Assessment of the Extra-Enteric Behavior of Fecal Indicator Organisms in Ambient Waters
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Pathogens and Indicators in United States Class B Biosolids: National and Historic Distributions
Technical TECHNICALreports: W REPORTSaste Management Pathogens and Indicators in United States Class B Biosolids: National and Historic Distributions Ian L. Pepper* University of Arizona John P. Brooks USDA–ARS Ryan G. Sinclair Loma Linda University Patrick L. Gurian Drexel University Charles P. Gerba University of Arizona ewage sludge is defined as “the solid, semisolid, or liquid resi- This paper reports on a major study of the incidence of due generated during the treatment of domestic sewage in a indicator organisms and pathogens found within Class B S biosolids within 21 samplings from 18 wastewater treatment treatment works.” In contrast, biosolids, as defined by a National plants across the United States. This is the first major study Research Council Committee (2002) that addressed the health of its kind since the promulgation of the USEPA Part 503 effects of biosolids, is the term given to the end product that Rule in 1993, and includes samples before and after the Part results from treatment of sewage sludge to meet the land-appli- 503 Rule was promulgated. National distributions collected cation standards of the USEPA Part 503 Rule (USEPA, 1993). between 2005 and 2008 show that the incidence of bacterial and viral pathogens in Class B mesophilic, anaerobically Depending on the level of treatment, two classes of biosol- digested biosolids were generally low with the exception of ids are produced: Class A biosolids (higher level of treatment- adenoviruses, which were more prevalent than enteric viruses. processes designed to further reduce pathogens), which contain No Ascaris ova were detected in any sample. In contrast, no detectable levels of pathogens in 4 g of dry solids; or Class B indicator organism numbers were uniformly high, regardless of biosolids (lower level of treatment-processes designed to reduce whether they were bacteria (fecal coliforms) or viruses (phage). -
Lesson 2 - Aquatic Indicator Organisms
Lesson 2 - Aquatic Indicator Organisms Authors: VOCABULARY Marysa Nicholson, Muhlenberg College Laurie Rosenberg, Muhlenberg College Abdomen – The back section of the body Ted Shaffer, Liberty High School behind the thorax in an arthropod. Grade Level: 5-8 Lesson Time: Two 50 minute sessions Appendages – Structures growing from the Suggested Class Structure: whole class body, such as arms and legs. lecture/slide presentation, small collaborative group work Carnivore – A meat eater. Subject Areas: Science Field guide – A manual for identifying natural objects, plants or animals in the field BACKGROUND Freshwater – Clean, unpolluted water See slide show text without salinity (as opposed to salt water) starting on page 41. Gill – In water-dwelling creatures, a breathing organ that extracts oxygen. GOAL Invertebrate – Animals without backbones. Students will learn the key characteristics of Examples include insects, worms, spiders, the general types of aquatic organisms. They crayfish and sowbugs. will gain the observation and identification skills to be able to use a key to aquatic Larva – Immature form of an animal that is organisms. They will develop an physically very different from the adult. understanding of why the presence of certain aquatic organisms indicate the ecological Organisms – A living thing. This term refers conditions of the habitat in which they are to all animals, plants, algae, bacteria, fungus found. and all one-celled creatures. Parasite – An organism that lives by getting OBJECTIVES benefit from the life processes of another The students shall: organism, usually doing hard to the organism from which it gets benefit. 1. List the three main types of aquatic indicator organisms and their Segmented – One of the constituent parts into characteristics. -
Indices of Food Sanitary Quality and Sanitizers
Indices of food sanitary quality and sanitizers Dr Vandana Sharma PHD, science INTRODUCTION Food quality and safety are important consumer requirements. Indicator organisms can be employed to reflect the microbiological quality of foods relative to product shelf life or their safety from foodborne pathogens. In general, indicators are most often used to assess food sanitation. Three groups of microorganisms are commonly tested for and used as indicators of overall food quality and the hygienic conditions present during food processing, and, to a lesser extent, as a marker or index of the potential presence of pathogens (i.e. food safety): coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli; also a coliform) and Enterobacteriaceae. Microbiological indicator organisms can be used to monitor hygienic conditions in food production. The presence of specific bacteria, yeasts or molds is an indicator of poor hygiene and a potential microbiological contamination. Index Microorganisms ➢ Microbiological criteria for food safety which defines an appropriately selected microorganism as an index microorganisms suggest the possibility of a microbial hazard without actually testing for specific pathogens. ➢ Index organisms signal the increased likelihood of a pathogen originating from the same source as the index organism and thus serve a predictive function. ➢ Higher levels of index organisms may (in certain circumstances), correlate with a greater probability of an enteric pathogen(s) being present. ➢ The absence of the index organism does not always mean that the food is free from enteric pathogens. Indicator Microorganisms The presence of indicator microorganisms in foods can be used to: ➢ assess the adequacy of a heating process designed to inactivate vegetative bacteria, therefore indicating process failure or success; ➢ assess the hygienic status of the production environment and processing conditions; ➢ assess the risk of post-processing contamination; assess the overall quality of the food product. -
Chapter 1. Safe Drinking Water: an Ongoing Challenge
Chapter 1 SAFE DRINKING WATER: AN ONGOING CHALLENGE G.J. Medema, P. Payment, A. Dufour, W. Robertson, M. Waite, P. Hunter, R. Kirby and Y. Andersson 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Outbreaks of waterborne disease The microbiological quality of drinking water is a concern to consumers, water suppliers, regulators and public health authorities alike. The potential of drinking water to transport microbial pathogens to great numbers of people, causing subsequent illness, is well documented in countries at all levels of economic development. The outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in 1993 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the United States provides a good example. It was estimated that about 400 000 individuals suffered from gastrointestinal symptoms due, in a large proportion of cases, to Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite (MacKenzie et al., 1994), although subsequent reports suggest that this may be a significant overestimation (Hunter and Syed, 2001). More recent outbreaks have involved E. coli O157:H7, the most serious of which occurred in Walkerton, Ontario Canada in the spring of 2000 and resulted in six deaths and over 2 300 cases (Bruce-Grey-Owen Sound Health Unit, 2000). The number of outbreaks that has been reported throughout the world demonstrates that transmission of pathogens by drinking water remains a significant cause of illness. However, estimates of illness based solely on detected outbreaks is likely to underestimate the problem. A significant proportion of waterborne illness is likely to go undetected by the communicable disease surveillance and reporting systems. The symptoms of gastrointestinal illness (nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain) are usually mild and generally only last a few days to a week, and only a small percentage of those affected will see a doctor. -
Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water
Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water IMPROVING APPROACHES AND METHODS Published on behalf of the World Health Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development by This book is one of a series of texts developed to support the development of microbial aspects in the third edition of WHO's Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality and to provide guidance to policy-makers, regulators and practitioners in aspects of planning and implementation. The other volumes include: • Protecting groundwater for health: managing the quality of drinking-water sources • Protecting surface water for health: managing the quality of drinking-water sources • Water quality and drinking-water treatment: the impact of treatment processes on microbial water quality and occurrence of pathogens and indicators in surface waters • Microbial water quality in piped distribution systems: a review of knowledge and practice • Managing water in the home: accelerating health gains from improved water quality • Water safety plans: managing public water supplies for safety Other texts of direct relevance include: From WHO • Water Quality: Guidelines, standards and health • Legionella and the prevention of legionellosis • A separate series of texts deals with emerging issues in water and infectious disease • Pathogenic mycobacteria in water • Hazard characterization for pathogens in food and water (WHO and FAO) • Quantifying public health risks in the Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality: a burden of disease approach From OECD • OECD Proceedings. Biotechnology for water use and conservation: The Mexico '96 Workshop (1997) • The price of water: trends in OECD countries (1999) • Molecular technologies for safe drinking water (1998) (available at http://www.oecd.org/pdf/M000014000/M00014623.pdf) • Drinking water and infectious disease: establishing the links (co-published by IWA, 2002) FOREWORD Inadequate drinking water supply and quality and poor sanitation are among the world’s major causes of preventable morbidity and mortality. -
7 Microbial Aspects
7 Microbial aspects he greatest risk from microbes in water is associated with consumption of Tdrinking-water that is contaminated with human and animal excreta, although other sources and routes of exposure may also be significant. This chapter focuses on organisms for which there is evidence, from outbreak studies or from prospective studies in non-outbreak situations, of disease being caused by ingestion of drinking-water, inhalation of droplets or contact with drinking-water; and their control. 7.1 Microbial hazards associated with drinking-water Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites (e.g., proto- zoa and helminths) are the most common and widespread health risk associated with drinking-water. The public health burden is determined by the severity of the illness(es) associated with pathogens, their infectivity and the population exposed. Breakdown in water supply safety may lead to large-scale contamination and potentially to detectable disease outbreaks. Other breakdowns and low-level, poten- tially repeated contamination may lead to significant sporadic disease, but is unlikely to be associated with the drinking-water source by public health surveillance. Quantified risk assessment can assist in understanding and managing risks, espe- cially those associated with sporadic disease. 7.1.1 Waterborne infections The pathogens that may be transmitted through contaminated drinking-water are diverse. Table 7.1 and Figure 7.1 provide general information on pathogens that are of relevance for drinking-water supply management. The spectrum changes in response to variables such as increases in human and animal populations, escalating use of wastewater, changes in lifestyles and medical interventions, population move- ment and travel and selective pressures for new pathogens and mutants or recombi- nations of existing pathogens. -
Monitoring for Microbial Pathogens and Indicators
Through the National Nonpoint Source Monitoring Program (NNPSMP), states monitor and evaluate a subset of watershed projects funded by the Clean Water Act Section 319 Nonpoint Source Control Program. The program has two major objectives: 1. To scientifically evaluate the effectiveness of watershed technologies designed to control nonpoint source pollution September 2013 Revised, originally published August 2013 2. To improve our understanding of nonpoint source pollution Donald W. Meals, Jon B. Harcum, and Steven A. Dressing. 2013. Monitoring for microbial pathogens and indicators. Tech Notes 9, NNPSMP Tech Notes is a series of publications that shares this unique September 2013. Developed for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency research and monitoring effort. It offers guidance on data collection, by Tetra Tech, Inc., Fairfax, VA, 29 p. Available online at https://www.epa. implementation of pollution control technologies, and monitoring design, gov/polluted-runoff-nonpoint-source-pollution/nonpoint-source-monitoring- as well as case studies that illustrate principles in action. technical-notes. Monitoring for Microbial Pathogens and Indicators Introduction The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) 2010 A 1993 outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in National Water Quality Assessment lists pathogens (including Milwaukee is the largest waterborne disease indicators) as the leading cause of impairment for rivers and outbreak ever reported in the U.S. An streams, the number two cause of wetland impairment, and the estimated 400,000 people were reported ill. High tributary flows into Lake Michigan third-ranked cause of impairments in the nation’s bays and estuaries because of rain and snow runoff may have (USEPA 2012b). Pathogens have been the focus of more than transported the parasites great distances 11,000 total maximum daily load (TMDL) determinations since into the lake from its watershed, and from there to the water plant intake. -
Sanitary Parasitology
:+2(0&(+( ,QWHJUDWHG*XLGH7R 6DQLWDU\3DUDVLWRORJ\ :RUOG+HDOWK2UJDQL]DWLRQ 5HJLRQDO2I¿FHIRUWKH(DVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ 5HJLRQDO&HQWUHIRU(QYLURQPHQWDO+HDOWK$FWLYLWLHV $PPDQ±-RUGDQ WHO-EM/CEH/121/E INTEGRATED GUIDE TO SANITARY PARASITOLOGY World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Centre for Environmental Health Activities Amman – Jordan 2004 WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data WHO Regional Centre for Environmental Health Activities Integrated Guide to Sanitary Parasitology / WHO Regional Centre for Environmental Health Activities. p. 119 1. Sanitary parasitology – guidelines 2. Environmental health 3. Parasitic helminth 4. Water microbiology I. Title (ISBN 92-9021-386-8) [NLM Classification WA 671] © World Health Organization 2004 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Distribution and Sales, World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, PO Box 7608, Nasr City, Cairo 11371, Egypt (tel: +202 670 2535, fax: +202 670 2492; email: [email protected]). -