DOCSLIB.ORG

United States Patent Office Patented Jan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
United States Patent Office Patented Jan 3,361,719 United States Patent Office Patented Jan. 2, 1968 2 chloride at a temperature of 20 C. Providing a further 3,361,719 reaction the mixture was heated to about 100 C., then VULCANIZATION AGENTS the resulting product was treated with carbon tetrachloride to separate retained sulfur. HaraldGermany, Blimel, assignors Otto Wiechulla, to Chemische and WaiterWerke Reuter,Huls Aktien Marl, gesellschaft, Marl, Germany 5 Dicyclohexanone-disulfide was obtained by reacting 2 No Drawing. Filed Jan. 22, 1964, Ser. No. 339,337 mols cyclohexanone with 1 mol disulfur-dichloride at a Claims priority, application Germany, Feb. 6, 1963, temperature of 0 to 10 C. for one hour. For further C 29,102 reaction the mixture was held at 30° C. for 3 hours, then 6 Claims. (C. 260-66) poured into benzene to remove present hydrochloric acid 10 and finally washed with diluted aqueous alkali hydroxide This invention relates to elastomer technology, partic Solution and water. ularly to vulcanization agents. Relatively small amounts of the material are used, It is known that for the vulcanization of elastomers, generally from 0.05 to 20%, and preferably 0.1 to 10% so-called vulcanization agents are used. These Vulcaniza based on the weight of the elastomers. tion agents are substances which by themselves or in com Suitable vulcanizable elastomeric mixtures comprise bination with other substances will effect a transition of e.g. natural rubber and synthetic rubber-like vulcanizable elastomers from the non-crosslinked into the cross-linked elastomers such as butadiene-styrene polymers, butadiene condition. For this purpose sulfur in its various forms is acrylonitrile copolymers, polychloroprene, polybutadiene, generally used, but use can also be made of selenium, tel polyisoprene, butyl-rubber, ethylene-propylene copolymers lurium, polysulfides and corresponding compounds of 20 in Saturated or unsaturated form, halogenated or halo selenium and tellurium, polynitroso-compounds, quinone Sulfonated polyethylene, these types of polymers being derivatives, metal oxides or mixtures of metal oxides such classified as sulfur-vulcanizable rubbers for the purpose as zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, lead oxide, calcium OX of this invention. In addition to the rubber base, there can ides, etc. be included fillers such as active or inactive carbon black, The known vulcanization accelerators can also be des active or inactive silicic acid, silicates, carbonates, sulfates, ignated as vulcanization agents. The mode of opera materials to impart resistance to light crazing, fatigue or tion of these vulvanization accelerators is that without ageing, and also waxes, fatty acids, plasticizing oils, color themselves causing any cross-linking, they cooperate with ing materials and vulcanization agents. other vulcanization agents to speed up the vulcanization These mixtures are masticated in the machines that are and to produce improved products. Vulcanization accelera 30 generally employed in the rubber industry, such as internal tors occur in many different classes of chemical com mixers (Banbury) and rubber mills. The basic mixtures pounds and are generally used in combination with sulfur, are generally produced at higher temperatures than the metal oxides, fatty acids and other substances commonly final mixtures which consist of the basic mixtures with present in vulcanizable mixtures. Known accelerators ae Vulcanizing agents added thereto to produce cross linking. e.g. various substituted amines, quanidine, toluidine, The advantage of said vulcanizing agents consists in aniline derivatives, thiuramsulfide, thiazole, dithiocarb that they are operable in extremely small concentrations aminate, sulfenamide, peroxides metal compounds of aS compared to other vulcanizing agents. Therefore the these substances, and corresponding compounds of Seleni Vulcanizing agents according to the present invention in um and tellurium volve a highly economic production of elastomeric mix The principal object of this invention is to provide new 40 tures. vulcanization agents. Without further elaboration, it is believed that one Other objects are to provide a process of vulcanization skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, as well as vulcanized and vulcanizable compositions based utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The fol on the new vulcanization agents. lowing preferred specific embodiments are, therefore, to Upon further study of the specification and claims be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of other objects and advantages of the present invention will the remainder of the specification and claims in any way become apparent. whatsoever. To attain the objects of this invention it has been found that ketone-disulfides of the formulas Example I CE C3 50 In an internal mixer of 2 liter net volume operated at O O do CO 40 rp.m. and at 50 C., by means of heat transfer fluid, J. H. H. J. the following mixture is produced B. YYH, S-S- 100 parts cold rubber type 1500, specifically a copolymer S-S 55 obtained by copolymerization of 23 parts styrene and H 77 parts butadiene in an emulsifier containing aqueous H His emulsion at 5° C. ("Type 1500 refer to ASTM, Rubber World, 1960, page 107) ( D (II) 47.5 parts HAF carbon black can be advantageously used as vulcanization agents in 608 parts aromatic plasticizer oil vulcanizable mixtures. Not only the dicyclohexanone-di 1 part N-phenyl-N'-cyclohexyl-p-phenylene diamine sulfide, di-acetophenone-disulfide can be used, but also 1 part ozocerite their alkyl-, aryl- or aralkyl-substitued derivatives, e.g. The materials are mixed 10 minutes. The above-men the disulfides of methyl-, ethyl- and butyl-acetophenone, 65 tioned Vulcanization agents are then mixed therewith on phenyl-acetophenone, methyl-phenyl-acetophenone; the a laboratory rubber mill. This method of mixing and also disulfides of methyl-cyclohexanone, cyclohexyl-cyclohex the basic composition given above are used in all the fol anone, methyl-phenylcyclohexanone. lowing examples. The ketone-disulfides are obtainable by the reaction of The ring and plate shaped samples for testing which 1 to 2 mols of a disulfur-dichloride with 2 mols of a 70 were obtained by vulcanization at 150° C. in a press and ketone. For the preparation of di-acetophenone-disulfide subsequent stamping out had the following properties as 1 mol acetophenone was reacted with 1 mol disulfur-di defined by the German standardization regulations. 3,361,719 TABLE I Modulus, kg.fcm. Elasticity Parts, ingredients in addi- Heating Tensile Expan- - - - - - - Perm. Resist- Hardness, Mix- per 100 tion to those listed time in Strength, Sion, expan- ance to Shore d s ture parts of in Example I min. kg.fcm. percent 300 500 Slon, tearg., 22°C., 75° C., rubber percent percent percent kg. Icm. percent percent l------ 2 Sulfur, Dicyclo- 5A O 865 6 O O 2 4. 40 33 5 hexanone- 30B 66 985 16 35 63 O 49 4. 38 disulfide. 6OC 78 755 42 103 26 2. 54 43 44 20D 206 550 83 82 4. 8 59 43 49 2------ 5 ZnO, Sulfur, 15A. 92 735 49 3 26 22 57 39 A5 2 Dicyclohexanone- 30B 224 665 68 54 20 2. 60 39 48 disulfide. 60'C 242 600 86 9i 8 18 60 40 5. 5 i2O'D 237 540 103 26 5 61 40 52 3------ 5 Dicyclohexanone- 15A. 6 760 6 6 100 40 40 32 disulfide, 30B 16 1,030 6 13 100 3 45 4. 34 60C 59 90 6 35 65 O 50 42 38 120D 25 820 28 68 41 6 50 43 42 The preceding table shows that mixture number 3 is Consequently, such changes and modifications are prop Vulcanized to a significant degree without the addition of erly, equitably, and intended to be, within the full range any other vulcanizing agents except the novel agent of of equivalence of the following claims. this invention. What is claimed is: Example 2 25 1. In a process of vulcanizing rubber of the group con As the following table shows, a change in the amount sisting of natural rubber, butadiene-styrene copolymers, of the dicyclohexanone-disulfide to below 0.5 part per 100 butadiene - acrylonitrile copolymers, polychloroprene, parts of rubber has only a very slight effect on the prop polybutadiene, polyisoprene, butyl-rubber, ethylene-pro erties of the product. Even if the amount is reduced to pylene copolymers, halogenated polyethylene, and halo 0.25 part per 100 parts of rubber, the product is still 80 sulfonated polyethylene, the improvement which com useful. prises employing as a vulcanization agent 0.05-20% by TABLE I Parts, Modulus, kg/cm. Perm, Resist Mix- per 100 Ingredients in addition to Heating Tensile Expan- Expan- ance to Hardness, Elasticity ture parts of those listed in Example i time in Strength, Sion, Slon, tearg. Shore 22°C., rubber min. kg.fon. Percent 300 500 Percent kgfen. Percent Percent Percent I------ 5 ZnO, 15A. 108 955 22 5. 65 4. 52 40 2 Sulfur, 30B 14 725 37 88 33 56 4. 0.25 Dicyclohexanonedisulfide. 60C 173 620 57 30 23 f 56 39 120D 22 630 73 66 2 4 5 39 2------ 5 ZnO, 5A. 5 90 24 59 50 5 53 39 2 Sulfur, 30B 73 85 40 94. 27 6 55 40 0. 5 Dicyclohexanon.edisulfide. 60C 92 670 58 32 25 5 57 39 120D 223 635 77 68 20 5 59 3. 3------ 5 ZnO, 5A 15 890 3. 73 44 8 54 39 2 Sulfur, 30B 172 15 47 06 27 9 56 40 Dicyclohexanonedisulfide. 60'C 205 670 64 40 17 7 58 39 120D 224 60 82 75 9 14 O 39 4------ 5 ZnO, 5A 80 4. 94 34 56 40 2 Sulfur, 30B 206 725 57 30 26 17 .. 5 40 2 Dicyclohexanon.edisulfide. 60C 225 655 74 63 20 5 59 40 120D 243 605 92 194 18 4. 39 5------ 5 ZnO, 15A.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nomenclature Worksheet Part 2-Binary Molecular Compounds
    Nomenclature Worksheet Part 2-Binary Molecular Compounds. When two different elements combine, they form a binary compound. We have seen some ionic binary compounds such as sodium chloride, NaCl, or copper(II) oxide, CuO. But, non-metals can also form binary compounds, the most famous of which is water, H2O. We have learned how to name binary ionic compounds. In this worksheet, we will practice naming binary molecular compounds. Binary molecular compounds are held together by covalent bonds. As in ionic compounds, the more metallic element is listed first, and the less metallic is listed second. This coincides with the concept of electronegativity (and the converse, electropositivity) that we discussed in class. So, another way of stating this is the more electropositive element is written first followed by the more electronegative element. An example of this is SF6, Notice that sulfur is more electropositive than fluoride and is written first. If both elements are in the same group, the element with the higher period number goes first. We see this in the formulas of SO2 and IBr. Binary molecular compounds differ from ionic compounds in a key way: we can’t use charge to name the compound. So how will we distinguish CO2 from CO, NO2 from N2O? We will use need a different system from ionic nomenclature. In ionic nomenclature, we use charges and the position on the periodic table to indicate the number and types of ions in the compounds. The charges are whole numbers. Binary molecules can have fractional charges and multiple compounds for the combination of elements.
    [Show full text]
  • CHEM 1000 Practice Final a (Answers)
    1 Name: ________________________ Student Number: _____________________ Chemistry 1000 Practice Final Exam A Based on Fall 2009 Test (Content Updated to Fall 2012 Curriculum) INSTRUCTIONS 1) Read the exam carefully before beginning. There are 19 questions on pages 2 to 12 followed by 2 pages of “Data Sheet” (including periodic table) and a blank page for any rough work. Please ensure that you have a complete exam. If not, let an invigilator know immediately. All pages must be submitted at the end of the exam. 2) If your work is not legible, it will be given a mark of zero. 3) Marks will be deducted for incorrect information added to an otherwise correct answer. 4) You may use a calculator. 5) Show your work for all calculations. Answers without supporting calculations will not be given full credit. 6) Marks will be deducted for improper use of significant figures and for numerical answers with incorrect/missing units. 7) Do not open the exam until you are told to begin. Beginning prematurely will result in removal of your exam paper and a mark of 0. 8) You have 3 hours to complete this exam. Nobody may leave the exam room during the first hour or the last 15 minutes of the exam. Q Mark Q Mark 1 / 23 11 / 7 2 / 3 12 / 9 3 / 5 13 / 8 4 / 3 14 / 3 5 / 3 15 / 4 6 / 2 16 / 10 7 / 4 17 / 6 8 / 3 18 / 2 9 / 12 19 / 1 10 / 2 Total / 110 2 Name: ________________________ Student Number: _____________________ 1.
    [Show full text]
  • 90934 Demonstrate Understanding of Aspects of Chemical Reactions
    No Brain Too Small CHEMISTRY 90934 Demonstrate understanding of aspects of chemical reactions Collated questions on Synthesis/Combination reactions 2011-2013 Question One A teacher showed her class two video clips of chemical reactions. One was of a reaction between sodium metal and chlorine gas. The second was of a reaction between solid sulfur and chlorine gas. (a) When the sodium metal reacted with chlorine gas, the video clip showed a shiny grey solid reacting with a yellow-green gas. The reaction resulted in the formation of white crystals. Link these observations to the reactants and products involved in this reaction. (b) (i) Name the product that will be formed when solid sulfur reacts with chlorine gas. (ii) Identify the type of reaction that is occurring, and give a reason for your choice. (c) (i) Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction between sodium and chlorine. (ii) Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction between sulfur and chlorine. (d) Explain the differences in the two reactions: sodium with chlorine gas and sulfur with chlorine gas, in terms of electron transfer. Question Two A teacher demonstrates a reaction between hydrogen gas and oxygen in the air. Analyse the reaction (i) Identify the type of reaction that occurs: Give a reason for your choice: (ii) Describe any observations that would be made of this reaction, and link these to the substances involved in the reaction. Outline a test that could be used to confirm the presence of the product formed. (iii) Write a balanced symbol equation for this reaction. Question Three Different elements can be reacted together to form compounds with properties that are different to the original elements.
    [Show full text]
  • Sulfur Chloride Hazard Summary Identification
    Common Name: SULFUR CHLORIDE CAS Number: 10025-67-9 RTK Substance number: 1758 DOT Number: UN 1828 Date: October 1999 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- HAZARD SUMMARY * Sulfur Chloride can affect you when breathed in. * If you think you are experiencing any work-related health * Sulfur Chloride is a HIGHLY CORROSIVE problems, see a doctor trained to recognize occupational CHEMICAL and contact can severely irritate and burn the diseases. Take this Fact Sheet with you. skin and eyes with possible eye damage. * Breathing Sulfur Chloride can irritate the nose and throat. WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS * Breathing Sulfur Chloride can irritate the lungs causing OSHA: The legal airborne permissible exposure limit coughing and/or shortness of breath. Higher exposures (PEL) is 1 ppm averaged over an 8-hour can cause a build-up of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary workshift. edema), a medical emergency, with severe shortness of breath. NIOSH: The recommended airborne exposure limit is * Exposure to Sulfur Chloride can cause headache, nausea 1 ppm, which should not be exceeded at any and dizziness. time. * Repeated exposure to Sulfur Chloride can cause drying and cracking of the skin. ACGIH: The recommended airborne exposure limit is 1 ppm, which should not be exceeded at any IDENTIFICATION time. Sulfur Chloride is a light amber to yellowish red, fuming, oily liquid with a strong, nauseating and irritating odor. It is WAYS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE used as an intermediate and chlorinating agent in the * Where possible, enclose operations and use local exhaust manufacture of organic chemicals, sulfur dyes, insecticides, ventilation at the site of chemical release. If local exhaust and synthetic rubber.
    [Show full text]
  • New Heterocyclic Materials by New Mcrs and Domino Reactions
    New Fourth International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry (ECSOC-4), Heterocyclic www.mdpi.org/ecsoc-4.htm, September 1-30, 2000 Materials [A0001] New heterocyclic materials CPK ball & stick stick Tomás Torroba1*, Oleg A. Rakitin2, Charles W. Rees3 wireframe 1. Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain 2. N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 117913, Russia 3. Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AY, United Kingdom E-mail: [email protected] Received: 2 August 2000 / Uploaded: 3 August 2000 The preparation of new heterocyclic systems by conventional ways is normally a hard work that implies many synthetic steps and expensive starting materials. Even more, many heterocyclic systems, being predictably stable, are impossible to be prepared because the synthetic approach simply does not exist. There is a very different approach to get new heterocyclic systems that uses simple organic starting materials (tertiary amines, alicyclic oximes) bearing a nucleophilic nitrogen which generates reactive intermediates, subsequently trapped by a inorganic reagent, disulfur dichloride (S2Cl2). In general, trapping of intermediates is followed by extensive dehydrogenation and chlorination to give new intermediates that can be trapped by selected nucleophiles on the way to stable final products.1-2 A good combination of reagents and reaction sequences permits the preparation of heterocycles that imply up to fifteen different steps all working sequentially in a one-pot reaction. The best example of this chemistry is the reaction of N-ethyldiisopropylamine (Hünig’s base), with disulfur dichloride.3-4 The first step is a slow oxidation of the amine to an immonium salt by a combination of disulfur dichloride and DABCO (diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane).
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses Electrosynthetic and other studies of sulfur imides and aromatic thiazenes Clarke, H. G. How to cite: Clarke, H. G. (1974) Electrosynthetic and other studies of sulfur imides and aromatic thiazenes, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8276/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk ELECTROSYNTHETIC AND OTHER STUDIES OF SULFUR IMIDES AND AROMATIC THIAZENES by H.e;. CLARKE, B.Sc. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Durham September 1974 6 DEC 1974 HE0T10* LIBRA Acknowledgments The author wishes to express his gratitude to Sr. A.J. Banister, under whose supervision this research v/as carried out, for his unflagging enthusiasm, constant interest and valuable advice throughout the whole period of study. My thanks are also due to the Science Research Council and Staveley Chemicals Limited for providing a research grant, to the Senate of the University of Durham for research facilities, to many of the departments technical staff and to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Reactions of Sulfur-Dicyanide and Sulfur-Dichlorides with Transition Metal Complexes." (1974)
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1974 Reactions of Sulfur-Dicyanide and Sulfur- Dichlorides With Transition Metal Complexes. Diane Singleton Hamilton Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Hamilton, Diane Singleton, "Reactions of Sulfur-Dicyanide and Sulfur-Dichlorides With Transition Metal Complexes." (1974). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 2730. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/2730 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image.
    [Show full text]
  • Solvent Mediated Synthesis of Metal Chalcogenides
    Solvent Mediated Synthesis of Metal Chalcogenides Graham Andrew Shaw Supervised by Dr. I. P. Parkin Presented August 2000 Christopher Ingold Laboratories, University College London This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Chemistry) ProQuest Number: U642612 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U642612 Published by ProQuest LLC(2015). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract This thesis is primarily concerned with the synthesis of binary and ternary transition metal and main-group metal chalcogenides (excluding oxides) at room temperature. Bulk material was sought using both elemental combination and metathetical reactions, in either liquid ammonia or n-butylamine. In addition, solid-state metathesis reactions were employed in the synthesis of a selection of low valent transition metal chalcogenides. Elemental combination reactions at room temperature afforded a simple, reproducible single- stage preparation of a range of transition and main-group metal chalcogenides in good yield (> 90%). Products were either highly crystalline (c) or X-ray amorphous {a) in nature. In most cases, annealing the X-ray amorphous powders at 200-250 °C for 2h was found to induce sufficient crystallinity for characterisation by X-ray powder diffraction.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent Office Patented Feb
    3,639,471 United States Patent Office Patented Feb. 1, 1972 2 In this reaction (i), therefore, an intramolecular 3,639,471 splitting off occurs of hydrogen chloride from the car PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF SULFEN bamic acid chloride molecule. YLATED CARBAMIC ACD FLUOR DES Erich Klauke, Odenthal-Hahnenberg, and Engelbert It has not hitherto been known, or successfully carried Kuhle, Bergedorf, Gladbach, Germany, assignors to out, that in monosubstituted carbamic acid chlorides the Farbenfabriken Bayer Aktiengesellschaft, Leverkusen, hydrogen atom on the nitrogen atom can be reacted with Germany acid chlorides, that is, that the hydrogen atom can be re No Drawing. Filled July 3, 1968, Ser. No. 742,176 placed by an acid radical. In this second case, an inter Claims priority, application Germany, July 5, 1967, molecular, rather than an intramolecular, splitting off of F 52,861 0. hydrogen chloride would be necessary. Int. C. C07c51/58, 101/10, 125/00 'If monosubstituted carbamic acid chlorides are reacted U.S. C. 260-544 C 20 Claims with acid-binding agents, such as triethylamine, and sul fenic acid chlorides, such as trichloromethyl-sulfenyl chloride, there is also obtained the appropriate isocyanate, ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE 5 since the trichloromethyl-sulfenyl chloride does not react. Reacting N-mono-(substituted- and unsubstituted-ali Thus, there occurs here again an intramolecular, in phatic, e.g. lower alkyl, -cycloaliphatic, e.g. C5-6 cyclo stead of an intermolecular, splitting off of hydrogen alkyl; and -aromatic, e.g. phenyl and halo-, nitro-, lower chloride. alkyl-, lower alkoxy-, lower alkylmercapto- and/or tri The second case reaction can be represented for ex fluoromethyl-phenyl)-substituted carbamic acid fluoride 20 ample by the following formula scheme: with (substituted- and unsubstituted-alkyl, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Resistance of SIGRATHERM® Foil and Sheets
    Chemical resistance of SIGRATHERM® foil and sheets This technical information is valid for SIGRATHERM flexible graphite foil and sheets, including SIGRATHERM L (lightweight graphite board), which are ● manufactured from expanded natural graphite ● free from additives, e.g. PCM's (Phase Change Material). Chemical properties Graphite is insoluble and infusible. It counts as one of the most chemically resistant materials. Organic chemistry Graphite is resistant to virtually all media in the field of organic chemistry. These typically include, for example, the intermedi- ate and/or final products of the following industries: ● Petrochemistry ● Coal conversion ● Synthetics ● Varnish and paint ● Cosmetics ● Food and stimulants industry ● Photochemicals ● Cooling agents ● Anti-freezing agents Inorganic chemistry Graphite is resistant to almost all inorganic media as well, for example to many acids and bases, as well as probably all ↑ SIGRATHERM flexible graphite foil aqueous salt solutions and to most technical gases. The following media resistance list shall provide an overview. individual cases. It should be noted, that mixtures can be For media which are not included it is generally advised to partly more critical than pure media or vice versa. confer with SGL Carbon. Four different cases can be distinguished: 1. resistant The resistance data apply to operating temperatures of the 2. not resistant medium mentioned which are known to us. However for media 3. limited resistance being operated at above 400 °C or 752 °F, we generally ask for 4. insufficient data – consultation. The third case depends on the stability of operation, operating The information is based on experience, laboratory tests and is temperatures or the concentration.
    [Show full text]
  • Facts on File DICTIONARY of INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    The Facts On File DICTIONARY of INORGANIC CHEMISTRY The Facts On File DICTIONARY of INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Edited by John Daintith ® The Facts On File Dictionary of Inorganic Chemistry Copyright © 2004 by Market House Books Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Facts on File dictionary of inorganic chemistry / edited by John Daintith. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8160-4926-2 (alk. paper). 1. Chemistry—Dictionaries. I. Title: Dictionary of inorganic chemistry. II. Daintith, John. XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Compiled and typeset by Market House Books Ltd, Aylesbury, UK Printed in the United States of America MP 10987654321 This book is printed on acid-free paper CONTENTS Preface vii Entries A to Z 1 Appendixes I. The Periodic Table 244 II. The Chemical Elements 245 III. The Greek Alphabet 247 IV. Fundamental Constants 247 V. Webpages 248 Bibliography 248 PREFACE This dictionary is one of a series covering the terminology and concepts used in important branches of science.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2005)
    NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY IUPAC Recommendations 2005 IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements 118 1 2 21314151617 H He 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be B C N O F Ne 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3456 78910 11 12 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 55 56 * 57− 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Cs Ba lanthanoids Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 87 88 ‡ 89− 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Fr Ra actinoids Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo * 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu ‡ 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS 2005 Issued by the Division of Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation in collaboration with the Division of Inorganic Chemistry Prepared for publication by Neil G.
    [Show full text]