PAIDEIA XXI Vol

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

PAIDEIA XXI Vol PAIDEIA XXI Vol. 2, Nº 3, Lima, diciembre 2012, pp. 101-114 LA DIVERSIFICACIÓN DEL MAPA SOCIAL EN LA PERIFERIA ESTE DE LIMA METROPOLITANA. SEGREGACIÓN SOCIOESPACIAL Y EL PAPEL DE LAS CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL LUGAR1 Alicia Huamantinco y Tito Sihuay Resumen El mapa social en las periferias de Lima Metropolitana se está diversificando con rapidez. Chosica y Chaclacayo, atractivos por su clima y paisaje, son representativos de esta evolución: a la población de los muy ricos y muy pobres, que predominaban antes de 1990, se suman en las últimas décadas la clase media y media alta. Vinculados con procesos de globalización económica, aparecen situaciones nuevas de proximidad espacial entre categorías sociales marcadamente diferentes, pero que llegan acompañadas de barreras de segregación socioespacial. Se configura así una nueva geografía de las divisiones sociales del espacio en la periferia metropolitana. Palabras Clave: Segregación socioespacial, división social, proximidad espacial. Abstract The social map in the suburbs of the Lima metropolitan area is being diversified very quickly. Chosica and Chaclacayo, attractive because of their climate and landscape, are representative cases of this evolution: to the very rich and very poor, who predominated before 1990, the middle and middle-high classes were added in the last decades. Due to economic globalization processes, new situations of spatial proximity between markedly different social classes appear, however tied with barriers of sociospatial segregation. Thus defining a new geography of the social divisions of space in the suburbs of the metropolitan area. Key words: Sociospatial segregation, social division, spatial proximity. Alicia Huamantinco y Tito Sihuay Introducción vez, Gonzales de Olarte et al (2011) señala que los efectos espaciales de Lima ha experimentado un las políticas neoliberales y del nuevo crecimiento exponencial de la modelo de crecimiento se manifiestan población en los últimos sesenta años, en la producción, siendo entre 1990 PAIDEIA XXI pasando de 650 000 habitantes en y 2007 los sectores impulsores del 1940 y acercándose hoy a los 9 000 crecimiento de Lima la pesca, minería, 000 de habitantes. Este crecimiento de manufactura y construcción, cuyas Lima está relacionado, entre los años tasas han estado por encima del 1950 y 1990, con las migraciones del promedio nacional. La construcción 102 interior del país, en que poblaciones y densificación urbana han tenido en su mayoría de departamentos efectos distributivos y sociales: en el pobres andinos, llegaron en busca empleo, en la inversión inmobiliaria. de oportunidades a la capital. Ante El sector inmobiliario conoce la necesidad de vivienda y escasez de igualmente un boom en la década de recursos para acceder en el núcleo 2000. Los cambios en la economía urbano, los nuevos habitantes se urbana y en la ciudad, los efectos de volcaron a la periferia, a la invasión la desregulación y flexibilización en de tierras y la autoconstrucción. el mercado del transporte, conllevan Este fenómeno masivo de creación a la consolidación de una ciudad de barrios precarios en la periferia de policéntrica. Así, si anteriormente las la ciudad ha atraído la atención de actividades económicas y comerciales muchos estudiosos de la ciudad. más importantes se agrupaban en un Desde hace veinte años, Lima espacio urbano considerado el centro vive una profunda transformación. de la capital, ahora es más bien un Hasta 1990, era una ciudad en modelo de múltiples centros el que pleno crecimiento demográfico se impone poco a poco. Aparecen y se pero relativamente aislada de la desarrollan a un ritmo sostenido centros economía mundial, muy afectada por especializados, en una estructura una alta tasa de inflación y por la cada vez más descentralizada y que violencia política. Un cambio drástico incluye ampliamente las periferias de ocurre en la década de 1990, con la metrópoli. Las periferias de Lima, la implementación de la política de por mucho tiempo fueron vistas como ajuste estructural, al abrirse el país al los barrios de autoconstrucción sobre mercado internacional, las inversiones terrenos de apropiación informal, extranjeras en el Perú crecen y, entre y socialmente como sinónimo de 1990 y 1997, se cuadruplican (Chion, marginalidad y pobreza. Pero no 2002). Lima atrae la mayor parte de solo los pobres la habitaban, desde ellas; los sectores con crecimiento más varias décadas atrás, sectores de las fuerte son los de finanzas, comercio, periferias de Lima habían atraído comunicaciones y transporte. A su a familias adineradas en busca de La Diversificación del Mapa Social en la Periferia este de Lima Metropolitana grandes extensiones de tierra para sus emergen en particular en las más residencias y actividades recreativas. grandes metrópolis, capitales políticas En tiempos de la globalización, esta y centros económicos. composición social se va diversificar. Como señala Dureau (2006) La estabilidad económica que refiriéndose a las ciudades vive el país en la última década, ha latinoamericanas, lo que caracteriza favorecido la consolidación actual de el período reciente, desde hace 20 la clase media y de las clases medias años, es justamente la aparición de emergentes. En Lima, los sectores que situaciones nuevas de proximidad PAIDEIA XXI han experimentado una alta movilidad espacial entre grupos sociales. social en los últimos 15 años aspiran Las proximidades espaciales de 103 a tener los mismos beneficios que las contrastes sociales muy notables categorías acomodadas, como escapar plantean interrogantes sobre el del ruido, de la contaminación, de nuevo papel de las periferias urbanas la promiscuidad urbana. En ese ¿Hay fenómenos de segregación en sentido, las periferias de la metrópoli la periferia? ¿Los residentes tienen adquieren un gran atractivo para las oportunidades de contacto entre ellos? clases medias limeñas. ¿Estos contactos permiten una mejor En las periferias de las metrópolis redistribución de las oportunidades latinoamericanas, los cambios sociales o reproducen las divisiones sociales y sus consecuencias y relaciones de dominación entre espaciales son particularmente distintas categorías? visibles. El espacio disponible –o que En este artículo se analizará el se ve como tal– permite observar en caso de Chaclacayo-Chosica, en la el paisaje los contrastes sociales más periferia Este de Lima Metropolitana, fácilmente que en los centros, en representativo del proceso señalado de los cuales la evolución ocurre más evolución y diversificación del mapa lentamente debido a la inercia de las social. El área de estudio comprende estructuras socioespaciales. En el todo Chaclacayo, que se inicia a 20 km proceso de crecimiento endógeno y del centro de Lima y comprende gran acelerada urbanización, los espacios parte de Chosica; en total se extiende intersticiales en las periferias son 25 km a lo largo de la Carretera llenados por distintos sectores Central. sociales. Los barrios populares Comenzaremos por señalar que siguen apareciendo, y los antiguos asumimos la definición de segregación han recorrido distintas trayectorias espacial de Manuel Castells, en su en la medida que sus poblaciones de obra de 1974 “La cuestión urbana”, origen han conocido una importante que define la segregación como “la diversificación social. Al mismo tiempo, tendencia a la organización del espacio las clases medias significativas en en zonas de fuerte homogeneidad número y económicamente solventes, social interna y de fuerte disparidad Alicia Huamantinco y Tito Sihuay entre ellas, entendiéndose esta en parte en campo y en parte en sus disparidad no sólo en términos de páginas web. diferencia, sino de jerarquía”. En este artículo, la reflexión se 1. Categorías acomodadas y desarrolla en dos tiempos: primero PAIDEIA XXI categorías populares en la periferia veremos cómo cambian las relaciones este: el contacto de los extremos entre categorías socialmente muy distintas (muy ricos y muy pobres), a) La presencia histórica de las para después abordar la creciente categorías acomodadas en la presencia de las clases medias, periferia. 104 relacionadas con la metropolización, y El heliotropismo juega un papel clave analizar sus efectos. en el atractivo de Chosica y Chaclacayo La interrogante planteada sobre para el establecimiento de la categoría las relaciones sociales entre barrios social alta. Frente al invierno limeño distintos es tratada a través de diversos marcado por muy alta humedad marina métodos: cuestionarios, entrevistas y y con temperaturas que pueden caer por comparación de las fotografías aéreas, debajo de los 15º, Chosica y Chaclacayo lo que permite aprehender los aspectos disfrutan permanentemente de brillo físicos de la diferenciación social y solar típico de la vertiente occidental de la segregación, como el tamaño de los Andes en esta latitud, y por de los lotes residenciales y el tipo encontrarse a una altitud moderada de hábitat; así como la continuidad (850 m.): la temperatura media anual o ruptura del tejido social visto a es de 26,4º (datos de la Estación través de barreras ante la proximidad Meteorológica de la Universidad entre categorías sociales diferentes. Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán Las entrevistas y cuestionarios y Valle - La Cantuta). Este clima, se aplicaron a las poblaciones muy beneficioso para quienes sufren involucradas y a las autoridades enfermedades respiratorias causadas municipales, con el objetivo es aportar por la humedad limeña, y asimismo el un enfoque cualitativo a los estudios paisaje de piedemonte andino
Recommended publications
  • Managing the Urban Environment of Lima, Peru
    Advances in Applied Sociology, 2018, 8, 233-284 http://www.scirp.org/journal/aasoci ISSN Online: 2165-4336 ISSN Print: 2165-4328 Managing the Urban Environment of Lima, Peru David J. Edelman School of Planning, College of Design, Architecture, Art and Planning, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA How to cite this paper: Edelman, D. J. Abstract (2018). Managing the Urban Environment of Lima, Peru. Advances in Applied Soci- This article brings the contemporary thinking and practice of Urban Envi- ology, 8, 233-284. ronmental Management (UEM) to the solution of real problems in a major https://doi.org/10.4236/aasoci.2018.83014 city of a developing country in Latin America. Such cities both face more im- Received: February 22, 2018 mediate problems than the developed world and have fewer resources to deal Accepted: March 27, 2018 with them. The study first considers the Latin American context and then re- Published: March 30, 2018 views issues of poverty alleviation, industry, sewage and sanitation, water, energy, transportation and finance in Lima, Peru. Finally, it proposes a 5-year Copyright © 2018 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. plan to help solve the urban environmental problems of Metropolitan Lima, This work is licensed under the Creative an environmentally difficult, but important Latin American metropolitan area Commons Attribution International located between the Pacific Ocean and a hilly desert, utilizing a real-world da- License (CC BY 4.0). tabase and a limited budget. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access Keywords Urban Environmental Management, Regional Planning, Developing Countries, Metropolitan Lima 1.
    [Show full text]
  • SFD Promotion Initiative Lima, Peru
    SFD Promotion Initiative Lima, Peru Final Report This SFD Report was created through desk based research by WEDC as part of the SFD Promotion Initiative. It is primarily based on a recent World Bank FSM diagnostic report. See Acknowledgments. Date of production: 28/4/2016 Last update: 03/08/2016 SFD Report Lima, Peru, 2016 Produced by: Claire Furlong ©Copyright All SFD Promotion Initiative materials are freely available following the open-source concept for capacity development and non-profit use, so long as proper acknowledgement of the source is made when used. Users should always give credit in citations to the original author, source and copyright holder. This Executive Summary and SFD Report are available from: www.sfd.susana.org Lima Produced by: WEDC Executive Summary Peru World Bank WSP 1. The Diagram 2. Diagram information undertaken only by means of negotiated decisions. The excreta flow diagram (SFD) was created through desk based research by WEDC The city lies within the valleys of three main (Water, Engineering and Development Centre) rivers: Rímac, Chillón and Lurín. The dominant Loughborough University. soil type is alluvial gravel. Collaborating partners: The World Bank Lima is located in a coastal desert. Because Water and Sanitation Program and Oxford of this Lima is classified as a subtropical Policy Management Ltd. desert or low-latitude arid hot climate (Köppen Status: Final classification: BWh). The average temperature Date of production: 28/4/2016 in Lima is 20°C, with a variation of 6°C. The total annual precipitation averages 6mm 3. General city information (Climatemps, 2016). Lima has two seasons; Lima the capital of Peru and the third largest winter (May to November) and summer city in Latin America covering an area of 2,700 (December to April), but there is little 2 km .
    [Show full text]
  • CALLAO, PERU Onboard: 1800 Saturday November 26
    Arrive: 0800 Tuesday November 22 CALLAO, PERU Onboard: 1800 Saturday November 26 Brief Overview: A traveler’s paradise, the warm arms of Peru envelope some of the world’s most timeless traditions and greatest ancient treasures! From its immense biodiversity, the breathtaking beauty of the Andes Mountains (the longest in the world!) and the Sacred Valley, to relics of the Incan Empire, like Machu Picchu, and the rich cultural diversity that populates the country today – Peru has an experience for everyone. Located in the Lima Metropolitan Area, the port of Callao is just a stone’s throw away from the dazzling sights and sounds of Peru’s capital and largest city, Lima. With its colorful buildings teeming with colonial architecture and verdant coastline cliffs, this vibrant city makes for a home-away-from-home during your port stay in Peru. Nearby: Explore Lima’s most iconic neighborhoods - Miraflores and Barranco – by foot, bike (PER 104-201 Biking Lima), and even Segway (PER 121-101 Lima by Segway). Be sure to hit up one of the local markets (PER 114-201 Culinary Lima) and try out Peruvian fare – you can’t go wrong with picarones (fried pumpkin dough with anis seeds and honey - pictured above), cuy (guinea pig), or huge ears of roast corn! Worth the travel: Cusco, the former capital of Incan civilization, is a short flight from Lima. From this ancient city, you can access a multitude of Andean wonders. Explore the ruins of the famed Machu Picchu, the city of Ollantaytambo – which still thrives to this day, Lake Titcaca and its many islands, and the culture of the Quechua people.
    [Show full text]
  • EO4SD-Urban Lima City Operations Report Page I Earth Observation for Sustainable Doc
    Earth Observation for Sustainable Development Urban Development Project EO4SD-Urban Project: Lima City Report ESA Ref: AO/1-8346/15/I-NB Doc. No.: City Operations Report Issue/Rev.: 1.1 Date: 19.11.2019 Lead: Partners: Financed by: Earth Observation for Sustainable Doc. No.: City-Operations Report Development – Urban Project Issue/Rev-No.: 1.1 Consortium Partners No. Name Short Name Country 1 GAF AG GAF Germany 2 Système d'Information à Référence Spatiale SAS SIRS France 3 GISAT S.R.O. GISAT Czech Republic 4 Egis SA EGIS France 5 Deutsche Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V DLR Germany 6 Netherlands Geomatics & Earth Observation B.V. NEO The Netherlands 7 JOANNEUM Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH JR Austria 8 GISBOX SRL GISBOX Romania Disclaimer: The contents of this document are the copyright of GAF AG and Partners. It is released by GAF AG on the condition that it will not be copied in whole, in section or otherwise reproduced (whether by photographic, reprographic or any other method) and that the contents thereof shall not be divulged to any other person other than of the addressed (save to the other authorised officers of their organisation having a need to know such contents, for the purpose of which disclosure is made by GAF AG) without prior consent of GAF AG. EO4SD-Urban Lima City Operations Report Page I Earth Observation for Sustainable Doc. No.: City-Operations Report Development – Urban Project Issue/Rev-No.: 1.1 Summary This document contains information related to the provision of geo-spatial products over Lima city, Peru, from the European Space Agency (ESA) supported project “Earth Observation for Sustainable Development - Urban Applications” (EO4SD-Urban) to the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) funded program called “Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative” (ESCI).
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Updated Project Information Document (PID) Report No: AB127 Project Name PERU-PE LIMABUS TRANSPORT Public Disclosure Authorized Region Latin America and Caribbean Region Sector Roads and highways (70%); Sub-national government administration (30%) Theme Administrative and civil service reform (P); Access to urban services for the poor (P); Pollution management and environmental health (S); Environmental policies and institutions (S); Other social protection and risk management (S) Project P035740 Supplemental Project P074021 Borrower(s) GOVERNMENT OF PERU Implementing Agency(ies) PROTRANSPORTE LIMA Address: Avenida Aramburu No. 166 - 5, Miraflores, Lima Contact Person: Julio Pflucker, Executive Director Tel: 51 1 421 7473 Fax: 51 1 421 8512 Email: [email protected] Public Disclosure Authorized FONAM (Fondo Nacional del Ambiente), implementation unit for the GEF project Address: Calle Hermanos Quinteros 103. Urb. La Castellana Surco. Lima 33. Contact Person: Alberto Gonzales Director Ejecutivo, FONAM Tel: 51 1 449-6200 Fax: 51 1 449-6200 Email: [email protected] Environment Category B (Partial Assessment) Date PID Prepared June 16, 2003 Auth Appr/Negs Date June 19, 2003 Bank Approval Date October 14, 2003 Public Disclosure Authorized 1. Country and Sector Background Urban Public Transport Sector Reforms in Metropolitan Lima since 1980. * The 1980s: An Overly Regulated Period The migratory processes and the intense industrial centralization trend, along with rapid urbanization, contributed to the growth of the city of Lima, which in 1981 reached 4.6 million out of 17 million in Peru. The completely regulated urban transport services in Lima, in the 1980s were scarce, slow, unreliable, insecure and very badly maintained. Service was provided by large publicly owned omnibuses (80 to 100 passengers), private (micro)buses (20 to 100 passengers), colectivos (large cars that accommodate five or six passengers) and taxis.
    [Show full text]
  • Hereinafter Referred to As
    CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The Study Team of Japan International Cooperation Agency (hereinafter referred to as Study Team) for the Study on Integrated Water Resources Development in the Cañete River Basin in the Republic of Peru submitted Interim Report, the result of [PHASE I] to Potable Water and Sewage Service of Lima (hereinafter referred to as SEDAPAL) on February 22, 2000. The Interim Report summarized the output of Phase I Master Plan Formulation that was executed from March to December 1999. SEDAPAL and JICA discussed about possibility of implementation of [PHASE II] based on Interim Report as stipulated in the Scope of Work signed on November 22nd, and agreed on implementation procedure of PHASE II as described in item 2 of the Minutes of Meeting signed on March 1, 2000, in which: (1) SEDAPAL requested the work procedure in Phase II as illustrated in the attached diagram, and (2) JICA proposed that it would like to proceed with the supplemental investigation of water use and water loss in the Rímac River at first to clarify uncertain supply capacity of raw water at La Atarjea intake, but it would like to determine the implementation of Phase II and the content of its TOR based on the result of the supplemental investigation. The Study Team commenced the Supplemental Investigation on August 7, 2001, and the scope of the study was agreed upon between SEDAPAL and JICA as stipulated in the Minutes of Meeting signed August 27, 2001. The report presents the results of the study. 1.2 Purpose of the Supplemental Investigation The purpose of the Supplemental Investigation is: (1) To obtain necessary data and information of the water use and water quality in the main stream of the Rímac River, and the main stream of the tributaries, the Santa Eulalia River and the San Mateo River.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    The World Bank Implementation Status & Results Report Peru Integrated Health Networks (P163255) Peru Integrated Health Networks (P163255) LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN | Peru | Health, Nutrition & Population Global Practice | IBRD/IDA | Investment Project Financing | FY 2019 | Seq No: 4 | ARCHIVED on 13-Jun-2020 | ISR42055 | Public Disclosure Authorized Implementing Agencies: Ministry of Health, Republic of Peru Key Dates Key Project Dates Bank Approval Date: 31-Jan-2019 Effectiveness Date: 04-Jun-2019 Planned Mid Term Review Date: 13-Sep-2021 Actual Mid-Term Review Date: Original Closing Date: 31-Jan-2024 Revised Closing Date: 31-Jan-2024 pdoTable Project Development Objectives Public Disclosure Authorized Project Development Objective (from Project Appraisal Document) The objectives of this Project are to (i) improve the resolutive capacity and quality of public First-Level Health Services in Lima Metropolitan Area and Prioritized Regions; and (ii) increase the capacity of the Single Health Information System and the public sector’s pharmaceutical products and medical supplies provision system. Has the Project Development Objective been changed since Board Approval of the Project Objective? No Components Table Name Improving the Organization and Supply of Health Services Using an Integrated Health Networks Model in Lima Metropolitan Area and Prioritized Regions:(Cost $38.74 M) Public Disclosure Authorized Improving the Capacity of the Single Health Information System at the National Level:(Cost $60.73 M) Improving the Management of Pharmaceutical
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    The World Bank CENTRALIZED EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM IN PERU (P170658) Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Project Information Document (PID) Appraisal Stage | Date Prepared/Updated: 31-Oct-2019 | Report No: PIDA27594 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Sep 23, 2019 Page 1 of 12 The World Bank CENTRALIZED EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM IN PERU (P170658) BASIC INFORMATION OPS_TABLE_BASIC_DATA A. Basic Project Data Country Project ID Project Name Parent Project ID (if any) Peru P170658 CENTRALIZED EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM IN PERU Region Estimated Appraisal Date Estimated Board Date Practice Area (Lead) LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN 12-Nov-2019 10-Jan-2020 Digital Development Financing Instrument Borrower(s) Implementing Agency Investment Project Financing Ministry of Economy and Programa Nacional de Finance Telecomunicaciones (PRONATEL) Proposed Development Objective(s) The proposed project development objective is to improve efficiency in planning, coordination and response in the event of emergencies and disasters in Metropolitan Lima and Callao. Components Building for the 911 Emergency Response Service Digital Infrastructure for the 911 Emergency Response Service Use and appropiation of 911 platform Project Supervision PROJECT FINANCING DATA (US$, Millions) SUMMARY-NewFin1 Total Project Cost 45.10 Total Financing 45.10 of which IBRD/IDA 36.30 Financing Gap 0.00 DETAILS-NewFinEnh1 World Bank Group Financing Sep 23, 2019 Page 2 of 12 The World Bank CENTRALIZED EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM IN PERU (P170658) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) 36.30 Non-World Bank Group Financing Counterpart Funding 8.80 Borrower/Recipient 8.80 Environmental and Social Risk Classification Moderate Decision The review did authorize the team to appraise and negotiate B.
    [Show full text]
  • Centro Latinoamericano De Demografia
    CENTRO LATINOAMERICANO DE DEMOGRAFIA John J. Mac is co jj Jr. ir .0- tilBLiOim^b - ' ^v UNIDAS ^ Wfo SmiAGO ,o cm . ^ Serie A, N° 133 Agósto, 1975 MIGRANTS TO METROPOLITAN LIMA, 300 a case study BIBLIOTECA "GIORGI) MOTARA" CENTRO LATINOAMERICANO DE DfcMOOrtAFIA The views and «pinions expressed therein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Latin American Demographic Centre (CELADE). INDEX Page PRESENTATION ................. 4 . 1 I. THE MIGRATION PROCESS 5 1. Sex and Age of Migrants: Sex Ratios .. 6 2. Age at Time of Arrival 8 3. Size of Place of Previous Residence .......... 12 4. Where Were They Born? 17 5. Similarity of Region of Birth with last Place of P 6. Number of Moves Prior to Arriving in Metro- politan lima o. 21 7» Educational Attainment 22 8. Conclusions of "The Migration Process" 26 II. REASONS FOR LEAVING 45 1. Description of the Voluntary Migrants ........ 45 2. Reasons for Leaving 48 a) Reasons by Age and Sex 50 b) Size of Place of Previous Residence and Reasons for Leaving 51 c) Marital Status ...,.,........*............. 52 d) Educational Attainment 53 e) Previous Occupational Status 53 3 . Summary 54 III, ADJUSTMENT OF MI GRAFTS 59 1. Demographic Background ................ 63 2. Economic Background Variables . ,. 66 3. Adjustment of Migrants ....................... 70 a) Economic Adjustment 70 b) Housing ............................ 74 c) Social Indicators 78 BIBLIOGRAPHY . .* .• . 86 IV . DIFFERENTIALS 10 3 1. Age and Sex 106 2. Civil Status 107 3. Educational Attainment ....................... Ill 4. Occupation 118 5. Fertility 118 6. Conclusion .........<,..„... 120 BIBLIOGRAPHY 122 ANNEX 134 ) ii ( Index of tables and figures Table Page I- 1 lima: Percent distribution of inmigrants by- period of arrival and sex .
    [Show full text]
  • EMPLOYMENT and HOUSING in LIMA, PERU by W. Paul Strassmann
    EMPLOYMENT AND HOUSING IN LIMA, PERU BY W. Paul Strassmann EMPLOYMENT AND HOUSING IN LIMA, PERU by W. Paul Strassmann Professor of Economics Co-Direc tor Small Enterprise Approaches to Development Project Xichigan State University East Lansing, Michigan March 1983 This study is the result of a cooperative effort between Michigan State University and the Directorate of Employment and Migration Studies, General Bureau of Emp1oyment;Ministry of Labor of Peru. Financial support came from the Small Enterprise Approaches to Employment Project of the Bureau for Science and Technology, U.S. Agency for International Development. Foreword 7 -. .c:s ;z;cr is cne of a series of reports produced by Michigan . , S;iitz ;:.,ive.rsi-ij's Gff-i-arn; Employment Project. The project, which is funded by the Office of Multi-Sectoral Development, Bureau of Science and Technolojy, U.S. Agency for International Development, has the basic purpose of enhancing the ability of AID missions and hoit ccuntry institutions to identify and implement programs and pc'fcies that generate off-farm employment and income opportunities benefitincj tne rural poor. One of the major components ofthe project is the generation of new knowledge relating to off-farm activities. In collaboration with host country institutions and AID missions, detailed fie16 surveys of small-scale enterprises have been conducted in such countries as Egypt, Jamaica, Honduras, and Thailand; the resulcs of thae srudfes will be pub1 ished in this series. A second component of the project involves the marshalling and dissemination of existing know1 edge of off-farm activities. A state-of-know1 edge paper has already been produced; in addition, special studies relating to off-farm activities will continue to appear in this series.
    [Show full text]
  • Panorama Megacities
    Project Document REGIONAL PANORAMA Latin America Megacities and Sustainability Ricardo Jordán Johannes Rehner Joseluis Samaniego Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) The present document was prepared by Joseluis Samaniego and Ricardo Jordán, of the Sustainable Development and Human Settlements Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), and by Johannes Rehner, professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. Its preparation formed part of Risk Habitat Megacities, a joint project of ECLAC and the Helmholtz Association, represented by the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) of Leipzig, Germany. Production of the document benefited from support from the Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association and the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and the Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany. The following persons contributed to the preparation of this document: Sebastián Baeza González, Jorge Cabrera Gómez, Maximiliano Carbonetti, Dirk Heinrichs, Paula Higa, Jürgen Kopfmüller, Kerstin Krellenberg, Margarita Pacheco Montes, Paulina Rica Mery, Iván Moscoso Rodríguez, Claudia Rodríguez Seeger, Humberto Soto and Volker Stelzer. The authors wish to express their gratitude to the following people for their critiques, comments and revision of the document: Jonathan Barton, Klaus-Rainer Bräutigam, Ulrich Franck, Tahnee Gonzalez, Andreas Justen, Henning Nuissl, Gerhard Schleenstein and Peter Suppan. Special thanks are owed to Courtney
    [Show full text]
  • Real Estate Outlook Peru
    Real Estate Outlook Peru 2011 • Economic growth and good financing conditions will Economic Analysis continue to support the housing market in the medium term, despite flagging demand in the first half of 2011. • Housing prices will keep upward trend in the medium term supported by structural factor of both supply and demand. • Demand for prime offices should continue to fill new office space as buildings enter the market in other parts of the city due to the lack of available office stock in the central districts. • Mortgage lending will keep high dynamism due to good financing conditions and government support in the social housing sector. Peru Real Estate Outlook 2011 Index 1. Housing market ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3 2. Office market ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8 3. Financing ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9 4. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]