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Water Resources Management and Water Quality, Case of Bhopal

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Water Resources Management and Water Quality, Case of Bhopal International Conference on Chemical, Ecology and Environmental Sciences (ICEES'2012) march 17-18, 2012 Bangkok Water Resources Management and Water Quality, case of Bhopal Ar. Kavita Dehalwar and Dr. Jagdish Singh drains through a spillway at bhadbhada into kaliasto river Abstract—Surface water systems are facing significant finally discharging into Yamuna river through betwa river disturbances and pollution due to the increasing urbanization in .the lower lake has a catchment area of 9.6km and water India. Surface water management in India has been defined as spread area of 1.3km .The lower lake receives its inflow partly rational utilization of land and water, Bhoj wetland comprising of as seepage from the upper lake and from a number of nallas upper and lower lake of Bhopal city is experiencing severe environmental problems such as change in landuse pattern around and perennially spills over a waste water into nalla that leads lakes, pollutant land, growth of macrophytes, eutrophication due to to hahli nadi ultimately to the yamuna river. organic enrichment. Since, the upper lake is the main source of Lower lake that is located in the heart of the city and drinking water to urbanites of Bhopal. It is essential to manage this flanked by commercial area, though not used as a source of lake from extinction siltation and also for the improvement and drinking water, is closely associated with daily life of the restoration of their suitable environment. citizens. Pollution of the lower lake due to unchecked inflow of solid and liquid waste from its urban catchmen has become I. INTRODUCTION alarming high beside heavy siltation at the nalla inlets. The ATER is likely to be the major bone of contention Lower lake, locally known as Chhota Talab (Small Lake), is W between various nations in the 21st Century. Its situated towards the east end of Upper lake and is fully alarming depletion and increasing consumption at the global, surrounded by built-up areas. This lake was created in 1794 national and regional levels are soon going to make it one of AD by Nawab Chhote Khan, Minister of Nawab Hayath the most pressing resource issues. Water pollution too adds to Mohammad Khan to add to the beauty of the city. Compared the existent problems of local and regional water scarcity by to the Upper lake, it has a small catchment area of 9.60 sq.km. making large amounts of water unfit for consumption. With and a water spread of 1.29 sq.km. Lower lake which receives increasing agricultural, industrial and domestic needs, there is seepage water from the Upper lake and drainage from several also a growing competition for clean water supplies. drains outflows into the Patra drain which subsequently joins Surface water systems are facing significant disturbances Halali river, a tributary of Betwa River. via reclamation, alteration and pollution due to the increasing pressures from urban expansion and urban land use change. In III. NEED one way or another, many water related problems (e.g. The site we choose is the lower lake which is situated flooding or drought disasters, and serious water pollution) are beside the upper lake and in the central part of the city of the outcome of disordered or ill-conceived land use Bhopal. The early settlement of Bhopal started around the development. However, the linkage between land and water upper lake and then towards the side of the lower lake. The resource management in the urban area has long been ignored. bhoj wetland report led to the development of the lower lake Under the circumstances of extensive urbanization in India, to a certain extent, but further development could not take many cities are experiencing the serious impacts of rapid place due to social problems. Presently, the water of the lower urban land use expansion on surface water systems. lake is used by the localities for the purpose of • washing clothes and vehicles, bathing & Boating II. BACKGROUND • reduction of storage capacity, due to siltation as There are two major lakes in Bhopal city- the upper lake well as encroachment of fringe areas. created in mid 11 century by constructing an earthen dam • Inflow of sewage/waste(31.63MLD) across Kolar river, and the upper lake constructed in the late • Lotus cultivation 18 century immediately downstream of the upper lake .The • Growth of aquatic weeds upper lake has a catchments area of 361 km and a water area • Immersion of idols a 30.7 km at full tank level . The overflow from upper lake • Encroachment &slum development • Dumping of solid waste Ar. Kavita Dehalwar is Assist. Professor at Architecture & planning department M.A.N.I.T. Bhopal, (m.p.) India. A. Aim Dr. Jagdish Singh is Associate Professor at Architecture & planning The main goal of the study is to examine and develop a department M.A.N.I.T. Bhopal, (m.p.) India. 155 International Conference on Chemical, Ecology and Environmental Sciences (ICEES'2012) march 17-18, 2012 Bangkok spatial planning methodology that would enhance the H. Solid waste management- sustainability of urban development by integrating the surface The main aim of this project is to improve the solid waste water system in the urban planning process. management and facilities within the catchment area of upper B. Objective lake and lower lake in order to prevent pollution of the lake by the direct or indirect entry of solid wastes into lakes. The To develop common concepts of the spatial implication of municipal corporation is able to collect only 96 tones per day water issues in spatial planning and water management in as against the 110 tones of garbage produced in the city every urban regions. day. This project aims to create an effective system of waste To improve integration and coordination between spatial disposal and recycling of lakes. planning and surface water management so that the problems are recognized, solutions are arrived and the negative impacts I. Prevention of pollution from dhobi ghat- are avoided as early as possible. This project at the lower lake comprises shifting of the C. Advice And Suggestion On Future Action Plan dhobi ghat and the slums there in from their present location on the lower lake and develop the land thus vacated. Large Existence of wetland is threatened due to excessive pressure quantities of detergent, chemical and furnace ashes enter the in the form of threats from various anthropogenic activities in lower lake on a daily basis due to all these washing activities. and around the lake. To control such pressures a two way Attempts are being made to motivate the dhobi ghat strategy following both the defensive and preventive community for voluntary shifting. technique needs to be implemented on a war footing manner. People also need to be made aware of such threats and need to J. Dweeding – be involved in the management and restoration activities. If This project looks after the cutting, uprooting and such things do not happen in near future it would be difficult harvesting of shoreline, emergent, submergent floating weeds to save this pristine wetland and it shall have the same fate as and algal booms from the shoreline and shallow section of the many other urban lakes in India. lakes. It is hoped to improve the quality of water and prevent D. Deeping and widening of the Bhadbadha spill channel the accelerated evaporization of lake water, trough this measure. Controlled deweeding operation would be helpful to Widening and deeping the spillway from Lower lake in reduce nutrient level as well as maintain the ecological order to accommodate a discharge of 566 m3 /sec so that in balance of the lakes. case of flood threats water can be released easily from the spillway, thus reducing stress on the earthen dam at kamala K. Monitoring of water quality – park. The deposition of silt in the spillway obustract the Through regular monitoring by means of setting up a highly smooth flow of water in approach channel to the spillway. sophisticated laboratory, physic-chemical and biological E. Afforestation & and creation of buffer zone- parameters and heavy metals in the lake water can be assessed. The effect of pollution from different sources and In order to prevent encroachments human settlements, their intensity and quantum can thus be calculated. movement of cattle and cultivation etc, buffer zones have been created particularly in the western, and northern fringe area of L. Installation of floating fountains- lake. This plantation is also being carried out in the catchment The objective of installing fountain in the lower lake is to area of the lower lake to control and check soil erosion. This oxygenate the lake through aeration. The oxygenate the lake species planted are mostly biomass producing and medicinal through aeration. The oxygenation is helpful to the biotic plant. The co-operation of the people is being solicited for this component of the lake. programme. M. Biological control through Aquaculture – F. Construction of garland drains- It is also proposed to biologically control aquatic weeds and This project construction of a garland drain around the plants with a view to improve the quality of lake water using lower lake for catching all the non point source of pollution. aquaculture. For this programme co-operation of the local The lower lake receives its inflow from 28nallah and drains. fisherman becomes very important and it is hoped that this It being tried to control the inflow of sewage and sullage into programme shall have a direct and positive impact on the lower lake by provision of surface drains/pipes drain economy with the increase in supply of fish as a food connected to the sewerage system which shall diverted this upliftment of the living standards of fisherman.
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