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Geraldo Barbosa Neto.Pdf PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP GERALDO BARBOSA NETO AS CIÊNCIAS QUE OS ASTROS ASSINALARAM: uma abordagem histórico- filosófica do universo de conhecimento de Abraham Zacuto (1478-1496) MESTRADO EM HISTÓRIA São Paulo 2012 PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP GERALDO BARBOSA NETO AS CIÊNCIAS QUE OS ASTROS ASSINALARAM: uma abordagem histórico- filosófica do universo de conhecimento de Abraham Zacuto (1478-1496) Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para a obtenção do título de MESTRE em História, sob a orientação da Professora Doutora Maria Odila da Silva Dias. São Paulo 2012 COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------ À minha esposa Michele e à minha filha Samya, de quem obtive inspiração para a realização deste trabalho. AGRADECIMENTOS À minha família pelo apoio, compreensão e paciência. Aos meus colegas que partilharam comigo as angústias e expectativas que cercam uma pesquisa histórica e cujo este estudo apresenta em alguns trechos o desenvolvimento de algumas de suas gentis contribuições e comentários. Aos professores que acompanharam esta investigação e a enriqueceram com sua experiência de pesquisa, em especial, à professora Maria Odila da Silva Dias, que com sua notável erudição, simplicidade, gentileza e admirável bom humor, me proporcionou o contato com uma historiografia que possibilitou abordar o tema desta pesquisa em uma nova perspectiva, e me despertou para um campo histórico no qual – acredito – me encontrei como historiador. “Vai-se falar de astrologia [...], e falar de astrologia comporta seus riscos, ou pelo menos o risco de quem nos ouve poder pensar, sem que lhe possa negar tal direito, que a escolha do tema denuncia quem a fez como astrólogo [...]. E é por isso que desejo declarar desde já formalmente a todos vós que não sou astrólogo! Não sou astrólogo, repito, mas também não sou nada severo no julgamento dos homens que até o Renascimento acreditaram no poder da astrologia [...]”. (Luís de Albuquerque, Estudos de História, Volume I) GERALDO BARBOSA NETO AS CIÊNCIAS QUE OS ASTROS ASSINALARAM: uma abordagem histórico- filosófica do universo de conhecimento de Abraham Zacuto (1478-1496) RESUMO Esta pesquisa objetiva elucidar Abraham Zacuto (1452-1515) através de seus tratados astrológicos, refletindo criticamente sobre a imagem de astrônomo e matemático que a historiografia lhe atribuiu por via das tábuas astronômicas de seu Almanach Perpetuum, buscando situá-lo na época em que a nova ciência experimental do renascimento ainda convivia com os estudos da astrologia. Entre os estudos realizados sobre Zacuto, predominou a teoria na qual ele integrava uma junta de matemáticos que, sob o mecenato dos monarcas portugueses, procurava soluções para a navegação no Atlântico Sul. Ela se sustentava no Almanach Perpetuum, destacando seus cálculos e suas tabulações do movimento solar. O grande número de fólios desse tratado que não confirmavam essa teoria e as demais obras de Zacuto não despertaram o interesse dos pesquisadores. Esta pesquisa preenche essa lacuna. O repertório intelectual de Abraham Zacuto é examinado sob a premissa de que no conjunto de seus tratados ganharia expressão um conhecimento diferente da ciência náutica portuguesa. O conteúdo de sua sciencia de la astronomia abrangia uma filosofia natural milenar, uma prática médica misturada à astrologia, uma cosmologia corroborada pela literatura cabalística e prognósticos astrológicos. As obras de Abraham Zacuto se comunicavam. Suas tábuas astronômicas sustentavam uma interpretação dos fenômenos terrenos pelos astros. Uma imagem do universo antiga, adornada por proposições cabalísticas as estruturava. Palavras chave: Abraham Zacuto, Ciências, Renascimento. ABSTRACT This research aims to elucidate Abraham Zacuto (1452-1515) through his astrological treatises, thinking critically about the image of astronomer and mathematician who historiography attributed to him just in astronomical tables of his Almanach Perpetuum, and looking for to place him in an experimental science that coexisted with the studies of astrology. Among the studies on Zacuto, the predominant theory in which he was part of a joint mathematicians who, under the patronage of Portuguese monarchs, seeking solutions for navigation in the South Atlantic. It relied on Almanach Perpetuum and in their calculations and tabulations of solar motion. There are a large number of folios this treaty that did not support this theory and other works of Zacuto not aroused the interest of researchers. This research fills this gap. The intellectual repertoire of Abraham Zacuto is examined under the assumption that he expresses in his treatises a different knowledge of Portuguese nautical science. The content of his sciencia de la astronomia it covered an ancient natural philosophy, a medical practice mixed with astrology, a cosmology supported by astrological predictions and Kabbalistic literature. There is communication between the studies of Zacuto. Their tables supported the interpretation of earthly phenomena by the stars. An old picture of the universe, adorned by the cabalistic propositions structured it. Keywords: Abraham Zacuto, Sciences, Renaissance. LISTA DE FIGURAS FIGURA 01 - Tábuas do ha-Hibbur ha-Gadol (O Grande Compêndio), obra escrita por Zacuto, em 1478........................................................ 25 FIGURA 02 - Assinatura de Abraham Zacuto em hebraico.............................. 30 FIGURA 03 - Selo de José Vizinho no final do Almanach Perpetuum, editado em Leiria, em 1496...................................................................... 32 FIGURA 04 - Primeira tábua da De animodar ptholomei. Tabula more infantis in utero matris................................................................. 44 FIGURA 05 - Tábua dos eclipses lunares e solares previstos para o período entre 1493 e 1523....................................................................... 51 FIGURA 06 - Trechos retirados e adaptados do Almanach Perpetuum, fólio 52 163.............................................................................................. FIGURA 07 - Trechos retirados e adaptados do Almanach Perpetuum, fólio 52 163.............................................................................................. FIGURA 08 - Título Mandado de D. João II para Rui Gil pagar 10 espadins de ouro a Rabi Abraão Zacuto.................................................... 64 FIGURA 09 - Capa do Almanach Perpetuum traduzido em Portugal............... 65 FIGURA 10 - Tabula prima solis cuium radix e anno 1473............................... 66 FIGURA 11 - Residuum tabule prime Solis....................................................... 67 FIGURA 12 - Tabula secunda Solis.................................................................. 68 FIGURA 13 - Residuum tabule Solis secunde.................................................. 69 FIGURA 14 - Tabula tertia solis........................................................................ 70 FIGURA 15 Residuum tabule tertie Solis........................................................ 71 FIGURA 16 - Tabula quarta solis...................................................................... 72 FIGURA 17 - Residuum tabule quarte Solis..................................................... 73 FIGURA 18 - Tabula declinationis planetas y solis ab eqnotiali........................ 74 FIGURA 19 - Primeira tábua da Tabula more infantis in utero matris............... 75 FIGURA 20 - Segunda tábua da Tabula more infantis in utero matris.............. 76 FIGURA 21 - Terceira tábua da Tabula more infantis in utero matris............... 77 FIGURA 22 - Tabulas dos eclipses lunares e solares...................................... 78 FIGURA 23 - Último fólio do Almanach Perpetuum.......................................... 79 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO............................................................................................... 10 1 DO BICO DA PENA DE ABRAHAM ZACUTO ÀS MATRIZES DA IM- PRENSA MODERNA..................................................................................... 22 1.1 O ha-Hibbur ha-Gaddol (O Grande Compêndio)............................................ 22 1.2 O Tratado breue de las ynfluencias del cielo.................................................. 27 1.3 O De los eclipses del sol y la luna.................................................................. 30 1.4 O Almanach Perpetuum: a tradução do ha-Hibbur ha-Gaddol em Portugal........................................................................................................... 29 1.5 O Mishpetei ha ‘istagnin (Juízos do astrólogo)............................................... 32 2. A ASTROLOGIA, O ALMANAQUE E O DOMÍNIO DO MUNDO NATU- RAL................................................................................................................. 36 2.1 O ASTRÓLOGO E O SEMEADOR................................................................. 36 2.2 O ALMANAQUE E A ARTE DE INTERPRETAR OS CÉUS........................... 38 2.3 O ALMANACH PERPETUUM E AS INFLUÊNCIAS CELESTES..................................................................................................... 41 3. LETRAS E NÚMEROS DO LIVRO DO MUNDO........................................... 45 3.1 GEMATRIA....................................................................................................
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