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Two-Pass Nanofiltration Seawater Desalination Prototype Testing and Evaluation

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Two-Pass Nanofiltration Seawater Desalination Prototype Testing and Evaluation Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Report No. 158 Two-Pass Nanofiltration Seawater Desalination Prototype Testing and Evaluation U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation March 2013 REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1.T REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)T 2.T REPORT TYPET 3.T DATES COVERED (From - To)T September 2010 Final (published March 2013) July 2005 to September 2010 4.T TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Two-Pass Nanofiltration Seawater Desalination Prototype Testing and Evaluation 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Robert C. Cheng Tai J. Tseng 5e. TASK NUMBER Kevin L. Wattier 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT Long Beach Water Department NUMBER 1800 E. Wardlow Ave. Long Beach, CA 90807 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Technical Service Center, Environmental Services Division, 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT Water Treatment Engineering and Research Group, 86-68230, NUMBER(S) PO Box 25007, Denver CO 80225-0007 Research Report No. 158 12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Operations Division, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield VA 22161 Report can be downloaded from Reclamation website:www.usbr.gov/pmts/water publications/reports.html 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES T 14. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) Seawater desalination by reverse osmosis is widely practiced; however, the energy cost is high relative to that required for surface or groundwater treatment and conveyance. The Long Beach Water Department developed and patented a two-pass nanofiltration process intended to reduce the energy requirement for desalting. Compared to reverse osmosis the two-pass process provides an additional physical barrier for contaminant removal. An important feature of the process is that the second pass concentrate recycle dilutes the feed water, which allows lower feed pressures to be used. This technology had been shown to be successful in bench and pilot scale testing. To further this research, Long Beach collaborated with the Bureau of Reclamation and the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power in construction and operation of a 300,000 gallons per day seawater desalination prototype facility consisting of two parallel membrane trains designed to test the nanofiltration and reverse osmosis processes side-by-side, with the goal of minimizing desalination cost while producing permeate with water quality equal to or better than what is present in Long Beach’s distribution system. This prototype was operated from October 2006 to January 2010. 15. SUBJECT TERMS nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, desalination, seawater, process evaluation 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSONT OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES Saied Delagah a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area code) SAR 334 U U U 303-445-2248 S Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) P Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 158 Two-Pass Nanofiltration Seawater Desalination Prototype Testing and Evaluation by Robert C. Cheng, Tai J. Tseng, and Kevin L. Wattier for Long Beach Water Department 1800 E. Wardlow Ave. Long Beach, CA 90807 U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center Water and Environmental Resources Division Water Treatment Engineering Research Group Denver, Colorado March 2013 Mission Statements The U.S. Department of the Interior protects America’s natural resources and heritage, honors our cultures and tribal communities, and supplies the energy to power our future. The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. Disclaimer Information contained in this report regarding commercial products or firms was supplied by those firms. It may not be used for advertising or promotional purposes and is not to be construed as an endorsement of any product or firm by the Bureau of Reclamation. The information contained in this report was developed for the Bureau of Reclamation; no warranty as to the accuracy, usefulness, or completeness is expressed or implied. Acknowledgements This desalination research is jointly funded by the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), California Department of Water Resources (DWR) and the Long Beach Water Department (LBWD). Federal funding was authorized through the Water Desalination Act of 1998 (Congressman Steve Horn) and funded through Reclamation through the Title XVI program. California State grants were provided through Chapter 6(a) of Proposition 50, the Water Security, Clean Drinking Water, Coastal and Beach Protection Act of 2002, which was administered by the DWR LBWD also would like to acknowledge our funding and technical partners on this research, including the Reclamation, DWR, and the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP). We also would like to acknowledge Dr. Ramesh Sharma’s (Trussell Technologies, Pasadena, CA) contributions to this effort, who provided the modeling for NF2 process optimization in appendix E. The talents and hard work of many people were involved in the success of a project of this magnitude, and we would like to acknowledge some key members in this effort. We first would like to recognize and thank the efforts of the Reclamation staff, including Robert Jurenka, Steve Dundorf, Saied Delagah, and Frank Leitz for their participation and thoughtful comments throughout the research process. We also would like to thank the staff of our local partners, LADPW, on this effort, including Ali Karimi and Chris Repp for their willingness to host the research facility and providing feedback on the research and findings. Thanks also are extended to the Long Beach Water Department staff associated with the Prototype, including engineering (Eric Leung), construction (Michael Jimenez and Miguel Naranjo), operations and data analyses (Jason Allen, Dian Tanuwidjaja, and Yan Zhang), and laboratory support (Cynthia Andrews-Tate, Maggie Shelbourne, Kevin Hoang, Ana Flores, and Eric Mintz). The Board of Water Commissioners of the Long Beach Water Department is to be recognized for their leadership and direction in supporting this project. Finally, a special acknowledgement and appreciation are due to Diem X. Vuong (DXV Water Technologies), who invented and patented the NF2 method. iii Acronyms and Abbreviations ADC Affordable Desalination Collaboration AQMD Air Quality Management District AWWA American Water Works Association BLS Bureau of Labor Statistics CANL California Notification Limit CCC California Coastal Commission CDHS California Department of Health Services CF cartridge filters cfu colony forming unit CP concentration polarization CDPH California Department of Public Health ClO2 chlorine dioxide Corps U.S. Army Corps of Engineers DBPs disinfectant byproducts DO dissolved oxygen DOC dissolved organic carbon DOM dissolved organic matter DWR California Department of Water Resource EC electrical conductivity ER/ERD energy recovery/energy recovery device ERD energy recovery device ft2 square feet FWS Fish and Wildlife Service gfd gallons per square foot per day gpd gallons per day gpd/ft2 gallons per day per square foot gpm gallons per minute HMI human machine interface HPC heterotrophic plate counts IC ion chromatography kW kilowatt v Two-Pass Nanofiltration Seawater Desalination Prototype Testing and Evaluation kWh/kgal kilowatthour per kilogallon LADWP Los Angeles Department of Water and Power LBWD Long Beach Water Department MCL maximum contaminant level MDL method detection level MF microfiltration mgd million gallons per day mg/L milligrams per liter mHPC marine heterotrophic plate counts mJ/cm2 millijoules per square centimeter NaCl sodium chloride NF nanofiltration NF2 LBWD two-pass nanofiltration process NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NTU nephelometric turbidity units O&M operation and maintenance PA polyamide PLC programmable logic controllers POM particulate organic matter psi pounds per square inch PVDF polyvinylidenedifluoride PX pressure exchanger P1S1 Pass 1 stage 1 P1S2 Pass 1 stage 2 P2S1 Pass 2 stage 1 P2S2 Pass 2 stage 2 Reclamation Bureau of Reclamation RO reverse osmosis Road Map
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