DOCSLIB.ORG

Antipsychotics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antipsychotics if- cZ(9O Antipsychotics Contributors V.P. Bakshi, M.E. Bardgett, D.L. Braff, E.S. Brodkin, O. Civelli J.G. Csemansky, S.G. Dahl, M. Davidson, A.Y. Deutch, H.S. Fatemi W.O. Faustman, J.Gerlach, M.A. Geyer, J.Golier, A.A. Grace, D.Hartman A.L. Hoff, P.W. Kalivas, A.R. Koreen, J.F. Leckman, J. Lieberman C.J. McDougle, H.Y. Meltzer, S.A. Minchin, F. Monsma, B.H. Mulsant P. O'Donnell S.-O. Ogren, L. Peacock, B.G. Pollock, R. Ranjan, B.L. Roth, R.E. See B. Sheitman, N.R. Swerdlow Editor J.G. Csernaiisky Springer Contents CHAPTER 1 Classification Schemes for Antipsychotic Drugs SUSAN A. MINCHIN and JOHN G. CSERNANSKY. With 1 Figure 1 A. Introduction 1 I. Historical Perspective 1 B. Classification by Patterns of Efficacy and Neurological Side Effects 4 C. Classification by Chemical Structure 6 I. Phenothiazines 7 II. Thioxanthenes 8 III. Butyrophenones 9 IV. Diphenylbutylpiperidines 11 V. Indoles 11 VI. Benzamides 12 VII. Dibenzapines 12 VIII. Others 12 D. Classification by Potency and Nonneurologic Side-Effect Profile 12 E. Classification by Pharmacological Mechanism 14 I. Selective Dopamine Receptor D2 Antagonists 15 II. Combined D2/D3 Antagonists 16 III. Combined DJ/DJ Antagonists 16 IV. Combined 5-HT2-D2 Antagonists 17 F. Future Classification Schemes 17 I. Selective Serotonin Receptor Antagonists 18 II. Partial D2 Agonists 19 III. Sigma Site Antagonists and Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists 19 IV. GABA-Mimetics and Partial Benzodiazepine Agonists 20 G. Conclusions 20 References 21 XII Contents CHAPTER 2 Molecular Models and Structure-Activity Relationships SVEIN G. DAHL. With 3 Figures 29 A. Introduction 29 B. Structure-Activity Relationships of Antipsychotic Drugs 29 C. Neurotransmitter Receptor Models 32 D. Molecular Modelling of Drug-Receptor Interactions 35 I. Electrostatic Fields Around Drug and Receptor Molecules 35 II. Molecular Dynamics of Drug-Receptor Interactions 37 E. Conclusions 37 References 39 CHAPTER 3 Interaction of Antipsychotic Drugs with Dopamine Receptor Subtypes DEBORAH HARTMAN, FREDERICK MONSMA, and OLIVIER CIVELLI With 3 Figures 43 A. Introduction 43 B. Molecular Biology of Dopamine Receptor Subtypes 43 I. General Structural Features of Dopamine Receptors 44 II. The Di Family of Dopamine Receptors 44 1. The Dopamine Dj Receptor 46 2. The Dopamine D5 Receptor 47 III. The D2 Family of Dopamine Receptors 47 1. The Dopamine D2 Receptor 48 2. The Dopamine D3 Receptor 49 3. The Dopamine D4 Receptor 51 C. Pharmacology of Neuroleptics at Recombinant Dopamine Receptors 52 I. Traditional Neuroleptics and Related Compounds 53 II. Clozapine and the Atypical Neuroleptics 59 III. New Antipsychotics 63 1. Olanzapine: A Second-Generation Clozapine-Like Compound 64 2. Remoxipride: A D2 Receptor-Selective Substituted Benzamide 65 3. Risperidone: A D2/5-HT2 Receptor Antagonist 66 D. Future Outlook and Hopes for Subtype-Specific Drugs ...' 67 References 68 Contents XIII CHAPTER 4 Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs: Clinical and Preclinical Studies HOSSEIN S. FATEMI, HERBERT Y. MELTZER, and BRYAN L. ROTH 77 A. Introduction 77 B. Glutamate 78 I. Glutamate Receptors 79 II. Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia 79 III. Glutamatergic Drugs 81 1. Glycine and Milacemide 81 2. Umespirone 82 3. Others 82 C. 7-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) 82 I. GABA Receptors 82 II. GABA Hypothesis of Schizophrenia and Clinical Studies of GABA-ergic Drugs 84 D. Acetylcholine 85 I. Acetylcholine Receptors 85 II. Muscarinic Hyperactivity in Schizophrenia? • 85 E. Norepinephrine 87 I. a,-Adrenergic Receptor Involvement in Atypical Antipsychotic Drug Actions 88 F. Cholecystokinin (CCK) 88 I. CCK-ergic Drugs 89 1. LY262691 89 2. Caerulin 89 3. Others 89 G. Neurotensin 89 I. Neurotensin and Schizophrenia 90 II. Effects of Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs on Neurotensin Systems 90 H. Sigma Receptors 91 I. Sigma Receptors 91 II. Preclinical Studies 92 III. Specific Agents 92 I. Opioids 94 J. Serotonin 95 I. 5-HT Receptors and Schizophrenia 96 II. Selective 5-HT2A/2C Antagonists 98 1. Ritanserin 98 2. ICI169369andMDL100907 98 3. Mianserin 98 III. Mixed 5-HT2/D2 Antagonists 98 1. Clozapine 99 XIV Contents 2. Risperidone 99 3. Melperone 99 4. Olanzapine 100 5. Amperozide 100 6. Fluperlapine 100 7. Tiosperone 100 8. Zotepine 101 9. Others 101 IV. 5-HT3 Antagonists 101 V. Nonselective 5-HT Receptor Antagonists 101 VI. 5-HT Reuptake Inhibitors 102 K. Conclusions 102 References 103 CHAPTER 5 Sites and Mechanisms of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs as Revealed by Immediate-Early Gene Expression ARIEL Y. DEUTCH ." 117 A. Introduction 117 B. Immediate-Early Gene Expression as a Method to Assess the Sites and Mechanisms of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs (APDs) 118 C. Effects of APDs on Immediate-Early Gene Induction in the Striatal Complex 120 I. Effects of APDs on Regionally Specific Striatal Immediate-Early Gene Expression 120 1. Dorsal Striatum 120 2. Ventral Striatum 122 II. Striatal Immediate-Early Gene Induction: Fos, Fos-Related Antigens, and Others 123 1. Fos Versus Fras 123 2. Other Immediate-Early Genes 125 III. Mechanisms of Antipsychotic Drug-Elicited Striatal Fos Expression 126 1. Dopamine Receptors and APD-Elicited Increases in Striatal Fos 126 a) D2 Dopamine Receptors 126 b) D, Dopamine Receptors 127 c) Concurrent D2/Di Receptor Occupancy and Striatal Fos Expression 128 2. Involvement of Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors in Neuroleptic-Elicited Striatal Fos Expression 129 Contents XV 3. Cholinergic and Adenosine Receptors 130 a) Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors 130 b) Adenosine A2 Receptors 131 IV. Acute Versus Chronic Effects of APDs on Striatal Fos Expression 131 V. What Is the Transcriptional Target of APD-Elicited Striatal Fos Expression? 132 1. Neurotensin 133 2. Enkephalin 134 3. Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 135 D. Preferential Induction of Fos in the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) by Clozapine 135 I. Regional Effects of APDs on Fos Expression in the PFC 136 1. Effects of APDs on Fos Expression in the Medial PFC 136 2. Correlations Between PFC Expression and Clinical Status 137 II. Receptor Mechanisms of Clozapine-Elicited Increase in PFC Fos Expression 138 1. D! and D2 Dopamine (DA) Receptors and Clozapine-Elicited Fos Expression 138 2. Nondopaminergic Receptors and the PFC Fos Response to Clozapine 140 3. Mechanisms of Clozapine-Elicited Increases in PFC Fos Expression 141 a) Possible Role of a Novel DA Receptor in Mediating Clozapine-Elicited Effects 141 b) Targeting of Multiple Receptors 143 c) Transsynaptic Events as a Possible Determinant of Clozapine-Induced Changes 143 III. Transcriptional Targets of Clozapine's Actions in the PFC 144 E. Effects of APDs on Immediate-Early Gene Expression in Other CNS Sites 145 I. Thalamic Paraventricular Nucleus 145 II. Lateral Septal Nucleus 147 III. Other CNS Regions 147 F. Conclusions 148 I. Methodological Issues 149 II. Validity of Fos Expression as a Model of the Actions of APDs 150 III. Future Directions 150 References 151 XVI Contents CHAPTER 6 Basic Neurophysiology of Antipsychotic Drug Action PATRICIO O'DONNELL and ANTHONY A. GRACE. With 9 Figures 163 A. Introduction 163 B. The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia 163 I. Antipsychotic Drugs as D2 Blockers 163 II. Shortcomings of the Dopamine Hypothesis 164 C. Acute Physiology of Antipsychotic Drug Action 165 I. Dopamine Cell Identification and Physiology 165 II. Acute Actions of Antipsychotic Drugs on Dopamine Cell Physiology 167 1. Acute Antipsychotic Drugs Increase Firing Rate 167 2. Acute Antipsychotic Drug Administration Increases Dopamine Cell Burst Firing 169 3. Acute Antipsychotic Drug Treatment Increase the Number of Dopamine Cells Firing Spontaneously 171 D. Physiology of Chronic Antipsychotic Drug Treatment 171 I. Tolerance to Antipsychotic Drug Action 171 II. Chronic Treatment with Antipsychotic Drugs and Dopamine Cell Depolarization Block 172 III. Analysis of Mechanisms Contributing to Depolarization Block: Compensatory Systems Involved in the Recovery of Function After Dopamine Lesions 175 E. Dual Mode of Dopamine Release: Tonic Versus Phasic 177 F. Antipsychotic Drug Treatment and Electrotonic Transmission Within the Basal Ganglia 181 I. Dopaminergic Control of Electrotonic Coupling in the Striatum 181 II. Effects of Subchronic Treatment with Haloperidol or Clozapine on Striatal Cell Dye Coupling Observed In Vitro 185 III. Effects of Subchronic Treatment with Haloperidol or Clozapine on Striatal Cell Dye Coupling Observed In Vivo 187 G. Conclusions 189 References 191 Contents XVII CHAPTER 7 Tolerance and Sensitization to the Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs on Dopamine Transmission RONALD E. SEE and PETER W. KALIVAS. With 1 Figure 203 A. Introduction 203 B. Effects of Single Administration on Dopamine and Related Behaviors 204 C. Effects of Repeated Administration and the Induction of Sensitization and Tolerance 205 I. Tolerance 206 II. Sensitization 209 D. Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs 212 E. Conclusions 213 References 217 CHAPTER 8 The Behavioural Pharmacology of Typical and Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs SVEN OVE OGREN. With 1 Figure 225 A. Introduction 225 B. Typical and Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs 226 I. Concepts and Nomenclature 226 II. Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs 228 III. Behavioural Testing Procedures for Typical and Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs 230 C. Basic Actions of Antipsychotic Drugs and Their Behavioural Effects 232 D. Effects on Motor Function 234 I. Spontaneous Locomotor Activity 234 II. Catalepsy and the Paw Test 236 E. Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs on Behavioural Effects Elicited by DA Receptor Agonists or Glutamate Antagonists ... 240 I. d-Amphetamine
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Risperidone Dose-Dependently Increases Extracellular Concentrations of Serotonin in the Rat Frontal Cortex
    ELSEVIER Risperidone Dose-Dependently Increases Extracellular Concentrations of Serotonin in the Rat Frontal Cortex: Role of a 2-Adrenoceptor Antagonism Peter Hertel, B.Sc., George G. Nomikos, M.D., Ph.D., Björn Schilström, M.Sc., Lotta Arborelius, Ph.D., and Torgny H. Svensson, M.D., Ph.D. We have previously shown that risperidone, an risperidone or idazoxan (1.0–1000 mmol/L) in the FC dose- antipsychotic drug with high affinity for dependently increased dialysate levels of 5-HT in this m 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A and dopamine (DA)2 region. On the other hand, risperidone 25-800 g/kg, IV) a a receptors, as well as for 1- and 2-adrenoceptors, enhances dose-dependently decreased the firing rate of 5-HT cells in 5-HT metabolism selectively in the rat frontal cortex (FC). the DRN, an effect that was largely antagonized by To further study the influence of risperidone on central pretreatment with the selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist 5-HT systems, we compared its effects on dialysate 5-HT in WAY 100,635 (5.0 mg/kg, IV). These results indicate that the FC, as assessed by microdialysis, with those obtained the risperidone-increased 5-HT output in the FC may be a with other antipsychotic drugs, i.e., clozapine, haloperidol, related to its 2-adrenoceptor antagonistic action, a a and amperozide, as well as with the selective 2- or 5-HT2A property shared with both amperozide and idazoxan, and receptor antagonists idazoxan or MDL 100,907, that this action probably is executed at the nerve terminal respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Orientation to the Therapeutics of Psychiatric Disorders
    Article NIMHANS Journal A New Orientation to the Therapeutics of Psychiatric Disorders Volume: 14 Issue: 04 October 1996 Page: 249-261 N Pradhan, - Department of Psychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences, Bangalore 560 029, India Abstract In the context of advances in our knowledge of cellular and molecular neurobiology, the therapeutics of psychiatric disorders demands a new orientation. It is surprising that despite considerable advances in neurobiology, our comprehension of neural basis of behaviour, and hence abnormal states of mind encountered in clinical psychiatry practice, remains rudimentary. The current pharmacological management of psychiatric disorders are vastly empirical in nature. The neurobiological strategy to understand behavioural problems or deducing the etiology of psychiatric illnesses from the specificity of drug action is as misleading as deducing the etiology of enteric fever from the action of antipyretic drugs. The current successes of broad spectrum drugs in the management of intractable disorders like schizophrenia, has freshened the debate on the role of multiple-interacting neurochemical systems underlying the behavioural dysfunctions. Against this background, this review paper aims to generate a new perspective for psychopharmacology research. The prototype psychiatric disorders and pharmacological agents used in their treatment are discussed. Some of the newer drugs in experimental stages are also included in this topic. This new orientation marks the end of one generation of view that advocated neurochemical specificity of drug action in the treatment of psychiatric illness. This may also herald the beginning of the emergence of a comprehensive, global and holistic view of brain, behaviour and mental illness from the pharmacological view point.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmaceutical Appendix to the Tariff Schedule 2
    Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2007) (Rev. 2) Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE HARMONIZED TARIFF SCHEDULE Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2007) (Rev. 2) Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE TARIFF SCHEDULE 2 Table 1. This table enumerates products described by International Non-proprietary Names (INN) which shall be entered free of duty under general note 13 to the tariff schedule. The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry numbers also set forth in this table are included to assist in the identification of the products concerned. For purposes of the tariff schedule, any references to a product enumerated in this table includes such product by whatever name known. ABACAVIR 136470-78-5 ACIDUM LIDADRONICUM 63132-38-7 ABAFUNGIN 129639-79-8 ACIDUM SALCAPROZICUM 183990-46-7 ABAMECTIN 65195-55-3 ACIDUM SALCLOBUZICUM 387825-03-8 ABANOQUIL 90402-40-7 ACIFRAN 72420-38-3 ABAPERIDONUM 183849-43-6 ACIPIMOX 51037-30-0 ABARELIX 183552-38-7 ACITAZANOLAST 114607-46-4 ABATACEPTUM 332348-12-6 ACITEMATE 101197-99-3 ABCIXIMAB 143653-53-6 ACITRETIN 55079-83-9 ABECARNIL 111841-85-1 ACIVICIN 42228-92-2 ABETIMUSUM 167362-48-3 ACLANTATE 39633-62-0 ABIRATERONE 154229-19-3 ACLARUBICIN 57576-44-0 ABITESARTAN 137882-98-5 ACLATONIUM NAPADISILATE 55077-30-0 ABLUKAST 96566-25-5 ACODAZOLE 79152-85-5 ABRINEURINUM 178535-93-8 ACOLBIFENUM 182167-02-8 ABUNIDAZOLE 91017-58-2 ACONIAZIDE 13410-86-1 ACADESINE 2627-69-2 ACOTIAMIDUM 185106-16-5 ACAMPROSATE 77337-76-9
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0144429 A1 Wensley Et Al
    US 2014O144429A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0144429 A1 Wensley et al. (43) Pub. Date: May 29, 2014 (54) METHODS AND DEVICES FOR COMPOUND (60) Provisional application No. 61/887,045, filed on Oct. DELIVERY 4, 2013, provisional application No. 61/831,992, filed on Jun. 6, 2013, provisional application No. 61/794, (71) Applicant: E-NICOTINE TECHNOLOGY, INC., 601, filed on Mar. 15, 2013, provisional application Draper, UT (US) No. 61/730,738, filed on Nov. 28, 2012. (72) Inventors: Martin Wensley, Los Gatos, CA (US); Publication Classification Michael Hufford, Chapel Hill, NC (US); Jeffrey Williams, Draper, UT (51) Int. Cl. (US); Peter Lloyd, Walnut Creek, CA A6M II/04 (2006.01) (US) (52) U.S. Cl. CPC ................................... A6M II/04 (2013.O1 (73) Assignee: E-NICOTINE TECHNOLOGY, INC., ( ) Draper, UT (US) USPC ..................................................... 128/200.14 (21) Appl. No.: 14/168,338 (57) ABSTRACT 1-1. Provided herein are methods, devices, systems, and computer (22) Filed: Jan. 30, 2014 readable medium for delivering one or more compounds to a O O Subject. Also described herein are methods, devices, systems, Related U.S. Application Data and computer readable medium for transitioning a Smoker to (63) Continuation of application No. PCT/US 13/72426, an electronic nicotine delivery device and for Smoking or filed on Nov. 27, 2013. nicotine cessation. Patent Application Publication May 29, 2014 Sheet 1 of 26 US 2014/O144429 A1 FIG. 2A 204 -1 2O6 Patent Application Publication May 29, 2014 Sheet 2 of 26 US 2014/O144429 A1 Area liquid is vaporized Electrical Connection Agent O s 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Pjp4'2003.Vp:Corelventura
    Copyright © 2003 by Institute of Pharmacology Polish Journal of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences Pol. J. Pharmacol., 2003, 55, 543–552 ISSN 1230-6002 NOVEL 4-ALKYL-1-ARYLPIPERAZINES AND 1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDROISOQUINOLINES CONTAINING DIPHENYLMETHYLAMINO OR DIPHENYLMETHOXY FRAGMENT WITH DIFFERENTIATED 5-HT1A/5-HT2A/D2 RECEPTOR ACTIVITY Maria H. Paluchowska1,#, Maria J. Mokrosz 1, Sijka Charakchieva-Minol1, Beata Duszyñska1, Aneta Kozio³1, Anna Weso³owska2, Katarzyna Stachowicz2, Ewa Chojnacka-Wójcik2 Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of New Drugs Research, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smêtna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland Novel 4-alkyl-1-arylpiperazines and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines containing diphenylmethylamino or diphenylmethoxy fragment with dif- ferentiated 5-HT)/5-HT )/D receptor activity. M.H. PALUCHOWSKA, M.J. MOKROSZ , S. CHARAKCHIEVA-MINOL, B. DUSZYÑSKA, A. KOZIO£, A. WESO£OWSKA, K. STACHOWICZ, E. CHOJNACKA- WÓJCIK. Pol. J. Pharmacol., 2003, 55, 543–552. Two series of 4-alkyl-1-arylpiperazines (1–4) and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroiso- quinolines (5, 6) with diphenylmethylamino (series a) or diphenylmethoxy (series b) fragment were synthesized in order to obtain potential ligands of 5-HT) and/or 5-HT ) and dopamine D receptors. Four new arylpiperazi- nes (1a, 3a, 1b, 3b) were found to demonstrate high 5-HT) receptor affinity (KE = 1.5–35 nM); among them, 3a exhibited satisfactory 5-HT ) receptor affinity (KE = 74 nM). Only compounds 1b and 2b showed moderate affinity for D receptor sites (KE = 123 and 128 nM, respectively). Compounds 1a, 3a, 1b and 3b were investigated in vivo to determine their functional activity at 5-HT) receptors; additionally, 3a was tested for 5-HT ) receptor activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology Volume
    Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology Volume 212 Editor-in-Chief F.B. Hofmann, München Editorial Board J.A. Beavo, Seattle J.E. Barrett, Philadelphia D. Ganten, Berlin P. Geppetti, Florence M.C. Michel, Ingelheim C.P. Page, London W. Rosenthal, Berlin For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/164 . Gerhard Gross • Mark A. Geyer Editors Current Antipsychotics Editors Gerhard Gross Mark A. Geyer Abbott, Neuroscience Research, GPRD University of California San Diego Ludwigshafen, Germany Department of Psychiatry Institut fu¨r Pharmakologie La Jolla Universita¨t Duisburg-Essen California Universita¨tsklinikum Essen USA Essen Germany ISSN 0171-2004 ISSN 1865-0325 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-642-25760-5 ISBN 978-3-642-25761-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-25761-2 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012952465 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,158,152 B2 Palepu (45) Date of Patent: Apr
    US008158152B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,158,152 B2 Palepu (45) Date of Patent: Apr. 17, 2012 (54) LYOPHILIZATION PROCESS AND 6,884,422 B1 4/2005 Liu et al. PRODUCTS OBTANED THEREBY 6,900, 184 B2 5/2005 Cohen et al. 2002fOO 10357 A1 1/2002 Stogniew etal. 2002/009 1270 A1 7, 2002 Wu et al. (75) Inventor: Nageswara R. Palepu. Mill Creek, WA 2002/0143038 A1 10/2002 Bandyopadhyay et al. (US) 2002fO155097 A1 10, 2002 Te 2003, OO68416 A1 4/2003 Burgess et al. 2003/0077321 A1 4/2003 Kiel et al. (73) Assignee: SciDose LLC, Amherst, MA (US) 2003, OO82236 A1 5/2003 Mathiowitz et al. 2003/0096378 A1 5/2003 Qiu et al. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 2003/OO96797 A1 5/2003 Stogniew et al. patent is extended or adjusted under 35 2003.01.1331.6 A1 6/2003 Kaisheva et al. U.S.C. 154(b) by 1560 days. 2003. O191157 A1 10, 2003 Doen 2003/0202978 A1 10, 2003 Maa et al. 2003/0211042 A1 11/2003 Evans (21) Appl. No.: 11/282,507 2003/0229027 A1 12/2003 Eissens et al. 2004.0005351 A1 1/2004 Kwon (22) Filed: Nov. 18, 2005 2004/0042971 A1 3/2004 Truong-Le et al. 2004/0042972 A1 3/2004 Truong-Le et al. (65) Prior Publication Data 2004.0043042 A1 3/2004 Johnson et al. 2004/OO57927 A1 3/2004 Warne et al. US 2007/O116729 A1 May 24, 2007 2004, OO63792 A1 4/2004 Khera et al.
    [Show full text]
  • PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX to the HARMONIZED TARIFF SCHEDULE Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2008) (Rev
    Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2008) (Rev. 2) Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE HARMONIZED TARIFF SCHEDULE Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2008) (Rev. 2) Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE TARIFF SCHEDULE 2 Table 1. This table enumerates products described by International Non-proprietary Names (INN) which shall be entered free of duty under general note 13 to the tariff schedule. The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry numbers also set forth in this table are included to assist in the identification of the products concerned. For purposes of the tariff schedule, any references to a product enumerated in this table includes such product by whatever name known. ABACAVIR 136470-78-5 ACIDUM GADOCOLETICUM 280776-87-6 ABAFUNGIN 129639-79-8 ACIDUM LIDADRONICUM 63132-38-7 ABAMECTIN 65195-55-3 ACIDUM SALCAPROZICUM 183990-46-7 ABANOQUIL 90402-40-7 ACIDUM SALCLOBUZICUM 387825-03-8 ABAPERIDONUM 183849-43-6 ACIFRAN 72420-38-3 ABARELIX 183552-38-7 ACIPIMOX 51037-30-0 ABATACEPTUM 332348-12-6 ACITAZANOLAST 114607-46-4 ABCIXIMAB 143653-53-6 ACITEMATE 101197-99-3 ABECARNIL 111841-85-1 ACITRETIN 55079-83-9 ABETIMUSUM 167362-48-3 ACIVICIN 42228-92-2 ABIRATERONE 154229-19-3 ACLANTATE 39633-62-0 ABITESARTAN 137882-98-5 ACLARUBICIN 57576-44-0 ABLUKAST 96566-25-5 ACLATONIUM NAPADISILATE 55077-30-0 ABRINEURINUM 178535-93-8 ACODAZOLE 79152-85-5 ABUNIDAZOLE 91017-58-2 ACOLBIFENUM 182167-02-8 ACADESINE 2627-69-2 ACONIAZIDE 13410-86-1 ACAMPROSATE
    [Show full text]
  • Antipsychotics for Treatment of Delirium in Hospitalised Non-ICU Patients
    This is a repository copy of Antipsychotics for treatment of delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/132847/ Version: Published Version Article: Burry, Lisa, Mehta, S.R., Perreault, M.M et al. (6 more authors) (2018) Antipsychotics for treatment of delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. CD005594. ISSN 1469-493X https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005594.pub3 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Antipsychotics for treatment of delirium in hospitalised non- ICU patients (Review) Burry L, Mehta S, Perreault MM, Luxenberg JS, Siddiqi N, Hutton B, Fergusson DA, Bell C, Rose L Burry L, Mehta S, Perreault MM, Luxenberg JS, Siddiqi N, Hutton B, Fergusson DA, Bell C, Rose L. Antipsychotics for treatment of delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Naltrexone and Amperozide Modify Chocolate and Saccharin Drinking in High Alcohol-Preferring P Rats
    Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 407–413, 1998 © 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. Printed in the USA. All rights reserved 0091-3057/98 $19.00 1 .00 PII S0091-3057(97)00598-4 Naltrexone and Amperozide Modify Chocolate and Saccharin Drinking in High Alcohol-Preferring P Rats TIFFANY A. G. BIGGS AND R. D. MYERS Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858 Received 20 June 1996; Revised 31 October 1997; Accepted 12 November 1997 BIGGS, T. A. G. AND R. D. MYERS. Naltrexone and amperozide modify chocolate and saccharin drinking in high alcohol-preferring P rats. PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BEHAV 60(2) 407–413, 1998.—Previous studies showed that the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, amperozide, is somewhat more potent than the opiate antagonist, naltrexone, in reducing alcohol drinking in high alcohol-preferring (P) rats. The purpose of this study was to determine in the P rat whether the effect of ei- ther drug could be due, in part, to an alteration in gustatory function. In an unlimited, 24-h free choice paradigm, P rats were offered water simultaneously with either a highly palatable 0.1% saccharin solution or a 1:4 dilution of Nestlé Sweet Success chocolate drink. Throughout all phases of the study, the P rats always consumed significantly greater volumes of the choco- late drink than of the saccharin solution, i.e., 526 ml/kg vs. 181 ml/kg, respectively. Successive 12-day experimental periods consisted of three phases: a 4-day predrug control interval; 4 days of administration of saline control vehicle or either drug; and a final 4 day postdrug interval.
    [Show full text]
  • PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX to the HARMONIZED TARIFF SCHEDULE Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2008) (Rev
    Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2008) (Rev. 1) Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE HARMONIZED TARIFF SCHEDULE Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2008) (Rev. 1) Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE TARIFF SCHEDULE 2 Table 1. This table enumerates products described by International Non-proprietary Names (INN) which shall be entered free of duty under general note 13 to the tariff schedule. The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry numbers also set forth in this table are included to assist in the identification of the products concerned. For purposes of the tariff schedule, any references to a product enumerated in this table includes such product by whatever name known. ABACAVIR 136470-78-5 ACIDUM GADOCOLETICUM 280776-87-6 ABAFUNGIN 129639-79-8 ACIDUM LIDADRONICUM 63132-38-7 ABAMECTIN 65195-55-3 ACIDUM SALCAPROZICUM 183990-46-7 ABANOQUIL 90402-40-7 ACIDUM SALCLOBUZICUM 387825-03-8 ABAPERIDONUM 183849-43-6 ACIFRAN 72420-38-3 ABARELIX 183552-38-7 ACIPIMOX 51037-30-0 ABATACEPTUM 332348-12-6 ACITAZANOLAST 114607-46-4 ABCIXIMAB 143653-53-6 ACITEMATE 101197-99-3 ABECARNIL 111841-85-1 ACITRETIN 55079-83-9 ABETIMUSUM 167362-48-3 ACIVICIN 42228-92-2 ABIRATERONE 154229-19-3 ACLANTATE 39633-62-0 ABITESARTAN 137882-98-5 ACLARUBICIN 57576-44-0 ABLUKAST 96566-25-5 ACLATONIUM NAPADISILATE 55077-30-0 ABRINEURINUM 178535-93-8 ACODAZOLE 79152-85-5 ABUNIDAZOLE 91017-58-2 ACOLBIFENUM 182167-02-8 ACADESINE 2627-69-2 ACONIAZIDE 13410-86-1 ACAMPROSATE
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,304,431 B2 Buntinx (45) Date of Patent: *Nov
    USOO83 04431B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,304,431 B2 Buntinx (45) Date of Patent: *Nov. 6, 2012 (54) USE OF D4 AND 5-HT2A ANTAGONISTS, 5,955.459 A 9/1999 Bradley et al. NVERSEAGONSTS OR PARTAL 6,150,353 A 11/2000 Broekkamp et al. 6, 191,133 B1 2/2001 Coppen AGONSTS 6,300,354 B1 10/2001 Steiner et al. 6,358,698 B1 3/2002 Weiner et al. (75) Inventor: Erik Buntinx, Alken (BE) 6,486,153 B1 1 1/2002 Pineiro et al. 2002fOO86899 A1* 7/2002 Sanchez et al. ............... 514,469 2003/0032636 A1 2/2003 Cremers et al. (73) Assignee: PharmaNeuroBoost N.V., Alken (BE) 2004.0002482 A1 1/2004 Dudley et al. 2004/021381.6 A1 10/2004 Weiner et al. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 2004/0266790 A1 12/2004 Bartlet al. patent is extended or adjusted under 35 2005, 0119248 A1 6/2005 Buntinx 2005, 0119249 A1 6/2005 Buntinx U.S.C. 154(b) by 1007 days. 2005/01 19253 A1 6/2005 Buntinx This patent is Subject to a terminal dis 2005, 0148018 A1 7/2005 Weiner et al. 2005/0203130 A1 9, 2005 Buntinx claimer. 2005/0261278 A1 11/2005 Weiner et al. 2005/0261340 A1 11/2005 Weiner et al. (21) Appl. No.: 10/580,962 2005/0288328 A1 12/2005 Weiner et al. 2006, O199842 A1 9, 2006 Weiner et al. 2006/0264465 A1 11/2006 Weiner et al. (22) PCT Filed: Dec. 2, 2004 2006/0264466 A1 11/2006 Weiner et al.
    [Show full text]