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The Astrometric Core Solution for the Gaia Mission Overview of Models, Algorithms and Software Implementation

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The Astrometric Core Solution for the Gaia Mission Overview of Models, Algorithms and Software Implementation Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. aa17905-11 c ESO 2018 October 30, 2018 The astrometric core solution for the Gaia mission Overview of models, algorithms and software implementation L. Lindegren1, U. Lammers2, D. Hobbs1, W. O’Mullane2, U. Bastian3, and J. Hernandez´ 2 1 Lund Observatory, Lund University, Box 43, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden e-mail: Lennart.Lindegren, [email protected] 2 European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), P.O. Box (Apdo. de Correos) 78, ES-28691 Villanueva de la Canada,˜ Madrid, Spain e-mail: Uwe.Lammers, William.OMullane, [email protected] 3 Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum fur¨ Astronomie der Universitat¨ Heidelberg, Monchhofstr.¨ 12–14, DE-69120 Heidelberg, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Received 17 August 2011 / Accepted 25 November 2011 ABSTRACT Context. The Gaia satellite will observe about one billion stars and other point-like sources. The astrometric core solution will determine the astrometric parameters (position, parallax, and proper motion) for a subset of these sources, using a global solution approach which must also include a large number of parameters for the satellite attitude and optical instrument. The accurate and efficient implementation of this solution is an extremely demanding task, but crucial for the outcome of the mission. Aims. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the mathematical and physical models applicable to this solution, as well as its numerical and algorithmic framework. Methods. The astrometric core solution is a simultaneous least-squares estimation of about half a billion parameters, including the astrometric parameters for some 100 million well-behaved so-called primary sources. The global nature of the solution requires an iterative approach, which can be broken down into a small number of distinct processing blocks (source, attitude, calibration and global updating) and auxiliary processes (including the frame rotator and selection of primary sources). We describe each of these processes in some detail, formulate the underlying models, from which the observation equations are derived, and outline the adopted numerical solution methods with due consideration of robustness and the structure of the resulting system of equations. Appendices provide brief introductions to some important mathematical tools (quaternions and B-splines for the attitude representation, and a modified Cholesky algorithm for positive semidefinite problems) and discuss some complications expected in the real mission data. Results. A complete software system called AGIS (Astrometric Global Iterative Solution) is being built according to the methods described in the paper. Based on simulated data for 2 million primary sources we present some initial results, demonstrating the basic mathematical and numerical validity of the approach and, by a reasonable extrapolation, its practical feasibility in terms of data management and computations for the real mission. Key words. Astrometry – Methods: data analysis – Methods: numerical – Space vehicles: instruments 1. Introduction sion, now in the final integration phase with EADS Astrium as prime contractor, is no longer an interferometer but has retained The space astrometry mission Gaia, planned to be launched by the name Gaia, which is thus no acronym. For some brief but the European Space Agency (ESA) in 2013, will determine accu- up-to-date overviews of the mission, see Lindegren et al. (2008) rate astrometric data for about one billion objects in the magni- and Lindegren (2010). The scientific case is most comprehen- tude range from 6 to 20. Accuracies of 8–25 micro-arcsec (µas) sively described in the proceedings of the conference The Three- are typically expected for the trigonometric parallaxes, positions Dimensional Universe with Gaia (Turon et al. 2005). at mean epoch, and annual proper motions of simple (i.e., ap- arXiv:1112.4139v1 [astro-ph.IM] 18 Dec 2011 parently single) stars down to 15th magnitude. The astrometric In parallel with the industrial development of the satellite, data are complemented by photometric and spectroscopic infor- the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC; mation collected with dedicated instruments on board the Gaia Mignard et al. 2008) is charged with the task of developing satellite. The mission will result in an astronomical database and running a complete data processing system for analysing of unprecedented scope, accuracy and completeness becoming the satellite data and constructing the resulting database (‘Gaia available to the scientific community around 2021. Catalogue’). This task is extremely difficult due to the large The original interferometric concept for a successor mission quantities of data involved, the complex relationships between to Hipparcos, called GAIA (Global Astrometric Interferometer different kinds of data (astrometric, photometric, spectroscopic) for Astrophysics), was described by Lindegren & Perryman as well as between data collected at different epochs, the need (1996) but has since evolved considerably by the incorporation for complex yet efficient software systems, and the interaction of novel ideas (Høg 2008) and as a result of industrial studies and sustained support of many individuals and groups over an conducted under ESA contracts (Perryman et al. 2001). The mis- extended period of time. 2 L. Lindegren et al.: The astrometric core solution for the Gaia mission A fundamental part of the data processing task is the astro- dimension: a 2 Rn. In the coordinate system whose axes are metric core solution, currently under development in DPAC’s aligned with unit vectors x, y, and z, the components of the ar- 0 0 Coordination Unit 3 (CU3), ‘Core Processing’. Mathematically, bitrary vector a are given by ax = x a, ay = y a, and az = the astrometric core solution is a simultaneous determination of z0 a; if the coordinate system is represented by the vector triad a very large number of unknowns representing three kinds of S = x y z, these components are given by the column matrix information: (i) the astrometric parameters for a subset of the S0 a (cf. Appendix A in Murray 1983). This notation, although observed stars, representing the astrometric reference frame; (ii) perhaps unfamiliar to many readers, provides a convenient and the instrument attitude, representing the accurate celestial point- unambiguous framework for representing and transforming spa- ing of the instrument axes in that reference frame as a function of tial vectors in different coordinate systems. For a vector-valued time; and (iii) the geometric instrument calibration, representing function f(x), @ f=@x0 denotes the dim( f)×dim(x) matrix whose the mapping from pixels on the CCD detectors to angular direc- (i; j)th element is @ fi=@x j. Quaternions follow their own algebra tions relative to the instrument axes. Although the astrometric (see Appendix A for a brief introduction) and must not be con- core solution is only made for a subset of the stars, the result- fused with vectors/matrices; quaternions are therefore denoted ing celestial reference frame, attitude and instrument calibration by bold Roman characters (a). When taking a derivative with are fundamental inputs for the processing of all observations. respect to the quaternion a, @x=@a denotes the 4 × 1 matrix of Optionally, a fourth kind of unknowns, the global parameters, derivatives with respect to the quaternion components; @x=@a0 may be introduced to describe for example a hypothetical devia- is the transposed matrix. Tables of acronyms and variables are tion from General Relativity. provided in Appendix E. We use the term ‘source’ to denote any astronomical object that Gaia detects and observes as a separate entity. The vast ma- jority of the Gaia sources are ordinary stars, many of them close 2. Outline of the approach binaries or the components of wide systems, but some are non- stellar (for example asteroids and quasars). Nearly everywhere The astrometric principles for Gaia were outlined already in the in this paper, one can substitute ‘star’ for ‘source’ without dis- Hipparcos Catalogue (ESA 1997, Vol. 3, Ch. 23) where, based tortion; however, for consistency with established practice in the on the accumulated experience of the Hipparcos mission, a view Gaia community we use ‘source’ throughout. was cast to the future. The general principle of a global astromet- While the total number of distinct sources that will be ob- ric data analysis was succinctly formulated as the minimization served by Gaia is estimated to slightly more than one billion, problem: obs calc min k f − f (s; n)k M ; (1) only a subset of them shall be used in the astrometric core so- s; n lution. This subset, known as the ‘primary sources’, is selected to be astrometrically well-behaved (see Sect. 6.2) and consists with a slight change of notation to adapt to the present paper. of (effectively) single stars and extragalactic sources (quasars Here s is the vector of unknowns (parameters) describing the and AGNs) that are sufficiently stable and point-like. We as- barycentric motions of the ensemble of sources used in the as- sume here that the number of primary sources is about 108, i.e., trometric solution, and n is a vector of ‘nuisance parameters’ roughly one tenth of the total number of objects, although in the describing the instrument and other incidental factors which are end it is possible that an even larger number will be used. not of direct interest for the astronomical problem but are never- In comparison with many other parts of the Gaia data pro- theless required for realistic modelling of the data. The observa- cessing, the astrometric core solution is in principle simple, tions are represented by the vector f obs which could for example mainly because it only uses a subset of the observations (namely, contain the measured detector coordinates of all the stellar im- those of the primary sources), which can be accurately modelled ages at specific times. f calc(s; n) is the observation model, e.g., in a relatively straightforward way.
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