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His Domestic Life, However, D THE COLLEGE CRIMINALS 2. EUGENE ARAM by Jessie Dobson, B.A., M.Sc. Recorder of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. IN THE MUSEUM of the Royal College of Surgeons is still to be seen the skull of Eugene Aram, who was executed at Knavesmire, near York, on August 6, 1759, and afterwards was hung in chains in Knavesborough Forest. Eugene was the son of Peter Aram, a gardener, and was born at Ramsgill, a little village in the West Riding of Yorkshire, in 1704, probably in the month of September. In a letter written by him to the Rev. Mr. Collins, Vicar of Knaresborough, not long before his execution, he claimed to be descended from the lords of the village of Haram or Aram, but whether this was true it is impossible to say. His education appears to have been scanty, but he seems to have been a studious and ambitious lad who made every endeavour to supplement by his own efforts the little teaching which he was able to obtain. At the age of 15, he was offered a post in London in the counting house of Christopher Blackett, son of Sir Edward Blackett, who had formerly employed Peter Aram as his gardener. After a year or so in this employment, Eugene was unfortunate enough to have an attack of smallpox and so returned home to recuperate. Here he occupied his time in further studies so successfully that, instead of returning to his former occupation, he became the recognised teacher for the children of the local farmers. Not only did he make himself familiar with the ordinary subjects necessary for the education of such pupils but he also acquired a knowledge of Greek and Latin. His circumstances were now sufficiently assured for him to consider taking a wife and on May 4, 1731, he married Anna Spence at Lockhouse, which was her birthplace. A year or two later, he received an invitation from William Norton to act as steward to his estate near Knaresborough. This he accepted, but he still continued his teaching and his studies and at this period seems to have acquired a knowledge of Hebrew. One authority states that " he was always looked upon and treated in a more genteel and respectable manner than People of his Station generally are. His way of living and outward Deportment were most remarkably un- blameable for many years." His domestic life, however, does not seem to have been so happy, for it is said that he considered his wife to be beneath him in station and would not speak to her if he met her in public. It was during this period when Aram was living in Knaresborough that he became acquainted with a man named Daniel Clark, a shoemaker or " cordwainer," who seems to have shared in some measure Aram's love of learning; and a further link was that they were both fond of gardening. Another acquaintance of these two was Richard Houseman, a flax-dresser and a man of little education, who lived in a house very near to Aram's 267 20 J. DOBSON Fig. 1. school in Knaresborough. Daniel Clark, a young man of about 23, was a fairly prosperous tradesman and, moreover, had recently married a Miss Foster who was said to be possessed of what was then deemed a considerable fortune. It was therefore not unnatural that Clark should have ordered from the local tradespeople quite a large amount of goods, including silver tankards, leather goods, blankets, etc., all of which he received on credit. Clark, however, disappeared from Knaresborough on February 7, 1745, and it was at once assumed that he had absconded with either the goods or the proceeds, though the fact that his horse was still in the stable threw some doubt on this conjecture. Nevertheless, although Clark had hitherto possessed a blameless reputation among his fellows, the fact that he was missing and that none of the goods was to be found in his house, led public opinion to turn strongly against him. The fact of his disappearance was advertised in a local newspaper and the sum of £15 was offered as a reward to anyone giving information 268 THE COLLEGE CRIMINALS that might lead to the recovery of the goods. The angry creditors also searched the houses of Aram and Houseman and in both cases managed to find certain of the missing articles. One of the creditors, Francis Iles, who seems to have been himself a receiver of stolen goods, made great efforts to recover the stolen property, possibly with a view to claiming the reward offered. Obviously, much suspicion fell upon Houseman and Aram, as being associates of the man who had disappeared, and on February 10 Aram was arrested for a debt to William Norton, his employer. Much to the surprise of the officers who, like everyone else who knew him, considered him to be a poor man, Aram procured his immediate release by paying the money at once. Shortly afterwards, he was again arrested for being in possession of 'some of Clark's property, but for some reason, not revealed, the case was dropped. Although he did not immediately move away from Knaresborough, his position there evidently became so uncomfortable that after a little time he left the village, " without acquainting any person with his intention." Houseman, although about £45 worth of leather belonging to Clark had been found among his belongings, strangely enough was not arrested and he remained in the village. Aram now made his way to London and one of the suspicious circumstances of this period was the fact that he began to live in a much more extravagant way than had hitherto been his custom. " In short, he became the Gentleman, dressed well, and kept Genteel Company, to which he found easy Admittance." It has been suggested that he disposed of the rest of Clark's property which came into his possession to a Jew and that his prosperity was the result of the cash obtained for it. This mode of living did not last long, for apparently he again had to take up teaching. The Rev. Mr. Painblanc of Piccadilly seems to have been his employer and he was engaged to teach Latin and writing. He continued his study of languages and " soon became a tolerable master of French." In addition to teaching, he was apparently employed in transcribing Acts of Parliament to be registered in Chancery, which tedious work might be an indication that his income from teaching was not sufficient to supply his needs. Probably it was in these years that Aram wrote most of his poems and prose works. The most out- standing of these, from the point of view of scholarship, was his " Essay towards a Lexicon upon an entirely new plan." It is in this work that he investigates the history of language and puts forward the ideas so highly thought of by Dr. Richard Garnett concerning the affinities of the Celtic and other European languages. In the " Essay" he makes the following propositions: " that the ancient Celtae, by the numberless vestiges left behind them, in Gaul, Britain, Greece, and all the western parts of Europe, appear to have been, if not the aborigines, at least their successors, and masters, in Gaul, Britain and the west; that their language, however obsolete, however mutilated, is at this day discernible in all those places which that victorious people conquered and retained ; that it has extended itself far and wide, visibly appearing in the ancient Greek, Latin and 269 20-2 J. DOBSON English, of all of which it included a very considerable part; and, indeed, it still unquestionably forms a most important ingredient in all the languages of Europe ;" . " that the same Celtic, which, polished by Greece and refined by Rome, only with dialectic variation, flowed from the lips of Virgil and thundered from the mouth of Homer." So great was the estimation of his erudition that his name was included in the Biographia Britannica, as a result of which the editors of this work received some criticism. In reply to this, however, it was stated " that it was never understood that in the Biographia Britannica the lives of virtuous men only were to be recorded." By now, some 12 years had elapsed since he left Knaresborough so secretly and as he did not communicate with any of his relatives in Yorkshire, it was presumed that he was dead. After holding the post of usher in various schools near London, he obtained in December, 1757, a similar situation in Mr. Knox's establishment at King's Lynn. James Burney (1750-1821), later Admiral Burney, who sailed with Captain Cook on his second and third voyages, and who was the brother of Frances Burney, the authoress, was a pupil at the school and has stated that Aram was very popular with the boys, even though he was always melan- choly, seldom appearing in the public streets " but walked in the fields adjoining to Lynn by himself, muffied up in a horseman's great coat and a flapped hat." On August 1st, 1758, an event occurred which aroused again all the curiosity that had prevailed 14 years previously concerning the dis- appearance of Daniel Clark. On that day, a workman digging for stone at Thistle Hill, overlooking Knaresborough, found some human remains and an inquest was held on them. Several people gave evidence to the effect that they recollected seeing, some 13 or 14 years previously, a patch of newly-dug earth in that vicinity.
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