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Actions of Mechanisms Receptor Mechanisms 151, 213 Signal Cambridge University Press 0521831482 - Birth, Distress and Disease: Placental-Brain Interactions Edited by Michael L. Power and Jay Schulkin Index More information Index actions of mechanisms animal models receptor mechanisms 151, 213 diversity 103 signal transduction mechanisms 210, steroidogenesis 104 213 antenatal glucocorticoid exposure see prenatal actions on the gene 212, 220 glucocorticoid exposure activator protein 2 (AP-2) 164 antenatal glucocorticoids on CNS adenylate cyclase activity 24, 41 antioxidants 161 adipoinsular axis 130, 131 dexamethasone 162, 163 adipose tissue structural effects 160 adiponectin 156 anterior pituitary cells 21, 24 muscle and fat 154 anthropoid primates 6, 90, 94, 104, 185 leptin 155 anxiety-related behaviors 151, 162, 259 adrenal glands 92, 96, 247 arginine vasopressin (AVP) 23, 115, 159, 202, adrenal hormones 30, 185, 191 231 adrenal steroids AVP gene expression 208, 217, 218 glucocorticoids 242 AVP gene 220–223, 227 mineralocorticoids 243 CRH neuroendocrine neurons 209, 214, adrenalectomized (ADX) 10, 93, 151, 205, 227 206, 207, 228, 231 rapid negative-feedback signal 227 adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) AVP 115, 159, 202–206, 208–209, 216–223, basal conditions 226–227 ACTH secretion 217, 218, 221, 226, 227 CRH 8, 21, 79, 95, 116, 162, 185, 205, corticosterone’s long-term actions 219 206 CRH gene expression 218, 225–228 median eminence (ME) 115, 203 CRH gene transcription 220 adult pancreatic morphology 127 HPA axis 218 adult-onset disease neuroendocrine terminals 218 fetal physiology 2 RNA transcripts 218 glucocorticoids 6, 8 basal plasma 43, 120, 158 hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) 6 bed nucleus 8, 11, 92, 215, 246, 250, 258 epidemiological studies 89 ␤-endorphin (␤E) 20, 38, 183 allergic symptoms 251 ␤3-adrenoceptors 144 amygdala 8, 92, 93, 94, 157, 162, 163, betamethasone administration 122, 124 184–185, 203, 243, 252 betamethasone exposure 124, 161 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521831482 - Birth, Distress and Disease: Placental-Brain Interactions Edited by Michael L. Power and Jay Schulkin Index More information 270 Index binding protein closed-loop feedback activin A 53 negative-feedback signals 203, 204, 206 CBG 122 secretogogue peptides 204 CRE 213 upper- and lower-limit values 204 CRH 24, 80, 97, 191, 242 CNS programming mechanisms 161 IGF 101, 154 CNS receptors 52 antenatal glucocorticoids 145, 160 birth and behavior 1, 235 calcitonin-gene-related peptide 42 blood–brain barrier 235, 243 estrogens 145 body mass index (BMI) 90, 124 glucocorticoid programming 156–157 brain and placenta 1–15 neuropeptide Y 40 brush-border membrane 41, 43 programming mechanisms 161 programming the HPA axis 157 CBG 122, 128 comfort foods calcitonin-gene-related peptide 40, 42 saccharin 93 calcium channel blockers 46 compromised immune system 91 calcium homeostasis 46 concept of programming 142 cAMP 24, 30, 49, 52, 54, 81, 117, 164, 213 corpus callosum 123 cannabinoid receptors 19 corpus luteum 104 carbenoxolone 120, 127, 149, 150, 151, 154 corticosteroid binding globulin 122 see also catecholaminergic inputs 214, 215 CBG cell specificity corticosteroid–receptor complexes 243 glucocorticoids 209 corticosterone’s long-term actions CRH gene expression 208, 211, 215, 225 AVP gene expression 217, 218, 220, 221, CRH neuroendocrine motor 207, 209, 214 227 cell: actions on mechanisms CRH hnRNA levels 218, 220, 227 receptor mechanism 213 CRH immunoneutralization 220 signal transduction mechanism 210, 213 extero- and interosensory information cell culture 16, 24, 56 221 cellular proliferation 117 corticosterone 115, 121, 147, 153, 162, 206, central nervous system 2, 3, 8, 40, 98, 145, 214, 217, 222 184, 202 see also CNS corticotropin-releasing gene expression 258 central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) 9, 93, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) 162, 184, 203, 241 acetylcholine 22, 25, 163 cerebral palsy 74, 85 arginine vasopressin 22, 25, 30, 115, 159, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 12, 249 202 CGRP, effect of cerebrospinal fluid 12, 13, 249 sex steroid hormones 49, 50 fetal plasma 21, 28 chorionic corticotropin 24 glucocorticoids 8, 10, 25, 79, 80, 93, 96, chorionic plate 42, 49 186, 202, 207, 212 chromogranin A neurons 8, 9, 10, 116, 203, 207, 211, 214, colocalization 32 216, 221, 226 enkephalins 33 paraventricular nucleus 8, 92, 115, 157, vasointestinal peptide 32 202, 239 enkephalins 33 corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) classic review 216 cortisol classical lifestyle risk factors 142 treatment 129 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521831482 - Birth, Distress and Disease: Placental-Brain Interactions Edited by Michael L. Power and Jay Schulkin Index More information 271 Index starvation time 98 CRH-binding protein (CRH-BP) 23, 94, 190, synthesis 31, 81 239 CRE-binding protein (CREB) 213–214 CRH-cortisol axis 96 CRH or AVP gene transcription CRH hnRNA initiation 222 signal transduction cascades 211 CRH, NPY, effect of 47 CRH regulation CGRP, effect 49 cell type 10, 202, 207, 227 PTHrp, effect 50 intracellular and extracellular factors 10, CRH gene expression 207 autonomic 208 cultured placental cell behavioural actions 208 ACTH 24, 25 neuroendocrine 208 CRH 22, 24, 81 CRH gene transcription 213, 214, 216, 217, GnRH 55 218, 220, 224, 225, 226, 227 OT 25, 35 CRH immunoneutralization 220 cultured trophoblast cells 24, 52 CRH messenger ribonucleic acid see also Cushing’s syndrome 129, 146 CRH mRNA cyclic adenosine monophosphate 24, 79, 117, amygdala 203, 243, 248 212, 238 see also cAMP human placenta 8, 10, 203 cytoarchitechtural development CRH mRNA 10, 11, 94, 206 hippocampal neurons 125 CRH neuroendocrine motor cytotrophoblast cell CRH gene control 209 ACTH 24 CRH neuronal function CRH 20, 81 CRH hnRNA 211, 217 gonadotropin-releasing hormone 52, 54 peptide biosynthesis 202, 211 NPY, CGRP role 40 CRH neurons 8, 9, 209, 211, 213, 214, 216, opioid peptides 38 221, 245 CRH programming decapeptidic hormone 54 acetylcholine transmission 163 decidual cells 20, 23, 26, 32, 42, 43, 50 amygdala 162 dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) 116 hippocampal GR mRNA 164 dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate 30, 80, 92 monoaminergic system 165 see also DHEA-S neuronal pathway and mechanism 164 deoxyribonuclei acid (DNA) 195 CRH receptors 21, 36, 80, 81, 243, 248, developmental programming of adult 254 disease CRH release 21, 81, 131, 158, 228, 247 coronary artery disease 118 CRH synthesis hypertension 118 endoplasmic reticulum 211 lower birth weight 124 Golgi complex 211 dexamethasone (DEX) 238 CRH system DHEA-S 30, 36, 37, 81, 92, 95, 96, 107, 108 appetitive behaviors 93 DNA-binding factors 243 survival elicit approach 93 Doppler flow studies 80 CRH, role of dynamics of transcriptional activation human parturition 37 ADX animals 225, 226 myometrial contractility 37 plasma corticosterone 224, 225 neuroendocrine factors 35 pre-proenkephalin 225 ovine pregnancy 36 dynorphin 38, 56, 209 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521831482 - Birth, Distress and Disease: Placental-Brain Interactions Edited by Michael L. Power and Jay Schulkin Index More information 272 Index early life programming 142 fetal and infant development 8, 183, 186 ECS 33, 43, 45 fetal glucocorticoid efferent organization exposure 120, 122, 127, 149, 160 catecholaminergic 214–215 fetal growth and premature growth (placental CRH neuronal-control process 214 CRH) immunocytochemical 213 antepartum risk 189 mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases intrauterine pregnancies 186, 189 214 maternal plasma 189, 237 pulse-chase design 213 radioimmuno assay 189 hypothalamic and amygdalar projections fetal growth restriction 29, 104, 152, 189 215 fetal heart rate (FHR) 186, 191 somatic motor systems 214, 215 fetal HPA activation neural-control processes 214 prostaglandin 5, 21, 75, 81, 84, 118 corticosterone-dependent-control fetal HPA axis processes 214 cyclic adenosine monophosphate 117 elective Cesarean 27 see also ECS dehydroepiandrostendione (DHEA) 116 electroencephalography (EEG) 252 paraventricular nuclei 115, 157, 202, 239 elevated cortisol 254 fetal lung maturation 121, 122, 123 11␤-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase mRNA fetal ovine adipose tissue maturation 129 type 1 97, 154 fetal physiology 237 type 2 8, 90, 91, 97, 108, 114, 241 fetal pituitary–adrenal axis 238 endocrine hormones 192 fetal plasma cortisol 118, 146 endocrine physiology fetal programming 118, 119, 120, 127, 149 neuroendocrine mechanisms of fetal undernutrition 108, 144 homeostasis 203 fetal–placental blood flow enkephalin 33, 38, 209, 225 peptide signaling 46 epidemiology 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 19, 164 cardiovascular risk 143 follicle-stimulating hormone see FSH epithelial amnion cells 41 follistatin-related gene (FLRG) 52 epithelial cells 20, 23, 52 FSH epithelial–mesenchymal interactions 44 gonadotropin-releasing hormone 52, 54 estradiol formation 81 hCG 52, 53 estrogen 30, 35–36, 37, 75, 76, 96, 107, 145 inhibin-related peptide 50, 51 exterosensory and interosensory information functional compartmentalization 221 corticosterone 209, 211, 213 extra-hypothalamic brain regions 246 CRH gene transcription 210, 213, 214, 216 CRH neuronal function 211 fail-safe system 4, 84 interact with CRH neurons 209 fear-related behaviors 243 membrane excitability 210, 211, 228 feedback principles neuron’s specific complement 211 open and closed-loop feedback 205, 206, CRH neurons 209 226 stimulus-release coupling mechanisms 211 positive and negative feedback 92, 115, translation of CRH mRNA
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