Actions of Mechanisms Receptor Mechanisms 151, 213 Signal

Cambridge University Press 0521831482 - Birth, Distress and Disease: Placental-Brain Interactions Edited by Michael L. Power and Jay Schulkin Index More information

Index

actions of mechanisms animal models receptor mechanisms 151, 213 diversity 103 signal transduction mechanisms 210, steroidogenesis 104 213 antenatal glucocorticoid exposure see prenatal actions on the gene 212, 220 glucocorticoid exposure activator protein 2 (AP-2) 164 antenatal glucocorticoids on CNS adenylate cyclase activity 24, 41 antioxidants 161 adipoinsular axis 130, 131 dexamethasone 162, 163 adipose tissue structural effects 160 adiponectin 156 anterior pituitary cells 21, 24 muscle and fat 154 anthropoid primates 6, 90, 94, 104, 185 leptin 155 anxiety-related behaviors 151, 162, 259 adrenal glands 92, 96, 247 arginine vasopressin (AVP) 23, 115, 159, 202, adrenal hormones 30, 185, 191 231 adrenal steroids AVP gene expression 208, 217, 218 glucocorticoids 242 AVP gene 220–223, 227 mineralocorticoids 243 CRH neuroendocrine neurons 209, 214, adrenalectomized (ADX) 10, 93, 151, 205, 227 206, 207, 228, 231 rapid negative-feedback signal 227 adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) AVP 115, 159, 202–206, 208–209, 216–223, basal conditions 226–227 ACTH secretion 217, 218, 221, 226, 227 CRH 8, 21, 79, 95, 116, 162, 185, 205, corticosterone’s long-term actions 219 206 CRH gene expression 218, 225–228 median eminence (ME) 115, 203 CRH gene transcription 220 adult pancreatic morphology 127 HPA axis 218 adult-onset disease neuroendocrine terminals 218 fetal physiology 2 RNA transcripts 218 glucocorticoids 6, 8 basal plasma 43, 120, 158 hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) 6 bed nucleus 8, 11, 92, 215, 246, 250, 258 epidemiological studies 89 ␤-endorphin (␤E) 20, 38, 183 allergic symptoms 251 ␤3-adrenoceptors 144 amygdala 8, 92, 93, 94, 157, 162, 163, betamethasone administration 122, 124 184–185, 203, 243, 252 betamethasone exposure 124, 161

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521831482 - Birth, Distress and Disease: Placental-Brain Interactions Edited by Michael L. Power and Jay Schulkin Index More information

270 Index

binding protein closed-loop feedback activin A 53 negative-feedback signals 203, 204, 206 CBG 122 secretogogue peptides 204 CRE 213 upper- and lower-limit values 204 CRH 24, 80, 97, 191, 242 CNS programming mechanisms 161 IGF 101, 154 CNS receptors 52 antenatal glucocorticoids 145, 160 birth and behavior 1, 235 calcitonin-gene-related peptide 42 blood–brain barrier 235, 243 estrogens 145 body mass index (BMI) 90, 124 glucocorticoid programming 156–157 brain and placenta 1–15 neuropeptide Y 40 brush-border membrane 41, 43 programming mechanisms 161 programming the HPA axis 157 CBG 122, 128 comfort foods calcitonin-gene-related peptide 40, 42 saccharin 93 calcium channel blockers 46 compromised immune system 91 calcium homeostasis 46 concept of programming 142 cAMP 24, 30, 49, 52, 54, 81, 117, 164, 213 corpus callosum 123 cannabinoid receptors 19 corpus luteum 104 carbenoxolone 120, 127, 149, 150, 151, 154 corticosteroid binding globulin 122 see also catecholaminergic inputs 214, 215 CBG cell specificity corticosteroid–receptor complexes 243 glucocorticoids 209 corticosterone’s long-term actions CRH gene expression 208, 211, 215, 225 AVP gene expression 217, 218, 220, 221, CRH neuroendocrine motor 207, 209, 214 227 cell: actions on mechanisms CRH hnRNA levels 218, 220, 227 receptor mechanism 213 CRH immunoneutralization 220 signal transduction mechanism 210, 213 extero- and interosensory information cell culture 16, 24, 56 221 cellular proliferation 117 corticosterone 115, 121, 147, 153, 162, 206, central nervous system 2, 3, 8, 40, 98, 145, 214, 217, 222 184, 202 see also CNS corticotropin-releasing gene expression 258 central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) 9, 93, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) 162, 184, 203, 241 acetylcholine 22, 25, 163 cerebral palsy 74, 85 arginine vasopressin 22, 25, 30, 115, 159, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 12, 249 202 CGRP, effect of cerebrospinal fluid 12, 13, 249 sex steroid hormones 49, 50 fetal plasma 21, 28 chorionic corticotropin 24 glucocorticoids 8, 10, 25, 79, 80, 93, 96, chorionic plate 42, 49 186, 202, 207, 212 chromogranin A neurons 8, 9, 10, 116, 203, 207, 211, 214, colocalization 32 216, 221, 226 enkephalins 33 paraventricular nucleus 8, 92, 115, 157, vasointestinal peptide 32 202, 239 enkephalins 33 corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) classic review 216 cortisol classical lifestyle risk factors 142 treatment 129

271 Index

starvation time 98 CRH-binding protein (CRH-BP) 23, 94, 190, synthesis 31, 81 239 CRE-binding protein (CREB) 213–214 CRH-cortisol axis 96 CRH or AVP gene transcription CRH hnRNA initiation 222 signal transduction cascades 211 CRH, NPY, effect of 47 CRH regulation CGRP, effect 49 cell type 10, 202, 207, 227 PTHrp, effect 50 intracellular and extracellular factors 10, CRH gene expression 207 autonomic 208 cultured placental cell behavioural actions 208 ACTH 24, 25 neuroendocrine 208 CRH 22, 24, 81 CRH gene transcription 213, 214, 216, 217, GnRH 55 218, 220, 224, 225, 226, 227 OT 25, 35 CRH immunoneutralization 220 cultured trophoblast cells 24, 52 CRH messenger ribonucleic acid see also Cushing’s syndrome 129, 146 CRH mRNA cyclic adenosine monophosphate 24, 79, 117, amygdala 203, 243, 248 212, 238 see also cAMP human placenta 8, 10, 203 cytoarchitechtural development CRH mRNA 10, 11, 94, 206 hippocampal neurons 125 CRH neuroendocrine motor cytotrophoblast cell CRH gene control 209 ACTH 24 CRH neuronal function CRH 20, 81 CRH hnRNA 211, 217 gonadotropin-releasing hormone 52, 54 peptide biosynthesis 202, 211 NPY, CGRP role 40 CRH neurons 8, 9, 209, 211, 213, 214, 216, opioid peptides 38 221, 245 CRH programming decapeptidic hormone 54 acetylcholine transmission 163 decidual cells 20, 23, 26, 32, 42, 43, 50 amygdala 162 dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) 116 hippocampal GR mRNA 164 dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate 30, 80, 92 monoaminergic system 165 see also DHEA-S neuronal pathway and mechanism 164 deoxyribonuclei acid (DNA) 195 CRH receptors 21, 36, 80, 81, 243, 248, developmental programming of adult 254 disease CRH release 21, 81, 131, 158, 228, 247 coronary artery disease 118 CRH synthesis hypertension 118 endoplasmic reticulum 211 lower birth weight 124 Golgi complex 211 dexamethasone (DEX) 238 CRH system DHEA-S 30, 36, 37, 81, 92, 95, 96, 107, 108 appetitive behaviors 93 DNA-binding factors 243 survival elicit approach 93 Doppler flow studies 80 CRH, role of dynamics of transcriptional activation human parturition 37 ADX animals 225, 226 myometrial contractility 37 plasma corticosterone 224, 225 neuroendocrine factors 35 pre-proenkephalin 225 ovine pregnancy 36 dynorphin 38, 56, 209

272 Index

early life programming 142 fetal and infant development 8, 183, 186 ECS 33, 43, 45 fetal glucocorticoid efferent organization exposure 120, 122, 127, 149, 160 catecholaminergic 214–215 fetal growth and premature growth (placental CRH neuronal-control process 214 CRH) immunocytochemical 213 antepartum risk 189 mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases intrauterine pregnancies 186, 189 214 maternal plasma 189, 237 pulse-chase design 213 radioimmuno assay 189 hypothalamic and amygdalar projections fetal growth restriction 29, 104, 152, 189 215 fetal heart rate (FHR) 186, 191 somatic motor systems 214, 215 fetal HPA activation neural-control processes 214 prostaglandin 5, 21, 75, 81, 84, 118 corticosterone-dependent-control fetal HPA axis processes 214 cyclic adenosine monophosphate 117 elective Cesarean 27 see also ECS dehydroepiandrostendione (DHEA) 116 electroencephalography (EEG) 252 paraventricular nuclei 115, 157, 202, 239 elevated cortisol 254 fetal lung maturation 121, 122, 123 11␤-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase mRNA fetal ovine adipose tissue maturation 129 type 1 97, 154 fetal physiology 237 type 2 8, 90, 91, 97, 108, 114, 241 fetal pituitary–adrenal axis 238 endocrine hormones 192 fetal plasma cortisol 118, 146 endocrine physiology fetal programming 118, 119, 120, 127, 149 neuroendocrine mechanisms of fetal undernutrition 108, 144 homeostasis 203 fetal–placental blood flow enkephalin 33, 38, 209, 225 peptide signaling 46 epidemiology 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 19, 164 cardiovascular risk 143 follicle-stimulating hormone see FSH epithelial amnion cells 41 follistatin-related gene (FLRG) 52 epithelial cells 20, 23, 52 FSH epithelial–mesenchymal interactions 44 gonadotropin-releasing hormone 52, 54 estradiol formation 81 hCG 52, 53 estrogen 30, 35–36, 37, 75, 76, 96, 107, 145 inhibin-related peptide 50, 51 exterosensory and interosensory information functional compartmentalization 221 corticosterone 209, 211, 213 extra-hypothalamic brain regions 246 CRH gene transcription 210, 213, 214, 216 CRH neuronal function 211 fail-safe system 4, 84 interact with CRH neurons 209 fear-related behaviors 243 membrane excitability 210, 211, 228 feedback principles neuron’s specific complement 211 open and closed-loop feedback 205, 206, CRH neurons 209 226 stimulus-release coupling mechanisms 211 positive and negative feedback 92, 115, translation of CRH mRNA 211, 228 117, 125, 157, 184, 203, 239 functional magnetic resonance imaging feed-forward mechanisms 37, 93, 118 (fMRI) 252 feed-forward processes 255 future directions (conclusions) fertilized human ovum 88 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 195

273 Index

embryonic 194–195 tissue maturation 146 human fetus 194 extrahypothalamic 184 predictors 194 frontal cortex 184 psychoneuroendocrine 195 hippocampus 125, 161, 184, 243 transgenerational effect 194 neuropeptides 33, 227, 228 see also NPY gene transcription factor 165 vasopressin response 228 gestational age (GA) 187, 188, 190 maternal–placental–fetal axis 1, 202 gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) 90, 102 neuronal function 202, 216 glucocorticoid (natal) treatment 130, 145, neuropeptide biosynthesis 202 193 secretion 97 glucocorticoid exposure 151–152 glucose glucocorticoid facilitation intolerance 124, 126, 127, 129, 153, 154, corticotropin-releasing hormone 235 167 glucocorticoid induction transporter 127, 152 CRH 243 glucose–insulin homoeostasis see also glucocorticoid metabolites 124 metabolic function of glucocorticoid glucocorticoid programming adiponectin 156 birthweight 144 adipose tissue programming 154 calreticulin 152 CRH programming 162 cardiac metabolic regulators 152 forced-swim test 160 congenital adrenal hyperplasia 145 glucocorticoid-dependent hepatic low-birth-weight baby syndrome 144, 146 enzymes 154 metabolic regulators 144 gluconeogenesis 152–153 mineralocorticoid receptor 146 hippocampal neurones 160–164 neuropsychiatric disorders 156 hyperglycaemia 152 neurotransmitters 156 hyperinsulinaemia 152 osteoporosis 146 ketanserin 164 programming the heart 151 neonatal handling paradigm 161 programming of the brain 156 pancreas programming 154 tissue maturation 146 PEPCK 152–153 brain 156 periportal zone 165–166 organizational effects 145 schizophrenia 160 steroids 145 thiazolidinedione 155 humans 166 GnRH 52–56 glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gonadotropin-releasing hormone 52, 54, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) 99 see also GnRH 212 G-protein-coupled receptor 26, 45 control elements 212 GR gene 164 glucocorticoid sensitive genes 132–133 GR gene expression glucocorticoid-dependent hepatic enzymes hippocampal neurones 164 154 granulocyte and monocyte colony glucocorticoid-regulatory element (GRE) stimulating factor 52 212, 226 growth hormone insulin-like growth factor glucocorticoids (GH-IGF) birth weight 145 principal fetal growth factor 101 low-birth-weight baby syndrome 146 principal embryonic growth factor 101

274 Index

HDL 90, 126 hyperglyc(a)emia 100, 127, 128, 152, 221, 158 health and disease hyperinsulin(a)emia 131, 152 functional roles 1 hyperleptin(a)emia 99, 131 peptide and steroid 3 hyperparathyroidism 46 HELLP syndrome 42 hypocortisolemia 255 hemodynamic stressors hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing CRH and AVP genes 226 hormone 183–184 hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes 127 hypothalamic eminence 21 hepatic glucose output 127 hypothalamic neurons 54 hepatic-insulin resistance 127–128, 155 hypothalamic PVN 116, 162 high density lipoprotein see also HDL hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) glucocorticoids 90, 92, 96, 108 axis 6–7, 23, 29, 75, 92, 96–98, 108, 114, poor fetal nutrition 90 115, 121 high-pressure liquid chromatography hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPLC) 41 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) hindbrain 208, 209, 215 52, 53, 99 hippocampus 243 hypothalamus 243 HPA axis hypovolemia arginine vasopressin (AVP) 115 initiation 222 corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) 115 IGF cyclic adenosine monophosphate 117 type-1 101, 102, 107 dehydroepiandrostendione 116 type-2 101, 102, 107 HPA secretory inhibin-related peptide dynamics 222 heteromeric complex 51 initiation 222 transforming growth factor-␤ 50 negative feedback 222 insulin receptor substrate 127 response (stress) 222 insulin secretion 127, 131 which genes 222, 226 insulin-like growth factor HPA–placental axis 185, 190 metabolic control 89 hCG 32, 52, 53, 55 pregnancy outcome 90 human chorionic gonadotropin 52 see also preterm birth 4 hCG type 2 diabetes 126 human fetal CNS development 190 intracellular mechanisms human infant development (endocrine initiation 222 hormones) intra-hepatic levels 128 fetal CNS 191 intrauterine environment 7, 80, 114, 118, HPA axis 192–194 143, 184–185, 190 maternal and placental hormones 192 intrauterine growth restriction see also IUGR human myometrial activation 5, 81 neonatal morbidity, mortality 89 human myometrium 21, 36, 43, 81 umbilical cord plasma 45 human parturition IUGR 2, 5, 6, 7, 11, 90, 91, 101, 102, 103, 104, Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 74 107, 118 human umbilical vein endothelial cells intrauterine homeostasis 92 (HUVEC) 47 hyperactive amygdala 250 lactogen 50, 102 hypercortisolemia 29, 133, 255 LDL 90

275 Index

leptin maternal–placental–fetal axis 1, 202 central nervous system 98 maternal–placental–fetal–neuroendocrine obese mouse model 98 mechanisms 8, 185 resistance 99, 131 maternal–placental–fetal physiology 3 Level 1 neurons melancholic depressive 255 catecholaminergic inputs 214, 215 membrane excitability 210, 211, 228 somatic motor system 214, 215 heteronuclear (hn) 211, 218 Level 2 neurons membrane excitability amygdalar projections 215 adaptive response 211, 228 hypothalamic projections 215 immediate response 211, 228 lifestyle risk factors Menkes disease 91 adult weight 106, 142 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) alcohol 142, 186 amygdala 203, 207, 215 lack of exercise 142 human placenta 203, 211 smoking 142, 186 metabolic function of glucocorticoid social class 142 gluconeogenesis 152 lipid metabolism 90, 131 glucose metabolism 152 local cellular environment hypoglycemia 152–153 extracellular factors 10, 207 uncoupling proteins 152 intracellular factors 10, 207 metabolic functions 122, 126, 127, 152 locus coeruleus (Barringtons’ nucleus) 10, metabolic signals 245 corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) low-density lipoprotein 90, 126 see also LDL 5, 89 low-birth-weight babies 90, 143, 146, 150, insulin-like growth factor system 89, 144 239, 241, 258 leptin 89 luteinizing hormone 40, 54 maternal malnutrition 90, 108, 156 pre-eclampsia 90, 99 marmoset 92, 94, 104, 106 metabolic syndrome 146 maternal behavior 25, 161, 186 micronutrient deficiencies 91 maternal glucocorticoid 8, 90, 108, 121, 125, mineralocorticoid receptor 115, 146, 212 see 127, 149, 150, 151, 152, 228 also MR maternal interaction 121 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 54 maternal nutrition MR 126, 146, 147, 150, 157, 158, 162, 163, 164 placental 11␤-hydroxysteroid multiple levels (interaction) dehydrogenase 108, 114, 146 glucocorticoid interaction 212 maternal nutrition 1, 5, 88, 89, 90, 91, 99 myometrial relaxation 81 maternal physiology 3, 11, 102, 237 maternal pituitary–adrenal axis 107, 185, 191 National Institutes of Health 122, 228 maternal plasma concentration 78, 84 negative feedback maternal psychosocial stress 8, 91, 186, 187, closed-loop negative-feedback signal 203, 195 204, 206, 226 maternal separation 121 CRH hnRNA and mRNA levels 226–227 maternal serum CRH 5, 6, 11, 94, 98, 107, hypovolemic stress 227 108 steroid hormones 203 maternal serum leptin 99 neonatal development 240 maternal stress 107, 114, 120, 183–189, 194 neonatal handling 161 maternal undernutrition 90, 107, 149, 159 neonatal morbidity 7, 89, 120, 121

276 Index

neonatal mortality CRH 20, 21, 22, 212–213 pre-eclampsia 28 neuropeptide Y 40 preterm birth 74 oxytocin 25 nerve growth factor-inducible factor A non-human primate model 101, 104, 145, (NGFI-A) 164 183 neural systems 214, 216 NPY 130, 213 neurobiological model NPY, CGRP, role of neuroendocrine functions 190, 203, 221 adenyl cyclase 44 neuroendocrine compartment myometrial contractility 40 magnocellular motor neurons 209 nitric oxide formation 44 posterior pituitary 209 nutrition oxytocin 209 fetal nutrition 90 neuroendocrine function chronic maternal psychologic distress 191 obstetric risk factors 187, 194 environmental stress 190 OMPFC 254 fetal CNS 184, 188, 190, 191 opioid peptide 38–39, 56 heart rate (HR) 186, 191 opioids, role of HPA–placental axis 185, 191 brainstem inputs 37 VA stimuli 186, 191 umbilical cord plasma 40 neuroendocrine organizational effects mechanisms 8, 185, 203, 206 estrogen 145 neurons 202, 208, 214, 218, 222, 227 OT, role of system 23, 32, 195, 258 decidual mRNA 35 terminals 211, 218, 222 myometrial responsiveness 34 neurohormones proofofconcept33 placental expression 16 OTR 26, 35 placental secretion 17, 19 overnutrition 103, 107 neuronal degeneration oxytocin receptor 76, 82, 84 see also OTR hippocampal neurones 160 oxytocin neuronal function 202, 211, 216 cultured placental cells 25, 26, 36 neuropeptide gene expression maternal plasma 27 arginine vasopressin 22, 23, 202, 203 neurophyseal hormone 25 biosynthesis 202, 211 oxytocinase 26 corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) 202, 206, 209 pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 127 HPA axis 203 parabrachial region 10, 245 paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus parathyroid hormone 44, 46 (PVH) 202, 203 parathyroid hormone-related peptide 44–45 median eminence (ME) 203 see also PTHrP neuropeptide Y (NPY) 40–42, 130, 213 PVH 202, 203, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 214, neuropeptides 221, 227 central nervous system 41, 202 paraventricular nucleus 8, 10, 92, 115, 157, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) 202, 239 see also PVN 22, 23, 203, 228 parturition 34, 37, 75, 77, 88 neuromodulators 202 parturition in mammals neurosteroids, monoamines 16, 18 fetal adrenal synthesis 76 neurotransmitter progesterone concentrations 75, 81

277 Index

parturition primates placental endocrinology endocrinology 77 hormonal production 19 parvicellular division 9, 245 placental neuroendocrine markers 240 parvicellular pre-autonomic neurons placental villi 208 calcitonin-gene-related peptide 42 paternal genome 77 CRH 20 paternal–maternal conflict 77 inhibin-related peptide 50 PE 28, 29, 42, 43, 45, 53 neuropeptide Y 40 peptide biosynthesis 202, 211 opioid peptides 38 peptide signaling POMC 24, 38, 49, 191 CGRP, effect of 49–50 positron emission tomography (PET) 255 CRH, NPY, effects of 47–49 postnatal adiposity 130 CRH, role of 35–37 postnatal development 37, 39, 156, 188, 192, myometrial contractility 33 194, 249 NPY, CGRP, role of 40–44 postnatal metabolic function 126, 127 opioids, role of 37–40 postpartum period 49, 186 OT, role of 33–51 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 255, PTHrP, effects of 50 257 PTHrp, role of 44–46 PPAR␥ 152, 157 peptide synthetic mechanisms 222 pre-adipocyte differentiation 129 peptide tyrosine 40 pre-eclampsia 5, 11, 19, 42, 49, 80, 90, 99, 146 peripheral cortisol metabolism 129 see also PE peripheral nervous system 40 prefrontal cortex 161, 252, 254, 255, 258 peripheral neuroendocrine markers 240 pregnancy, birth outcomes (maternal stress) peripheral programming population-based epidemiological studies cardiac metabolic regulators 152 187 cardiovascular control 150 prenatal stress 186 renin–angiotensin system 151 psychosocial process 186, 187 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor stress physiology 187 144 see also PPAR␥ pregnancy, infant developmental outcomes phenotype hypothesis 127 lower Brazelton 188 phosphatidyl inositol 3 127 psychological state and gestational age 188 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase pregnancy outcome 5, 6, 89, 90, 107 (PEPCK) 152 premature birth 6, 46, 78, 189, 194 physical disorders 235 premature labor 89, 121, 190 physiological states prenatal glucocorticoid exposure basal conditions 218 adipose tissue, programming 154 stress 20, 35, 183, 185, 218, 221 antenatal administration 121 physiology of placental 11␤-HSD-2 betamethasone 119, 121, 122, 123, 127 birth weight 148 CBG 122 carbenoxolone 149 Cushing’s syndrome 129 placenta experimental studies 148 ACTH 24, 36 HPA axis 159, 162 calcium transport 44, 46 hyperinsulinemia 131 CRH 6, 8, 10, 21, 24, 27, 29, 30, 36, 37, 47, hyperleptinemia 131 81, 90, 185, 189, 238 hyperglycemia 127, 128 hCG secretion 53 insulin resistance 127, 129–130

278 Index

prenatal glucocorticoid exposure (contd) protein kinase A (PKA) 54, 213 low-density lipid cholesterol 126 PTHrP 43, 45, 47, 50 pancreatic ␤-cells 130 PTHrP, effect of peripheral programming 150 potent vasodilator 50 postnatal metabolic function 126 puberty 98, 167 premature pulmonary development 121 pulmonary development 121 prenatal undernutrition 125, 127 push–pull principle preterm birth HPA neuroendocrinology 206 cerebral palsy 74, 85 neuroendocrine mechanisms 206 CRH 5, 80, 96, 107, 189, 194–195 suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCH) 206 human parturition 5, 37, 74, 77, 84 PVH intrauterine growth restriction 2, 45, 89, hypothalamic motor nucleus 208 114 see also IUGR neuroendocrine motor neurons 207, 208, mammalian pregnancy 4 209, 214 protein-energy malnutrition 5 structural compartmentalism 208 preterm delivery PVHmp afferents CRH 11, 78, 79, 80 corticosterone 220, 226 glucocorticoids 121, 122, 133, 145, 146, PVN 9, 10, 11, 93, 115, 131, 158, 162, 243, 167 245, 246, 249, 250 IUGR 89 pyschiatric disorders 156, 235, 254, 255, risk 78, 79, 84, 122, 166 258 tissue maturation 146 preterm labor radioimmunoassay 42 preterm birth 4 real-time protein-coupled receptor 42, 43, 45 CRH 11, 27, 90, 96, 98, 241 receptor mechanisms oxytocin 26 gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) 213 peptide signaling 33 renin–angiotensin system (RAS) 151 plasma concentration 78 respiratory distress syndrome 7, 121 production of growth hormones (pGH) reverse transcription polymerase chain 101–103, 107 reaction 54 progesterone withdrawal 76, 84 rodents 89, 99, 101, 104, 146 programming HPA axis function role of PTHrP 44 adult disease 124, 125 RT-PCR 42, 43, 45 animal evidence 124–126 body mass index 124 secretogogue gene expression glucose intolerance 124, 126 adrenalectomized (ADX) 206 human and animal evidence 124 AVP mRNA 206 programming of adult disease 118–119, 142 CRH mRNA 206, 224 programming the heart 151 exogenous corticosterone 206 pro-opiomelanocortin 24, 115, 185, 191, 212 hemodynamic stressors 226 see also POMC negative-feedback 226–227 pro-pregnancy environment 75 pre-proenkephalin gene 225 prostaglandin PVHmp 206 fetal membrane 81 secretogogue gene transcription 218, 222, in vitro 84 223, 226 parturition in mammals 75 serotonin transporter 19

279 Index

signal transduction mechanisms syncytial cells 20, 23, 79 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) 214 syncytiotrophoblast cell 20, 24, 52, 54, 55 CRE-binding protein (CREB) 213 synthetic glucocorticoid CREB-binding protein (CBP) 213 betamethasone 119, 121–123, 127, 147, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) 214 149, 152, 158, 161, 166, 238 protein kinase (PK) 213 dexamethasone 121–123, 125, 126, 145, social phobia 257 147, 149–150, 152, 158–162, 238 sociodemographic characteristics 186–187 solitary nucleus 10, 245 temperamental shyness 250, 259 somatogenic 102 time domains 212, 216 Southern blot hybridization 43 timing of birth in humans spatial domains 216 biochemical markers 78 spinal cord 208, 209 gestational length 79 steroid production 2, 92, 127, 149, 154 transgenic mice 127, 153, 163, 164 steroidogenesis 24, 99, 104 transport stress hormones amino acid 101 ACTH 8, 20, 30, 81, 96, 115, 120, 183, 186, calcium 45, 46 203, 218 CRH 238 cortisol 2, 8, 29, 47, 92, 100, 115, 129, 146, glucose 127, 152 185 intracellular 91 placental CRH 6, 21, 30, 47, 84, 94, 185, 189 monoamine 19 ␤-endorphin (␤E) 183, 185, 186, 191 receptor 155 stress types tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF␣) 26, 52, pathological stress 19 144 physiological stress 35, 184, 195 type 2 diabetes 5, 91, 114, 118, 126, 127, 131, postnatal stress 194 142, 143, 146, 156 prenatal stress 118, 159, 162, 183, 194 psychosocial stress 8, 91, 185, 195, 241, 258 ultrasonography 186 stress umbilical cord plasma 21, 33, 40, 45 homeostatic motor events 221 umbilical venous plasma 21 hypotension or hypoglycemia 221 uncoupling proteins (UCP) 152 peptide synthetic mechanisms 222 undernutrition 5, 90, 107, 108, 125, 127, 144, PVH neuroendocrine peptide gene 149, 154, 159 expression 221 urocortin 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 48 stria terminalis 8, 9, 11, 92, 215, 243, 245, U-shaped curve 91, 107 246, 248, 249, 250, 258 uterine contraction 28, 33, 37, 46, 88, 191 structural compartmentalization utero-placental blood flow 47 magnocellular motor neurons 209 neuroendocrine motor neurons 208 vaginal delivery 27, 33, 39, 40, 41, 43 parvicellular pre-autonomic neurons 208, vibroacoustic 186, 191 209 visceral adiposity structural effects of antenatal glucocorticoids vulnerability to affective disorders 254 on the CNS 160 subtraction hybridization 83 zona fasciculata 115, 116 suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCH) 206, 218, 221 zona glomerulosa 116 sustained hypovolemia 222, 223, 224, 226 zoonosis factor 104