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The Civil War Diaries of Cloe Tyler Whittle, 1861-1866

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The Civil War Diaries of Cloe Tyler Whittle, 1861-1866 W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1993 What Sorrows and What Joys: The Civil War Diaries of Cloe Tyler Whittle, 1861-1866 Emily R. Davies College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Davies, Emily R., "What Sorrows and What Joys: The Civil War Diaries of Cloe Tyler Whittle, 1861-1866" (1993). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625840. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-0dwe-9d48 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “WHAT SORROWS AND WHAT JOYS” THE CIVIL WAR DIARIES OF CLOE TYLER WHITTLE 1861-1866 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Emily R. Davies 1993 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Approved, August 1993 Wade L. Shaffer Helen Campbell Walker TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION................................................................................. ..............2 CHAPTER I. “‘Secession! Immediate Secession!* is the universal cry”......................................................................... 21 CHAPTER II “Sacred is the remembrance of the dead”..................................63 CHAPTER HI. “Virginia mourns a truly noble son”.........................................93 CHAPTER IV. “I feel in such a whirl about going away**.................................127 CHAPTER V. “The fighting is not over yet in my dear native state”...............162 CHAPTER VI. “Can it be that Peace is really not far off?”............................... 205 CHAPTER VII.“General Lee has surrendered................... ” ............................... 248 CHAPTER VIII. “God bless and preserve my precious Gay - Horace is dead”.............................................................. 281 CHAPTER IX. “...an organization for the Relief of the poor and needy” .. .306 CHAPTER X. “Of course I went repeatedly to the Fair”..................................334 CHAPTER XI. “So began our long talked-of expedition”............................... 362 APPENDICES ...................................................................................................374 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................. 381 “WHAT SORROWS AND WHAT JOYS” THE CIVIL WAR DIARIES OF CLOE TYLER WHITTLE 1861-1866 ABSTRACT Cloe Tyler Whittle began her diary in March of 1861, when she was 17. She kept the diary until shortly before her death in 1925. With each entry, she candidly described events in her life as well as her reaction to them. The first few years of her diary reflect not only her growing maturity but also the tumultuous events of the Civil War. Her journals of those years are transcribed here, with notes on the people, places and events that she mentions. The transcription starts with her first entry and ends after her description of a meeting with Jefferson Davis in August, 1866. Cloe’s diaries include facts about the Civil War, both military and political, which are well known today, but she also records rumors that are now known to be false; her entries reflect both the time it took for news to spread as well as how often it was inaccurate. On a personal level, Cloe reveals herself as a typical mid-nineteenth century Southern female; she is a strong Southern partisan and deeply religious, two characteristics she would keep all her life. She bows to the authority of her father and, owing to the death of her mother some years before, she feels a duty to stay with him. The loss of her mother also strengthens Cloe’s tie to her next older sister, Grace, who becomes both sister and mother to Cloe. On the other hand, Cloe is somewhat atypical of her generation: she stays in school for a longer time than was usual for girls of that time, and studies traditionally masculine subjects such as Greek and calculus. She is quite outspoken, and although always conscious of propriety, never shrinks from expressing her opinions, even to people she considers as her enemies. Cloe’s diary offers an unusually detailed view of a woman of the middle class in a Southern town, coming of age during a time of national crisis. EMILY R. DAVIES DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY THE COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY IN VIRGINIA v “WHAT SORROWS AND WHAT JOYS” THE CIVIL WAR DIARIES OF CLOE TYLER WHITTLE 1861-1866 INTRODUCTION “It snowed all day today and I did not go to school.” Not an especially exciting beginning, but with these words Cloe Tyler Whittle begins her diary on March 18, 1861. Some five and a half years later, she will recount with awe a day spent in the company of Jefferson Davis, ex-president of the recently fallen Confederacy, who is imprisoned by the United States government at Fort Monroe, Virginia. The time between those two entries brought enormous changes not only to the country but to Cloe as well. While North and South are engaged in war, she weathers the death of her first love, witnesses the death of a close relative, becomes a refugee, handles the problems of daily life in a world turned upside down, and comes of age at a time when many of the traditions that she had known and on which she had always relied have disappeared. In her diary, Cloe records the events of her life and her thoughts on those events; in her own way she defines how she and the South will adjust to the devastation of their whole way of life. Cloe never reveals what caused her to keep a diary. There is no indication that anyone else in her family kept one, so she may have felt the need to act as recorder of family history. Although she calls it a Private Journal, the tone indicates a willingness for or an acceptance of a present or future audience; at one point she writes: “It may be that some eye will light on this page when mine are closed forever on this earth, if so it will be a strong proof of the worthlessness of presentiments.”1 In fact, only in this century have diaries truly become private. Before then, diarists, primarily men, kept their journals for a historical purpose; later the job of keeping family records passed to women, the primary homekeepers and caretakers of family life.2 Part of the value of this diary lies in the fact that the Whittle family, while one of good social standing, is not famous. The Whittles are not a First Family of Virginia, ^ lo e Tyler Whittle (hereinafter CTW), “Private Journal of Cloe Tyler Whittle, Norfolk, Virginia March 22nd, 1865” (hereinafter Vol. 5), April 11th, 1865. 2Margo Culley, A Day At A Time: The Diary Literature of American Women from 1764 to the Present (New York: The Feminist Press, 1985), pp. 3-4. 2 3 and while some well-known Virginia names have become intertwined in the family history, no one in the family has risen to great fame politically, militarily, or publically. The Whittles are no ordinary family, however; all of them exhibit the strength of character that helped them weather the immense political changes in their lives, and Cloe’s extraordinary diary minutely describes these characteristics. The first record of any Whittles settling in America began when Conway Whittle, Cloe’s grandfather, came to the United States from Ireland and settled in Norfolk County in 1783. He had established himself as an exporting and importing merchant when his brother Fortescue, leaving political troubles behind in Ireland, joined him about 1800. The Whittle brothers eventually owned numerous merchant vessels and had a quite lucrative business, but when several of their ships, carrying provisions to France in the 1810s, were seized and confiscated as contraband, it proved disastrous to the business. Fortescue moved to Mecklenburg County and married Mary Ann Davies, a native Virginian. Conway remained in Norfolk and married Frances Munford Boush, a widow, and they had three children: Conway Whittle, Jr., Cloe’s father; Frances, Cloe’s Aunt Fannie; and Mary. Conway Whittle, Sr. became immersed in local society and politics, serving at least one term in the Virginia Assembly; he died in 1817. Conway Whittle, Jr. went to Ireland to attend Dublin University, then returned to Virginia to attend William and Mary. He became a lawyer and served for a time as Collector of Customs for the City of Norfolk. He did some legal work for the such political figures as James Madison, James Monroe, and John Tyler. In 1815 his sisters, Frances and Mary, married naval officers within three months of each other; both officers died only a few months later when their ship sank in the Atlantic. They had been on a mission for Stephen Decatur to bring back a treaty he had signed with the Dey of Algiers. Neither sister would remarry, but they moved to Philadelphia and carried on an active social life, as revealed in their correspondence. On February 13, 1824, Conway married Chloe Tyler, a relative of future president John Tyler and the daughter of Samuel Tyler, of Williamsburg. Conway
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