Structure and Dynamics of Sponge-Dominated Assemblages on the Temperate Reefs: Variability Associated with Anthropogenic Disturbance Daniel E

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Structure and Dynamics of Sponge-Dominated Assemblages on the Temperate Reefs: Variability Associated with Anthropogenic Disturbance Daniel E University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2000 Structure and dynamics of sponge-dominated assemblages on the temperate reefs: variability associated with anthropogenic disturbance Daniel E. Roberts University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Roberts, Daniel E., Structure and dynamics of sponge-dominated assemblages on the temperate reefs: variability associated with anthropogenic disturbance, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, 2000. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/1870 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF SPONGE- DOMINATED ASSEMBLAGES ON TEMPERATE REEFS: VARIABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCE A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by Daniel E. Roberts Department of Biological Sciences 2000 11 FRONTISPIECE: Sponge-dominated assemblage from a temperate reef at 50m depth (Sydney, NSW, Australia). Ill DECLARATION I, Daniel E. Roberts, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Daniel Edward Roberts November 2000 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements vi Papers and Manuscripts Associated with Thesis Chapters viii Papers and Reports Associated with Thesis ix Abstract x List of Tables xiv List of Figures xviii CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2: GENERAL METHODS 5 STUDY AREA 5 QUANTIFYING SUBTIDAL ASSEMBLAGES 8 Introduction 8 Methods 10 Jump Camera 10 Analysis of Photographs 11 Comparison of Jump Camera with in situ Sampling 11 Results 15 Discussion 21 TAXONOMIC DISCRIMINATION 25 Introduction 25 Methods 28 Univariate Assessment 30 Multivariate Assessment 31 Results 32 Univariate Approach 33 Taxonomic resolution within kelp forests 33 Taxonomic resolution within crustose coralline habitats 33 Statistical power and taxonomic resolution 34 Multivariate Approach 38 Taxonomic resolution within kelp forests 38 Taxonomic resolution within crustose coralline habitats 40 Discussion 44 CHAPTER 3: PATTERNS OF NATURAL VARIABILITY 48 DEPTH RELATED PATTERNS IN SPONGE ASSEMBLAGES 48 Introduction 48 Methods 49 Study Sites and Sampling 49 Statistical Treatment of Data 50 Results 53 Species Distribution and Composition 53 Total Sponge Richness and Cover 58 Comparison Between Erect and Encrusting Forms 58 Discussion 65 STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS ON EXPOSED AND SHELTERED REEFS 68 Introduction 68 Methods 70 Study Locations and Sampling Design 70 Analysis of Photographs and Taxonomic Discrimination 72 Univariate Statistical Analyses 72 Multivariate Statistical Analyses 73 Results 74 Changes in Richness and Cover 74 Changes in Community Structure 79 Discussion 82 V CHAPTER 4: PATTERNS ASSOCIATED WITH SEWAGE DISPOSAL 86 SHALLOW-WATER ASSEMBLAGES IN KELP FORESTS 86 Introduction 86 Methods 88 Results 92 Univariate Analyses 92 Algal assemblages 92 Faunal assemblages 93 Multivariate Analyses 99 Discussion 104 NEARSHORE SPONGE-DOMINATED ASSEMBLAGES 108 Introduction 108 Methods 110 Study Locations and Sampling Design 110 Analysis of Photographs and Taxonomic Discrimination 111 Univariate Statistical Analyses 113 Multivariate Statistical Analyses 115 Results 115 Changes in Cover and Richness 116 Taxa which showed little change at the outfall 116 Taxa which decreased at the outfall 117 Taxa which increased at the outfall 121 Changes in Community Structure 124 Discussion 129 SPONGE-DOMINATED ASSEMBLAGES IN DEEP-WATER 133 Introduction 133 Methods 134 Results 140 Discussion 150 CHAPTER 5: SEWAGE-RELATED PROCESSES 156 Introduction 156 Methods 159 Study Sites and Sponge Handling 159 Experimental Design 161 Laboratory Procedures 162 Analyses of Data 163 Results 164 Sponge Growth 164 Reproductive Status 165 Symbiotic Algae 167 Discussion 180 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION 184 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY 184 EFFECTS OF SEWAGE 188 MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS 191 REFERENCES 194 VI Acknowledgements As the year 2000 drew to a close, I seriously considered changing the title of this thesis to "2001: A Sponge Odyssey". In retrospect, I was quite naive about the significant amount of time that I would need to devote to this research. Some said that trying to do a PhD whilst working full time would be very difficult if not impossible. At times I had to agree, especially when it came to the amount of time that I needed to spend on the most tedious of tasks, and especially when I realised just how much I actually did not know. Many difficult but enjoyable times were ahead, and I met many new friends and colleagues along the way. The support of these colleagues and friends made the task achievable and worthwhile. Most of the chapters in this thesis have now been published or are in the process of being published and the contributions of co-author(s) in each of the various papers are duly acknowledged: Andy Davis, Sharon Cummins, Steve Fitzhenry, Steve Kennelly, Tony Roach, Peter Scanes, Adam Smith and Penny Ajani. Much of the earlier work done in this thesis was logistically possible because of the support given by management and colleagues from the NSW Environment Protection Authority (EPA). In particular I would like to thank Gary Henry, Tony Church, Peter Scanes, Klaus Koop, Ross Higginson, David Leece, Robin Macdonald and Neil Philip. Colleagues from the Water Studies Section (EPA) are also thanked for their valuable assistance over the years, in particular, Scott Carter, Peter Scanes, Tony Roach, Stuart Puckeridge, Martin Krogh, Penny Ajani, Graham Sherwin, Rob Smith and Chris Pangway. Last, but not least, I would particularly like to thank Sharon Cummins for her advice and assistance throughout the work done in this thesis, and her expertise in fending off the white pointer sharks and the marauding yachties. vii The following colleagues have also, at some stage, either assisted in reviews of manuscripts or been substantially involved with some aspect of the research done in this thesis and they are all acknowledged for their valuable contributions: Dan Fitzhenry, Paul McGaw, Steve Fitzhenry, Adam Fitzhenry, Yvette Eckersley, Adam Smith, John Hooper, Steve Kennelly, Tony Underwood, Marcus Lincoln-Smith, Alan Jones, David Ayre, Rob Whelan, Alan Butler, Brian Bayne, Clive Wilkinson, Peter Fairweather, Phil Colman, Kirsten Benkendorff, Geoff Sainty, Paul Somerfield, Ken Zimmerman, Shane Murray, Bob Diaz, Karla Casey, Sian Towel. I would also like to thank my "fish-widow" mum (Jan Roberts) and "so long and thanks for all the fish" dad (Bob Roberts), for inspiring in me a love of the sea and all those smelly wriggly bits in it. Dad is also thanked for his advice and help in constructing the treatment cages for the experimental work. The support and significant contributions of my wife (Jan) and children (Nicholas, William, Ella and Ethan) throughout this thesis was most appreciated, as I know they gained a "sponge nerd" for a few years. Before starting my PhD, I was given a fundamental piece of advice - "what determines whether your PhD is typical or exceptional will be somewhat reflected by the expertise, enthusiasm and wisdom of your supervisor - so get a good one". I certainly took that advice when I chose my supervisor -1 sincerely thank Associate Professor Andy (Aza) Davis whom through his sage advice, genuine enthusiasm and good humour made the whole thing possible (although I am still a little confused about the relevance of underwater goats in subtidal assemblages). Vlll Papers and Manuscripts Associated with Thesis Chapters CHAPTER 2 - General Methods Roberts, D. E., Fitzhenry, S. R., Kennelly, S. J. (1994). Quantifying subtidal macrobenthic assemblages on hard substrata using a jump camera method. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 177: 157-170. Roberts, D. E., Roach, A. C. (2000). Taxonomic sufficiency in detecting the effects of sewage on subtidal macrobenthic assemblages on hard substrata. Mar. Poll. Bull. In press. CHAPTER 3 - Patterns of Variability Roberts, D. E., Davis, A. R. (1996). Patterns in sponge (Porifera) assemblages on temperate coastal reefs off Sydney, Australia. Mar. Freshwater Res. 47: 897-906. Roberts, D. E. (2000). Spatial and temporal variation in sponge-dominated assemblages on exposed and sheltered temperate reefs. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Submitted manuscript. CHAPTER 4 - Patterns Associated with Anthropogenic Disturbance Roberts, D. E., Scanes, P. R. (2000). Spatial patterns in the macrobenthic assemblages inhabiting kelp {Ecklonia radiata) forests exposed to sewage effluent. Aust. J. Ecotox. 5: 89-102. Roberts, D. E., Smith, A., Ajani, P., Davis, A. R. (1998). Rapid changes in encrusting marine assemblages exposed to anthropogenic point-source pollution: a 'Beyond BACT approach. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 163: 213-224. Roberts, D. E. (1996). Patterns in subtidal marine assemblages associated with a deep-water sewage outfall. Mar. Freshwater Res. M: 1-9. Roberts, D. E. (1996). Effects of the North Head Deep-water sewage outfall on nearshore coastal reef macrobenthic assemblages. Mar. Poll. Bull. 33: 303-308. IX CHAPTER 5 - Processes Associated with the Effects of Sewage
Recommended publications
  • New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 100
    ISSN 0083-7903, 100 (Print) ISSN 2538-1016; 100 (Online) , , II COVER PHOTO. Dictyodendrilla cf. cavernosa (Lendenfeld, 1883) (type species of Dictyodendri/la Bergquist, 1980) (see page 24), from NZOI Stn I827, near Rikoriko Cave entrance, Poor Knights Islands Marine Reserve. Photo: Ken Grange, NZOI. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Index to the Fauna 2. Porifera by ELLIOT W. DAWSON N .Z. Oceanographic Institute, Wellington New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 100 1993 • This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Cataloguing in publication DAWSON, E.W. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Index to the Fauna 2. Porifera / by Elliot W. Dawson - Wellington: New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 1993. (New Zealand Oceanographic Institute memoir, ISSN 0083-7903, 100) ISBN 0-478-08310-6 I. Title II. Series UDC Series Editor Dennis P. Gordon Typeset by Rose-Marie C. Thompson NIWA Oceanographic (NZOI) National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Received for publication: 17 July 1991 © NIWA Copyright 1993 2 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT 5 INTRODUCTION 5 SCOPE AND ARRANGEMENT 7 SYSTEMATIC LIST 8 Class DEMOSPONGIAE 8 Subclass Homosclcromorpha ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy and Diversity of the Sponge Fauna from Walters Shoal, a Shallow Seamount in the Western Indian Ocean Region
    Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region By Robyn Pauline Payne A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Scientiae in the Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape. Supervisors: Dr Toufiek Samaai Prof. Mark J. Gibbons Dr Wayne K. Florence The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF. December 2015 Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region Robyn Pauline Payne Keywords Indian Ocean Seamount Walters Shoal Sponges Taxonomy Systematics Diversity Biogeography ii Abstract Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region R. P. Payne MSc Thesis, Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape. Seamounts are poorly understood ubiquitous undersea features, with less than 4% sampled for scientific purposes globally. Consequently, the fauna associated with seamounts in the Indian Ocean remains largely unknown, with less than 300 species recorded. One such feature within this region is Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount located on the South Madagascar Ridge, which is situated approximately 400 nautical miles south of Madagascar and 600 nautical miles east of South Africa. Even though it penetrates the euphotic zone (summit is 15 m below the sea surface) and is protected by the Southern Indian Ocean Deep- Sea Fishers Association, there is a paucity of biodiversity and oceanographic data.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix: Some Important Early Collections of West Indian Type Specimens, with Historical Notes
    Appendix: Some important early collections of West Indian type specimens, with historical notes Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 between 1841 and 1864, we gain additional information concerning the sponge memoir, starting with the letter dated 8 May 1855. Jacob Gysbert Samuel van Breda A biography of Placide Duchassaing de Fonbressin was (1788-1867) was professor of botany in Franeker (Hol­ published by his friend Sagot (1873). Although an aristo­ land), of botany and zoology in Gent (Belgium), and crat by birth, as we learn from Michelotti's last extant then of zoology and geology in Leyden. Later he went to letter to van Breda, Duchassaing did not add de Fon­ Haarlem, where he was secretary of the Hollandsche bressin to his name until 1864. Duchassaing was born Maatschappij der Wetenschappen, curator of its cabinet around 1819 on Guadeloupe, in a French-Creole family of natural history, and director of Teyler's Museum of of planters. He was sent to school in Paris, first to the minerals, fossils and physical instruments. Van Breda Lycee Louis-le-Grand, then to University. He finished traveled extensively in Europe collecting fossils, especial­ his studies in 1844 with a doctorate in medicine and two ly in Italy. Michelotti exchanged collections of fossils additional theses in geology and zoology. He then settled with him over a long period of time, and was received as on Guadeloupe as physician. Because of social unrest foreign member of the Hollandsche Maatschappij der after the freeing of native labor, he left Guadeloupe W etenschappen in 1842. The two chief papers of Miche­ around 1848, and visited several islands of the Antilles lotti on fossils were published by the Hollandsche Maat­ (notably Nevis, Sint Eustatius, St.
    [Show full text]
  • Life-History Strategies of a Native Marine Invertebrate Increasingly Exposed to Urbanisation and Invasion
    Temporal Currency: Life-history strategies of a native marine invertebrate increasingly exposed to urbanisation and invasion A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Zoology University of Canterbury New Zealand Jason Suwandy 2012 Contents List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... vii Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ viii CHAPTER ONE - General Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Marine urbanisation and invasion ................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Successful invasion and establishment of populations ................................................................ 4 1.3 Ascidians ....................................................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Native ascidians as study organisms ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • E Urban Sanctuary Algae and Marine Invertebrates of Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary
    !e Urban Sanctuary Algae and Marine Invertebrates of Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary Jessica Reeves & John Buckeridge Published by: Greypath Productions Marine Care Ricketts Point PO Box 7356, Beaumaris 3193 Copyright © 2012 Marine Care Ricketts Point !is work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission of the publisher. Photographs remain copyright of the individual photographers listed. ISBN 978-0-9804483-5-1 Designed and typeset by Anthony Bright Edited by Alison Vaughan Printed by Hawker Brownlow Education Cheltenham, Victoria Cover photo: Rocky reef habitat at Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary, David Reinhard Contents Introduction v Visiting the Sanctuary vii How to use this book viii Warning viii Habitat ix Depth x Distribution x Abundance xi Reference xi A note on nomenclature xii Acknowledgements xii Species descriptions 1 Algal key 116 Marine invertebrate key 116 Glossary 118 Further reading 120 Index 122 iii Figure 1: Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary. !e intertidal zone rocky shore platform dominated by the brown alga Hormosira banksii. Photograph: John Buckeridge. iv Introduction Most Australians live near the sea – it is part of our national psyche. We exercise in it, explore it, relax by it, "sh in it – some even paint it – but most of us simply enjoy its changing modes and its fascinating beauty. Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary comprises 115 hectares of protected marine environment, located o# Beaumaris in Melbourne’s southeast ("gs 1–2). !e sanctuary includes the coastal waters from Table Rock Point to Quiet Corner, from the high tide mark to approximately 400 metres o#shore.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposal for a Revised Classification of the Demospongiae (Porifera) Christine Morrow1 and Paco Cárdenas2,3*
    Morrow and Cárdenas Frontiers in Zoology (2015) 12:7 DOI 10.1186/s12983-015-0099-8 DEBATE Open Access Proposal for a revised classification of the Demospongiae (Porifera) Christine Morrow1 and Paco Cárdenas2,3* Abstract Background: Demospongiae is the largest sponge class including 81% of all living sponges with nearly 7,000 species worldwide. Systema Porifera (2002) was the result of a large international collaboration to update the Demospongiae higher taxa classification, essentially based on morphological data. Since then, an increasing number of molecular phylogenetic studies have considerably shaken this taxonomic framework, with numerous polyphyletic groups revealed or confirmed and new clades discovered. And yet, despite a few taxonomical changes, the overall framework of the Systema Porifera classification still stands and is used as it is by the scientific community. This has led to a widening phylogeny/classification gap which creates biases and inconsistencies for the many end-users of this classification and ultimately impedes our understanding of today’s marine ecosystems and evolutionary processes. In an attempt to bridge this phylogeny/classification gap, we propose to officially revise the higher taxa Demospongiae classification. Discussion: We propose a revision of the Demospongiae higher taxa classification, essentially based on molecular data of the last ten years. We recommend the use of three subclasses: Verongimorpha, Keratosa and Heteroscleromorpha. We retain seven (Agelasida, Chondrosiida, Dendroceratida, Dictyoceratida, Haplosclerida, Poecilosclerida, Verongiida) of the 13 orders from Systema Porifera. We recommend the abandonment of five order names (Hadromerida, Halichondrida, Halisarcida, lithistids, Verticillitida) and resurrect or upgrade six order names (Axinellida, Merliida, Spongillida, Sphaerocladina, Suberitida, Tetractinellida). Finally, we create seven new orders (Bubarida, Desmacellida, Polymastiida, Scopalinida, Clionaida, Tethyida, Trachycladida).
    [Show full text]
  • From Northern Bass Strait, Southern Australia
    31 August 1989 Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 50(1): 1-242 (1989) ISSN 0814-1827 https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.1989.50.01 DEMOSPONGIAE (PORIFERA) FROM NORTHERN BASS STRAIT, SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA By Felix Wiedenmayer Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Museum of Victoria, Swanston Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia Present address: Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Agustinergasse 2, 4001 Basel, Switzerland Abstract Wiedenmayer, F., 1989. Demospongiae from northern Bass Strait, southern Australia. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 50(1): 1-242. Eighty-four species (in 47 genera) in the Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, are described and illustrated. Of these, 21 species are described as new: Ancorina repens, A. suina, Stelletta arenitecta, Rhabdastrella cordata, R. intermedia, Tetilla praecipua, Latrunculia hallmanni, Pseudaxinella decipiens, Reniochalina sectilis, Rhaphoxya felina, Clathria wilsoni, Echinoclathria egena, Psammoclema bitextum, P. fissuratum, P. goniodes, P. radiatum, P. stipitatum, P. van- soesti, Callyspongia persculpta, C. toxifera, and Thorecta glomerosus. Eighteen records are new for the Maugean province, and three (Phorbas tenacior, Darwinella gardineri, and Gel- liodes incrustans) are new for the Australian fauna. The following revisions depart from those adopted in Wiedenmayer et al. (in press). The family Desmacididae is divided into Desmacidi- nae and Stylotellinae, and the genera Stylotella ( = Batzella), Phoriospongia ( = Chondropsis), and Psammoclema ( = Psammopemma, Sarcocornea) are assigned to the latter. Dactylia, Chalinopsilla and Arenosclera are synonymised with Callyspongia. Thorectandra is synonymised with Thorecta. Dendrilla cactos (Selenka) is a senior synonym of D. rosea Lendenfeld. The composition of this collection is even, with respect to the known demosponge fauna of Victoria and Tasmania. Its zoogeographic affinity is essentially Indo-West Pacific and relictic Tethyan, its provincial endemism high, and its overlap with the Antarctic/Subantarctic fauna almost nil.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Natural HISTORY
    I AUSTRAliAN NATURAl HISTORY PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, 6-B COLLEGE STREET, SYDNEY VOLUME 19 NUMBER 7 PRESIDENT, JOE BAKER DIRECTOR, DESMOND GRIFFIN JULY-SEPTEMBER 1976 THE EARLY MYSTERY OF NORFOLK ISLAND 218 BY JIM SPECHT INSIDE THE SOPHISTICATED SEA SQUIRT 224 BY FRANK ROWE SILK, SPINNERETS AND SNARES 228 BY MICHAEL GRAY EXPLORING MACQUARIE ISLAND 236 PART1 : SOUTH ERN W ILDLIFE OUTPOST BY DONALD HORNING COVER: The Rockhopper I PART 2: SUBANTARCTIC REFUGE Penguin, Eudyptes chryso­ BY JIM LOWRY come chrysocome, a small crested species which reaches 57cm maximum A MICROCOSM OF DIVERSITY 246 adult height. One of the four penguin species which BY JOHN TERRELL breed on Macq uarie Island, they leave for six months every year to spend the IN REVIEW w inter months at sea. SPECTACULAR SHELLS AND OTHER CREATURES 250 (Photo: D.S. Horning.) A nnual Subscription: $6-Australia; $A7.50-other countries except New Zealand . EDITOR Single cop ies: $1 .50 ($1.90 posted Australia); $A2-other countries except New NANCY SMITH Zealand . Cheque or money order payable to The Australian Museum should be sen t ASSISTANT EDITORS to The Secretary, The Australian Museum, PO Box A285, Sydney South 2000. DENISE TORV , Overseas subscribers please note that monies must be paid in Australian currency. INGARET OETTLE DESIGN I PRODUCTION New Zealand Annual Subscription: $NZ8. Cheque or money order payable to the LEAH RYAN Government Printer should be sent to the New Zealand Government Printer, ASSISTANT Private Bag, Wellington. BRONWYN SHIRLEY CIRCULATION Opinions expressed by the authors are their own and do not necessarily represent BRUCE GRAINGER the policies or v iews of The Australian Museum.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Phylogeny of the Families Pyuridae and Styelidae (Stolidobranchiata
    * Manuscript 1 Phylogeny of the families Pyuridae and Styelidae (Stolidobranchiata, Ascidiacea) 2 inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences 3 4 Pérez-Portela Ra, b, Bishop JDDb, Davis ARc, Turon Xd 5 6 a Eco-Ethology Research Unit, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada (ISPA), Rua 7 Jardim do Tabaco, 34, 1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal 8 9 b Marine Biological Association of United Kingdom, The Laboratory Citadel Hill, PL1 10 2PB, Plymouth, UK, and School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth PL4 11 8AA, Plymouth, UK 12 13 c School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522 14 Australia 15 16 d Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CSIC), Accés a la Cala St. Francesc 14, Blanes, 17 Girona, E-17300, Spain 18 19 Email addresses: 20 Bishop JDD: [email protected] 21 Davis AR: [email protected] 22 Turon X: [email protected] 23 24 Corresponding author: 25 Rocío Pérez-Portela 26 Eco-Ethology Research Unit, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada (ISPA), Rua 27 Jardim do Tabaco, 34, 1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal 28 Phone: + 351 21 8811226 29 Fax: + 351 21 8860954 30 [email protected] 31 1 32 Abstract 33 34 The Order Stolidobranchiata comprises the families Pyuridae, Styelidae and Molgulidae. 35 Early molecular data was consistent with monophyly of the Stolidobranchiata and also 36 the Molgulidae. Internal phylogeny and relationships between Styelidae and Pyuridae 37 were inconclusive however. In order to clarify these points we used mitochondrial and 38 nuclear sequences from 31 species of Styelidae and 25 of Pyuridae. Phylogenetic trees 39 recovered the Pyuridae as a monophyletic clade, and their genera appeared as 40 monophyletic with the exception of Pyura.
    [Show full text]
  • Asexual Reproduction and Molecular Systematics of the Sea Anemone Anthopleura Krebsi (Actiniaria: Actiniidae)
    Rev. Biol. Trop. 51(1): 147-154, 2003 www.ucr.ac.cr www.ots.ac.cr www.ots.duke.edu Asexual reproduction and molecular systematics of the sea anemone Anthopleura krebsi (Actiniaria: Actiniidae) Paula Braga Gomes1, Mauricio Oscar Zamponi2 and Antonio Mateo Solé-Cava3 1. LAMAMEBEN, Departamento de Zoologia-CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife-Pe, 50670-901, Brazil. [email protected] 2. Laboratorio de Biología de Cnidarios, Depto. Cs. Marinas, FCEyN, Funes, 3250 (7600), Mar del Plata - Argentina. CONICET Research. 3. Molecular Biodiversity Lab. Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Bloco A, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil and Port Erin Marine Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Isle of Man, IM9 6JA, UK. Received 26-VI-2001. Corrected 02-V-2002. Accepted 07-III-2003. Abstract: In this paper we use allozyme analyses to demonstrate that individuals in Anthopleura krebsi aggre- gates are monoclonal. Additionally, sympatric samples of the red and the green colour-morphs of A. krebsi from Pernambuco, Brazil were genetically compared and no significant differences were observed between them (gene identity= 0.992), indicating that they do not belong to different biological species. All individuals within aggregates of the green colour-morph were found to be identical over the five polymorphic loci analysed. Such results would be extremely unlikely (P<10-11) if the individuals analysed had been generated through sexual reproduction, thus confirming the presence of asexual reproduction in this species. Key words: Cnidaria, allozymes, clones, fission, molecular systematics.
    [Show full text]
  • CNIDARIA Corals, Medusae, Hydroids, Myxozoans
    FOUR Phylum CNIDARIA corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans STEPHEN D. CAIRNS, LISA-ANN GERSHWIN, FRED J. BROOK, PHILIP PUGH, ELLIOT W. Dawson, OscaR OcaÑA V., WILLEM VERvooRT, GARY WILLIAMS, JEANETTE E. Watson, DENNIS M. OPREsko, PETER SCHUCHERT, P. MICHAEL HINE, DENNIS P. GORDON, HAMISH J. CAMPBELL, ANTHONY J. WRIGHT, JUAN A. SÁNCHEZ, DAPHNE G. FAUTIN his ancient phylum of mostly marine organisms is best known for its contribution to geomorphological features, forming thousands of square Tkilometres of coral reefs in warm tropical waters. Their fossil remains contribute to some limestones. Cnidarians are also significant components of the plankton, where large medusae – popularly called jellyfish – and colonial forms like Portuguese man-of-war and stringy siphonophores prey on other organisms including small fish. Some of these species are justly feared by humans for their stings, which in some cases can be fatal. Certainly, most New Zealanders will have encountered cnidarians when rambling along beaches and fossicking in rock pools where sea anemones and diminutive bushy hydroids abound. In New Zealand’s fiords and in deeper water on seamounts, black corals and branching gorgonians can form veritable trees five metres high or more. In contrast, inland inhabitants of continental landmasses who have never, or rarely, seen an ocean or visited a seashore can hardly be impressed with the Cnidaria as a phylum – freshwater cnidarians are relatively few, restricted to tiny hydras, the branching hydroid Cordylophora, and rare medusae. Worldwide, there are about 10,000 described species, with perhaps half as many again undescribed. All cnidarians have nettle cells known as nematocysts (or cnidae – from the Greek, knide, a nettle), extraordinarily complex structures that are effectively invaginated coiled tubes within a cell.
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Checklist of the Marine Macroinvertebrates of Alaska David T
    NOAA Professional Paper NMFS 19 An annotated checklist of the marine macroinvertebrates of Alaska David T. Drumm • Katherine P. Maslenikov Robert Van Syoc • James W. Orr • Robert R. Lauth Duane E. Stevenson • Theodore W. Pietsch November 2016 U.S. Department of Commerce NOAA Professional Penny Pritzker Secretary of Commerce National Oceanic Papers NMFS and Atmospheric Administration Kathryn D. Sullivan Scientific Editor* Administrator Richard Langton National Marine National Marine Fisheries Service Fisheries Service Northeast Fisheries Science Center Maine Field Station Eileen Sobeck 17 Godfrey Drive, Suite 1 Assistant Administrator Orono, Maine 04473 for Fisheries Associate Editor Kathryn Dennis National Marine Fisheries Service Office of Science and Technology Economics and Social Analysis Division 1845 Wasp Blvd., Bldg. 178 Honolulu, Hawaii 96818 Managing Editor Shelley Arenas National Marine Fisheries Service Scientific Publications Office 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, Washington 98115 Editorial Committee Ann C. Matarese National Marine Fisheries Service James W. Orr National Marine Fisheries Service The NOAA Professional Paper NMFS (ISSN 1931-4590) series is pub- lished by the Scientific Publications Of- *Bruce Mundy (PIFSC) was Scientific Editor during the fice, National Marine Fisheries Service, scientific editing and preparation of this report. NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115. The Secretary of Commerce has The NOAA Professional Paper NMFS series carries peer-reviewed, lengthy original determined that the publication of research reports, taxonomic keys, species synopses, flora and fauna studies, and data- this series is necessary in the transac- intensive reports on investigations in fishery science, engineering, and economics. tion of the public business required by law of this Department.
    [Show full text]