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Betanodavirus and VER Disease: a 30-Year Research Review
pathogens Review Betanodavirus and VER Disease: A 30-year Research Review Isabel Bandín * and Sandra Souto Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía-Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 20 December 2019; Accepted: 4 February 2020; Published: 9 February 2020 Abstract: The outbreaks of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), caused by nervous necrosis virus (NNV), represent one of the main infectious threats for marine aquaculture worldwide. Since the first description of the disease at the end of the 1980s, a considerable amount of research has gone into understanding the mechanisms involved in fish infection, developing reliable diagnostic methods, and control measures, and several comprehensive reviews have been published to date. This review focuses on host–virus interaction and epidemiological aspects, comprising viral distribution and transmission as well as the continuously increasing host range (177 susceptible marine species and epizootic outbreaks reported in 62 of them), with special emphasis on genotypes and the effect of global warming on NNV infection, but also including the latest findings in the NNV life cycle and virulence as well as diagnostic methods and VER disease control. Keywords: nervous necrosis virus (NNV); viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER); virus–host interaction; epizootiology; diagnostics; control 1. Introduction Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is the causative agent of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), otherwise known as viral nervous necrosis (VNN). The disease was first described at the end of the 1980s in Australia and in the Caribbean [1–3], and has since caused a great deal of mortalities and serious economic losses in a variety of reared marine fish species, but also in freshwater species worldwide. -
Understanding the Interaction Between Betanodavirus and Its Host for the Development of Prophylactic Measures for Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy
Fish & Shellfish Immunology 53 (2016) 35e49 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Fish & Shellfish Immunology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fsi Understanding the interaction between Betanodavirus and its host for the development of prophylactic measures for viral encephalopathy and retinopathy * Janina Z. Costa , Kim D. Thompson Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom article info abstract Article history: Over the last three decades, the causative agent of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) disease Received 27 January 2016 has become a serious problem of marine finfish aquaculture, and more recently the disease has also been Received in revised form associated with farmed freshwater fish. The virus has been classified as a Betanodavirus within the family 4 March 2016 Nodaviridae, and the fact that Betanodaviruses are known to affect more than 120 different farmed and Accepted 15 March 2016 wild fish and invertebrate species, highlights the risk that Betanodaviruses pose to global aquaculture Available online 17 March 2016 production. Betanodaviruses have been clustered into four genotypes, based on the RNA sequence of the T4 var- Keywords: fi fi Betanodavirus iable region of their capsid protein, and are named after the sh species from which they were rst Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy derived i.e. Striped Jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV), Tiger puffer nervous necrosis virus (TPNNV), VER Barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus (BFNNV) and Red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus Viral characterisation (RGNNV), while an additional genotype turbot betanodavirus strain (TNV) has also been proposed. Vaccines However, these genotypes tend to be associated with a particular water temperature range rather than Disease control being species-specific. -
Characterization of the Nodamura Virus RNA Dependent RNA
University of Texas at El Paso DigitalCommons@UTEP Open Access Theses & Dissertations 2015-01-01 Characterization of the Nodamura virus RNA dependent RNA polymerase and Formation of RNA Replication Complexes in Mammalian Cells Vincent Ulysses Gant University of Texas at El Paso, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd Part of the Biochemistry Commons, Molecular Biology Commons, and the Virology Commons Recommended Citation Gant, Vincent Ulysses, "Characterization of the Nodamura virus RNA dependent RNA polymerase and Formation of RNA Replication Complexes in Mammalian Cells" (2015). Open Access Theses & Dissertations. 1047. https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd/1047 This is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UTEP. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UTEP. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NODAMURA VIRUS RNA DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE AND FORMATION OF RNA REPLICATION COMPLEXES IN MAMMALIAN CELLS VINCENT ULYSSES GANT JR. Department of Biological Sciences APPROVED: Kyle L. Johnson, Ph.D., Chair Ricardo A. Bernal, Ph.D. Kristine M. Garza, Ph.D. Kristin Gosselink, Ph.D. German Rosas-Acosta, Ph. D. Jianjun Sun, Ph.D. Charles Ambler, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School Copyright © By Vincent Ulysses Gant Jr. 2015 Dedication I want to dedicate my dissertation to my beautiful mother, Maria Del Carmen Gant. My mother lived her life to make sure all of her children were taken care of and stayed on track. She always pushed me to stay on top of my education and taught me to grapple with life. -
The Taxonomy of an Australian Nodavirus Isolated from Mosquitoes
RESEARCH ARTICLE The taxonomy of an Australian nodavirus isolated from mosquitoes 1 1 2 2 David WarrilowID *, Bixing Huang , Natalee D. Newton , Jessica J. Harrison , Karyn N. Johnson3, Weng Kong Chow4, Roy A. Hall2, Jody Hobson-Peters2* 1 Public Health Virology Laboratory, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Archerfield, Queensland, 2 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 3 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 4 Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Queensland, Australia a1111111111 * [email protected] (DW); [email protected] (JHP) a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract a1111111111 We describe a virus isolated from Culex annulirostris mosquitoes in Australia. Phylogenetic analysis of its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase sequence and that of other related viruses revealed 6 clades, two of which corresponded wholly or partly with existing genera in the OPEN ACCESS family Nodaviridae. There was greater genetic diversity within the family than previously rec- Citation: Warrilow D, Huang B, Newton ND, ognized prompting us to suggest that additional genera should be considered within the Harrison JJ, Johnson KN, Chow WK, et al. (2018) family. The taxonomy of an Australian nodavirus isolated from mosquitoes. PLoS ONE 13(12): e0210029. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210029 Editor: Naomi Forrester, Keele University Faculty of Natural Sciences, UNITED KINGDOM Introduction Received: August 27, 2018 Nodaviruses are positive-sense RNA viruses with bipartite genomes which are capped but not Accepted: December 14, 2018 polyadenylated [1]. There are currently two genera recognized: Alphanodavirus (5 species) and Published: December 31, 2018 Betanodavirus (4 species). -
Crystal Structure of a Nematode-Infecting Virus
Crystal structure of a nematode-infecting virus Yusong R. Guoa, Corey F. Hrycb,c, Joanita Jakanac, Hongbing Jiangd,e, David Wangd,e, Wah Chiub,c, Weiwei Zhonga, and Yizhi J. Taoa,1 aDepartment of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005; bGraduate Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics and cVerna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; and Departments of dMolecular Microbiology and ePathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110 Edited by Michael G. Rossmann, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, and approved July 25, 2014 (received for review April 22, 2014) Orsay, the first virus discovered to naturally infect Caenorhabditis addition to the viral CP, a CP–δ fusion protein, which is likely elegans or any nematode, has a bipartite, positive-sense RNA ge- generated by ribosomal frameshifting, has been detected in nome. Sequence analyses show that Orsay is related to nodavi- infected cells as well as purified viruses (7). The Orsay CP and ruses, but molecular characterizations of Orsay reveal several RdRP share up to 26–30% amino acid identity with those from δ unique features, such as the expression of a capsid–δ fusion pro- betanodaviruses in the Nodaviridae, but the protein does not tein and the use of an ATG-independent mechanism for translation have any sequence homologs in GenBank. initiation. Here we report the crystal structure of an Orsay virus- The combination of a simple multicellular host organism and a small naturally infecting virus makes C. elegans-Orsay a highly like particle assembled from recombinant capsid protein (CP). -
Diverse RNA Viruses of Arthropod Origin in the Blood of Fruit Bats Suggest a Link Between Bat and Arthropod Viromes
HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Virology Manuscript Author . Author manuscript; Manuscript Author available in PMC 2020 February 01. Published in final edited form as: Virology. 2019 February ; 528: 64–72. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2018.12.009. Diverse RNA viruses of arthropod origin in the blood of fruit bats suggest a link between bat and arthropod viromes Andrew J. Bennett1, Trenton Bushmaker2, Kenneth Cameron3, Alain Ondzie3, Fabien R. Niama4, Henri-Joseph Parra4, Jean-Vivien Mombouli4, Sarah H. Olson3, Vincent J Munster2, and Tony L. Goldberg1,* 1Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA 2Laboratory of Virology, Virus Ecology Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, USA 3Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx NY, USA 4Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo Abstract Bats host diverse viruses due to their unique ecology, behavior, and immunology. However, the role of other organisms with which bats interact in nature is understudied as a contributor to bat viral diversity. We discovered five viruses in the blood of fruit bats (Hypsignathus monstrosus) from the Republic of Congo. Of these five viruses, four have phylogenetic and genomic features suggesting an arthropod origin (a dicistrovirus, a nodavirus, and two tombus-like viruses), while the fifth (a hepadnavirus) is clearly of mammalian origin. We also report the parallel discovery of related tombus-like viruses in fig wasps and primitive crane flies from bat habitats, as well as high infection rates of bats with haemosporidian parasites (Hepatocystis sp.). -
Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Alphanodavirus Huimin Bai1,2, Yun Wang1, Xiang Li1,4, Haitao Mao1,5, Yan Li1,2, Shili Han3, Zhengli Shi1 and Xinwen Chen1*
Bai et al. Virology Journal 2011, 8:311 http://www.virologyj.com/content/8/1/311 RESEARCH Open Access Isolation and characterization of a novel alphanodavirus Huimin Bai1,2, Yun Wang1, Xiang Li1,4, Haitao Mao1,5, Yan Li1,2, Shili Han3, Zhengli Shi1 and Xinwen Chen1* Abstract Background: Nodaviridae is a family of non-enveloped isometric viruses with bipartite positive-sense RNA genomes. The Nodaviridae family consists of two genera: alpha- and beta-nodavirus. Alphanodaviruses usually infect insect cells. Some commercially available insect cell lines have been latently infected by Alphanodaviruses. Results: A non-enveloped small virus of approximately 30 nm in diameter was discovered co-existing with a recombinant Helicoverpa armigera single nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) in Hz-AM1 cells. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic assays indicate that this novel virus belongs to the genus of alphanodavirus in the family Nodaviridae and was designated HzNV. HzNV possesses a RNA genome that contains two segments. RNA1 is 3038 nt long and encodes a 110 kDa viral protein termed protein A. The 1404 nt long RNA2 encodes a 44 kDa protein, which exhibits a high homology with coat protein precursors of other alphanodaviruses. HzNV virions were located in the cytoplasm, in association with cytoplasmic membrane structures. The host susceptibility test demonstrated that HzNV was able to infect various cell lines ranging from insect cells to mammalian cells. However, only Hz-AM1 appeared to be fully permissive for HzNV, as the mature viral coat protein essential for HzNV particle formation was limited to Hz-AM1 cells. Conclusion: A novel alphanodavirus, which is 30 nm in diameter and with a limited host range, was discovered in Hz-AM1 cells. -
Nodaviridae Phenuiviridae Dicistroviridae Permutotetraviridae
Nodaviridae Phenuiviridae Uukuniemi virus AIU95037.1 Nursery bend carp nodavirus 100 85 Edward river carp nodavirus 99 Zaliv Terpeniya virus QCF29627.1 97Wemen carp nodavirus 100 Chize virus AFH08728.1 94 77 Grand Arbaud virus AFH08732.1 86Murray-Darling rainbowfish nodavirus 100 Murre virus AFH08736.1 89 Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus AAQ54758.2 100 Precarious point virus AEL29680.1 100 Macquarie river carp nodavirus 91 Manawa virus AFN73042.1 100 Barwon river carp nodavirus Kabuto mountain virus YP_009449450.1 91 85 Penaeus vannamei nodavirus YP_004207810.1 Huangpi Tick Virus 2 YP_009293590.1 100Khasan virus AII79370.1 Nodamura virus NP_077730.1 100 60 Kaisodi virus YP_009551639.1 100 Black beetle virus YP_053043.1 72 99Flock House virus NP_689444.1 Silverwater virus AIU95032.1 59 Bole Tick Virus 1 AJG39234.1 100 Eastern mosquitofish nodavirus 53 FTLS virus AID69020.1 Boolarra virus NP_689439.1 100 100 Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus QPF77321.1 Betanodavirus sp. AVM87352.1 58 Heartland virus YP_009047242.1 99 43 Golden pompano nervous necrosis virus AEK48148.1 36 Pena Blanca virus QBQ01759.1 90 92 Senegalese sole Iberian betanodavirus YP_009047239.1 100 Anhanga virus YP_009346019.1 Redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus YP_611155.1 Urucuri virus YP_009346026.1 96 90 Atlantic cod betanodavirus Ac06NorPmB ABU95420.1 Blacklegged tick phlebovirus 1 ANT80544.1 99 100 Sara tick phlebovirus QPD01621.1 10099 Barfin flounder virus BF93Hok ACF36168.1 100 Tiger puffer nervous necrosis virus YP_003288759.1 Murray-Darling -
Complete Sequence of RNA1 and Subgenomic RNA3 of Atlantic Halibut Nodavirus (AHNV)
DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Vol. 58: 117–125, 2004 Published March 10 Dis Aquat Org Complete sequence of RNA1 and subgenomic RNA3 of Atlantic halibut nodavirus (AHNV) Ingunn Sommerset1, 2,*, Audun H. Nerland1 1Institute of Marine Research, Department of Aquaculture, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway 2Present address: Intervet Norbio AS, Thormøhlens gate 55, Bergen, Norway ABSTRACT: The Nodaviridae are divided into the alphanodavirus genus, which infects insects, and the betanodavirus genus, which infects fishes. Betanodaviruses are the causative agent of viral en- cephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) in a number of cultivated marine fish species. The Nodaviridae are small non-enveloped RNA viruses that contain a genome consisting of 2 single-stranded positive- sense RNA segments: RNA1 (3.1 kb), which encodes the viral part of the RNA-dependent RNA poly- merase (RdRp); and RNA2 (1.4 kb), which encodes the capsid protein. In addition to RNA1 and RNA2, a subgenomic transcript of RNA1, RNA3, is present in infected cells. We have cloned and sequenced RNA1 from the Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus nodavirus (AHNV), and for the first time, the sequence of a betanodaviral subgenomic RNA3 has been determined. AHNV RNA1 was 3100 nu- cleotides in length and contained a main open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 981 amino acids. Conservative motifs for RdRp were found in the deduced amino acid sequence. RNA3 was 371 nucleotides in length, and contained an open reading frame encoding a peptide of 75 amino acids cor- responding to a hypothetical B2 protein, although sequence alignments with the alphanodavirus B2 proteins showed only marginal similarities. -
Orsay, Santeuil and Le Blanc Viruses Primarily Infect Intestinal Cells in Caenorhabditis Nematodes
Virology 448 (2014) 255–264 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Virology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yviro Orsay, Santeuil and Le Blanc viruses primarily infect intestinal cells in Caenorhabditis nematodes Carl J. Franz a, Hilary Renshaw a, Lise Frezal b, Yanfang Jiang a, Marie-Anne Félix b, David Wang a,n a Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, USA b Institute of Biology of the Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, Inserm U1024, Paris, France article info abstract Article history: The discoveries of Orsay, Santeuil and Le Blanc viruses, three viruses infecting either Caenorhabditis Received 20 September 2013 elegans or its relative Caenorhabditis briggsae, enable the study of virus–host interactions using natural Accepted 26 September 2013 pathogens of these two well-established model organisms. We characterized the tissue tropism of Available online 1 November 2013 infection in Caenorhabditis nematodes by these viruses. Using immunofluorescence assays targeting Keywords: proteins from each of the viruses, and in situ hybridization, we demonstrate viral proteins and RNAs Tissue tropism localize to intestinal cells in larval stage Caenorhabditis nematodes. Viral proteins were detected in one to Nematode virology six of the 20 intestinal cells present in Caenorhabditis nematodes. In Orsay virus-infected C. elegans, viral fl Immuno uorescence proteins were detected as early as 6 h post-infection. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and capsid proteins of Orsay virus exhibited different subcellular localization patterns. Collectively, these observa- tions provide the first experimental insights into viral protein expression in any nematode host, and broaden our understanding of viral infection in Caenorhabditis nematodes. -
Nodavirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Gene
Techne ® qPCR test Nodavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene 150 tests For general laboratory and research use only Quantification of Nodavirus genomes 1 Advanced kit handbook HB10.01.08 Introduction to Nodavirus Nodaviridae is a family of RNA viruses, comprised of Alphanodavirus and Betanodavirus. These viruses are small non-enveloped, spherical, single-stranded positive sense viruses. Nodaviruses range from 23nm-37nm in diameter. Alphanodaviruses primarily infect insects although their pathogenicity is not well defined, they include Nodamura virus (NoV), flock house virus (FHV) and Black Beetle virus (BBV). Betanodavirus is the cause of a disease in fish called viral nervous necrosis (VNN) or viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER). The betanodavirus RNA genome is split in two sections, RNA1 and RNA2 that together account for around 3.5 kbp encoding 3 genes. Transmission of nodavirus in fish can occur both horizontally or vertically, shown by the detection of virus in the gonads of brood fish, eggs and larvae. Influx of contaminated water is the main introduction of the virus to susceptible fish, larvae and juvenile fish being the most at risk to infection. The virion RNA is infectious and serves as both the genome and viral messenger RNA. The Virus penetrates into the host cell, uncoats and releases the viral genomic RNA into the cytoplasm, where replication occurs. Viral nervous necrosis results in microscopical lesions located in the brain, retina and spinal cord, necrosis of the neurons and the presence of round empty spaces called vacoules are commonly associated with the disease. Betanodaviruses affect more than 40 species of marine teleost fish. -
First Report on Natural Infection of Nodavirus in an Echinodermata, Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus Japonicas)
viruses Communication First Report on Natural Infection of Nodavirus in an Echinodermata, Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus japonicas) Chong Wang 1,2, Liang Yao 2, Wei Wang 2, Songwen Sang 2, Jingwei Hao 2, Chenghua Li 1,* and Qingli Zhang 1,2,* 1 School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315311, China; [email protected] 2 Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes (Qingdao), National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China; [email protected] (L.Y.); [email protected] (W.W.); [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (J.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.L.); [email protected] (Q.Z.); Tel.: +86-532-85823062 (Q.Z.); Fax: +86-532-85811514 (Q.Z.) Abstract: Cross-species transmission of emerging viruses happens occasionally due to epidemiolog- ical, biological, and ecological factors, and it has caused more concern recently. Covert mortality nodavirus (CMNV) was revealed to be a unique shrimp virus that could cross species barrier to infect vertebrate fish. In the present study, CMNV reverse transcription-nested PCR (RT-nPCR)-positive samples were identified from farmed sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicas) in the CMNV host range investigation. The amplicons of RT-nPCR from sea cucumber were sequenced, and its sequences showed 100% identity with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of the original CMNV isolate. Histopathological analysis revealed pathologic changes, including karyopyknosis and vacuolation of Citation: Wang, C.; Yao, L.; the epithelial cells, in the sea cucumber intestinal tissue.