Introduction to Desalination Technologies
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Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration, Second Edition
Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration AWWA MANUAL M46 Second Edition Science and Technology AWWA unites the entire water community by developing and distributing authoritative scientific and technological knowledge. Through its members, AWWA develops industry standards for products and processes that advance public health and safety. AWWA also provides quality improvement programs for water and wastewater utilities. Copyright © 2007 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. Contents List of Figures, v List of Tables, ix Preface, xi Acknowledgments, xiii Chapter 1 Introduction . 1 Overview, 1 RO and NF Membrane Applications, 7 Membrane Materials and Configurations, 12 References, 18 Chapter 2 Process Design . 21 Source Water Supply, 21 Pretreatment, 26 Membrane Process Theory, 45 Rating RO and NF Elements, 51 Posttreatment, 59 References, 60 Chapter 3 Facility Design and Construction . 63 Raw Water Intake Facilities, 63 Discharge, 77 Suspended Solids and Silt Removal Facilities, 80 RO and NF Systems, 92 Hydraulic Turbochargers, 95 Posttreatment Systems, 101 Ancillary Equipment and Facilities, 107 Instrumentation and Control Systems, 110 Waste Stream Management Facilities, 116 Other Concentrate Management Alternatives, 135 Disposal Alternatives for Waste Pretreatment Filter Backwash Water, 138 General Treatment Plant Design Fundamentals, 139 Plant Site Location and Layout, 139 General Plant Layout Considerations, 139 Membrane System Layout Considerations, 140 Facility Construction and Equipment Installation, 144 General Guidelines for Equipment Installation, 144 Treatment Costs, 151 References, 162 iii Copyright © 2007 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 4 Operations and Maintenance . 165 Introduction, 165 Process Monitoring, 168 Biological Monitoring, 182 Chemical Cleaning, 183 Mechanical Integrity, 186 Instrumentation Calibration, 188 Safety, 190 Appendix A SI Equivalent Units Conversion Tables . -
Dynamic Modeling of Multi Stage Flash (MSF) Desalination Plant
Dynamic Modeling of Multi Stage Flash (MSF) Desalination Plant by Hala Faisal Al-Fulaij Department of Chemical Engineering University College London Supervisors: Professor David Bogle Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) at University College London (UCL) July 2011 I, Hala Faisal Al-Fulaij, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Hala F. Al-Fulaij Acknowledgments i Acknowledgments This Ph.D. was carried out between March 2007 and January 2011 at the Chemical Engineering department, University College London (UCL). This work was supervised by Professor David Bogle (UCL) and Professor Hisham Ettouney (Kuwait University). I take this opportunity to thank both of my supervisors for general guidance throughout the project and their great help, support and insight. I also thank Professor Giorgio Micale and Doctor Andrea Cipollina from University of Palermo who expended their time and made significant contribution to my knowledge especially in the computer tools field. Also, I am grateful for the love and support of my family, especially my mother, father, husband and sisters. Their patience and encouragement have given me the strength to complete my thesis study. Finally I would like to dedicate this thesis to my lovely children (Rayan, Maryam, AbdulWahab and Najat) hoping them the most of health, success, and happiness. Abstract ii Abstract The world population is increasing at a very rapid rate while the natural water resources remain constant. During the past decades industrial desalination (reverse osmosis (RO) and multistage flash desalination (MSF)) became a viable, economical, and sustainable source of fresh water throughout the world. -
Characterization and Performance of Nanofiltration Membranes
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Covenant University Repository Environ Chem Lett (2014) 12:241–255 DOI 10.1007/s10311-014-0457-3 REVIEW Characterization and performance of nanofiltration membranes Oluranti Agboola • Jannie Maree • Richard Mbaya Received: 16 October 2013 / Accepted: 17 January 2014 / Published online: 1 February 2014 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 Abstract The availability of clean water has become a nanofiltration membranes. We also present a new concept critical problems facing the society due to pollution by for membrane characterization by quantitative analysis of human activities. Most regions in the world have high phase images to elucidate the macro-molecular packing at demands for clean water. Supplies for freshwater are under the membrane surface. pressure. Water reuse is a potential solution for clean water scarcity. A pressure-driven membrane process such as Keywords Nanofiltration membranes Á Membrane nanofiltration has become the main component of advanced characterizations Á Pore size Á Surface morphology Á water reuse and desalination systems. High rejection and Performance evaluation Á ImageJ software water permeability of solutes are the major characteristics that make nanofiltration membranes economically feasible for water purification. Recent advances include the pre- Introduction diction of membrane performances under different oper- ating conditions. Here, we review the characterization of Nanofiltration process is one of the most important recent nanofiltration membranes by methods such as scanning developments in the process industries. It shows performance electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, attenu- characteristics, which fall in between that of ultrafiltration ated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectros- and reverse osmosis membranes (Mohammed and Takriff copy, and atomic force microscopy. -
Nanofiltration (NF) Is a Pressure Driven Membrane Process
Nanofiltration Nanofiltration (NF) is a pressure driven membrane process. Hydraulic pressure is used to overcome the feed solution’s osmotic pressure and to induce diffusion of pure water (referred to as permeate) through a semi-permeable NF membrane. The residual feed stream (referred to as retentate, concentrate, or reject) is concentrated by the process, and depending on water quality, may be suitable for further water recovery in additional downstream unit processes; otherwise, the residual stream requires disposal. NF is designed to achieve high removal of divalent and multivalent ions (e.g., calcium, magnesium, sulfate, iron, arsenic, etc.), and is occasionally referred to as membrane softening. NF may achieve moderate to low removal of monovalent ions (e.g., sodium, potassium, chloride). NF is commonly employed to remove hardness from brackish groundwater to produce potable water. Water characterized by high concentrations of calcium or magnesium and monovalent salts may be treated with NF prior to a reverse osmosis. An illustration of the process is shown below. FEED NF PERMEATE CONCENTRATE Summary of technical assessment of NF Criteria Description/Rationale Status of technology Mature and robust technology for water softening and metals removal in various sectors of the industrial and municipal water treatment sectors. Has been employed for produced water treatment. Feed water quality bins Feed water total dissolved solids concentration applicability depends on feed solution composition and may range from 500 to 12,000 mg/L. Most useful for treatment of water with high concentrations of divalent ions (e.g., magnesium, calcium, barium, sulfate), multivalent metals ions (e.g., iron, manganese), and radionuclides. -
Safety Aspects of the Desalination of Sea Water Using Nuclear Energy*
XAO102639 Annex V SAFETY ASPECTS OF THE DESALINATION OF SEA WATER USING NUCLEAR ENERGY* A. Carnino, N. Gasparini Division of Nuclear Installation Safety, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna Abstract The nuclear plants for desalination to be built in the future will have to meet the standards of safety required for the best nuclear power plants currently in operation or being designed. Some specific characteristics of desalination plants such as siting and coupling require particular consideration from a safety point of view, and further safety studies will be needed when the type and size of the reactor are determined. The current safety approach, based on the defence in depth strategy, has been shown to be a sound foundation for the safety and protection of public health, and gives the plant the capability of dealing with a large variety of sequences, even beyond the design basis. The Department of Nuclear Safety of the IAEA is involved in many activities, the most important of which are to establish safety standards, and to provide various safety services and technical knowledge in many Technical Co-operation assistance projects. The department is also involved in other safety areas, notably in the field of future reactors. The IAEA is carrying out a project on the safety of new generation reactors, including those used for desalination, with the objective of fostering an exchange of information on safety approaches, promoting harmonization among Member States and contributing towards the development and revision of safety standards and guidelines for nuclear power plant design. The safety, regulatory and environmental concerns in nuclear powered desalination are those related directly to nuclear power plants, with due consideration given to the coupling process. -
Desalination Guidelines Development for Drinking Water: Background
Rolling Revision of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality Draft for review and comments (Not for citation) Desalination Guidelines Development for Drinking Water: Background By Joseph A. Cotruvo World Health Organization August 2004 Introduction More than 11,000 desalination plants are in operation throughout the world producing more than 20 million cubic meters (roughly six billion gallons) of water per day. About 63% of the capacity exists in West Asia and the Middle East. North America has about 11% and North Africa and Europe account for about 7% each of capacity. Plant sizes and designs range from more than 500,000 m3/day to 20 to 100 m3/day. Most desalination plants use sea water or brackish water as their sources. It appears that comprehensive performance, operating and product quality specifications have evolved virtually on a site-by-site basis relative to source and the specific end product water use. Most drinking water applications outside of North America use World Health Organization Drinking Water Guidelines in some way as quality specifications. WHO Drinking Water Guidelines cover a broad spectrum of contaminants from inorganic and synthetic organic chemicals, disinfection byproducts, microbial indicators and radionuclides. They are aimed at typical drinking water sources and technologies. Because desalination is applied to non-typical source waters, and often uses non-typical technologies, existing WHO Guidelines may not fully cover the unique factors that can be encountered during production and distribution of desalinated water. Drinking water production Drinking water production processes can be divided into three broad categories each of which will impact the quality of the finished water received by the consumer. -
Forward Osmosis – a Brief Introduction
Forward Osmosis – A Brief Introduction This paper outlines some of the aspects of Forward Osmosis process and its derivatives, with regard to key issues, concepts and some applications. By Peter G. Nicoll Forward Osmosis (FO) over the past five years has generally it is apparent that they are increasingly becoming a topic of some attracted more attention, both academically and commercially, interest. National Geographic [1] in an article in April 2010 cited it with a number of companies raising finance on the back of its as one of the three most promising new desalination technologies potential. The process exploits the natural process of osmosis, and at the last IDA World Congress in Perth, Australia in 2011, which is how plants and trees take up water from the soil – a low six papers were published on this subject. In the Journal of energy, natural process. It works by having two solutions with Membrane Science the number of papers published has seen a different concentrations (or more correctly different osmotic very significant increase over the last three years (24 in 2012), pressures) separated by a selectively permeable membrane, in the showing the increasing level of academic interest. We have also case of the plants and trees their cell walls, and ‘pure’ water flows seen the emergence of a number of commercial organisations from less concentrated solution across the membrane to dilute with significant funding to develop and exploit the technology the more concentrated solution, leaving the salts behind. The clue such as, Hydration Technology Innovations Inc, Modern Water in the potential applications is that it is widely used in nature, plc, Oasys Water Inc, Statkraft AS and Trevi Systems Inc. -
Journal of Membrane Science 593 (2020) 117444
Journal of Membrane Science 593 (2020) 117444 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Membrane Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/memsci Nanofiltration membranes with hydrophobic microfiltration substrates for robust structure stability and high water permeation flux T ∗∗ ∗ Xi Zhanga,b, Chang Liua,b, Jing Yanga,b, , Cheng-Ye Zhua,b, Lin Zhangc, Zhi-Kang Xua,b, a MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Hangzhou, 310027, China b Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China c Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Traditional nanofiltration membranes (NFMs) suffer from ultrafiltration substrates with low porosity, small pore Nanofiltration membrane size and relatively poor solvent stability. Herein, NFMs have been fabricated on a series of hydrophobic polymer Microfiltration substrate microfiltration substrates to address these issues. Polyphenol-based coatings of tannic acid/diethylenetriamine Surface wettability (TA/DETA) were co-deposited on the hydrophobic substrates to improve their surface wettability and to make Water permeation flux them appropriate for interfacial polymerization. The spreading behaviors of aqueous solutions, which are of Structure stability significant importance to the formation of defect-free polyamide layers, were directly visualized by laser con- focal microscopy. The influences of TA/DETA coatings on the interfacial polymerization were further demon- strated by both dynamic molecular simulation and nanofiltration performance evaluation. The as-prepared NFMs exhibit higher water permeation flux compared with traditional ones because of the large pore size and high porosity of the microfiltration substrates, as well as the relatively low cross-linking degree of polyamide layers. -
Desalination Technology Trends
Desalination Technology Trends Tom Pankratz1 Abstract Texas’ increased interest in desalination reflects a worldwide trend to include it as a viable alternative water supply option in any long-term water strategy. Recent technological developments and new methods of project delivery are driving this heightened level of interest to the point that desalination is now being seriously evaluated on projects where it would not have been considered ten years ago. The most significant trend in desalination is the increased growth of the reverse osmosis (RO) market. Technological improvements have both dramatically increased the performance of RO membranes. Today’s membranes are more efficient, more durable, and much less expensive. Improvements in membrane technology are complimented by improvements in pretreatment technology, which allow RO membranes to be considered on a much wider range of applications. Energy costs are directly related to the salt content of the water source, and may represent up to 50% of a system’s operational costs. There has been a growing trend to reduce energy costs through improvements in membrane performance and by employing modern, mechanical energy recovery devices that reduce energy requirements by 10-50%. The growing trend to build larger desalination plants recognizes the inherent modularity of RO systems and the fact that the development, design, and permitting costs are somewhat independent of plant size. The result is that larger plants are being constructed to take advantage of economies-of-scale, which reduce the unit cost of desalinated water. Other trends that will be reviewed in more detail include the co-siting of desalination plants with electric power generating plants and other industrial facilities, and the hybridization of distillation and membrane processes. -
1 Selectrodialysis and Bipolar Membrane
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC 1 SELECTRODIALYSIS AND BIPOLAR MEMBRANE ELECTRODIALYSIS 2 COMBINATION FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESS BRINES TREATMENT: 3 MONOVALENT-DIVALENT IONS SEPARATION AND ACID AND BASE 4 PRODUCTION 5 6 Mònica Reig1,*, César Valderrama1, Oriol Gibert1,2, José Luis Cortina1,2 7 8 1Chemical Engineering Dept., UPC-Barcelona TECH, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain 9 2CETAQUA Carretera d'Esplugues, 75, 08940 Cornellà de Llobregat, Spain 10 *Corresponding author: Tel.:+34 93 4016997; E-mail address: [email protected] 11 12 13 ABSTRACT 14 Chemical industries generate large amounts of wastewater rich in different chemical 15 constituents. Amongst these, salts at high concentrations are of major concern, making 16 necessary the treatment of saline effluents before discharge. Because most of these rejected 17 streams comprise a combination of more than one salt at high concentration, it is reasonable 18 to try to separate and revalorize them to promote circular economy at industry site level. For 19 this reason, ion-exchange membranes based technologies were integrated in this study: 20 selectrodialysis (SED) and electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM). Different 21 process brines composed by Na2SO4 and NaCl at different concentrations were treated first by 22 SED to separate each salt, and then by EDBM to produce base (NaOH) and acids (HCl and 23 H2SO4) from each salt. The optimum of both electrolyte nature and concentration of the SED - 2- 24 stack streams was evaluated. Results indicated that it was possible to separate Cl and SO4 25 depending on the anionic membrane, initial electrolytes and concentrations of each stream. -
Wastewater Treatment by Electrodialysis System and Fouling Problems
The Online Journal of Science and Technology - January 2016 Volume 6, Issue 1 WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY ELECTRODIALYSIS SYSTEM AND FOULING PROBLEMS Elif OZTEKIN, Sureyya ALTIN Bulent Ecevit University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Zonguldak-Turkey [email protected], VDOWÕQ#NDUDHOPDVHGXWU Abstract: Electrodialysis ED is a separation process commercially used on a large scale for production of drinking water from water bodies and treatment of industrial effluents (Ruiz and et al., 2007). ED system contains ion exchange membranes and ions are transported through ion selective membranes from one solution to another under the influence of electrical potential difference used as a driving force. ED has been widely used in the desalination process and recovery of useful matters from effluents. The performance of ED, depends on the operating conditions and device structures such as ion content of raw water, current density, flow rate, membrane properties, feed concentration, geometry of cell compartments (Chang and et al., 2009, Mohammadi and et al., 2004). The efficiency of ED systems consist in a large part on the properties of the ion exchange membranes. Fouling of ion exchange membranes is one of the common problems in ED processes (Lee and et al., 2009, Ruiz and et al., 2007). Fouling is basically caused by the precipitation of foulants such as organics, colloids and biomass on the membrane surface or inside the membrane and fouling problem reduces the transport of ions. The fouling problems are occasion to increase membrane resistance, loss in selectivity of the membranes and affect negatively to membrane performance (Lee and et al., 2002, Lindstrand and et al., 2000a, Lindstrand and et al., 2000b). -
Demineralization Treatment Technologies for the Seawater Demineralization Feasibility Investigation
Special Publication SJ2004-SP7 Demineralization Treatment Technologies for the Seawater Demineralization Feasibility Investigation Technical Memorandum B.7 Demineralization Treatment Technologies For the Seawater Demineralization Feasibility Investigation Contract #SE459AA by R. W. Beck, Inc. 800 North Magnolia Avenue, Suite 300 Orlando, Florida 32803-3274 FINAL St. Johns River Water Management District P.O. Box 1429 Highway 100 West Palatka, Florida December 31, 2002 Contents Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Purpose............................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Early Desalination Technologies.................................................................... 2 2.0 THERMAL DESALINATION PROCESSES.................................................... 3 2.1 History.............................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Multi-stage Flash Distillation ......................................................................... 4 2.3 Multi-effect Distillation................................................................................... 4 2.4 Vapor Compression......................................................................................... 5 2.5 Thermal Plant Performance Enhancements................................................. 5 3.0 MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY..........................................................................