that typically lags in periods of recession. But the coronavirus Economic forecasters are wrestling with the data. The is causing an atypical economic situation. Millions of workers most likely outcome for the global economy in the first quarter across the developed and emerging economies are out of was a year over year contraction of around 1.3%. The US is work. Around 26 million workers have filed new unemployment thought to be running at around 12% lower than it was a year claims in the US in the last few weeks, more than 15% of the ago. Goldman Sachs estimates that the impact of a severe workforce. lockdown, such as applied in Italy, leads to a GDP decline of In emerging economies, the situation for millions of 25%. Even countries that successfully contained the outbreak, casual workers is bleak. In countries including India, such as South Korea can expect a GDP decline of 10%. Bangladesh, Indonesia, Philippines, over 70% of workers are in the informal economy with most unable to work during the Surveys of consumers in several countries suggest that lockdown, but with government support patchy or non- many will not rush to return to pre-coronavirus lifestyles – for existent. For many emerging economies, remittances from example a reluctance to visit bars, restaurants and jump on citizens working abroad, form a significant portion of the airplanes. But as we noted in last week’s update, spending on economy – especially for poor families. Many of these streaming services, gaming, online retail etc., has been holding emigrants work manual jobs in the hospitality, transport and up. So any recovery will have a different complexion than the building sectors – all of which are working at reduced levels, economy before the coronavirus outbreak. or not at all, which is causing the flow of remittances to dry- However, governments will not be able to prop-up ailing up – heaping further stress on already weakened economies. companies and furloughed employees indefinitely. This will Even in developed countries, the impact of coronavirus likely lead to a rise in companies going bankrupt and is falling disproportionately on the poorer segments of society. employees, currently being kept in a state of suspended Research by a team of economists that interviewed 4,000 US animation, being made redundant. This suggests the rate of workers in late March, showed that 16% had already lost their unemployment in many countries will trend down or, at best, job and among the 20% least able to work from home, 40% flat for many months. Unemployment is normally a lagging had lost their jobs. Conversely, those with relatively high indicator in ‘normal’ recessions. This one is far from normal,

ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8 197 Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru Developments, Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in India incomes, above $60,000 per year, had seen relatively little every country, however, there are many examples of the power impact on their employment status. of the human spirit—of doctors, nurses, political leaders, and ordinary citizens demonstrating resilience, effectiveness, and CONCLUSION leadership. That provides hope that men and women around The corona virus disease, continues to spread across the world can prevail in response to this extraordinary the world following a trajectory that is difficult to predict. The challenge. health, humanitarian and socio-economic policies adopted by References countries will determine the speed and strength of the recovery. O www.econstor.eu The ILO’s four pillar policy framework presented in this brief O sersc.org > journals provides guidance not only for countries as they progress O link.springer.com > article through the various phases of the crisis, but also for the O www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov international community as a whole. There must be a global O bjssjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com human-centered response which is grounded in solidarity. In O www.researchgate.net

Govt. R.C. College of Commerce & Management, Bengaluru 198 ISBN : 978-93-5407-176-8