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TURKISH IDENTITY: National Vs. State Identity in Turkey and Implications for U.S.-Turkey Relations

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TURKISH IDENTITY: National Vs. State Identity in Turkey and Implications for U.S.-Turkey Relations TURKISH IDENTITY: National vs. State Identity in Turkey and Implications for U.S.-Turkey Relations A Master’s Thesis by KARALYN EIDE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA, TURKEY June 2007 To Merissa, who allowed her big sister to be on the other side of the world for two years TURKISH IDENTITY: National vs. State Identity in Turkey and Implications for U.S.-Turkey Relations The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University By KARALYN EIDE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of MASTERS OF ARTS In THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA, TURKEY June 2007 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. …………………………………………………… Assistant Prof. Dr. Nur Bilge Criss Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. …………………………………………………… Assistant Prof. Dr. Paul Williams Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. …………………………………………………… Assistant Prof. Dr. Aylin Güney Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Science …………………………………………………… Prof. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT Lessons in Turkish Identity: National vs. State Identity in Turkey and Implications for U.S.-Turkey Relations Eide, Karalyn Department of International Relations Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Nur Bilge Criss May 2007 There is an abundance of oversimplified labels about Turkey, and this thesis attempts, with a strong angle toward history and patterns, to look deeper into Turkish identity. It will be argued that Turkey’s founder, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, packaged for the Turks an identity to which they could subscribe. The various components of this initial identity will be distinguished. The nation and state of Turkey overlapped nearly perfectly in the republic’s early years, and the goal was for them to stay so, with Turkey being a pure nation-state in the true sense of the word, but a detachment has developed. This is Turkey’s identity crisis, more than any political or social polarizations in the country today. American ignorance of Turkey’s identity has encouraged Turkish anti-Americanism. The two countries are supposedly ‘faithful allies’ on the political level, but what is understood (or rather misunderstood) on the public level does much relational harm. Mutual ignorance of each must be overcome between these two countries. The Kurdish problem will be discussed as an example of mutual misunderstanding. Keywords: Turkish identity, anti-Americanism, critical security studies, U.S.- Turkey relationship, geopolitics, strategy iii ÖZET Türk Kimli ğine Bakı ş: Türkiye'deki Ulus ve Devlet Kimli ği ve A.B.D- Türkiye İli şkilerine Etkisi Eide, Karalyn Uluslararası İli şkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yrdç Doç. Dr. Nur Bilge Criss Mayıs 2007 Türkiye hakkında fazla basitle ştirilmi ş bir çok etiket vardır. Bu tez tarih ve kalıplara bakarak Türk kimli ğine derinden bakmayı amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye'nin kurucusu Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün Türklerin onaylayabilece ği kimlik yarattı ğı iddia edilmektedir. Bu kimli ğin farklı yönleri ortaya koyulacaktır. Türkiye'nin kelimenin tam anlamıyla bir ulu devlet olmasıyla, Türk ulusu ve devleti cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında kusursuz bir şekilde çakı şmı ştır, ancak zamanla bir ayrılık geli şmi ştir. Politik ve sosyal kutupla şmalardan çok, Türkiye'nin kimlik sorunu budur. Amerika'nın Türkiye hakkındaki bilgisizli ği Türkiye'deki Amerikan dü şmanlı ğını körüklemi ştir. İki ülke politik düzeyde 'sadık müttefikler' olarak görülseler de, kamuoyu anlayı şı (ya da yanlı ş anlayı şı) ili şkilerde sorun yaratmaktadır. Bu kar şılıklı bilgisizlik ortadan kaldırılmalıdır. Bu yanlı ş anla şılmaya örnek olarak Kürt sorunu tartı şılacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türk kimli ği, Amerikan kar şıtlı ğı, kritik güvenlik çalı şmaları, A.B.D- Türkiye ili şkileri, jeopolitika, strateji iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my friends here at Bilkent, and especially in the dorm, for their friendship and the inspiration to write a thesis on this topic. Thanks especially to Aslı, for putting up patiently and gently with a high-energy American roommate, and to Derya, for being there for me from day one. This thesis could not have been done without my advisor, Nur Bilge Criss, and her extreme willingness to help. Her responses were often much quicker than I expected, and she opened my eyes to the depth of issues that once seemed so simple. Thank you also to Professor Pınar Bilgin, for a class that introduced me to identity studies, and to Professor Paul Williams for a highly detailed editing job. Thanks to my parents for raising an independent-minded and outgoing daughter who knew she could do anything if she set her mind to it. Mom, I know you are always “in my corner,” and Dad, you taught me that “girls are smarter than boys.” And to my stepdad Mike, you have faithfully rescued me from many a computer problem. Mike and Aimee have been a refuge and inspiration here in Turkey. Your hospitality, guidance, and cooking have been a true joy. Thanks to Jonathan for dropping everything to proofread this thesis and for always supplying me with coffee and encouragement from America. Although I never had a biological brother, you are as close as it gets. v Thank you to all my supporters back home who have sent everything from emails to peanut butter. I have been so uplifted by friends and family back in the states, and could not have done this without you. And extra special thanks to those who visited me— Linz and Katie, Melanie and Merissa, Cara and Chris. Your visits meant the world to me. Last but not least, thanks to Forrest for everywhere we have been and all we have done together since that long walk around the Washington memorials. This experience and my life have been immensely enriched by you. Thanks for the magic carpet ride. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................iii ÖZET ................................................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................ v TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Literature Review...................................................................................................... 2 1.2 The Aim of Research ................................................................................................ 7 1.3 Précis......................................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Structure.................................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Sources.................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2: THE CONCEPT OF IDENTITY .............................................................. 11 2.1 Identity Defined and Formulated............................................................................ 13 2.2 State vs. National .................................................................................................... 15 2.3 Identity Changeability............................................................................................. 18 2.4 Identity, Nationalism, and Culture.......................................................................... 21 2.5 Family, Race, Ethnicity........................................................................................... 22 2.6 Why Identity?.......................................................................................................... 25 2.7 Eight Reasons.......................................................................................................... 27 2.8 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 32 CHAPTER 3: THE NATION ARISES ............................................................................ 34 3.1 The Late Ottoman Empire ...................................................................................... 34 3.2 Young Kemal.......................................................................................................... 37 3.3 The Partition............................................................................................................ 38 3.4 The Resistance ........................................................................................................ 40 3.5 Victory and Independence ...................................................................................... 42 3.6 Kemal’s Creation , or Kemal’s Modification ? ........................................................ 45 3.7 Packaging—What to package................................................................................. 50 3.7.1 Nationalism.....................................................................................................
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