JACOBITE SYRIAN CHRISTIAN CHURCH

SmaranikaSmaranika

CENTENARY SMARANIKA ST PAULOSE MOR ATHANASIOUS VALIYA THIRUMENI METROPOLITAN CONSECRATION 8th AUGUST 2010

SMARANIKA COMMITTEE JACOBITE SYRIAN CHRISTIAN CHURCH PUTHENCRUZ PH : 0484 - 2732804 JACOBITE SYRIAN CHRISTIAN CHURCH CENTENARY SMARANIKA ST PAULOSE MOR ATHANASIOUS VALIYA THIRUMENI SmaranikaMETROPOLITAN CONSECRATION 8th AUGUST 2010 cover design & layout manojkarazhma impressions mavelikara e-mail : manojkarazhma@gmailcom layout & typesetting bindu james gracy babychan viswasasamrakshakan vazhoor printed at the national city press kottayam ph : 0481 - 2568854 published by : smaranika committee jacobite syrian christian church puthencruz ph : 0484 - 2732804

CANONIZED FATHERS OF THE INDIAN CHURCH

St Ignatius Elias III, Tomb of St Gregorios Geevarghese the Patriarch of Antioch & St Baselios Yeldho all the East

St Gregorios Abdul Jaleel St Osthatheos Sleeba St Athanasios Paulose

St Baselios Shakralla Tomb of St Coorilos Paulose St Koorilos Yuyakkim His Holiness Moran Mor Ignatius Zakka - I Iwas, The Patriarch of Antioch and all the East Supreme Head of the Universal Syrian Orthodox Church \aps¡{Xbpw kvt\ln¡s¸«ncn¡p¶ \½psS iXm_vZn tkmh\oÀ I½nän AwK§Ä¡v IÀ¯mhn hmgvhv, {]nbsc, ]( k`bpsS {]Jym]nX ]cnip²\mb ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv (Bephmbnse henb Xncpta\n) Xncpta\nbpsS alm]utcmlnXy iXm_vZn BtLmj §fpsS kam]\t¯mS\p_Ôn¨v {]kn²oIcn¡p¶ tkmh\obÀ ]cnip²s\ Ipdn¨v hcpw Xeapdbv¡v Adnhv ]Icp¶Xmbn Xocs«sb¶v ssZh¯n {]Xymin¡p¶p( ](At´ymJym knwlmk\hpambpff ]( k`bpsS _Ôw Dd¸nem¡p¶Xn\v thZhn]coIfn \n¶pw ]cnip² ]nXmhv kln¨Xmb XymK§Ä hnkvacn¡phm³ km[n¡p¶XÃ( ]( k`bpw ]qÀÆnIamb Cu hnizmkhpw C¶pw \ne\nev¡p¶Xn\v ASn¯d ]mInbXv ]cnip²\mb ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv Xncpta\nbm bncp¶p( {]XnkÔnIfn ssZh¯nem{ibn¨v Cu ]( k`sb \bn¨ t{ijvTNmcysâ kvacW kXy kpdnbm\n k`m hnizmknIÄ¡v F¶pw {]Xymibpw {]tNmZ\hpamWv \evIp¶Xv( Cu kph\oÀ {]kn²nIcn¡p¶Xn\v XymKw kln¨ FÃmhtcbpw Cu kµÀ `¯n ssZhk¶n[nbn kaÀ¸n¨v {]mÀ°n¡p¶p( CXv Hcp k`mNcn{X tcJbmbn amds«sb¶v Biwkn¡p¶Xnt\msSm¸w ]cnip²sâ a²yØX \ap¡v tIm«bmbn cn¡t« \nÀ¯p¶p(

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]p¯³Ipcniv ]m{XnbÀ¡mskâdn \n¶pw 2010 Pqsse amkw 31þmw XobXn _tkentbmkv tXmakv {]Ya³ ImtXmen¡ HB Baselios Thomas - I, Catholicos and Metropolitan Trustee METROPOLITANS OF JACOBITE SYRIAN CHRISTIAN CHURCH

HG Dr Abraham Mor HG Dr Yuhanon Mor HG Geevarghese Mor Severious Metropolitan Philexinos Metropolitan Polycarpose Metropolitan

HG Thomas Mor HG Joseph Mor HG Kuriakose Mor Themotheos Metropolitan Gregorios Metropolitan Yulius Metropolitan

HG Dr Mathews Mor HG Geevarghese Mor HG Yuhanon Mor Ivenios Metropolitan Dionysius Metropolitan Militius Metropolitan METROPOLITANS OF JACOBITE SYRIAN CHRISTIAN CHURCH

HG Kuriakose Mor HG Geevarghese Mor HG Dr Kuriakose Mor Diyascorous Metropolitan Athanasius Metropolitan Theophilose Metropolitan

HG Yeldho Mor HG Kuriakose Mor HG Mathews Mor Theethos Metropolitan Severios Metropolitan Thevodosios Metropolitan

HG Mathews Mor HG Pathrose Mor HG Kuriakose Mor Aphrem Metropolitan Osthathious Metropolitan Eusebius Metropolitan METROPOLITANS OF JACOBITE SYRIAN CHRISTIAN CHURCH

HG Dr Geevarghese Mor HG Markose Mor HG Elias Mor Coorilose Metropolitan Chrisostomos Metropolitan Athanasious Metropolitan

HG Kuriakose Mor HG Kuriakose Mor HG Ayoob Mor Gregorios Metropolitan Ivanios Metropolitan Silvanos Metropolitan

HG Dr Kuriakose Mor HG Paulose Mor HG Yacub Mor Clemis Metropolitan Irenious Metropolitan Anthonious Metropolitan METROPOLITANS OF JACOBITE SYRIAN CHRISTIAN CHURCH

HG Zacharias Mor HG Issac Mor HG Geevarghese Mor Philoxenos Metropolitan Osthatheos Metropolitan Barnabas Metropolitan

Patriarchal Center, Puthencruz

Priest Trustee Lay Trustee Association Secretary Korooso Desroro Sofar Bar Eto Kasheero Bar Eto Maheero V Rev (Dr) Curien Corepsicopa Comdr George Mathew Comdr Thambu George Kaniamparambil Thekkethalakkal Thukalan CENTENARY METROPOLITAN CONSECRATION CELEBRTION COMMITTEE

Patron Vice Patron Chairman HB Baselios Thomas - I, HG Abraham Mor HG Joseph Mor Gregorios Catholicos Severious Metropolitan Metropolitan Sub Committee Chairmen

HG Mathews Mor HG Mathews Mor HG Mathews Mor HG Kuriakose Mor Ivenios Metropolitan Thevodosios Metropolitan Aphrem Metropolitan Eusebius Metropolitan

HG Dr Geevarghese Chief Co-ordinator HG Paulose Mor HG Zacharias Mor Mor Coorilose HG Elias Mor Irenious Metropolitan Philoxenos Metropolitan Athanasious Metropolitan Metropolitan CENTENARY METROPOLITAN CONSECRATION CELEBRTION COMMITTEE VICE CHAIRMEN

V Rev George V Rev Paulose V Rev Baby V Rev Peter Olapura Parathuvayalil Chamakala Velamparabil Corepiscopa Corepiscopa Corepiscopa Corepiscopa

V Rev FrBaby John Rev Fr Varghese Rev Fr Abraham Rrv Fr Kuriakose Corepiscopa Kallappara Valiyaparambil Manalechira

Rev FrJacob Rev Fr Jacob RevFr Sabu Rev Fr Shiby Mihayel pulliyattel Kochuparampil Parackal Mazhuvancherry CENTENARY METROPOLITAN CONSECRATION CELEBRTION COMMITTEE CONVENORS

Com PT Mathai Chev Prof Chev KO Alias Chev Ommachen Purappadathil MA Paulose Venkedathu

Chev TT Joy Chev Shibu Mr Saju Pattalattu Thekumpuram

Mr Sabu Mr MS Benny Mr Benny Mr Aji Theppala Pattasseriyil MThomas SOUVENIR COMMITTEE EDITORIAL BOARD

Chairman Chief Editor V Rev Alex Thomas Rev Fr Jomy Joseph HG Geevargheese Chev Bibby Abraham, Corepiscopa Mor Barnabas Kadavumbhagam

Rev Fr Thomas Rev Fr Kuriakose Chev Prof Chev Dr KC Rajan Puthiyamadathil Parambil TC Thomas

Mr Alexander Mr vargheese VC Mr VP Eldhose Mr Paul Kooran Karakkadu SOUVENIR COMMITTEE CO-ORDINATORS

Rev Fr Joby John Com EM John Chev PV John Chev Moncy Pulichyil Punnamattom Vavachan

Chev A M Raju Chev KP Peter Adv Mathew

Adv Georgekutty Mr vargheese Mr Reji Varkey Mr Aju Mathew Abraham Pallickara apJsamgn

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21 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

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22 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

AI-¸-d-¼n-\v XneI¡pdn-bmbn hnip-²sâ `h\w

F{_lmw tkthdn- tbmkv- sa{Xmt¸m- en¯-

Hcp ]cnip- ²s\- kz´am- - sIm¨n³ CâÀ\mj- WÂ- FbÀt¸mÀ«v s\Sp¼m- tÈ- cn- bnÂ- h¶- ¡m³ {ian¡p- t¼mÄ- tXmsS Bfp-IÄ, {]tXy-In¨v s¹bn³ bm{X-¡mÀ henb kt´m-j-¯n- kz`m-hw, Pohn-X-co-Xn, embn(- Bcm-[\m PohnXw F¶mÂ, B `q{]tZ- i- w- \¶mbn- «- dn- bm- hp¶hÀ¡- dnbmw- FbÀt¸mÀ«v ChnsS h¶tXmsS- Hcp ]cnip- ²³- P\n¨p- hfÀ¶- {]tZiw(- F¶\n- ebv¡v- CXns\Ãmw- amäw B ]cn-k-c¯v Ah-cpsS Bßo-b-þ-kmw-kvIm-cn-I, `uXnI Pohn-X-t\-«- Bhiy- am- Wv$- `uXnI- §Ä¡v s]s«¶v amähpw Xnf-¡hpw h¶n-«p-s­-¶v( t\- «- §- fÃ- henb Xncpta- \n- - Bephm- bnÂ- \n¶v ]­v Xoh­n- I- bdn- A¦amenbnÂ- F¯p¶- Xn- \n- - bn \mw ImWp-¶-Xv$ Xsâ Sbnse- Cu {]tZiw apgph³- hb ]SÀ¸mbn- cp- ¶p(- s\Sp¼m- tÈcn- FbÀ hnizm-k-Øn-c-Xbpw AN-©- t¸mÀ«v h¶-tXmsS AXnsâ amäw AÛp-Xm-hl-am-bn-¯oÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p( e-amb At´ymJym `àn-bpw, BßmÀ°X- bpw,- {]mÀ°\m PohnX- hpw,- I®pIm- Wm³- ]äm-¯-Po-hn-X-¯nÂt]mepw ssIhn«n- «n- sÃ- ¶Xv- HmÀ¡Ww$-

23 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

`qcn-`m-KhpwAI-¸-d-¼v{]-tZ-i-§Ä FbÀt¸mÀ«tXmdn-än-bpsS Øe-am-bn( F¶m AhnsS amÀ imt_mÀþ At{^m¯v bmt¡m-_mb I¯o-{U ]f-fn-bpw, ]cn-ip-²-\mb ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t¸m- eo¯ hfÀ¶ Xd-hmSpw C¶pw AhnSps¯ Bcm-[-IÀ¡v Hcp-l-c-am-Wv( ]cn-ip-²sâ CS-h-I-]-ffn ]cn-ip² ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _mh kµÀin-¡p- Ibpw AsXmcp I¯o{Uembn ]cn-hÀ¯-\-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS ]ffn CS-h-I-P-\-§Ä¡-¸pdw Hcp \mjW NÀ¨m-bn-am-dn( ]cn-ip-²sâ Xd-hmSphoSv C¶pw AXp-t]mse Xs¶ kq£n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p( ASp¯ Ime¯v ]cn-ip-²sâ tPjvT ktlm-Z-c-]p-{Xsâ ih-kw- kvIm-c-¯n\v _e-lo-\-\mb Rm³ B `h-\-¯n sN¶p AXnsâ Npäp- ap-ff ]mS-§Ä FbÀt¸mÀ«v d¬th-bm-Wn-t¸mÄ( Hcp ]cn-ip-²sâ hoSv, P·\m- Sv,- CSh- I- ]- ffn- CXns\Ãmw- F{Xs]- s«¶v- CâÀ\mj- WÂ- ehenÂ- {]kn²- bm- bn(- Cu Ah-k-c-¯n A¦-amen `{Zm-k-\-¯n\v {]tXy-In¨v ]pWy-hm- ASp¯ Ime¯v ]cnip- ²sâ- \mb henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS taev¸« iXm-_vZn-bm-tLm-j-th-f-bn Hcp- tPjvT ktlmZ- c- ]p- {Xsâ- ]mSv Xocp-am-\-§fpw, Pohn-X-ip-²nbpw t\tS-­-Xp-­v( Hcp ]cn-ip-²s\ kz´-am-¡m³ {ian-¡p-t¼mÄ kz`m-hw, Pohn-X-co-Xn, Bcm-[\m PohnXw ihkw- kvIm- c- ¯n\v- _elo- \- - CXn-s\Ãmw amäw Bh-iy-am-Wv( `uXn-I-t\-«-§-fà henb Xncp-ta-\n-bn \mb Rm³ B `h-\-¯n \mw ImWp-¶-Xv( Xsâ hnizm-k-Øn-c-Xbpw AN-©-e-amb At´ymJym sN¶p AXnsâ Npäpap- ff- `àn-bpw, BßmÀ°-X-bpw, {]mÀ°\m Pohn-X-hpw, I®p-Im-Wm³ ]äm- ]mS§Ä- FbÀt¸mÀ«v ¯-Po-hn-X-¯nÂt]mepw ssIhn-«n-«n-sÃ-¶Xv HmÀ¡-Ww( d¬thbm- Wn- t¸mÄ$- Hcp ""Hcp \oXnams\- \oXnam- s\¶- \nebnÂ- ssIs¡mffp- ¶h\v- \oXn- ]cnip- ²sâ- hoSv, P·\m- Sv,- amsâ {]Xn^ew- e`n¡pw'' CS-h-I-]-ffn CXn-s\Ãmw F{X- Xsâ {]mÀ°\ \ap¡v tIm«-bm-bn-¯o-c-s«( s]s«¶v- CâÀ\mj- WÂ- eh-en {]kn-²-bm-bn$

] henb Xncp-ta\n hµy IS-hn t]mÄ d¼m-¨³, hb-en-¸-d-¼n tamÀ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t¸m-en-¯, apf-bn-cn-¡Â tamÀ tkth-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t¸m-en-¯, sk{I-«dn _lp tImt¨-cn A¨³ F¶n-h-tcm-sSm¸w

24 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

ae-¦-c-bpsS sIm¨p-Xn-cp-ta-\nbpw henb Xncp-ta-\nbpw

tPmk^v {KntKmdn- tbmkv- sa{Xmt¸m- en¯-

Z¯h- Imi- IpSpw_- ]m- c- ¼- cy- - ae-¦c k`bnÂ- Pohn¨n- cp- ¶- t¸mįs¶- A\pI- c- Wo- b- amb- PohnX amWv c­p ]nXm¡- ·mÀ¡pw- hnip-²n-sIm­v P\-lr-Zbw Ih-cp-hm³ Ignª c­p alm-kn-²-·m-cmWv Dff- Xv$- IpSpw_ sshZnI ]( ]cpae- sIm¨pXn- cp- ta- \nbpw- Bephm- bnse- ]( ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m- \m-kn-tbmkv henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpw( ]( ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hmÕey ]mc¼- cy- ¯nepw- Ccphcpw- injy-\m-bncp¶p- ]( henb Xncp-ta-\n( F¶mÂ, Kpcp sIm¨p-Xncp- -ta-\n- ka·m- cm- Wv$- KpcpX- c- amb- bmbpw injy³ henb Xncpta- \n- bpam- bn- «mWv- k`m Ncn{X- ¯nÂ- tcJs¸- - tcmKhn- ap- ànbv¡v- tijamWv- Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv( k`m Ncn-{X-¯n CXv A]qÀÆ kw`-h-am-Wv( Kpcp-in- Ccphcpw- d¼m·m- cm- b- Xv$- jy-·mÀ X½n ]e Imcy-§-fnepw kmayhpw kmZr-iy-hp-ap­v( Z¯-h- c­p t]cpsSbpw- ta¸«- - Imi IpSpw-_-]m-c-¼-cy-amWv c­p ]nXm-¡-·mÀ¡pw Df-f-Xv( IpSpw_ Øm\w ae¦- c- bnÂ- h¨v ]$ sshZnI ]mc-¼-cy-¯nepw Ccp-hcpw ka-·m-cm-Wv( Kpcp-X-c-amb tcmK-hn- ap-ànbv¡v ]m{XnbÀ¡okv- _mhmbpsS- tij-amWv ImÀ½n-I-Xz-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p$ Ccp-hcpw d ¼m-·m-cm-b- Xv( c­p t] cpsSbpw- ta ¸-«-Øm \w ae-¦-c- bn h¨v ]( ]m{Xn- bÀ ¡okv _m hmbpsS- Im À½nI- Xz- ¯n- -

25 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

embn- cp- ¶p(- ]( At´ymJym knwlmk\- `ànbnÂ- Ccphcpw- H¸¯n- s\m- - ¸am- bn- cp- ¶p(- ]nXm¡- ·mÀ- c­pt]cpw- Imew sNbvXXv RmbdmgvN- Znhkw Xs¶( c­p ]nXm¡- ·m- cp- sSbpw- I_dp- IÄ- hnip² aZv_lm- bpsS- hSt¡ `n¯n-tbmSv tNÀ¶m-Wv( c­v ]nXm-¡-·m-cp-sSbpw HmÀ½-s]-cp-¶mÄ k`m ASn-Øm-\-¯n s]mXp-hmbn BN-cn-¨p-h-cp-¶p( CsXÃmw Kpcp-in-jy-_- Ô-¯nsâ ]cn-ip-²nbpw Bß-\n-dhpw sIm­m-Wv( ]( At´ymJym knwlm-k-\-amWv Ir]-bpsS Dd-hn-S-sa¶v Xncp-ta\n ]qÀ®ambn- hnizkn- ¨n- cp- ¶p(- ](- henb Xncpta\n- si½mi- \m- bn- cp- ¶- t¸mÄ- ]$ At´ymJym knwlmk- \- - Kpcp-Xc-amb tcmKw ]nSn-s]-Sp-Ibpw XpSÀ¶v ssZh-¯nsâ Af-hä Ir]- amWv Ir]bpsS- Ddhn- S- sa¶v- bm tcmKhn- apàn- {]m]n¡p- Ibpw- sNbvXp( AXn\ptijamWv- ]utemkv Xncpta\n- ]qÀ®ambn- hniz- si½m-i³ k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-¯n-te¡v Xncn-bp-¶-Xn\v Xocp-am-\n-¨-Xv( ]c-a- kn¨n- cp- ¶p$- ]$- henb Xncp- kn-²-\mb ](-]-cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bn \n¶v IÈo-im-Øm\hpw d¼m³ ta\n si½m-i-\m-bn-cp-¶- Øm\hpw kzoI-cn-¨-tijw Beph ]f-fn-bpsS ]Wn-IÄ ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p- ¶Xn\v- ]utemkv d¼m³ \ntbmKn- ¡- s¸- «p(- BbXv hnPb- I- c- ambn- ]qÀ¯n- t¸mÄ KpcpXc- amb- tcmKw I-cn¨ Ah-k-c¯n ]( ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n AhnsS Fgp-¶-ffn( d¼m-¨sâ ]nSns]- Sp- Ibpw- XpSÀ¶v ssZh- A£oW bXv\w, IÀ½-Ip-i-e-X, {]mÀ°-\m-\njvT apX-em-b-h-sb-¡p-dn¨v ¯nsâ Afhä- Ir]bmÂ- ap¼v Xs¶ henb aXn-¸p-­m-bn-cp¶ ]( ]cp-a-e-¯n-cp-ta\n sIm¨p-d-¼m- tcmK-hn-apàn {]m]n-¡p-Ibpw ¨³ Ipd-¨p-Imew ]cp-a-e-h¶p Xma-kn-¡-W-sa¶pw Ahn-Sps¯ ]f-fn- sNbvXp$ AXn\ptijamWv- ]Wn DuÀÖnX- X- s¸- Sp¯n- \S¯- W- sa¶pw- Iev]n¨p(- AX\p- k- cn¨v- d¼m- ]utemkv si½mi³- k\ymk- - ¨³ ]cp-a-e-bn \o­-aq¶p kwh-Õ-c-§Ä Xma-kn-¡p-Ibpw skan-\mcn ]Wn hnPb- I- c- ambn- \S¯p- Ibpw- sNbvXp( ]cnip- ²- \mb- ]cpae- Xncpta- - Po-hn-X-¯n-te¡v Xncn-bp-¶- \n-¡v sIm¨p ]utemkv d¼m-t\mSv AXy-[n-I-amb hmÕ-eyhpw henb Xn\v Xocp-am-\n-¨-Xv$ ]c-a-kn-²- {]Xo£- IfpamWv- D­mbn- cp- ¶- Xv(- ZoÀLZÀin- bmb- B almkn- ²³- d¼m- \mb ]$]- cp- ae- Xncpta- \n- bnÂ- ¨\v Hcp ioe-apSnbpw ]{X-ko\pw ]«w-sImS ]pkvX-Ihpw k½m-\-ambn \n¶v IÈoim- Øm\hpw- sImSp-¯p( sa{Xm-\p-am{Xw tNcp-¶Xpw d¼m\p H«pw th­m-¯-Xp-amb d¼m³ Øm\hpw kzoIcn- ¨- - Cu k½m-\-§Ä d¼m-¨\p k½m-\n-¨-Xn \n¶pw B ]nXm-hnsâ {]Xo- tijw Beph ]ffn- bpsS- £-IÄ F{X-am-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v kv]j-S-am-W-tÃm( ]cp-a-e-bn Xma- kn¨n- cp¶- Imeb- f- hnÂ- Xm]k- - ]WnIÄ- ]qÀ¯nbm- ¡p- ¶- - t{ijvT- \m- bn- cp¶- ]( ]cpae- Xncp- Xn\v ]utemkv d¼m³ \ntbm- ta\nbn \n¶pw {]mÀ°\,- D]- Kn-¡-s¸-«p$ hmkw,- PmKcWw- F¶nhbpw- ]( At´ymJym knwlmk- \- t¯m- Sp- - ff hnt[b- Xzhpw- `ànbpw Iqdpw I­pw tI«pw a\kn- em- ¡p- Ibpw- kz´ PohnX- ¯n- te¡v- ]IÀ¯n Pohn-Xm-h-km-\w-hsc \ne-sIm-f- f-Ibpw sNbvXp( ]( ]m{Xn-bÀ ¡okv _mh ]cn-ip-²-·m-cmbn {]Jy]n¨v- Xp_tZ- \nÂ- t]cptNÀ- ¯ ]( ]cp-ae sIm¨p Xncp-ta-\n- bpsSbpw ]( ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henb Xncp- ta\n- bp- sSbpw- a²yØX- \ap¡v tIm«bpw Imh-ep-am-bn-cn-¡-s«

26 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

]hen-b -Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpw ]uckvXy kphn-tij kam-P-hpw t]mfn-¡Àt¸mkv KohÀKokv sa{Xm-t¸m-eo¯

]cpae- skan\m- cn- bnÂ- Xma- ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nsb km[m-c-W- kn¨v kpdnbm\n- `mjbpw ¡m-cmb Bfp-IÄ Adn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶Xv ""Ipän-¡m-«n Xncp-ta\n'' F¶m- Bcm-[-\-co-Xn-Ifpw FÃmw Wv( At±lw hfsc kuay\pw {]mÀ°\mPohnXw Df-f-h\pw Bbn-cp-¶p( ss]\m-S¯v IpSpw-_-¯n BWv At±lw P\-¨-Xv( \t¶ sNdp-¸-¯n \¶mbn ]cn-io-en-¨n-cp-¶p$ Xs¶ A¼m«v tamÀ Iqdntemkv- Xncpta- \n- bnÂ- \n¶pw si½mi- ]«w- kzoI- At±-l-¯nsâ C¼tadnb cn-¨p( ]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bn Xma-kn¨v kpdn-bm\n `mjbpw Bcm-[-\-co- i_vZw tIÄhn¡msc- XnIfpw- FÃmw \¶mbn ]cnio- en- ¨n- cp- ¶p(- At±l- ¯nsâ- C¼tadnb i_vZw tImcn¯cn-¸n-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p$- tIÄhn-¡msc tImcn¯cn-¸n-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p(- ]( A_vtZ-Zm-temslm ]m{Xn- bÀ¡oknÂ- \n¶pw sa{Xmt¸m- eo¯- Øm\w kzoI-cn¨v A¦-amen `{Zm-k-\-¯nsâ `c-W-¨p-a- Xe- tbäv- sa{Xmt¸m- eo- ¯- bv¡- Sp¯- FÃm Imcy- §fpw \S¯n h¶p( Htc Ime-b-f-hn ae-¦-c- bnse Ggv `{Zm-k-\-§-fpsSbpw `cW¨pa-Xe Gsä-Sp-¡p-hm-\p-ff \ntbm-Khpw At±-l-¯n\v e`n-¨p( 1934  ae-¦-c-k-`-bn I£n-h-g¡v iàamb-t¸mÄ At±lw ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv ]£¯v Dd¨p \n¶v t]mcm-Sn( _lp tImt¨cn A¨³ At±l- ¯nsâ- sk{I«- dn- bmbn- {]hÀ¯n- ¨ncp- ¶p(- A¡me- b- f- hnÂ- ae¦- c- bm- t¡m- _mb- k`-bn kphn-ti-j-]-c-amb {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä hµy B¯p-¦Â Imcy-ambn CÃm-bn-cp-¶p( A`n( ]utemkv tamÀ KohÀKokv A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n kt­-kvIqÄ tImÀ-F-¸n-kvtIm¸ {]Øm\s¯- kvt\ln¨n- cp- ¶Xv- kvacWo- b- a- t{X(-

27 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

hµy( h©n-¯m-än Ipcn-bm-t¡mkv d¼ms\ kt­-kvIqÄ {]Øm-\- ¯nsâ Npa-Xe Gev¸n¨v kt­-kvIqÄ {]Øm-\s¯ A`n( Xncp-ta\n hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¯p( hµy( d¼m-¨³ ae-¦c k`-bn HmSn \S¶v B Ime- b-f-hn kt­-kvIqÄ {]Øm-\s¯ ]cn-N-cn-¨n-cp-¶p(A¡m-e¯v _lp( B¯p¦Â- KohÀKokv A¨³ kphntij- cwK¯v IS¶ph¶p {]hÀ¯n- ¨ncp- ¶p(- kphnti- j- cw- Ks¯- At±l- ¯nsâ- {]hÀ¯\w {]tbmP- \- Icw- BIp¶p F¶p-I­vv _lp( B¯p-¦Â A¨-tâbpw kl-{]-hÀ¯-I-cp- tSbpw ]cn-{i-a-^-e-ambn kam-cw-`n-¡-s¸« kphn-tij kam-Ps¯ A`n( Ipän¡m- «nÂ- Xncpta\n- hfsc A[nIw t{]mÕmln- ¸n- ¨p(- A¡me- b- f- hnÂ- kphn-tij {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S-¯p-¶Xv \ho-IcW k`-¡m-cpsS {]hÀ¯\w BsW¶pw ae-¦c bmt¡m-_mb k`-bn AXv Bh-iy-an- söp hniz-kn-¡p-Ibpw ]Tn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Hcp hn`m-K-am-bn-cp¶p ae-¦-c-bm-t¡m-_mb kpdn-bm\n k`( _lp(-B-¯p-¦-e-¨sâ ]cn{ia-]-e- ambn bmt¡m-_mb kpdn-bm\n k`-bn kphn-ti-j-¯nsâ shfn¨w IS- A¦-amen `{Zm-k-\-¯n ¶p-h-cn-Ibpw ]uckvXy kphn-tij kam-P-¯nsâ Npa-X-e-bn a®qÀ Npa-X-e-h-ln-¨n-cp¶ skâ v tPmÀPv ]f-fn-bn Hcp kphn-tij {]kw-K-tbmKw _lp( B¯p- Ipän-¡m-«n Xncp-ta-\n-bn ¦Â A¨sâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n Bcw-`n-¡p-Ibpw A¶v a®qÀ ]ffn hnIm-cn- bm-bn-cp¶ Acn-Ip-]p-d¯v _lp( a¯mbn I¯-\mÀ AXn\v ssI¯m§v \n¶pw ]uckvXy kphnti- j- - sImSp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp( A¶v kphn-tij kamP {]hÀ¯\¡msc ]f- kamP- {]hÀ¯IÀ¡v- fnbnÂ- Ibän {]hÀ¯n¸n- ¡p- hm³- ]e sshZnIcpw- hnk½- Xn- ¨p(- ImcWw bmt¡m_mb- k`bnse- ]e Bfp-IfptSbpw A¨-·m-cp-tSbpw Nn´ kphn-tijw \ho-I-c-W-¡m- ]f-fn-I-fn {]th-in¨v cpsS am{Xw tPmen Bbn-cp-¶p-sh-¶m-Wv( F¶mÂ, kphn-tij XmXv]cyw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xn\v D­m-bn-cp¶ s\Sp-´-f-fn _lp( KohÀKokv A¨³ _lp( Acn-Ip-]p- kphn-ti-j-k-am-Ps¯ d¯v a¯mbn A¨³, tNemSv Iqa-f-w-Ip-t¶Â hÀ¡n-t¨-«³, Bb-¡mSv N¼³tIm«p- IpSn- kn(kn(- ]u- temkv- apXem- b- h- cpsS- ]cn{i- a- ^- e- ambn- A¦- AwKo-I-cn-¨p-sIm­v A`n-hµy amen `{Zmk- \- ¯nÂ- NpaX- e- h- ln- ¨n- cp¶- Ipän¡m- «nÂ- Xncpta- \n- bnÂ- \n¶pw Xncp-ta\n AwKo-Imc ]uckvXy kphn-ti-j-k-amP {]hÀ¯-IÀ¡v bmt¡m-_mb k`-bnse Iev]-\-sIm-Sp-¯p/ ]ffn- I- fnÂ- {]thin¨v- {]hÀ¯n¡p- ¶- Xn\v- kphnti- j- k- am- Ps¯- AwKo- I-cn-¨p-sIm­v A`n-hµy Xncp-ta\n AwKo-Imc Iev]-\-sIm-Sp-¯p( A¶p- apXÂ- ]uckvXy kphnti- j- k- amPw- {]hÀ¯IÀ- ]ffnIfnÂ- {]thin¨v- kphn-ti-j-the sN¿p-¶-Xn\v Npcp¡w Nne A¨-·mÀ A\p-h-Zn-¨n-cp-¶p( A¶v ae-¦c k`-bn thsd kphn-tij {]hÀ¯\w Imcy-ambn CÃm-bn- cp-¶p F¶v apI-fn kqNn-¸n-¨-tÃm( _lp B¯p-¦Â A¨-tâbpw kl- {]hÀ¯- I- cp- tSbpw- ]cn{i- a- ^- e- ambn- a®qÀ I¬sh³j\nÂ- sh¨v P·w FSp¯ kphn-tij kamPw hf-cp-hm³ XpS-§n( Bep-hm-bnse henb Xncp-ta\n kphn-ti-j-k-am-Ps¯ AwKo-I-cn¨v Iev]\ sImSp-¯-Xnsâ ^e-ambn kphn-tij kam-P-¯n\v kz´w Imen \nev¡p-hm³ Ah- kcw e`n¨p(- henb Xncpta\n- kphnti- j- k- am- Ps¯- AwKoI- cn- ¨- Xp- sIm­v- A`n( aoJm-tb tamÀ Znh-¶m-kn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n, A`n( HutK³ tamÀ Xntam-¯n-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n, Iv\m\mb `{Zm-k-\-¯nsâ A`n( A{_lmw ¢oaokv Xncp-ta\n apX-em-b-hcpw kphn-tij kam-Ps¯ AwKo-I-cn-¨p( kphn-ti-j-k-amPw PmXn-I-fpsS CS-bn-te¡v Cd§n {]hÀ¯n-¡p-hm³ XpS-§n( XpSÀ¶v A¶v bmt¡m-_m-b-¡mÀ¡v {]hÀ¯\w CÃm-Xn-cp-¶- Xmb ae-_mÀ {]tZ-i¯pw kphn-tij kam-P-¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\w hym]n-

28 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

¸n-¨p( B Ime-b-f-hn BWv A`n( hb-en-¸-d-¼n {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp- ta\n A¦-amen `{Zm-k-\-¯nsâ klm-bn-bmbn \nb-an-¡-s¸-«-Xv( At±-l- ¯n\v ]( At{^w ]m{XnbÀ¡okv- _mh Iev]\bpw- \evIn( kphntij- kamP- ¯nsâ- {]hÀ¯\hpw- hfÀ¨bpw I­v, A¦amen- `{Zm-k\ klmb sa{Xm-t¸m-eo¯ A`n( hb-en-¸-d-¼n {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncpta- \n¡v- kphntij- kamP- ¯nsâ- \nb{´Ww- In«Ww F¶ B{Klw D­m-bn( Cu hnhcw A`n( Xncp-ta\n _lp( B¯p-¦Â A¨s\ Adn-bn- ¨p( B¯p-¦Â A¨³ At¸mÄ Xs¶ A`n( Xncp-ta\n ap¼msI ""henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS AwKo-Im-c-t¯msS \S-¯-s¸-Sp¶ ]uc-kvXy-kp-hn-tij kamPw At±-l-¯nsâ A\p-hmZw CÃmsX amäm-tcbpw Gev¸n-¡phm³ km²yaÃ''- F¶ adp]- Snbpw- \evIn( A`n( {KotKmdn- tbmkv- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- XpSÀ¶p-ff \nÀ_Ôw aqew _lp( B¯p-¦Â A¨³ henb Xncp-ta- \nsb kao-]n¨v sIm¨p-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS B{Klw Adn-bn-¨p( AXn\v adp-]- Snbmbn- henb Xncpta\n- Iev¸n¨- Xv(- C{]Imcw- BWv( ""Ah\- hsâ- Ah ""Ah-\-hsâ Ah Ah\- hsâ- aSnbnÂ- InS¶mÂ- CjvSw- t]mse- FSp¯v sImdn¡mw''- F¶p Ah-\-hsâ aSn-bn ]dªmÂ- ]uckvXy kphnti- j- k- am- P- ¯nsâ- NpaXe- aämtcbpw- Fev¸n- InS¶mÂ- CjvSw- t]mse- t¡­ F¶m-Wvv( A§s\ ]uckvXy kphn-ti-j-k-am-P-w henb Xncp-ta- FSp¯v \nbpsS- Iogn Xs¶ \ne\n- ¶p(- henb Xncpta\n- emfn¨p hfÀ¯nb kphn-tij kam-P-¯nsâ {]hÀ¯-Icmbn ss]\m-S¯v C«n-¡p-cy³ sImdn¡mw''- F¶p h¡oÂ, al-nfm-ebw ]n(-sI(- amXyp h¡o apX-emb KWy-hy-àn-IÄ ]dªmÂ- ]uckvXy kphntij- kamP- ¯nsâ- {]hÀ¯\- cw- K- t¯¡v- IS¶p- h¶v- _lp( B¯p- kphn-ti-j-k-am-P-¯ns⠦ A¨s\ klmbn- ¡p- Ibpw- t{]mÕmln- ¸n- ¡p- Ibpw- sNbvXp( AXnsâ Npa-Xe aäm-tcbpw ^eambn- kamP- -¯n\v- s]cp-¼m-hq-cn Hcp tI{µ-Hm-^okv thW-sa¶ Fev¸nt¡­- F¶mWvv$- tXm¶Â D­m-hp-Ibpw A§s\ kphn-tij kam-P-¯nsâ {]hÀ¯-I- A§s\ ]uckvXy cpsS {]hÀ¯\- ^- e- ambn- s]cp¼m- hq- cnÂ- Ct¸mÄ Dff- Xmb- tI{µHm- ^o- - kn\p-ff Øew kamPw t]cn hne-bv¡p-hm-§p-hm-\p-ff ]cn-{i-a-§Ä kphn-ti-j-k-am-P-w henb sN¿p-Ibpw ss]\m-S¯v C«n-Ip-cy³ h¡o Noc-I-tXm-«-¯n hµy Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Iogn ]utemkv tImÀ-F-¸n-kvtIm¸, ]m¯n-¡Â _lp ]utemkv A¨³, Xs¶ \ne\n- ¶p$- th§qÀ \nc-¶-\n-e¯v _lp( G{_lmw A¨³ Ben-b-Im-«p-IpSn a¯m- bn-kmÀ XpS-§nb hyàn-IfpsS {]b-Xv\-^-e-ambn ]ucykvXy kphn-ti- jk- am- P- ¯n\v- tI{µ Hm^okpw aäp {]hÀ¯\- §fpw- D­mhp- Ibpw- ]uc- kvXy-kp-hn-tij kamPw hfÀ¶ph-fÀ¶v km[p-¡Ä¡m-bp-ff A\mY aµn-c-§Ä, tIm¬shâ v, tIc-f-¯nepw IÀ®m-S-I-¯nepw sslkvIq-fp- IÄ, ]f-fn-IÄ Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\v Bbp-jvIme AwK-§Ä, kphn-tij {]hÀ¯-IÀ, sshZn-IÀ, sa{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯·mÀ XpS§n ]( bmt¡m-_mb k`-bn A`n-am-\-]qÀÆw {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Hcp hS-hr-£-ambn kphn-tij kamPw hfÀ¶p( ]( ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henb Xncpta- \n- bpsS- ZoÀL- ho-£Whpw A\p-{K-lhpw {]mÀ°-\bpw apJm-´n-c-am-Ip¶p CXv F¶v kphn-ti-j-k-amP AwK-§Ä hniz-kn-¡p-Ibpw ]( henb Xncp-ta-\nsb kvacn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p( Cu ]pWy-tÇm-I-\mb ]nXm-hnsâ ]utcm-ln- Xy-¯nsâ \qdmw hÀjw At±-ls¯ HmÀ¡p-¶p( ]uckvXy kphn-tij kam-P-¯nsâ apt¼m-«p-ff hfÀ¨bv¡v ]( ]nXm-hnsâ Icp-Xepw {]mÀ°- \bpw bmNn-¨p-sIm­v Cu teJ\w D]-kw-l-cn-¡p-¶p(

29 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

]tamÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv henbXncp-ta-\nbpw hnZymÀ°n {]Øm-\hpw tUm" Ipcymt¡mkv sXtbm^ntemkv sa{Xmt¸men¯

bphXe apdbv¡pw hnizmk kwc£I³ F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ Bephmbnse ]( henb hnizmkhpw aqey§fpw Xncpta\nbpsS alm ]utcmlnXy iXm_vZn ]( k` BtLmj]qÀÆw Bßob ZÀi\hpw BNcn¡p¶ A\pKrlnX kµÀ`amWtÃm CXv( AN©eamb hnizmk ¯nsâbpw, Bgamb ssZh`ànbpsSbpw hnizmk PohnX ¯nsâbpw \ÂInbnsæn D­mIp¶ amXrIbmbncp¶p ]cnip² ]nXmhv, henb Hcp ZmÀioI\pambncp¶p hn]¯pw PoÀ®Xbpw F¶Xnsâ D¯a ZrjvSm´amWv ]( k`bnse hnZymÀYn {]Øm\hpw ap³Iq«n a\Ênem¡nb kt­kvIqÄ {]Øm\hpw( Ipªp§Ä¡pw, bphXeapdbv¡pw hnizm {Im´ZÀinbmbncp¶p khpw aqey§fpw Bßob ZÀi\hpw \ÂInbnsæn D­mIp¶ hn] ]$ henb Xncpta\n$ ¯pw PoÀ®Xbpw ap³Iq«n a\Ênem¡nb {Im´ZÀinbmbncp¶p ]( henb Xncpta\n( B ZÀi\amWv C¶v ]cnip² k`bnse Gähpw henb Bßob {]Øm\amb kt­kvIqÄ {]Øm\¯nsâbpw hfÀ¶p hcp¶ hnZymÀ°n {]Øm\¯nsâbpw ASn¯dbmbn \n¡p¶Xv( 1907 ImeL«§fn¯s¶ kndnb³ ÌpUâkv aqhvsaâ v F¶ t]cn hnZymÀ°n {]Øm\w k`bn cq]s¸«psh¦nepw k`bpsS ]nfÀ¸v hnZymÀ°n {]Øm\t¯bpw _m[n¨p( 1922þ ]( henbXncpta\n sNdptXm«pIpt¶Â ]ffnbn Hcp tbmKw hnfn¨pIq«n Xsâ Kpcp t{ijvT\mb ]( Nm¯pcp¯n tamÀ {KotKmdntbmkv Xncpta\nbpsS \mat[b¯n tamÀ {KotKmdntbmkv kndnb³ hnZymÀ°n kwLw F¶ t]cn ]( k`bpsS hnZymÀ°n {]Øm\¯n\v XpS¡an«p( CXn\nSbn sa{Xm³ I£nIÄ ""skâ v tXmakv kndnb³ ÌpU³kvv aqhvsaâ'' F¶ t]cn Hcp {]Øm\w Bcw`n¨psh¦nepw ]n¶oSv Fw(Pn(H(kn(Fkv(Fw( F¶t]cn hnZymÀ°n {]Øm\w {]hÀ¯n¡pIbmWp­mbXv( k`m XÀ¡§fpw, tbmPn¸pw, ]nfÀ¸psaÃmw FÃm taJeIfnepsa¶

30 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

t]mse hnZymÀ°n {]Øm\s¯ _m[n¡pIbp­mbn( CS¡me¯v {]hÀ¯\ clnXamb hnZymÀ°n {]Øm\w 1980 ImebfhpIfn tamÀ {KotKmdntbmkv Pm¡ss_äv ÌpUâkv Atkmkntbj³ F¶ t]cn {]hÀ¯\w Bcw`n¡pIbp­mbn( ]n¶oSv amdnh¶ kmlNcy§fn Syrian Orthodox Christian Students Movement of India (SOCSMI), Jacobite Stu- dents Movement of India (JASMI) F¶o t]cpIfnepw hnhn[ ImebfhpIfn {]hÀ¯n¡pIbp­mbn( ""2009þ IqSnb ]( F¸nkvtIm¸Â kp¶ltZmkv, hnZymÀ°n {]Øm \¯nsâ Bcw`¯n Xs¶bp­mbncp¶ \mat[b¯n Xs¶ {]Øm \w ]p\xkwLSn¸n¨v {]hÀ¯\§Ä kPoham¡phm³ Xocpam\saSp¡p Ibpw, _elo\\mb \s½ hnZymÀ°n {]Øm\¯nsâ {]knUâmbn NpaXe s¸Sp¯pIbpw sNbvXp''( Ct¸mÄ Mor Gregorious Jacobite Stu- B[p\nIXbpw, dents Movement (MGJSM) F¶ t]cn {]Øm\w {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p( imkv{Xkmt¦XnIXbpsS Npcp§nb ImewsIm­v At\I Iemeb§fnepw, lbÀ sk¡³Udn, A\´km²yXIfpw ko\nbÀ sk¡³Udn kvIqfpIfnepw bqWnäpIÄ XpS§n {]hÀ¯\w Zpcp]tbmKw sN¿s¸Sp¶ Bcw`n¨ncn¡p¶p( {]Øm\¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡mbn c­v sshZn kmlNcy§fpw, ]T\ Isc apgph³kab tkh\¯n\mbn {IaoIcn¨ncn¡p¶p( tIcf¯n\I ¯pw ]pd¯pw hnhn[ taJeIfmbn Xncn¨v, `mchmlnIsf \nban¨v, cwK§fnse aÕchpw, {]hÀ¯\§Ä \S¯p¶p( taJem hnZymÀ°n kwKahpw, Iym¼pIfpw Ip«nIfnep­m¡p¶ {]hÀ¯\¯nsâ `mKambn \S¯s¸Sp¶p( Im¼kpIfntem, kao] am\knI k½À±§fpw, ¯pff \½psS ssZhmeb§fntem BgvNbnsemcn¡Â hnZymÀ°nIfpw `uXnIXbpsS A²ym]Icpw Hcpan¨ptNÀ¶v [ym\w, {]mÀ°\, thZ]T\w, B\pImenI AXn{]kchpw bpha\ {]kà hnjb§Ä NÀ¨ sN¿pI, kmaqly tkh\ {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡v ÊpIfn krjvSn¡p¶ t\XrXzw sImSp¡pI XpS§nb Imcy§fn {i²n¡p¶p( D]cn]T\¯n\v tIcf¯n\v ]pd¯pt]mIp¶ Ip«nIÄ¡mbpff [ym\w, Iu¬knenwKv, {]tem`\§fpsaÃmw IcnbÀ ssKU³kv F¶nh \S¯n hcp¶p( C´ybpsS ]e`mK¯pw bpha\ÊpIsf A{Ia ÌpUâ vkv skâdpIfpw, Iu¬knenwKv tI{µ§fpw, hnZymÀ°nIÄ¡m kz`mh¯nte¡pw, bn Bcw`n¡phm\pff {IaoIcW§Ä sNbvXphcp¶p( hÀj¯nsemcn BßlXym ¡Â aq¶p Znhks¯ t\XrXz ]cnioe\ Iym¼pw {]hÀ¯\§fpsS {]hWXbnte¡pw, \ncmim `mKambn {IaoIcn¡p¶p( PohnX¯nte¡pw \bn¡p¶p$ _meyt¯mSv hnS]dªv, Iuamc¯nte¡pw, buh\¯nte¡pw Iemeb¯nsâ hnimeamb kzmX{´y temIt¯¡p {]thin¡p¶ Ipªp§Ä ]et¸mgpw e£yt_m[anÃmsX aZy¯n\pw, ab¡pacp ¶n\pw ASnas¸«p t]mIp¶ A\p`h§Ä C¶v hncfaÃ( B[p\nIXbpw, imkv{Xkmt¦XnIXbpsS A\´km²yXIfpw Zpcp]tbmKw sN¿ s¸Sp¶ kmlNcy§fpw, ]T\ cwK§fnse aÕchpw, Ip«nIfnep­m ¡p¶ am\knI k½À±§fpw, `uXnIXbpsS AXn{]kchpw bpha\ ÊpIfn krjvSn¡p¶ {]tem`\§fpsaÃmw bpha\ÊpIsf A{Ia kz`mh¯nte¡pw, BßlXym {]hWXbnte¡pw, \ncmim PohnX ¯nte¡pw \bn¡p¶p( Hcp \qäm­pap³]v C¯cw kmlNcy§sf ap¶n¡­v hnZymÀ°n {]Øm\¯n\v cq]w \ÂInb ]( ]nXmhnsâ `mhnXeapdsb¡pdn¨pff IcpX F{X hepXmbncp¶p(

31 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

hnip-²n-bpsS ZÀi-\-§Ä hen-b-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-¯n amXyqkv At{]w sa{Xmt¸m- en¯-

ip²oI- cWw- {]m]n- ]cn-ip² ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ¡msX ssZhs¯ {]kmZn- ¸n- - PohnXw A²ym-ßnI hnip-²n-bpsS DZm-¯-amb amXr-I-bm-Wv( Ejn Xpey- ¡p-hm³ km[n-¡p-I-bn-Ã$ amb At±-l-¯nsâ PohnXw aqey-¨pXn kw`hn-¨psIm-­n-cn-¡p¶ Cu Ime-L-«-¯nÂse hnip-²n-bpsS ]e am\-§fpw ]cn-ip² Xncp-ta-\n-bn ]uckvXy B²ym-ßn-I-X-bpsS \ndªp\n- ¶n- cp- ¶p(- Nn´m-[m-c-bn Cu {InkvXp thZimkv{Xa\p-k-cn¨v a\p-jy³ hnfn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv ImgvN-¸m-Sns\ ssZh-h-- ssZhnI hnip²n- bnÂ- ]¦pIm- cm- Ip- hm- \m- Wv(- a\pjy³- ssZhs¯- t¸mse- XvIcWw- (Theosis) F¶v BIp-hm³ km[n-¡-bn-Ã( adn¨v ssZhn-I-hn-ip-²n-bn ]¦p-Im-c-Ip-hm³ hnfn-¡p¶p$ FÃm a\p-jy- km[n-¡pw( ]( A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS PohnXw Cu thZ-im sâbpw BXy´n- I- e£yw- kv{X ImgvN-¸m-Sns\ bmYmÀ°y-h-XvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv( F{_m( 12:14  C{]- Imcw tcJ-¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p( ip²o-I-cWw {]m]n-¡msX ssZhs¯ ssZh kmZriy- ¯n- te¡v- {]kmZn- ¸n- ¡p- hm³- km[n¡p- I- bn- Ã(- ]uckvXy B²ymßn- I- X- bpsS- Nn´m- cq]m-´-c-s¸-SpI$ [mc- bnÂ- Cu ImgvN¸m- Sns\- ssZhh- XvI-- cWw- (Theosis) F¶v hnfn¡p¶p(- FÃm a\p-jy-sâbpw BXy-´n-I-e£yw ssZh kmZr-iy-¯n-te¡v cq]m- ´-c-s¸-SpI ]( henb Xncp-ta\n Cu e£yw sFlnI Pohn-X-¯n h¨p- Xs¶ km£m-XvI-cn-¨p( ssZhnI hnip²n- bnÂ- hn( thZ]p- kvXIw- ho£n¡p- ¶Xv- ssZhhp- - am-bn-«p-ff Hcp hyàn-bpsS At`-Zy-amb _Ô-am-bn-«m-Wv( ssZh-s¯-¡p- dn-¨p-ff Adn-hp-Xs¶ e`n-¡p-¶Xv ssZh-hp-am-bn-«p-ff Bg-¯n-ep-ff Iq«m- bvabn- eqsS- BWv( F{_mb `mjbnÂ- ssZhs¯ AdnbpI- F¶Xn\v- D]- tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv "bm[m' F¶mWv( Cu ]Zw tIhew `uXnI-amb Adnhm- bn- «Ã- D]tbm- Kn- ¨n- cn- ¡p- ¶Xv- adn¨v _Ô§- fp- eqsS- e`n¡p¶- Adn- hm-bn-«mWv D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv( PohnX hnip-²n-bn-eqsS BWv ssZh-

32 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

hp-am-bp-ff Cu _Ôw \ne-\nÀ¯p-hm³ km[n-¡p-¶-Xv( AXp-sIm-­p- Xs¶ henb- Xn- cp- ta- \n- bpsS- PohnXw ssZhnI Adnhnsâ- Hcphenb amXr- I-bmWv( DXv]( 5:24  lmt\m-¡n-s\-¡p-dn¨v tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv ssZh-hp-am-bp-ff Iq«mbva \ne-\nÀ¯nb hyàn F¶ \ne-bn-em-Wv( \nc´- c- amb- bma{]mÀ°- \- bn- eq- sSbpw- [ym\¯n- eq- sSbpw- D]hm- - k-¯n-eqsSbpw henb Xncp-ta\n ssZh-hpam-bn-«p-ff _Ôw kÖo-h-am- bn«v \ne-\nÀ¯n( bma-{]mÀ°-\-IÄ apS¡w IqSmsX \S-¯p-¶-Xp-h-gn- bmbn Xncpta\n- Hcp {]mÀ°\ a\pjy- \mbn- Adnb- s¸- «p(- ssZhnI hnip- ²nbnÂ- Xsâ PohnXs¯- \ne\nÀ¯n- b- Xv(- {]mÀ°\- bn- eq- sS- bp- ff- ssZh kwkÀ¤w hgn-bm-Wv( hnip² thZ-]p-kvXIw ZmhnI hnip-²nsb hyàn-bpsS ka-{K- amb ip²o-I-c-W-am-bn-«mWv hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶Xv( hnip²n {]m-]n-¡pI F¶- Xp-sIm­v Hcp-a-\p-jysâ icocw, tZln, Bßmhv F¶n-h-bpsS FÃmw bYmÀ°¯n \½psS \nÀ½eo- I- c- W- am- Wv(- i- co- c- ¯nsâ- am{Xw hnip²n Hcp hyàn ]qÀ® hnip- B²ymßnIX ²nbn- tes¡¯n- ¡p- ¶n- Ã(- ]cnip- ²- \mb- ]utemkv Çolm 1 sXÊtem(- tI{µoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv 5:23  Hcp hyàn-bpsS ka{K hnip-²n-sb-¡p-dn¨v tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p- hnip² IpÀºm\ ¶p( hn( thZ-]p-kvXIw AXp-sIm­p Xs¶ imco-cnI hnip-²n-tbm-sSm¸w bnemWtÃm$ hn$ IpÀºm\ Xs¶ B´-coI hnip-²n¡pw {]m[m\yw \evIp-¶p( a¯m( 5: 8  lrZb ]m]tamN\hpw \nXyPoh\pw ip²n-bp-f-f-hÀ `mKy-hm·mÀ AhÀ ssZhs¯ ImWpw( F¶v tcJs¸-Sp- ¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p( lrZ-b-¯nsâ hnip²n F¶-Xp-sIm­v Hcp a\p-jysâ \evIp¶Xnt\msSm¸w Xs¶ a\-Ên-tâbpw, Nn´-bp-tSbpw, ImgvN-¸m-Sn-tâbpw hnip-²n-bmWv Dt±-in- ]¦mfnIfm¡p¶p$ ¡p-¶-Xv( hn( thZ-]p-kvX-I-¯n Nne kµÀ`-§-fn lrZ-bhpw a\Êpw BbXpsIm­v B²ymßoI (heart and mind) ]cym-b-]-Z-ambn D]tbm-Kn-¨n-«p­v k¦oÀ( 24:4  lrZb hnip²n \ne\nÀ¯p¶Xn\v ip²nsb- ¡p- dn¨v- tcJs¸- Sp- ¯n- bn- cn- ¡p- ¶p(- henb Xncpta- \n- bpsS- PohnXw hn$ IpÀºm\ AÀ¸Whpw thZ]p- kvX- I- ¯nse- A´coI- hnip²n- sb- ¡p- dn- ¨p- ff- ImgvN¸m- Sn\v- henb A\p`hhpw DZml- c- W- am- Wv(- k`m ]nXmhmb- tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbm- kv- BWv a\knsâ- \nÀ½- AXy´mt]£nXamWv$ en-I-c-W-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pw ]m]-¯nsâ a\x-imkv{X hi-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw {InkvXob thZ-im-kv{X-N-cn-{X-¯n ià-ambn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-f-f-Xv( BZm-ansâ ]m]w Xs¶ At±lw hymJym-\n-¡p-¶Xv a\x-imkv{X]c-am- bn-«m-Wv( BZm-ansâ ]m]w At±-l-¯nsâ A`n-{]m-b-{]-Imcw a\-Ênsâ aen-\o-I-c-W-¯nsâ ^e-am-bn-«m-Wv( a\-Ênsâ kwip-²o-I-c-W-¯n\v Hcp hyàn-bpsS a\Êv ssZh-¯n tI{µo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡-W-sa¶v At±lw ]Tn- ¸n-¡p-¶p( a\Êv ssZh-¯n tI{µo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-h-cmWv lrZb hnip- ²n-bp-f-f-hÀ(-A-§-s\-bp-ff hyàn-Isf k`m-]n-Xm-hmb tamÀ A¯m-\m- kntbmkv- hnfn¡p- ¶Xv- k\ymkn (Asetic)F¶m-Wv( hnip²nsb¡pdn- ¨p- ff- Cu ImgvN¸mSv- henb Xncpta- \n- bnÂ- FÃm AÀ°-¯nepw D­m-bn-cp-¶p( Bß-i-co-c-§-epsS ka-{K-amb hnip²n Iram-\y-K-X-amb Xsâ B²ym-ßnI Pohn-X-¯n-eqsS At±-l-¯n\p \ne- \nÀ¯p-hm³ km[n-¨n-cp-¶p( B `uXnI-I-X-bp-sS Cu B[p-\nI Ime-L- «¯n lrZb hnip-²n¡v Gsd {]m[m-\y-ap-­v( {InkvXob Pohn-X-¯nse hnip²n \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn\v ]uckvXy thZimkv{X¯n IuZminI PohnX¯n\pw Bcm[\m PohnX¯n\pw Gsd {]m[m\yw Iev]n¡s¸«n«p­v( ChnsS Hcp hnizmkn hnip²n BÀ

33 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

Ön¡p¶Xn\v IuZminI PohnX¯nse ]¦mfn¯w A\nhmcyamWv {]tXyIn¨pw hn( IpÀºm\ A\p`hhpw A\pjvTm\hpw Gsd {]m[m\y apffXmWv( henb Xncpta\nbpsS PohnXw ]cntim[n¡pt¼mÄ Bcm[\m PohnX¯n\v {]tXyIn¨v hn( IpÀºm\bv¡v {]m[m\yw Iev]n¨ncp¶p( At±l¯nsâ `àn km{µamb hn( IpÀºm\ A\pjvTm\w hnizmknIsf Gsd BIÀjn¨ncp¶p( bYmÀ°¯n \½psS B²ymßnIX tI{µoI cn¨ncn¡p¶Xv hnip² IpÀºm\bnemWtÃm( hn( IpÀºm\ ]m]tam N\hpw \nXyPoh\pw \evIp¶Xnt\msSm¸w Xs¶ ]¦mfnIfm¡p¶p( BbXpsIm­v B²ymßoI hnip²n \ne\nÀ¯p¶Xn\v hn( IpÀºm\ AÀ¸Whpw A\p`hhpw AXy´mt]£nXamWv( henb Xncpta\nbpsS PohnX¯n Cu ZÀi\w \ndªp \nev¡p¶p( hnip²·mcpsS PohnXw hgnbmbn ssZh\maw alXzs¸SpIbmWv sN¿p¶Xv( kq¯md {]mÀ°\bn C{]Imcw \mw {]mÀ°n¡p¶p­v( "hnip²·mcm Xsâ hnip²X sIm­mSs¸Sp¶ ssZhta' Cu {]mÀ°\ hnip²·msc¡pdn¨pff Hcp \nÀÆN\w IqSnbmWv( hnip²·mcpsS {InkvXob PohnXw ssZhnI hnip²nsb {]tLmjn¡p¶ H¶mWvv X§fpsS kphntij¯nsâ \nÀ½eamb PohnXw hgnbmbn ssZhs¯ kphntijn¡p¶hcmWv DXvIrjvSamb hnip²·mÀ AXpsIm­v hnip²·mcpsS PohnXw kphntijambv Cu ImgvN¸mSv henb amdp¶p( henb Xncpta\nbpsS PohnXw Cu ImgvN¸mSn\v DZmlcWamWv( Xncpta\nbpsS ssZh¯nsâ {]tXyIXbmb hnip²n (]pd( 15:11, bi¿( 40:25) PohnX¯n A\zÀ°am¡phm³ henb Xncpta\n¡p km[n¨p( BbXpsIm­v PohnX¯n At\Isc {InkvXob kphntij¯nsâ DXvIrjvSamb Cu ImgvN¸mSv henb Xncp ssZh¯nteb¡v ta\nbpsS PohnX¯n At\Isc ssZh¯nteb¡v BIÀjn¡phm³ BIÀjn¡phm³ B ]( ]nXmhnsâ PohnXw ImcWw Bbn¯oÀ¶p( B ]$ ]nXmhnsâ ta hnhcn¨Xn \n¶pw thZ]pkvXI¯n hnip²nsb¡pdn PohnXw ImcWw ¨pff ZÀi\§Ä henb Xncpta\nbpsS PohnX¯n \ndªp \n¶ncp¶p( hnip²nbpsS ka{K`mhw henbXncpta\nbn ZÀin¡mhp¶XmWv( "`àÀ Bbn¯oÀ¶p$ kvarXnhnkvXrXam¡pw Xncp\ma¯n¶mbv F¶ KoXw HmÀ½n¸n¡p¶Xp t]mse henb Xncpta\nbpsS iXm_vZn BtLmjw ssZhXncp\ma alXz ¯n\mbv Xocs« F¶v {]mÀ°n¡p¶p(

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34 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

{]Xn-Iqe kml-N-cy-§sf {]mÀ°-\-bn-eqsS A\p-Iq-e-am-¡n-¯oÀ¯ Bep-hm-bnse ap\nt{ijvT³ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- Genbmkv- sa{Xmt¸m- eo¯-

efn-X-Po-hn-X-hpw, hn\-bhpw "Fsâ IÀ¯mhpw Fsâ c£n-Xm-hpta' F¶v DuWnepw Dd-¡- D¯a amXr-I-bm¡n ¯nepw Dcphn- Sp¶- ]cnip- ²- ³(- "kXyamWv- e£yw, {]mÀ°\- bmWv- amÀ¤w, \m\mPmXn-a-X-Ø-cp-tSbpw kvt\lamWv- ssien( Cu ssien Ft¸mgpw henb Xncpta- \n¡v- kz´w( BZ-c-hp-t\-Snb efnX- Po- hn- X- hpw,- hn\bhpw- D¯a amXrI- bm¡n- \m\mPmXna- X- Ø- - cp-tSbpw BZ-c-hp-t\-Snb ]pWy-hm-\mWv hen-b-Xn-cp-ta-\n( ]cn( k`-bn ]pWyhm- \mWv- kam[m\w- ssIhcp- ¯p- ¶- Xn\v- hfsc- tbsd- ]cn{i- a- §Ä- \S¯n(- F¶mÂ, hen-b-Xn-cp-ta-\n$ ]cn( At´ym-Jym-knw-lm-k-\-t¯m-SpÅ _Ô-¯n-sem-gnsI asä-Ãm-Im-cy- At´ym-Jym- ¯nepw hn«phogvN- sN¿phm³- Cu ]cnip- ²³- X¿mdm- bn- cp- ¶p(- ]cn( ]nXm- knw-lm-k-\-t¯m-SpÅ hns\ \m\m-Pm-Xn-a-X-Øcpw _lp-am-\n-¨p( A\n-Xc km[m-cW HmÀ½-i- _Ô-¯n-sem-gnsI àn-bm t]cv sNmÃn hnfn¨v `àsc AXn-i-b-s¸-Sp-¯n( asä-Ãm-Im-cy-¯nepw kam[m\{]`p- hmb- ]cn( Genbmkv- XrXob³- ]m{XnbÀ¡okv- _mhm- hn«p-hogvN sN¿p-hm³ bpsS {iaI- c- amb- NÀ¨bpsS- ]Ým¯- e- ¯nÂ- AXnsâ BZy]- Sn- bmbn- apS¡v XoÀ¯Xpw BtÇjn¨v- kvt\lNpw- _\w- \evInbXpw- Iev]\ ]pds¸- Sp- hn- - Cu ]cnip- ²³- ¨Xpw kam[m\w- ssIhcp- ¯p- hm³- BßmÀ°ambn- B{Kln- ¨n- cp- ¶- Xn\v- X¿m-dm-bn-cp-¶p. FÃm {ia§fpw- sNbvXncp¶- henb Xncpta\n- Xsâ FÃmamb- ]cn( Gen- bmkv XrXob³- _mhmbpsS- thÀ]mSnsâ- ap¼n G§e- Sn¨p- henb Xncp- ta\n Icªp(- ]cn( _mhmbpsS- \nÀt±im- \p- k- c- W- am- bn- cp- ¶p,- henb Xncp- ta\n kam[m- \- {i- a- §Ä- \S¯n- b- Xv(- F¶mÂ, B {ia- §ÄsIm­v- Znh¶m- - kntbmkv- Bdmasâ- a\Êv amänsb- Sp- ¡m³- Ignªn- Ã(- XpSÀ¶v 1938þÂ- Ipw`amk- ¯nÂ- OS111/113 \¼cmbn- ^b sNbvX hmZn`m- K¯v- Icn§m- ¨n- d- ]- Ån- bnÂ- IqSnb ae¦c- Atkmkn- tb- j³- sXc- sªSp¯- ae¦c- sa{Xmt¸m- eo- ¯mbpw- {SÌnbp- am- bn- cp- ¶p- {]Xn`m- K¯v(- Fw(Un(- skan\m- cn- bnÂ- IqSnb Atkmkn- tb- j- \nÂ- Xncsª- Sp- ¡- s¸«-

35 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

ImtXmen- ¡m- hn- `m- K- ¯nse- ae¦c- sa{Xmt¸m- eo- ¯mbpw- {SÌnbp- am- bn- cp- ¶p(- F¶mÂ, Cu tIkn A¶s¯ PUvPn _n( IrjvW¿- cpsS- 1943 aIcw 5þmw XobXn- bnse- hn[n {]XnIÄ¡v- A\pIq- e- am- bn(- BbXnÂ- k`mkz- ¯p- - ¡Ä hos­Sp- ¡p- ¶- Xn\v- ]Icw {]XnIÄ- X§Ä¡v sNehmb- kwJy hos­Sp- ¡p- hm³- tIkv sImSp¯v t\m«okv Ab-bv¡phm³- Xncpam- \n¨p- ImtXmen- t¡m- hn`mKw Hcp§nbn- cn- ¡p- t¼mÄ- henb Xncpta- \n¡v- Hc¸o- ep- - t]mepw sImSp¡m³- Ignbm¯- ØnXnh¶t¸mÄ henb Xncpta- \n- bpsS- `ànbpw hnizmk- Øn- c- Xbpw- Xsâ Øm\mtcm- l- W- ¯nsâ- iXm_vZn BtLmj- th- f- bnÂ- {]tXyIw kvacn¡- s¸- tS- ­Xpw,- amXrI- bm- t¡- ­- Xp- - amWv(- henb- Xn- cp- ta- \n- bpsS- hm¡pIÄ- C{]Im- c- am- Wv(- ""tIm«-bw- PnÃmtImS-Xn-bn tIkv tXmän-cn-¡p¶ kabw A¸o- en\v bmsXmcp hgn-bpan-Ã( am¯pth \man\n H¶n\pw t]mIp-¶-nÃ( Ah- tc-Xm-bmepw \s½ A]-am-\n-¡p-hm³ th­n tImSXn sNe-hn\pw \ap¡v sIm«mc- ¯nepw- IpSnenepw- hmd­v hbv¡p-hm\pw am¯p \o tIÄ¡p-¶pt­m? hmd­p h¨m \ap¡v PbnenÂ- t]mIWw(- \½psS bma\- a- kvIm- c- ]p- kvX- Ihpw- Hcp k¦o- _lp-am-\y-\mb À-¯-\-]p-kvX-Ihpw sIm­p-t]m-I-Ww( \obpw- IqsS hcWw'' A§s\ hen-b-Xn-cp-ta\n þ Hcn-¡Â \ap-¡-hnsS t]mbn-cn-¡mw( tIs«m am¯p''( Xr¸q-Wn-¯d XpSÀ¶v GXm\pw k`m-kvt\-ln-I-fpsS klm-b-¯m Xncp-h-\-´- ]Ånap- ä- ¯p- h¨v- \S¯- s¸«- ]pc¯v sslt¡mÀ«n 1946-þ A¸o ^b sNbvXp( Cu tIkn Hcp almk- t½- f- \- ¯n- te¡v- henb Xncp-ta-\n¡v A\p-Iq-e-ambn hn[n-bp-­m-bn( XpSÀ¶v ImtXm-en- sIm¨n almcm- Pmhpw- t¡mkv hn`mKw Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ-þ-sIm¨n kwØm\ sslt¡m-S-Xn-bn Fgp-¶-Ån-h-¶p$ dnhyq s]äo-j³ tImSp-¯p-sh-¦nepw hmZw tI«-tijw Cu s]äo-j³ almcm- Pmhv- BKX- \m- b- - XÅpI- bm- Wp- ­m- b- Xv(- C§s\ henb Xncpta\n- bma\- a- kvIm- c- §- fmepw- k¦oÀ¯-\-§-fmepw ssZhs¯ kvXpXn-¨v Xm³ \S-¯nb tIkp-I-fn t¸mÄ henb Xncpta- \nbpw- ]qÀ® - hnPbw- hcn¨p(- hn( thZ]p- kvXIw- ]cntim- [n- ¡p- t¼mÄ- C{]Imcw- aäpÅ- hcpw- Fgpt¶äv- ImWm³ Ignbpw ""Fs¶ am\n-¡p-¶-hs\ Rm\pw am\n¡pw'' IÀ¯mhv almcm- Pm- hns\- BZcn- ¨p$- Acpfns¨bvXn-cn-¡p-¶p( henb Xncp-ta-\nsb ssZhw BZ-cn-¨n-cp-¶p( aäp k`Isf- henb Xncpta\n- _lpam- \- ]qÀÆw- IcpXn- bn- cp- ¶p(- Hcn- ¡Â Fd-Wm-Ipfw tdma³ It¯m-en¡m AXn-cq-]-X-bnÂs¸« Hcp ]Ån- bnse Ipsd ho«p-ImÀ bmt¡m-_mb k`-bn tNc-W-sa-¶pÅ B{K-l- t¯m-Sp-IqSn Xncp-ta-\nsb ImWp-hm-s\¯n \½psS Hc-¨\pw Ah-cpsS IqsS-bp-­m-bn-cp-¶p( hnhcw Adnª Xncp-ta\n A¨-t\mSp ]dªp AhÀ¡v XmevImen- I- ambn- GtXm sshcmKyw \nan¯w C§s\ Hc`n{]mbw tXm¶n-b-Xm-Wv( AhÀ kmh-[m\w Nn´n-¡s«'' Ah-tcmSp ]dªp ""a¡sf \n§-fpsS sa{Xm-¨-\p-ambn Fs´m A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ap-­m-bn- «p-Å-Xm-W-sÃm( ChnsS hcm³ Imc-Ww( \n§Ä kmh-Imiw Nn´n-¡- Ww( t]mbn Fd-Wm-Ipfw sa{Xm-¨-s\-¡­v Imcyw XoÀ¡-Ww( AXn-\p- tijw k`-bpsS hnizmkw \n§Ä ]Tn¨v B{Klw tXm¶p-¶p-sh-¦n k`bnÂ- tNcW- sa- ¦nÂ- BImw''( henb Xncpta- \n- bpsS- D¶X- amb- Nn´( C¶s¯ \hoI-c-W-¡mÀ Adn-ªn-cn-t¡-­-Xm-Wv( ChÀ F®w hÀ²n-¸n- ¡m³ Bsf tNÀ¡p¶p(- sIm«m-c-¯nepw IpSn-enepw _lp-am-\y-\mb hen-b-Xn-cp-ta\n þ Hcn- ¡Â Xr¸q-Wn-¯d ]Ån-ap-ä-¯p-h¨v \S-¯-s¸« Hcp alm-k-t½-f-\-¯n-

36 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

te¡v sIm¨n alm-cm-Pmhpw Fgp-¶-Ån-h-¶p( alm-cm-Pmhv BK-X-\m-b- t¸mÄ henb Xncp-ta-\nbpw aäp-Å-hcpw Fgp-t¶äv alm-cm-Pm-hns\ BZ- cn-¨p( F¶m henb Xncp-ta\n Ccn-¡msX alm-cm-Pmhv Ccn-¡-bn-Ã-¶m- bn( alm-cmPmhv Ccn-¡msX Xncp-ta-\nbpw Ccn-¡-bn-söv Xocp-am-\n-¨p( F¦nepw almcm- Pm- hnsâ- \nÀ_Ô¯n\v- hg§n henb- Xn- cp- ta\n- Ccp¶p Ign-ª-t¸mÄ alm-cm-Pmhv D]-hn-jvS-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp( henb Xncp-ta\n Xsâ hmÀ²-Iy-t¯mSv ASp-¯-t¸mÄ IS-hn hµy t]mÄ d¼m-¨-t\mSv C{]-Imcw ]dªp: ""aI-s\, s]s«-¶pÅ ac- Whpw Acn-jvSn¨p InS-¶pÅ ac-Whpw D­mI-cp-tX-sb-¶mWv Fsâ henb Xncpta\n- Xsâ hmÀ²- {]mÀ°\'' c­mgvNsb¦nepw Fsâ IÀ¯mhv F\n¡v Ah-kcw Xcpw Iy-t¯mSv ASp-¯-t¸mÄ aI-s\( hen-b-Xn-cp-ta\n Xsâ HSp-hn-es¯ \mfp-I-fn C{]-Imcw Dcp- IS-hn hµy t]mÄ d¼m-¨- hn«p {]mÀ°n-¨p( ""Fsâ _ew £bn-¡p-t¼mÄ Fs¶ \o ssIhn«p If- t\mSv C{]Imcw- ]dªp: b-cpsX'' F¶pÅ At]-£bpw ssZhw tI«p( 1953 P\p-hcn 25-þmw XobXn ""aIs\,- s]s«¶pÅ- acWhpw- Cu Xm]-kt{ijvT³ Xsâ \mYsâ ASp-¡-te¡v bm{X-bm-bn( ]cn-ip-²- \mb henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS sa{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯³ iXm_vZn BtLmjw AcnjvSn¨p- InS¶pÅ- ]cn-ip² k`-bpsS hcpw-\m-fp-I-fn-te-¡pÅ iànbpw Icp-¯p-am-Is« acWhpw- D­mIcp- tX- sb- - F¶p {]mÀ°n¡p- ¶p(- ¶mWv Fsâ {]mÀ°\'' c­mgvNsb¦nepw Fsâ IÀ¯mhv F\n¡v Ahkcw- Xcpw aIs\$- henb- Xn- cp- ta\n- Xsâ HSphn- es¯- \mfpI- fnÂ- C{]Imcw- Dcphn«p- {]mÀ°n- ¨p$ ""Fsâ _ew £bn-¡p- t¼mÄ Fs¶ \o ssIhn«p Ifb- cpsX''- F¶pÅ At]£bpw- ssZhw tI«p$

sIm¨n almcmPmhpambn Hcpan¨pff t^mt«m 1-þ8þ1949 sIm¨nbpsS almcmPmhv cmahÀ½ ]co£n¯v X¼pcm³ (\SphnÂ) ] henb Xncpta\n (he¯v) sIm¨nbpsS ]utemkv amÀ tkthdntbmkv (CS¯v)

37 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

A§s\ Ah³ ]camÀ°lrZbt¯msS Ahsc tabn¨p ssIanSpt¡msS Ahsc \S¯n KohÀKokv _À¶-_mkv sa{Xm-t¸m-en¯

alm\mb tamÀ ae¦cbpsS alm]cnip²\mb Nm¯pcp¯nbn KohÀKokv tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv {KotKmdntbmkv ]nXmhnsâ A\p{Kln¡s¸« Ic§fm ]ptcmlnX P·wsIm­v CuPn]vXnse \mhpIbpw \{kmWn hÀ¤¯nsâ tXPÊpw kXyhnizmk¯nsâ Imh `S\pw ae¦c bmt¡m_mb kpdnbm\n k`bpsS ae¦c sa{Xmt¸meo¯m AeIvk{´nbm¡mc\mW¦nepw bpambncp¶v Cu ]( k`sb \bn¨p tamibv¡v Xpey\mb ]( ]utemkv hnZym`ymkw sIm­v tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv Xncpa\Ênsâ ]utcmlnXy iXm_vZn kXy {Ko¡pImc\mbncp¶p$ kpdnbm\n k` BtLmjn¡pIbmWtÃm( HmÀ¯tUmIvknbpsS A¯m\mkntbmkv F¶ hm¡nsâ AÀ°w""acWanÃm¯h³'' Nm¼y\mbncp¶ \memw F¶mWv( C¶pw kXykpdnbm\n k`bpsS B«n³]ä¯n\v acn¡m¯ \qäm­n Pohn¨ HmÀ½ \evIn kXyhnizmk kwc£I\mbn a\pjya\ÊpIfn IpSnsIm ffp¶ ]( ]nXmhmWv Bephmbnse henb Xncpta\n F¶ A¯m\m Adnbqknsâ thZhn kntbmkv Xncpta\n( alm\mb tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv P·wsIm­v ]coXs¯ \JinJm´w CuPn]vXnse AeIvk{´nbm¡mc\mW¦nepw hnZym`ymkw sIm­v FXnÀ¯v AXns\ tNmZyw {Ko¡pImc\mbncp¶p( HmÀ¯tUmIvknbpsS Nm¼y\mbncp¶ \memw sNbvX kXyhnizmkw \qäm­n Pohn¨ Adnbqknsâ thZhn ]coXs¯ \JinJm´w FXnÀ¯v Dd¸n¨p$ AXns\ tNmZyw sNbvX kXyhnizmkw Dd¸n¨p( \nJymkp¶ltZmkn Hcp si½mÈ\mbn kw_Ôn¨v ]( k`sb Dd¸n¨ alm\mb A¯m\m kntbmknsâ bYmÀ° ]n³Kmanbmbn( ]( At´ymJym knwlmk\s¯ BZcn¨v, ]( ]m{XnbÀ¡ok·msc _lpam\n¨v Ahsc A\pkcn¨v AhÀ¡p hnt[bambn ae¦c k`sb \bn¨v kXyhnizmkw \ne\nÀ¯p hm\pw {]Xn]£ _lpam\t¯msS sa{Xm³ I£nsbI­v Ahscbpw kvt\ln¨v ]cnip² PohnXw \bn¨ Bephmbnse henb tamÀ A¯m\m kntbmkv alm ]cnip²\mWv(

38 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

k¦oÀ¯\¡mc³ Bkm^v ]dbp¶Xpt]mse ""A§s\ Ah³ ]camÀ° lrZbt¯msS Ahsc tabn¨p( ssIanSpt¡msS Ahsc \S¯n''(k¦o( 78:72) Xsâ P\amb C{kmtbens\ tabnt¡­Xn\v cmPmhpw \_nbpambncp¶ ZmhoZns\ XffbmSpIsf t\m¡p¶ thebn \n¶v kXykzcq]\mb ssZhw hnfn¨p thÀXncn¨p( ZmhoZv ]camÀ° lrZbt¯msS BSpIsf tabn¨p ssIanSpt¡msS Ahsc \S¯n( ZmhoZns\t¸mse ZmhoZns\t¸mse ]camÀ°lrZbt¯msS Xs¶ Gev]n¨ P\s¯ \bn¨p ]camÀ°lrZbt¯msS Ahsc tabn¨p( AhÀ¡pth­n PohnXw kaÀ¸n¨p( ssIanSpt¡msS Xs¶ Gev]n¨ P\s¯ Ahsc \S¯n( kXyk`bpsS hnizmk BNmc§Ä Ahsc ]Tn¸n¨p( \bn¨p Ahsc tabn¨p$ amXrImNmcy\mbn ]cnekn¨p( ae¦csa{Xmt¸meo¯bmbn X¶n AhÀ¡pth­n PohnXw ssZhhpw ]( At´ymJym knwlmk\hpw Gev]n¨ ZuXyw hnizkvX kaÀ¸n¨p$ ssIanSpt¡msS XtbmsS \nÀÆln¨p( bma{]mÀ°\Ifn¡qSn ssZhs¯ I­p( P\¯n\p ssZhs¯ ImWn¨p sImSp¯p( ]cnip²amb amXrIm PohnXw Ahsc \S¯n$ \bn¨p( Ipän¡m«nse¶v ]qÀÆ]nXm¡·mÀ ]et¸mgpw kwt_m[\ sN kXyk`bpsS hnizmk bvXn«ps­¦nepw ]( ]nXmhv AI¸d¼v A¿w¼nffn sXt¡¡cbn BNmc§Ä Ahsc IpSpw_¯n 1869 P\phcn 23þmw XobXnbmWv P\n¨Xv( ]( ]utemkv ]Tn¸n¨p$ amXrImNmcy\mbn Çolm Xsâ hmÕeyhm\mb Xosam¯ntbmknt\mSv ]dbp¶Xn³ ]cnekn¨p$ {]Imcw ""Rm³ \à t]mÀ s]mcpXn, Hm«w XnI¨p, hnizmkw Im¯p( \oXnbpsS IncoSw F\n¡mbn h¨ncn¡p¶p( (2Xosam(4:7) F¶ XncphN\w \nhÀ¯n¨psIm­v 1953 P\phcn 25 \v Imebh\nIbv¡pffn adªp( ""\oXnamsâ HmÀ½ hmgvhn\mbn¯oct«'' ]( ]nXmhnsâ a²yØX F¶psa¶mfpw \msaÃmhcptSbpw ta D­mbncn¡s«(

k`mØm\-amb ]p¯³Ipcn-in ] henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \ma-t[-b-¯n BZy-ambn Øm]n-X-amb tamÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv I¯o-{UÂ

39 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

hnip-²n-bpsS alm-ßmhv IWn-bmw-]-d-¼n tImdqtkm Zivtdmsdm tUm" Ipcy³ tImÀ F¸n-kvtIm¸

At±lw hmÕey- sa¶- A²ymßn- I- Xz- ¯n\v- amäpIp- dªp- `uXnI- Xz- ¯n\p- ap³ssI hcp¶ sNt¦mte´n- `cWw \S¯n$- kµÀ`-§-fn-seÃmw kÀÆ-Ú-\mb ssZhw A²ym-ßnI ssNX\yw Xpfp- k`mw-K-§-fpsS ¼p¶ Npcp¡w Nne hyàn-Isf-sb-¦nepw Hmtcm Xe-ap-d-bnepw Fgp-t¶- ev]n-¡m-dp-­v( A§-s\-b-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦n temIw CXn-s\Ãmw hfsc _p²n-bn-e-Ãm-bn-cp¶p ap¼p-Xs¶ \nco-iz-c-Xz-¯n-te¡p HgpIn hoWp-t]m-Ip-am-bn-cp-¶p( B[p- At±-l-¯nsâ Øm\w$ \nI ae¦c- kpdnbm\n- k`bnÂ- B²ymßnI- Xz- ¯n\p- \hamb- iànbpw AhcpsS- lrZb- am- bn- cp¶p- IqSnb Af-hn sImSp-¯p-sIm-­n-cp¶ alm-ßm-¡-fn ap³]-´n-bn At±-l-¯nsâ km{am-Pyw$ \n¶n-cp¶ c­p-t]-cmWv B ""sIm¨p-Xn-cp-ta\n'' (]-cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n)bpw At±lw lrZbw- sIm- ­mWv- Cu ""henb Xncp-ta-\n''bpw( AXp-t]m-se-Xs¶ ]cn-ip-²X {]k-cn-¸n-¨p- `cn¨- Xv$- incÊp- sIm- ­p- ff- sIm-­n-cp¶ c­p alm-kn-²-·m-cmWv hn( Gen-bmkv XrXo-b³ ]m{Xn- bÀ¡okv _mhm-bpw, amÀ HkvXm-¯n-tbmkv _mhm-bpw( alm]cn-ip-²- `c-W-t¯-¡mÄ ·m-cmb Cu \mep-t]-cpw, an¡-hmdpw Htc kab¯p Pohn-¨ncp-¶Xv ae-¦- \o­p-\n-ev¡p-¶Xv ck- `- bpsS- alm`m- K- t[- b- am- bn- cp- ¶p(- ae¦- c- bpsS- Ncn{X- ¯nÂ- C{X H¯n- lrZ-bw-sIm-­pÅ W§nb- Hch- kcw- CubpÅh³ I­n«n- Ã(- F¶mÂ, Hcp hkvXpX A{ip- `c-W-a-s{X$ ]qÀ® \b-\-§-tfmsS {]kvXm-hn-t¡-­-Xp-­v( AXp asäm-¶p-aÃ; Cu al¯mb Dd-h-I-fnÂ\n¶v kap-Zm-bmw-K-§Ä th­p-thmfw tImcn FSp- ¯nÃ; tImcn FSp-¡p-¶p-anà F¶p-Å-XmWv B ]c-amÀ°w( hen-b-Xn-cp-ta\n: _lpam\-t¯m-sS-b-ÃmsX B Xncp-\maw Bcpw D¨-cn-¨n-«nÃ; D¨-cn-¡-bp-an-Ã( At±lw amXyqkv A¯m-\m-tkym-kn-s\- t¸mse Hcp{K- `- c- Wm- [n- Im- cn- b- Ãm- bn- cp- ¶p,- ]pent¡m«p- Xncpta- \n- sb- t¸mse- Hcp Kw`oc `c-W-X-{´-Ú-\-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p, h«-ti-cn Xncp-ta-\n-sb-t¸mse Hc-[n-Im-tc-Op-hmb `c-Wm-[n-]-\p-a-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p( At±lw hmÕ-ey-sa¶ sNt¦mte´n- `cWw \S¯n(- k`mwK- §- fpsS- _p²nbn- e- Ãm- bn- cp¶p- At±-

40 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

l-¯nsâ Øm\w( Ah-cpsS lrZ-b-am-bn-cp¶p At±-l-¯nsâ km{am- Pyw( At±lw lrZ-bw-sIm-­mWv `cn-¨-Xv( inc-Êp-sIm-­p-ff `c-W-t¯- ¡mÄ \o­p-\n-ev¡p-¶Xv lrZ-bw-sIm-­pÅ `c-W-a-s{X( C{X al-¯mb Hcp A´-co-£-¯n Ahn-Sp¶v F¯n-t¨À¶Xp ss\kÀ¤n-I-ambn X¶n-epÅ `àn-hn-ti-jw-sIm­pw Ømt\m-Nn-X-ambn amXrIm- ]- c- ambn- Pohn¡- W- sa¶- B{Klw- aq- e- hp- am- bn- cp- ¶p(- B[p\nI- Xe- apd- bnÂ- {]mÀ°\- bnÂ- C{Xtbsd- t]mcmSn- bn- «pÅ- "{]mÀ°\m- {]n- b- ·mÀ'- A[nIw ImWpI- bn- Ã(- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- {]mÀ°\- bn- epÅ- \njvIÀjbpw coXnbpw `àn-bpw-I­v {]mÀ°-\m-kz-`m-h-ap-Å-h-cm-bn-¯oÀ¶ At\-I- cp­v(- \nÝnX- k- a- b- §- fnse- {]mÀ°\ sXän¡p- hm³- temI¯n- epÅ- Hcp iàn¡pw km[n-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã( A©-c-a-Wn¡v Bep-hm-bn-se-¯p¶ Xoh­n Hcp hnkn \o«n-bq-Xpw-þ-sk-½n-\m-cn-bn-ep-Å-hÀ Idp-¯-Ip-¸mbw [cn-¨p- Ign- bpw(- ""\a-kvIm-c-h­n h¶p'' F¶p R§-sfÃmw Xam-in ]d-bm-dp- Hcn¡Â- At±ls¯- ­m-bn-cp-¶p( H¶p-In {]nb-s¸« tImt¨cn I¯-\m-c-¨-tâ-tbm, hmÕ- kvt\ln¨mÂ- þ- A- t±lw- ey-`r-Xy³ am¯p-hn-tâ-tbm, AsÃ-¦n B CS-¯p-ssI-]n-Sn-¨p, Hcp hSn kvt\ln¨mÂ- þ- ]ns¶- he-Xp-I-¿n-epw, ]nSn¨v aµw aµw B amap\n ]Ån-bn-te¡p \S-¡p-I-bm- bn( B t]m¡nepw sIm¨p sIm¨p "hnt\m-Z-§Ä' Ahn-Sp¶p ]d-ªp- ]nW§pI- F¶Xp sIm-­n-cn¡pw! ]Ån-bn-se-¯n-bm Xncp-ta\n Itk-c-bn Ccp¶p kw`hy- a- Ãm- bn- cp- ¶p$- {]mÀ°n-¡p-¶Xv Hcn-cp-]-¯-©p-sIm-Ã-¯n-\n-Sbv¡v Cubp-Å-h³ I­n-«n- GjWnbpw- IÀt®P- ]- Xzhpw- Ã( Hscmä A£cw hngp-§m-sXbpw kmh-[m-\-¯nepw {ih-W-a-[p-c-amb AhnSs¯- k¶n[n- bnÂ- kzc-¯n {]mÀ°-\m-Ko-X-§Ä sNmÃp-¶Xp Gh-tcbpw Aen-bn-¡p- hnet¸m- I- bn- Ãm- bn- cp- ¶p$- ¶Xpam-bn-cp-¶p( hn( IpÀºm-\-k-a-b¯p hn( bmt¡m-_nsâ {Ia-¯n Xncpa- \- Ênse- F¬]XnÂ]cw- ""R§-fpsS IS-§Ä¡p-X-¡-Xp-t]mse R§-tfmSp {]Xn-Im-chpw sN¿- cptX'' F¶ hmNIw s]m«n-¡-cªpsIm­-ÃmsX At±lw sNmÃp-¶Xp hbÊn- ¶n- Sbv¡v- F«pt]- sc- - tI«n-«nÃ! Znhy-kw-kÀ¤-¯n Ign-bp¶ kµÀ`-§Ä At±lw kzÀ¤o-b- ¦nepw i{Xp¡- fm- bn«v- kpJw A\p-`-hn-¨p-sIm-­n-cp-¶p( Xo-sc-¡n-S-¸n-emb kµÀ`¯nÂt¸mepw CÃmbn- cp- ¶p$- AXmbn- cp¶p- Aev]-sam¶p ImÂsh-¡p-hm³ kuI-cy-ap-­m-b-t¸mÄ Hcp {]`mXw \me- AhnSs¯- kvt\lw$ ca- Wn¡p- \à agb¯p- B henb "Ipeo\- amb- Hme¡p- Sbpw- NqSn ]Xnhp- - t]mse {]mÀ°\bv¡p- ]Ånbn- te¡p- \S¶ ImgvN lr¯S- ¯nÂ- C¶pw DZbw sN¿p-¶p( bmaw-tXm-dp-apÅ {]mÀ°-\-IÄ \S-¯p-hm³ _( XpI- eâd¼m- ¨- t\m,- _( Ipcy³ d¼m¨- t\m,- _( t]mÄ d¼m¨- t\m,- _( tImt¨- cne- ¨t\m- kab¯p- Xncpk- ¶n- [n- bnÂ- X¿mdp- ­m- bn- cp- ¶p(- ""Cutim-\p- ldm'' apgp-h³ ImWm-¸m-T-a-dn-bm-am-bn-cp¶ Xncp-ta-\n, CuW-¯n AXv AhcpsS- IqsS sNmÃpt¼mÄ- tIÄ¡p¶- h- cpsS- lrZbhpw- AXn Aen- ªp-tN-cp-am-bn-cp-¶p( `£-W-Im-cy-¯n C{X-an-X-Xzhpw IrXy-\n-jvTbpw ]mÝm-XyÀ¡p- t]mepw CÃm-bn-cp-¶p( Xncp-ta\n tai-¸p-d¯p tai-I-gn¨v A[n-I-amcpw I­n-«n-Ã( \ne¯p N{aw ]Sn-ªn-cp-¶pÅ B tai-I-gn-¡Â H¶p thsd Xs¶bm- bn- cp- ¶p(- {]`mX- N- cy- IÄ¡p- tijw- B ]qapJ¯v- \ne¯p Ipjy- \n«v AXn ap«p-Ip¯n apt¶m«v Ip\n-ªn-cp-¶p-sIm­v F¬]-¯-©m- bn«pw A[nI- sam¶pw- t]mImXn- cp¶- B sIm¨p sIm¨p ]ÃpIÄ,- AS¡m (]m¡v)- hd¯p s]mSn¨v D¸pw Ipcpap- fIpw- tNÀ¯pÅ B s]mSn sIm­v hfsc t\cw tX¨v, GI-tZiw Hcp-IpSw NqSp-shÅw B sIm¨p Ic-I- ¯n IqSn Cän-ämbn am¯p Hgn-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm­v Hcp ]Xn-\m-bncw h«w

41 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

IhnÄs¡m­v apJhpw IgpIn Fgp-t¶-äm-ep-Ss\ B Xncp-apJw ImtW- ­Xp Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p( `£-W-¯nsâ Imcy-¯n Xncp-ta-\n-¡p-­m-bn- cp¶ anX-Xz-hpw, IrXy-\n-jvTbpw hniz-kvX-ambn Xs¶ tkhn-¨n-cp-¶ Ipªns¸utembpw, Hutk-¸pw, am¯phpw Aev]hpw sXän-¡msX ]men- ¨ph- ¶n- cp- ¶p(- ssZhm\p- {K- l- ¯mÂ- ZoÀLmbp- tÊm- Sn- cp¶- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- ZoÀLm-bp-Ênsâ Hcp {][m-\-Im-cWw Xncp-a-\-Ênse `£-W-an-X-Xzhpw ]W-kw-_-Ô-amb {]mWs\- t¸mse- Xncpta- \nsb- kvt\ln¨pw tkh\a\pjvTn- ¨pancp¶- ap³]- d-ª-h-cpsS If-¦-aä ip{iq-j-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p( B{in-X-h-Õ-e-\mb Xncp-ta- Imcy-¯n-em-bm-epw, \nbpw Ahsc Xsâ Poh-s\t¸mse kvt\ln-¡p-Ibpw Icp-Xp-Ibpw hnizm-kkw-_-Ô-amb sNbvXp-an-cp-¶p( Imcy-¯n-em-bm-epw, AhnSs¯- kvt\ls¯- ¡p- dn¨v- F{X ]dªmepw- A[nI- am- I- bn- Ã- X- - IWni- ¯nÂ- \n¶p s¶( Hcn¡Â- At±ls¯- kvt\ln¨mÂ- þ- A- t±lw- kvt\ln¨mÂ- þ- ]ns¶- ISp-InS amdm³ ]nW§pI- F¶Xp kw`hy- a- Ãm- bn- cp- ¶p(- GjWnbpw- IÀt®P- ]- Xzhpw- Ahn- At±-l-¯n\p Ss¯ k¶n[n- bnÂ- hnet¸m- I- bn- Ãm- bn- cp- ¶p(- Xncpa- \- Ênse- F¬]XnÂ]cw- hbÊn- ¶n- Sbv¡v- F«pt]- sc- ¦nepw- i{Xp¡- fm- bn«v- CÃmbn- cp- ¶p(- AXmbn- - km[n-¡-bn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p$ cp¶p AhnSs¯- kvt\lw( Xncpk- ¶n- [n- bnÂ- BÀ¡pw k`yamb- GXp ]qÀÆ-Im-es¯ Xamipw ]dbmw(- AXptI- «p- sIm- ­pÅ- B IpSpIp- sS- bpÅ- Nncn hÀ®n- AeIvkv{´y³ ¡mh- X- Ãm- ¯- h®w- kpµc- am- bn- cp- ¶p(- A©ph- b- ÊpÅ- Hcp Ipªnsâ ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okmb lrZbw- t]mse- \njvIf- ¦- am- bn- cp¶- B lrZb- ¯nÂ- Akq- b- sbm,- hntcm- hn$ amÀ A¯m\m- tkym- kn- - [tam Atij- an- Ãm- bn- cp- ¶p(- Xosc kln¡m- h- X- Ãm¯- L«¯nÂ- a\pjy- - t\mSv NneÀ Hcn¡Â- ]dªp$- kl- P- amb- tIm]w hÃt¸mgpw- h¶pt]m- bmÂ- AXn tIm]t¯- ¡mÄ- k¦S- ¯n- sâbpw- I®p\o- cn- sâbpw- iXam- \- amWv- ap´n\n- ¶n- cp- ¶- Xv(- Xosc ""temIw apgph\pw- kln¡m- h- X- Ãm- ¯- h®w- at\mth- Z- \- s¸- Sp- ¯n- bn- «pÅ- H¶pc- ­p- t]- tcmSv- A¯m-\m-tkym-kn\v "\ns¶ F\n¡n\n- ImtW­' F¶p c­p kµÀ`§- fnÂ- Iev]n¨n- «p- Å- Xm- - FXn-cmWv'' F¶v$ AXn\v bpw, GdnbmÂ- Hcp amk¯n- \Iw- AhÀ Ccphcpw- ]ns¶ BÀ¡pw Hcn- At±-l-¯nsâ ¡epw ImWphm³- Ignbm- ¯- co- Xn- bnÂ- temIw hn«Xmbpw- tIÄ¡phm- \n- - adp-]Sn ""A¯m-\m-tkymkv Sbm- bn- «p- ­v(- AXmbn- cp¶p- amÀ A¯m\m- tkymkv- Xncpta- \n(- temI¯n\v FXncv ''! IWn-ihpw IrXy-\n-jvTbpw C{X IWn-i-ambn ]men-¨n-cp-¶-hÀ Xosc Npcp-¡-am-Wv( ]W-kw-_-Ô-amb Imcy-¯n-em-bm-epw, hnizm-k-kw-_-Ô- F¶mbn- cp¶p- Xsâ amb Imcy-¯n-em-bm-epw, IWn-i-¯n \n¶p ISp-InS amdm³ At±-l- \nÝb- ¯nÂ- \n¶p ¯n\p km[n-¡-bn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p( ]qÀÆ-Im-es¯ AeIvkv{´y³ ]m{Xn- Ac-bn©p B bÀ¡okmb hn( amÀ A¯m-\m-tkym-kn-t\mSv NneÀ Hcn-¡Â ]d-ªp( \njv¡-f-¦s\ sXän-¡p-hm³ ""temIw apgp-h\pw A¯m-\m-tkym-kn\v FXn-cmWv'' F¶v( AXn\v At±- BÀ¡pw km[y-a-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã$ l¯nsâ- adp]Sn- ""A¯m\m- tkymkv- temI¯n\v FXncv''! F¶mbn- cp¶p- Xsâ \nÝ-b-¯n \n¶p Ac-bn©p B \njv¡-f-¦s\ sXän-¡p-hm³ BÀ¡pw km[y-a-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã( ]s£, hÃ-h-cpw, hÃ-t¸mgpw B \njv¡-f- ¦-Xsb h©-\m-]qÀÆw NqjWw sNbvXp Xncp-ta-\nsb k¦-S-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn- «p-­m-bn-cn-¡mw( AXn-\pÅ ^ew AhÀ A\p-`-hn-¨n-«p-ap-­m-bn-cn-¡mw( B{inX hmÕeyw Xncpta- \n- bnÂ- kpkv]jvS- am- bn,- ImWs¸- «n- cp- ¶p(- Xncp-ta-\n-bp-ambn ASp¯v CS-s¸-«n-«pÅ FÃm-hÀ¡pw CXv {]Xy-£-ambn ]et¸mgpw- A\p`- hn- ¨n- «n«p- ­v(- ]mXncm- bvt¡m,- {]`mX- ¯n- tem,- IqsSbpÅ- si½m-i-s\tbm A¨-s\tbm \qdp-h«w hnfn-¨mepw Dd-¡-¯n \ns¶-gp- t¶Â¡mXn- cp- ¶mepw,- ""]mhw ]ntÅc- tÃ,- Dd§n- s¡m- Ås«''- F¶p Xs¶- ¯m³ ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p( ]Ån-I-fnse bm{Xm-k-µÀ`-§-fn Xs¶-¡mÄ

42 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

IqSp-X-embn Xsâ IqsS-bp-Å-hsc Icp-X-W-sa¶p Xncp-ta-\n¡v \nÀ_- Ô-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶p( Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Ah-km\ sX¡³ bm{X F(-Un( 1951  Bbn-cp-¶p( amÀ ¢oaokv Xncp-ta-\-nbpsS kzoI-cW alm-tbm-K-¯n A²y£X hln¨v Nn§-h\w sk½n-\m-cn-bn Aev]-Zn-hkw Xma-kn-¨- tijw tIm«bw knwlm-k-\-¸-Ån-bn-te-¡mWp \o§n-b-Xv( {io( kn( sP( Ipcysâ ]u{X³, {io( sIm¨p-Ip-ªn-sâ, knwlm-k-\-¸-Ån-¡-Sp-¯pÅ _w¥mhv Bbn-Sbv¡p ]Wn-XoÀ¶n-t«-bp-­m-bn-cp-¶p-ffq( Ahn-sSbmWv Xncpta- \n¡v- Xmak- ¯n\v- Hcp¡n- bncp¶Xv(- IqsSbp- ­m- bn- cp¶- si½m- is\ Hc-Xym-h-iy-Im-cy-¯n\p Xncp-ta\n hnfn-¨p( si½m-i³ At¸mÄ AhnsS \n¶p H¶p hn{ian- ¡m³- ]pdt¯¡p- t]mbncn- ¡- bm- bn- cp- ¶p(- klr-Z-b-·mÀ¡p kzm Imcyw AXym-h-iy-hpw( Hcp-hn-[-¡msc tIm]w Iog-S-¡p-am-bn-cp¶ B `m-hn-I-amb kck ka-b¯p Xncp-ta\n ]d-I-bmWv ""]mhw, H¶p hn{i-an-¡m³ t]mb-Xm-bn- kw`mjWw- tIÄ¡p¶Xpw- cn-¡mw( hnfn-¡-­, H¶p Imäp-sIm-­p-sIm-Ås«'' F¶v! CXm-bn-cp¶p ]dbp- ¶Xpw- AhnS- t¯¡p- AhnSs¯ B{in-X-hm-Õeyw! Xncp-ta-\nsb ip{iq-jn-¡p-hm³ `mKyw hfsc kt´m-j-am-bn-cp- kn²n¨ ap¼-d-ª-hÀ- C¶pw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS t]cp-]-d-bp-t¼mÄ Ic-ªp- t]mI- bm- Wv(- CXpt]m- epÅ- Hcp bPam- \- þ- `r- Xy- _Ôw- temIw XpÑambnt«- ¶p$ ap³Ime- §fnÂ- A§- tI«n-cn-¡-bpÅp! GI-tZiw 13 hb-Êp-Å-t¸mÄ apX ]e-t¸mgpw Xr¸m- s\bpÅ kµÀ`-§fn Ztkh- sN¿phm³- `mKyw kn²n¨ C¿pÅ- hsâ- tImdnØm- \- e- _v[n- bnÂ- Xncpta\n Dd¨p s]m«n¨n- cn- - Ahn-Sp¶p lrZ-b-]qÀÆw B\-µn-¨p( Hcp hb-eäp "t¢dn' k½m-\n-¡-bp- ¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw ­m-bn( AXv Rm³ X¿m-dm-¡n-s¡m-­p-sN-Ã-W-sa¶pw sNehp apgp-h³ A§s\ Hcn¡Â- s]m«n¨n- - Xncpta\n sN¿psa- ¶p- am- bn- cp¶p- Iev]\(- Iev]\ Ignªp c­p aq¶p XhW ]ns¶ Bep-hm-bn sN¶n«pw Rm³ AXp X¿m-dm-¡n-s¡m­p cn¨- t¸mÄ- B apJ`w- Knbpw- sN¶nÃ(((- A§s\- bn- cn- s¡,- AhnSp¶p- AXymk- ¶- ambn- InS¶- k- a- b¯v- aäpwI- ­n«v- Bßan- {X- am- bn- - Rm³ Xncpk- ¶n- [n- bn- se- ¯n,- BcmsW- ¶- dn- ª- tXm- Sp- IqSn- t_m[wt]mepw- cp¶ Hcp am\ytZlw- "Xncp- Nne-t¸mÄ amdn-bn-cp¶ B L«-¯n þ Ft¶mSp tNmZn-¡-bm-Wv( ""AXp ta\n, C§s\ Nncn-¡-cpXv' icn¡mtbm''- F¶v! s]s«¶v F\n¡p- t]mepw- HmÀ½h- ¶n- Ã(- Ip¸mb- ¯nsâ- F¶p kvt\l-]qÀÆw Imcy-am-sW-¶-dn-ª-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn, B ka-b-¯p-t]mepw Fs¶ hmÕ-ey- imkn-¨-Xm-bpw, A¶p-ap-X- ]qÀÆw IcpXnb- B {]nb]n- Xm- hns\- HmÀ¯p Rm³ Icªp- t]m- bn(- ASp- ¯pX- s¶- t]mbn- AXp icns¸- Sp¯n- AXp Xrss¡bnÂ- sImSp¯v k½m- emWv s]m«n¨ncn- \nÀ¯nb- - \ambn- hm§pI- bp- ­m- bn(- CXmbn- cp¶- amÀ A¯m\m- tkym- knsâ- B{in- sX¶pw ]db- s¸- Sp- ¶p$- X-hm-Õ-eyw( klrZ- b- ·mÀ¡p- kzm`mhn- I- amb- kck kw`mjWw- tIÄ¡p¶Xpw- ]d-bp-¶Xpw Ahn-S-t¯¡p hfsc kt´m-j-am-bn-cp-¶p( ap³Im-e-§fn A§-s\bpÅ kµÀ`-§fn Xncpta\n Dd¨p s]m«n-¨n-cn-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p- sh¶pw A§s\ Hcn-¡Â s]m«n-¨n-cn-¨-t¸mÄ B apJ-`w-Knbpw aäpw-I- ­n«v Bß-an-{X-am-bn-cp¶ Hcp am\y-tZlw "Xncp-ta\n, C§s\ Nncn-¡- cpXv' F¶p kvt\l-]qÀÆw imkn-¨-Xm-bpw, A¶p-ap-X-emWv s]m«n-¨ncn \nÀ¯n-b-sX¶pw ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶p( F¶n«pw kt´m-j-hm-¡p-IÄ tIÄ¡p- t¼mÄ, hmbvs]m-¯n-¸n-Sn-¨p-sIm­v Ipep-§n-¡p-ep§n "IpSp-IpsS' Nncn- ¡m-Xn-cn-¡m³ At±-l-¯n\p km²y-a-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p( Ahn-Sp¶p Ft¸mgpw ]dbm- dp- ­m- bn- cp¶- Nne ]gs©m- Ãp- IÄ- "Ah\- hsâ- ssI Xebv¡v Iogn- cn¡Ww- '',- "ho«p-tNm-dp-s­-¦nte hncp¶p tNmdpÅp', ""N¯pIn-S-¶mepw H¯p (N-a-ªp) InS-¡Ww' apX-em-b-h-bm-Wv( Beph skan-\mcn FÃm Imcy-¯nepw kzbw ]cym-]vX-am-Ip-¶-Xnepw FÃm-¡m-cyhpw H¯n-W-¡n-

43 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

sh-¡p-¶-Xn-epw, shbv]n-¡p-¶-Xnepw ta¸-dª al-ZvhN-\-§Ä At±- l-¯n\v amÀ¤-ZÀiIw Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p( kzbw C{X Xmgv¯n Pohn¨ alm-ßm-¡Ä Npcp-¡-am-Wv( Ah-\-h³ {]hÀ¯n¨ \nÊm-c-Im-cy-§Ät]mepw kpZoÀLw NÀÆn-X-NÀÆWw sN¿p- ¶-XmWv Hcp-X-c-¡m-cpsS kz`m-hw( Hcn-¡Â F\n¡p I®p-\n-d-ª-þ-Xn-cp- ta\n I®p-\oÀ XqIn-b-þ-H-c-\p-`-h-ap-­m-bn( tIm«bw knwlm-k-\-¸-Ån- bnÂsh¨p Xncp-ta-\nsb Rm³ I­p( ASp-¯-p Xs¶ Rm³ Nne Imcy- §Ä Adn-bm³ Bep-hmbv¡p hcp-¶p-s­¶p t_m[n-¸n-¨p( ""Fs´-dn- bm\m'' F¶p Xncpta\n(- ""Xncp-ta-\n-sb-¡p-dn¨p Nne Imcy-§Ä'' F¶p Rm³ t_m[n¸n- ¨p(- ""F´n\m PohN- cn- {X- sa- gp- Xm- \mtWm?- k`bv¡p- th­n- Rms\´p sNbvXn«p­v- aIt\(- kam[m- \- ¯nÂ- Ccp¶p F\n¡p hÃXpw sN¿p-hm³ km[n-¨n-«pt­m aIt\! F¶p tNmZn-¨-t¸mtg¡pw I®p-\oÀ B IhnįS- §- fnÂ- IqSn HgpIn(- I­p\n¶- Fsâ I®pIfpw- \ndªp(- CXm-bn-cp¶p B ]cn-ip-²sâ Nn´m-K-Xn( F{X-am{Xw Xmgp-¶-Xn\pw Ahn- S-t¯¡p bmsXmcp {]mb-k-hp-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p( AXmWv B alm-ßm-hnsâ F{Xam{Xw- Xmgp¶- Xn\pw- AXp-ey-amb amlm-ßyw(AXp-t]mse Xs¶ A[n-Im-c-{`-aw, BUw-_-c- AhnS- t¯¡p- bmsXmcp {`aw CXp- c­pw Ahn-Ss¯ kv]Àin-¨n-«n-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p( si½m-i-\m-bn-cp¶ {]mb-k-hp-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p$ Ime¯v henb BUw_- c- {`- a- ¡m- c- \m- bn- cp- ¶p- sh¶p- Xncpta- \n- Xs¶- Iev]n- ¨n«p- ­v(- ""-\-Ãm-Im-c-a-Xn-¶-e-¦m-c-am-sWÃm ]ZmÀ°-§fpw'' F¶Xp- t]mse- AXmWv B alm-ßm-hnsâ shÅ, Idp-¸v, sNa¸v CsXÃmw Ahn-tS¡p Ae-¦m-c-am-bn-cp-¶p( Ah-km- AXpey- amb- amlmßyw$AXp- - \-Im-e-am-b-t¸m-tg¡pw Ahn-S¶p bYmÀ° Xm]-k-Xz-¯n Xs¶ Ign- t]mse Xs¶ A[n-Im-c-{`-aw, ªp( Nph¶ Ip¸mbw ZpÀÃ-`-am-bnt« [cn-¨n-cp-¶p-Åp( AXp-t]m-se-Xs¶ BUw_- c- {`aw- CXp - c­pw kzÀ®-¡p-cn-iv, Éo_m, hSn F¶n-hbpw ac-h-Sn, ac-¡p-cn-iv, ac-Éo_m Ahn-Ss¯ ChsbÃmw- Xsâ I_d- S- ¡- ¯n- \p- th­n- {]tXyIw D­m¡n- bn- cp- ¶p(- Bep- kv]Àin-¨n-«n-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p$ hm-bn amÀ tkth-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n d¼m-\m-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Hcn-¡Â Idp¯ Ip¸mbhpan«v sIm¨pd- ¼m- ¨sâ- I¿n ]nSn¨p- sIm­v- \S¶n- cp¶- henb Xncp-ta-\n-sb-¡­v Hc-]-cn-Nn-X³ tNmZn-¡-bp-­mbn Cu hey-d-¼m- ¨³ GXm-sW¶v! kz´ I_À ]Wn-tb­ Øm\hpw t\cs¯ \nÝ- bn¨v AXn-\pÅ IÃp-IÄt]mepw ""sN¯n¨psh-¨n-cp¶ IÀ¯r-`-à-s\- ¡p-dn-t¨mÀ¡p-t¼mÄ BÀ¡mWv BZ-chv tXm¶m-¯-Xv( ""\nsâ IeymW- - hkv{Xw Hcp¡p¶tXm-sSm¸w \nsâ ih-kw-kvIm-c-¯n-\pÅ hkv{Xhpw Hcp-¡pI'' F¶ kpdn-bm\n KoXw ]e-tcm-Smbn ]e-t¸m-gmbn F{X-h-«-am- Wp]- tZ- in- ¨n- «p- Å- Xv(- AhnSp¶v- A£cw- {]Xn- ]men¨n- cp- ¶p(- I_d- S- ¡- ¯n- - \pÅ Im¸ apX-em-b-hbpw t\c-s¯-Xs¶ ssX¸n¨p sh¨n-cp-¶p( AXv D]tbm- Kn- ¨p- AhnSp¶p- hn( IpÀºm\- bÀ¸n- ¨n- «p- ­v(- I_dS¡¯n- \p- Itk- cbnÂ- Ccp¯p- t¼mÄ- apt¶m«p Ip\nbm- Xn- cn- ¡m³- Itkc- tbmSp- tNÀ¯v _Ôn-¡m-\pÅ XpWn-t]mepw Icp-Xn-bn-cp¶ B ]c-a-`-às\ HmÀ¡p- t¼mÄ BÀ¡mWv lrZbw s]m«m-¯Xv! Xsâ I_-dnSw Xsâ amXr-Im- t{i-jvT-\mb ]( Nm¯p-cp-¯n Xncp-ta\n (]-cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n)-bpsS I_- dnSw- t]mse- aZv_lm- tbmSpw- tNÀ¯pth- W- sa¶v- AhnS¶p- Iev]n¡- bpw,- Ipd-¨p-hÀj-§Ä¡p-ap¼v B Øew ImWn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-I-bp-ap­mbn! A¶p-ap-X B Øe¯v Bcpw Nhn-«m¯ coXn-bn skan-\m-cn-`m-c-hm- ln-IÄ th­ {Iao-I-cWw sNbvXn-cp-¶p( "aI-t\, s]s«-¶pÅ ac-W-hpw, Acn-jvSn¨p InS-¶pÅ ac-Whpw D­m-I-cp-sX-¶mWv Fsâ {]mÀ°-\(

44 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

c­mgvN- sb- ¦nepw- Fsâ ssZhwX- ¼p- cm³- F\n¡- h- kcw- \ÂIpw aIt\' F¶mWv Xncp-ta\n Hcn-¡Â _( IS-hn t]mÄ d¼m-¨-t\mSp ]d-ª-Xv( kÀÆi- à³- AX\p- h- Zn- ¡bpw- sNbvXp( Xncpa- \- Ên- te¡p- Xs¶ \mYsâ k¶n[n- bnÂ- Hscfnb- Zmk\mbn- hn{ian- ¡p- hm³- km[n¡p- sa¶v- At±lw ]qÀ®-ambn hniz-kn-¨n-cp-¶p( AXn-\m At±-l-¯n\p ac-Ws¯ `b-an- Ãmbn- cp- ¶p(- k`bnse- kphnti- j- th- ebnÂ- Xncpa- \- Ên- te- ¡pÅ- B{Klw AXy[n- I- am- bn- cp- ¶p(- F¶mÂ, tb\tI\- {]Imtc- Wbpw- aäpÅ- h- cnÂ- \n¶p ]nSn-s¨-Sp-¡-W-sa-¶pÅ lo\-amb a\x-ØnXn Ahn-Ss¯ Xo­n-bn-«p-t]m- epan- Ãm- bn- cp- ¶p(- FdWm- Ipfw- (tdma³- It¯men- ¡)- AXncq- ]- X- bnÂs]«- Hcp ]Ånbnse- Ipsd ho«pImÀ- \½psS Hc¨- \p- ambn- Xncpk- ¶n- [n- bn- se¯n(- AhÀ¡p bmt¡m_m- b- k- `- bnÂ- tNcWw- t]mepw;- ]Ånbpw AhÀ sh¨p- almcm- Pmhv- BKX- \m- b- - sIm-Åpw( CXmWv hc-hnsâ Dt±iyw( hnh-c-§-f-dnª Xncp-ta\n A¨- t¸mÄ Xncpta- \n- amÀ- t\mSp ]dªp: ""AhÀ¡p Xmev¡men- I- ambn- GtXm sshcmKyw \nan¯w Fgpt¶äp- almcm- Pmhp- C§s\ Hc-`n-{]mbw tXm¶n-b-Xm-Wv, AhÀ k`-bpsS D]-tZiw ]Tn-¡-s«( [rXn-bn ]mSn-Ã( AhÀ kmh-[m\w Nn´n-¡s«'' Ah-tcm-SpÅ D]-tZiw Xncp-ta-\nsb D]-N-cn-¨p$ ""a¡-tf, \n§-fpsS sa{Xm-\-¨-\p-ambn Ft´m A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-§-fp- almcm- Pmhv- henbXncpta\n- ­m-bn-«p-Å-Xm-WtÃm ChnsS hcm³ Imc-Ww( \n§Ä kmh-Imiw Nn´n- Ccn-¡msX Ccn-¡-bn-sÃ-¶m- ¡Ww(- t]mbn FdWm- Ipfw- sa{Xm\- ¨- s\- ¡­p- Imcyw XoÀ¡Ww(- AXn\p bn$ X¼pcm³- Ccn¡msX- tijw k`-bpsS hnizmkw \n§Ä ]Tn¨v B{Klw tXm¶p-¶p-sh-¦n Xncp-ta-\nbpw Ccn-¡-bn-Ã$ k`-bn tNc-W-sa-¦n BImw'' F¶m-bn-cp¶p! F{X al-¯mb Nn´m- Ahkm\w- almcmPmhp- K-Xn! `mc-X-¯n-emsI \ap¡p ]Ån-Ifpw ]«-¡mcpw D­m-I-W-sa¶v Xncp- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- \nÀ_Ôw ta\n BßmÀ°-ambn B{K-ln-¨n-cp-¶p( dh( ^mZÀ tXm½kv hÀ¤okv tlXp-hm Xncp-ta\n (sshen¸- d- ¼nÂ)- AJnte- ´ym- ]- cy- S\w- \S¯n- bXv- AhnS- t¯¡p- kt´m- Ccn¡bpw- ]n¶oSp j-I-c-am-bn-cp-¶p( amÀ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv Xncp-ta\n awK-em-]p-cw, tlmtWm- almcm- Pmhv- Xncpa- \- Êp- - hmÀ, {_Ò-hmÀ apX-emb CS-h-I-I-fpsS dh( ^m( ]n( sP( ]ueq-km-bn-cp- sIm­v Ccn¡pIbpw- ¶t¸mÄ- \S¯n- s¡m- ­n- cn¡th- Hcn¡Â Xncpta\n- At±l- t¯mSp- Iev]n- sNbvXp$ ¡bm- Wv,- ""aIt\,- \ÃIm- cyw(- C´ybn ]ebn- S¯pw- \ap¡p kz´]- Ån- - IÄ D­m-I-Ww( ssZhw F\n-¡m-bpÊpX¶m \½psS a¡-fpsS ASp- ¡-te-¡pÅ \½psS Ah-km-\ssI \o«Â-þ-A-`yÀ°-\þ CXn-\p-th-­n- bmbn- cn¡pw''- F¶mbn- cp¶p!- amÀ ¢oankv Xncpta- \nbpw- Rm\pwIqSn- D¯- tc-´y³ ]cy-S-\-¯n-\p-t]m-b-t¸mÄ (G(-Un( 1952) Ahn-S¶v F{X kt´m- j-t¯msS R§sf bm{X-b-b-¨p( Cu bm{X-bn-emWv t_mws_, ]q\m CS-h-I-IÄ amÀ ¢oankp Xncp-ta\n DZvLm-S\w sNbvX-Xv( t_mws_bv¡p H¶m-a-Xmbn \nb-an-X-\mb dh( ^m( tP¡_v ]md-bn Fw(-F( sb hnIm- cnbmbn- \nban- ¨pÅ- I¸\ henb Xncpta- \n- bmWv- IÂ]n¨p \ÂInb- Xv(- Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \njvI-f-¦-amb apJ¯v Hcp ZnhyX Xnf-§n-bn-cp-¶p( hnjsshZyw- apXem- b- h- bnÂ- {]hoW- \m- bn- cp¶- Xos¸«p- t]mb- sIm¨n- a-lm-cm-Pm-hns\ apJw-Im-Wn-¡m³ Xr¸q-Wn-¯d I\-I-¡p¶p sIm«m-c- ¯n F¯n-b-t¸m-gpw, Cu amap-\nsb Ccp-¯n-b-ti-j-amWv B cmPÀjn Ccp-¶-Xv( Xncp-ta-\n-tb-¡mÄ {]mbw-Iq-Snb alm-cm-Pmhp Xncp-ta-\n, Xncp- ta-\n-bpsS tZl-ku-Jy-¯n-\mbn Hsc-®¡v Iev]n¨p Xrss¡-hn-f-bmSn Icn§m- {i- ]- Ån- bn- te¡p- Iev¸n¨p sImSp¯- b- ¡p- I- t]m- ep- ap- ­m- bn- AtX, amÀ A¯m\m- tkymkv- sIm«mc- ¯nepw- IpSnenepw- _lpam- \y- \m- bn- cp- ¶p(-

45 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

ac-W-an-Ãm¯ henb Xncp-ta\n Iam­À- ]n"]n"- X¦¨³-

IjvS¸m- Sp- Ifpw- ]oU\- §fpw- ]cn-ip-²\mb ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv henb Xncp-ta- \ndª B ImeL-«-¯n \nbpsS- IpSpw_- ¯nÂs¸«- HcwK- sa¶- \nebnÂ- Gsd A`nam- \t¯mSpIq- - At´ymJym ae-¦c SnbmWv- At±ls¯¡pdn- ¨p- ff- HmÀ½IÄ- Rm³ ]¦ph- bv¡p- ¶- Xv(- kt­- kvIqfn ]Tn-¡p¶ Imew apX Xncp-ta-\nsb t\cn ImWp-hm\pw _Ô¯nÂ- ASnbp- d¨p- \n¶v ssI ap¯p-hm\pw In«nb kµÀ`-§-fn-sems¡ hmÕ-ey-]qÀÆ-ap-ff At±- ae-¦-c-bnse bmt¡m-_mb l-¯nsâ s]cp-amäw Fsâ Pohn-X-¯n Fs¶-h-f-sc-tbsd kzm[o-\n-¨n- kpdn-bm\n k` XIÀ¶p «p­v(- Hcp ]ptcmln- X- \mb- Fsâ ]nXmhn- t\m- sSm- ¶n¨v- Hcp]mSv- {]mhiyw t]mImsX k`sb At±lw Xma-kn-¨n-cp¶ Beph sk\n-am-cn-bn t]mIp-hm\pw At±-l- Bßss[- cy- t¯msS- Im¯p hp-ambn kwkm-cn-¡p-hm\pw F\n¡v Ah-k-c-§Ä e`n-¨n-«p-­v( henb kq£n-¨Xv ]cn-ip² Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \mb-t¯m-Sp-ff hoSnsâ kao-]-¯mWv R§fpw Xma-kn- ¨ncp- ¶- Xv(- ho«nepw hoSnsâ kao]- ¯p- ff- Nm¸enepw- Xncpta\n- CSbv¡nsS- ]nXm-hm-bn-cp-¶p$ hcp-am-bn-cp-¶p(-A-t¸m-sgms¡ Rm\pw Fsâ ]nXm-hn-t\m-sSm¸w Xncp-ta- itX-cp-tI-I-fpsS km¼-¯nI \nsb ImWp-hm³ t]mIp-am-bn-cp-¶p( \à tdmUp-Itfm tamt«mÀ hml-\- sImgp-¸n\pw kzm[o-\-¯n\pw §tfm CÃm-Xn-cp¶ A¡m-e¯v Bep-hm-bn \n¶v Xncp-ta\n Chn-S-§- FXnsc henb Xncpta- \n¡v- fn h¶ncp- ¶Xv- ]án- em- Wv(- D­mbn- cp¶- ssIapXÂ- Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-Im-e¯v k`-bn D­mb Ie-l-§-tfbpw I®p\o- tcmSp- IqSnb ]nfÀ¸pI- tfbpw- XpSÀ¶p­mb- hyhlm- c- §tfbpw- AXnPo- hn- ¡m³- At±- {]mÀ°\bpw- ssZhm{i- bhpw- l¯n\v- \t¶ ]mSps]- tS­n- h¶p( IjvS¸m- Sp- Ifpw- ]oU\- §fpw- \ndª Bbn-cp-¶p$ ]n¡m-e-§-fn B ImeL«- ¯nÂ- At´ymJym ae¦c- _Ô¯nÂ- ASnbp- d¨p- \n¶v ae- ¦c- bnse- bmt¡m_mb- kpdnbm\n- k` XIÀ¶p t]mImsX k`sb Bß- AXns\Ãmw- ^ew ss[-cy-t¯msS Im¯p kq£n-¨Xv ]cn-ip² ]nXm-hm-bn-cp-¶p( itX-cp- D­mIp- Ibpw- sNbvXp$ tI-I-fpsS km¼-¯nI sImgp-¸n\pw kzm[o-\-¯n\pw FXnsc henb Xncp- ta-\n¡v D­m-bn-cp¶ ssIap-X I®p-\o-tcmSp IqSnb {]mÀ°-\bpw

46 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

ssZhm-{i-bhpw Bbn-cp-¶p( ]n¡m-e-§-fn AXn-s\Ãmw ^ew D­m- Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp( Bscbpw BIÀjn¡p¶- Hcp hyànXz- ¯nsâ- DSa- bm- bn- cp¶p- Xncp- ta\n(- C{Xtbsd- IrXyambn- {]mÀ°\- Ifpw- {hXm\p- jvTm- \- §fpw- sNbvXn- cp¶ asämcp hyàn A¡m-e-¯p-­m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã( hn\-b-¯n-tâbpw emfn- Xy-¯n-tâbpw ]cym-b-am-bn-cp¶p At±-l-¯nsâ Pohn-Xw( Bep-hm-bnepw ]cnkc- {]tZi- §- fn- ep- ap- ff- \m\mPmXn- aXØÀ¡v- Xncpta- \n- tbmSv- AXn- cä kvt\lhpw ASp¸hpw- _lpam- \hpw- D­mbn- cp- ¶p(- Ft¸mgpw kt´m- j-t¯msS \¶mbn s]cp-am-dn( Xs¶ ImWm³ hcp-¶-hÀ¡v `£Ww sImSp¯pw Ah-tcm-sSms¡ Ipiew ]dªpw FÃm-htcbpw A\p-{K- ln¨v hnSp¶ ]Xnhv At±-l-¯n\v D­m-bn-cp-¶p( Rm³ 10þmw ¢mkn aebmf- at\mca- ]{Xw ]Tn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvX-Xv( Fsâ HmÀ½-bn Xncp-ta-\n- bpsS I_d- S¡- NS§p- Ifpw- XpSÀ¶v \S¶ ASnb- ´c- NS§p- I- fp- sams¡- FgpXnb apJ {]kwK- ¯nÂ- Cu {]tZ-i-§-fn \S¶ hnhn[ PmXn-bnÂs¸« Gähpw IqSp-X Bfp- ""\njvI-f¦ lrZ-b-\mb IÄ ]s¦-Sp¯ henb NS-§p-I-fn H¶m-bn-cp-¶p( \n$-h$-Zn${io tamÀ ""]cn-ip² At´ymJym knwlm-k-\-hp-ambn _Ô-an-Ãm¯ k` inc- A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv Xncp- kn-Ãm¯ DS-ep-t]msebmWv F¶ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hm¡p-IÄ¡v C¶pw ta\n Imew sNbvX hmÀ¯ {]k-àn-bp-­v( ""tamÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv ChnsS hcp¶ ]£w \½psS tIcfob- ss{IkvXh Ah-Im-i-¯n ]IpXn \mw At±l¯n\v Zm\w sN¿p-¶-Xn\v aSn-¡p-I- temIs¯ H¶S¦w- ZpxJ¯n- - bnÃ'' Fs¶m-cn-¡Â At{]w {]Y-a³ ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _mhm ]d-ªXv em-gv¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p$ Xncpta- \n- tbmSv- ]cnip²- knwlmk- \- ¯n- \p- ff- kvt\lt¯bpw- hnizmk- - BNm-cy³amÀ¡v tbmPn¨ t¯bpw FSp-¯p-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p( Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \ncym-Ws¯¡pdn¨v ae- bmf at\m-ca ]{Xw FgpXnb apJ {]kw-K-¯n ""\njvIf¦- lrZb- \mb- \njvI-f-¦-amb `ànbpw \n(-h(-Zn({io tamÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvX hmÀ¯ kvt\lhpw tIc-fob ss{IkvXh temIs¯ H¶-S¦w ZpxJ-¯n-em-gv¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p( XymK-_p-²n-bp-am-bn-cp¶p BNm-cy³amÀ¡v tbmPn¨ \njvI-f-¦-amb `ànbpw kvt\lhpw XymK- Xncp-ta\n-bpsS _p-²n-bp-am-bn-cp¶p Xncp-ta\n-bpsS {][m\ KpW-§Ä,'' F¶v tcJs¸-Sp- {][m\ KpW-§Ä,'' ¯n-bn-«p-f-fXv AÀ°-]qÀ®-am-Wv( 2009 HmKÌv amk-¯n-emWv ]cn-ip² kJm {]- Y- a³- ]m{XnbÀ¡okv- _mhm henb Xncpta- \nsb- ]cnip- ²- \mbn- {]Jym]n- ¨- Xv(- "A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv'- F¶mÂ, "acW- an- Ãm- ¯- h³'- F¶mWv AÀ°w( B t]cns\ A\zÀ°-am-¡n-sIm­v hnizm-kn-I-fpsS a\-Ên A\-iz-c-ambn At±-l-¯nsâ kvac-W-IÄ \ne-\n-ev¡-s«( Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn BtLmjn-¡p¶ Cu thf- bn At±lw kzoI-cn¨ ]mX ]n³Xp-S-cm³ \ap¡v {]Xn-Ú-sb-Sp-¡mw(

47 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

]cn-ip-²-\mb tamÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSp IqsS Hcp hÀj-¡m-ew ^m" hn"-Fw" KohÀKokv IÃq-¸-d-¼nÂ

Xncpta\n- hnfn¡p¶p- F¶p ]cn-ip-²-\mb tamÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv henb Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSp IqsS ]d-ª-t¸mÄ Rm³ HmSn-s¨- Hcp kvIqÄ hÀjw apgph\pw- Xmakn- ¡p- hm- \p- ff- `mKyw, ]Xnaq- ¶m- as¯- ¶p$ At¸mÄ Xncpta- \n- ¡mbn- hbÊnÂ- F\n¡p e`n¨p* A¶v \m«nse kvIqfn \n¶ v IIIrd form ]mkm-bn, sslkvIqfnÂ- {]thin- t¡­- Imeam- bn- cp- ¶p*R§- fpsS- CSh- I- bnse- hnIm- hnf-¼n-bn-cp¶ `£-W-¯n cnXzw hln¨n- cp¶- hS¡³]- d- hqÀ- Ifcn- bv¡Â- KohÀKokv A¨sâ D]tZi- \n¶p Ipsd Fsâ I¿n {]Imcw ssZhme- bm- cm- [- \- bpsS- apdIÄ- ioen¡p- hm³- th­n Bephm Xr¡p- X¶p AhnsS- \n¶p- ¶¯p skan\m- cn- bnÂ- Xmakn¨v- AhnSps¯- skâ vtacokv sslkvIqfnÂ- `£n¡p- hm³- Bhiy- s¸«p- ]T\w XpScp- hm³- amXm]n- Xm- ¡- ·mÀ- Fs¶ \ntbmKn- ¡p- I- bm- bn- cp- ¶p*- ASp¯ Znhkw Xncpta\n- ]cn-ip² Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Ft¶m-Sp-­m-bn-cp¶ Af-hä hmÕ-ey-hpw, `£n-¡p-hm³ Ccn-¡p-¶Xp km[mcW- P\§- tfm- Sp- ff- kvt\lhpw IcpXepw,- k`m {Ib§fn- ep- ff- IrXy- \njvT- bpw,- kXyk- Ô- Xbpw- Fs¶ lZmIÀjn- ¨p*- Rm³ ImWpt¼mÄ- At±- I­-t¸mÄ ]f-fn-bpsS hS¡p- l¯n\v- hmÀ²Iy- ¯nsâ- FÃm ]cnan- Xn- Ifpw- D­mbn- cp- ¶p*- skan\m- cn- bpsS- hi¯p- t]mbn Rm³ a[y¯n- ep- ff- lmfn Hcp I«nenÂ- hn{ian- ¡p- I- bm- bn- cp- ¶p,- I®nsâ ImgvN- adªp- \n- ¶p$- A§s\ XoÀ¯pw \jvSs¸- «n- cp- s¶- ¦nepw- tIÄhn¡v Ipdshm¶pw D­mbn- cp- ¶n- Ã*- Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS {]`m-X lmfnsâ GXv Aäs¯- ¦nepw- Bsc¦nepw- {]thin- ¨mÂ- Imensâ i_vZw tI«v BcmsW¶v- At\zjn- ¡p- Ibpw- Bcmbmepw- ASp¯v hnfn¨v ho«pIm- sc- ¸än- -`-£-W-¯n At\zjn- ¡pw*- AIe¯n \n¶ph- ¶- h- cm- sW¶v- AdnªmÂ- IqsS F{Xt]- - ]¦psIm- f- fmsX- Rm³ amdn$ cps­¶p- tNmZn¨n«v- ASp¯p h¨ncn- ¡p¶- ssIaWn Inep¡n Xsâ Ønck- - lmbn- bmb- ""am¯p-sN-dp-¡s\'' hcp¯n AXnYn- I- fpsS- F®¯n- \- \p- k- cn¨v- `£Ww X¿mdm- ¡p- hm³- \nÀt±in- ¡pw*- Zqsc \n¶p Xs¶ ImWm³ sNÃp¶- - hÀ `£Ww Ign¡msX- t]mIphm³- A\ph- Zn- ¡- bn- Ãm- bn- cp- ¶p*- Rm³ skan\m- cn- bnÂ- sN¶v cmhnse I­Xv Hcp ]pXpa- bmbn- F\n¡p tXm¶n* {]`mX `£W- ¯n\v- ]cnip²- Xncpta- \nbpw- aptf- cn- ¡Â- d¼m¨- \pw,- taibpw Itkcbpw- IqSmsX XdbnÂ- Hmtcm sNdnb sa¯bnÂ- Ccp¶v `£Ww

48 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

Ign¡p- ¶- Xp- I- ­p*- AXv Xncpta- \n- bpsS- coXnbm- bn- cp- ¶p*- `£Wk- a- b¯v- Bf- b¨v Fs¶ hnfn-¡pw* Xncp-ta\n hnfn-¡p¶p F¶p ]d-ª-t¸mÄ Rm³ HmSn- s¨-¶p* At¸mÄ Xncp-ta-\n-¡mbn hnf-¼n-bn-cp¶ `£-W-¯n \n¶p Ipsd Fsâ I¿n X¶p AhnsS- \n¶p- `£n¡p- hm³- Bhiy- s¸«p- ASp¯ Znhkw Xncp-ta\n `£n-¡p-hm³ Ccn-¡p-¶Xp I­-t¸mÄ ]f-fn-bpsS hS¡p-h-i¯p t]mbn Rm³ adªp- \n- ¶p*- A§s\ Xncpta- \n- bpsS- {]`mX- `- £- W- ¯nÂ- ]¦p- sImf- fmsX- Rm³ amdn* Rm³ Xmakn- ¡p¶- Ime¯v AI¸- d- ¼p- ]- ffn- CSh- I- bnse- Hcp si½m- isâ hnhmlw \S¶p*si½m- i- ·mÀ¡v- hnhml- ¯n\v- tXmgva \nevt¡­Xv- si½mi- ·mÀ- Xs¶ Bbncn- ¡- W- sa¶v- AhnsS \nÀ_Ô- ap- ­m- bn- cp- ¶p*- ]t£, AI¸- d- ¼nse- si½mi\v- tXmgvabv¡v Ahsc{X- {ian¨n«pw- Hcp si½mis\- In«n-bn-Ã* AXn-\m AhÀ ]cn-ip² Xncp-ta-\nsb kao-]n¨v tXmgva-\n-ev¡p- hm³ Fs¶ hnSW- sa¶v- \nÀ_Ôn- ¨p*- Fs¶ Ahtcm- Sp- IqsS- hnSm³ Xncp- ta\n CjvS-s¸-«n-Ã* B i\n-bmgvN Znhkw AhÀ hf-sc-tbsd {ian-s¨-¦nepw Hcp si½mis\- Is­¯n- bn- Ã*- AXpsIm­v- IeymWw \St¡- ­- RmbdmgvN- Znhkw cmhnse Xncpta- \nsb- kao]n¨v- AhcpsS- \nÊml- bX- Adnbn- ¨p*- A¡me¯v- A¦amen- `{Zmk- - At¸mÄ Xncp-ta\n hn* IpÀºm\ Ign-bp-t¼mÄ AhÀ Hcp Imdp-am-bn-h¶v \¯nse- hnizmkn- IÄ- ]cn- Fs¶ sIm­p- t]m- bn«v- ip{iqj- I- gn- bp- t¼mÄ- DS³ Xs¶ XncnsI Xncpta- \n- - ip² Xncpta- \nsb- Hcp bpsS ASp¯p- sIm­p- hcWw F¶pw \nÀ_Ô- ambn- \nÀt±in- ¨p*Rm³- t]mbn XncnsI hcpt¼mÄ- Xncpa- \ÊpsIm­v- Fs¶ Im¯ncn- ¡p- I- bm- bn- cp- ¶p*- ssZh]p- cp- j- s\- sb- ¶- t]mse- A¡me¯v- A¦amen- `{Zmk- \- ¯nse- hnizmkn- IÄ- ]cnip²- Xncpta- \nsb- `àn-tbmSpw `b-t¯mSpw Hcp ssZh]p- cp- j- s\- sb- ¶- t]mse- `àntbmSpw- `bt¯mSpw- IqsSbmWv- ho£n- IqsS-bmWv ho£n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv$ ¨n-cp-¶-Xv* AXn\v ]e-cp-tSbpw A\p-`-h-§Ä Imc-W-am-bn-¯oÀ¶n-«p­v* Hcp AXn\v ]e-cp-tSbpw kw`hw DZml- c- W- ambn- Rm\nhnsS- tNÀ¡p¶p*- Bephm ASp¯p- ff- Hcp A\p-`-h-§Ä ]pcmX- \- amb- ]ffn- bnÂ- Hcp sshZnI³- CSh- I- ¡mÀ¡v- XnI¨pw AkzoIm- cy- - \mbn- cp- ¶p*- A¨s\- ¸än- hfsc Kuch- amb- Btcm]- W- §- Ä- CSh- I- sa- {Xm- t¸m- - Imc-W-am-bn-¯oÀ¶n-«p­v$ eo¯- m- Xncpta- \n¡v- sXfnhp- IÄ- klnXw kaÀ¸n¨p*- ]cnip²- Xncpta\n- kzb- ambn«pw aäp-]-escs¡m­pw A¨\v D]-tZ-i-§Ä \evIn D²-cn-¡p-hm³ {ian- ¨p* bmsXmcp {]tbmP- \hpw- D­mIp- ¶n- söv- t_m²ys¸«t¸mÄ ]ffn- bnÂ- \n¶v A¨s\ apS¡p- ¶- Xmbn- Iev]\ Ab¨p*- Iev]\ ]ffn- bnÂ- hmbn¨ Znhkw At§bäw- t£m`n¨v skan\m- cn- bpsS- ]pds¯ sKbnäv IS¶p hcp- ¶Xv ]ffn- bpsS- ap¼n \n¶ncp¶- R§Ä I­p* A¨sâ Imepd- bv¡m¯- \S¸pw Ak`y- hÀjhpw- I­ R§Ä HmSns¨¶v- Xncpta\n- ]I hn{ian- - ¡p¶ InS-¡-bn \n¶v Fgp-t¶-ev¸n¨v ib-\-ap-dn-bn {]th-in-¸n¨v hmXn-e- S¨v _Ôh- ¯m- ¡n*- R§Ä `bs¸- «- Xp- t]mse- A¨³ lmfn {]thin¨v- Xncp- ta\n- bpsS- apdnbpsS- hmXnbv¡Â- X«nbpw ap«nbpw Ipsdt\cw- _lfw h¨p* A¨³ skan\m- cn- bnÂ- \n¶v Cd§n- ¡n- «nb- tijw At±l- ¯nsâ- Ahnth- I- - s¯¸än- kwkmcn- ¨p- sIm- ­n- cn- ¡p- t¼mÄ- Hcp a\pjy³- skan\m- cn- bn- te¡vHmSn- - h¶v Adn-bn-¨Xv skan-\m-cn-bn \n¶v Cd-§n-t¸mb A¨³ ASp-¯p-ff ]hÀlukv PwKvj\nÂ- Btcmhm- bn«p- iWvT D­m¡n sImesN- ¿- s¸«v- hgn- bn InS¡p¶p- F¶mWv*- At±ls¯- kwkvIcn- ¨n- cn- ¡p- ¶Xv- skan\m- cn- bpsS- iht¡m- «- bnÂ- Xs¶bm- Wv*- A¨\p- ­mb- A\p`hw- ]cnip- ²- \mb- Xncpta- \nsb- Ahtl- fn- ¨- Xp- sIm- ­mWv- F¶v A¶pw C¶pw P\§Ä- hnizkn- ¡p- ¶p*- P\§- fpsS- ta ]cnip²- Xncpta- \n¡v- D­mbn- cp¶- kzm[o\hpw- Ah- À¡p Xncpta- \n- tbm- Sp- ff- `ànbpw sXfnbn- ¡p¶- asämcp kw`hw IqsS tNÀ¯p- sImf- f- s«*- Hcp shffn- bmgvN- Znhkw {]`mX- ¯nÂ- `{Zmk\- ¯nse- Hcp ssZhm-

49 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

eb- ¯nse- ssI¡mc- ·mcpw- {]apJcpw- h¶v ]ffn- bpsS- `WvUmcw \ndªp Ihnªn- cn- ¡p¶p- F¶pw AXv Xpd¶v ]Ww F®nsb- Sp- ¡p- ¶- Xn\v- Xncpa- \- - Ênse A\phmZ- Iev]\ Bhiy- s¸- Sp- Ibpw- sNbvXp* B A]£b\pk- cn¨v- th­ Iev]\ Xncpta- \n- sIm- Sp- ¡p- Ibpw- sNbvXp* F¶mÂ, ASp¯ Znhkw i\nbmgvN- AtX BfpIÄ- Xs¶ h¶v B cm{XnbnÂ- `WvUmcw IhÀ¶p F¶dn- bn- ¨p*- At\zjWw- th­hn- [- ¯nÂ- \S¯n- s¡m- ffmw- F¶pw Xpd¶p InS¡p¶- `WvUmc- ¯nse- injvSap- ff- ]Ww tiJcn- ¡p- hm³- A[nIm- c- s¸- Sp- - ¯nbpw Iev]-\-sIm-Sp-¯p-hn-«p* ASp¯ c­m-gvN¡mew ap«n-¸mb {]mÀ°-\- tbmSp- IqSn- Nn´n¨v ]ffn- bnse- {]amWn- I- fnÂ- Hcph³- A¶s¯ coXnbnÂ- henb- sX¶p- hnNmcn- ¡p¶- Hcp kwJy aZv_lm- \- S- bv¡Â- kaÀ¸n¨nt«- ]ffn- - bn {]th-in-¡mhp F¶v \ntcm-[-\-I-ev]\ Xncp-ta\n sk{I-«-dn-sb-s¡m­v Rm³ At±-l-t¯m-Sp-IqSn ]ffn- bnÂ- hmbn¸n- ¨p*- B {]apJ³- \nÀt±in- ¡- s¸«- XpI thKw Xs¶ tNmZyw Xmakn- ¡p¶- Ime¯v sN¿msX \Sbv¡Â- kaÀ¸n¨v hnSpXÂ- t\Sn* Cu kw`hw Xncpta- \n- bpsS- \oXn-t_m-[-s¯-¸-änbpw Znhy-\-S-¯n-¸n-s\-¸-änbpw hnizm-kn-IÄ¡v ambm¯ At±lw `{Zmk- \- ¯nse- [mcW Dfhm- ¡n*- ssZhme- b§Ä- hfsc Rm³ At±l- t¯m- Sp- IqSn- Xmakn- ¡p¶- Ime¯v At±lw `{Zmk- \- ¯nse- hnc-f-am-bnt« kµÀin-¡m-dp- ssZhme- b§Ä- hfsc hncf- am- bnt«- kµÀin¡m- dp- f- fm- bn- cp- ¶p- f- fp*- Hcp kvIqÄ ffm- bn- cp- ¶p- f- fp$- Hcp kvIqÄ hÀj¡m- e¯v- BsI Hcp ssZhmebw- kµÀin¨- Xm- bnt«- Rm³ HmÀ¡p¶p- f- - hÀj¡m- e¯v- BsI Hcp fp* F¶m Fsâ A¸t\m- Sp- ff- {]tXyI kvt\l_- Ô- ¯nsâ- ^eam- bn«p- R§fpsS- ]ffn Hcp {]mhiyw kµÀin¨v HcmgvN Xmakn¨v- R§fpsS- CSh- - ssZhmebw- kµÀin¨- Xm- - Isb A\p{K- ln- ¡pI- D­mbn*- bnt« Rm³ HmÀ¡p-¶p-f-fp$ ]cn-ip² ]nXm-hnsâ IrXy-\n-jvTbpw Npa-Xe t_m[hpw {]I-S-am-bXv F¶m Fsâ A¸t\m- Sp- ff- kapZm- b- t¡kv- \S¯n¸nemWv*- Rm³ ImWp¶ \mÄ apX Xncpa- \- Êp- sIm­v- {]tXyI kvt\l_- Ô- ¯nsâ- InS¡- bnÂ- hn{ian- ¡p- t¼m- sgÃmw- hfsc {]mbw sN¶ HcmÄ InS¡- bpsS- Xe- bv¡Â Xmsg Ccp¶v kZm Fs´ms¡tbm- sNhnI- fnÂ- a{´n¡p- ¶Xv- ImWm- ^eam- bn«p- R§fpsS- ]ffn ambn- cp- ¶p*- FsdZn- hkw- Ignª- t¸m- gmWv- B hr²³ HfÈ If¸p- c- bv¡Â- Hcp {]mhiyw kµÀin¨v Nmt¡mX- c- I³- h¡o BsW¶p- a- \- Ên- em- b- Xv*- kapZm- b- t¡- knsâ- hmZn`mKw- HcmgvN Xmakn¨v- R§fpsS- s]äoj³- X¿md- ¡p- hm\mWv- Cu kwkmcw F¶p a\Ên- em- ¡n*- Hcp Znhkw CS-h-Isb A\p-{K-ln-¡pI D¨bv¡v kvIqfn \n¶pw skan\m- cn- bn- se- ¯n- b- t¸mÄ- D¨ \akvIm- c- ¯n\v- D­m-bn$ ]XnhnÂ- IqSpXÂ- BfpIsf- I­p* \akvImcw- Ahkm- \n- ¨- t¸mÄ- Xncpa- \- - ÊpsIm­p- hfsc ZpxJt¯mSpw- I®p\o- tcm- Spw- IqsS- h¡o kaÀ¸n¨ IS- em-kp-I-fn H¸n-«Xp I­p* kapZm- b- t¡- knsâ- BZyIm- e¯v- Nmt¡m XcI³- h¡oepw ]n¶oSv AUz* sI*-]n* G{_-lmapw Bbn-cp-¶p* Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS {][m-\-k-lm-bn-IÄ* km¼- ¯nI Bhiy- §Ä- AhÀ Bhiy- s¸- Sp- ¶- X- \p- k- cn¨v- \ndth- äp- I- bm- bn- cp- ¶p*- ]Ww tiJcn¡p- ¶- Xn\pw- hfsc {]tXyIX- D­mbn- cp- ¶p*- F{Xth- W- sa¶pw- F¶p thWsa¶pw- tcJmaqew NpaX- e- ¡mÀ- Bhiy- s¸- s«- ¦nÂ- am{Xta ]Ww kw`cn- ¡p- hm³- Xncpta\n- Hcps¼- Sp- I- bp- f- fp*- AhÀ Bhiy- s¸«- XpI am{Xta tiJ-cn-¡p-I-bp-­m-bn-cp-¶p-f-fp* Bsc-¦nepw kaÀ¸n-¨m AXv B \nanjw Xs¶ XncnsI sImSp¯v th­nh- cp- t¼mÄ- kzoIcn- ¨p- sIm- ffmw- F¶p Iev]n- ¡pIbpw- sNbvXncp- ¶p*- F\n¡v t\cn-«-dn-bm-hp¶ Hcp kw`hw IqsS tNÀ¯p-sIm-f-f-s«* Xncp- h\-´-]p-c¯v ssltImÀ«n tIkp \S-¡p¶ Ime¯v AUz* sI,-]n* A{_lmw 25000 cq] Bhiy- s¸«v- Xncpta- \n¡v- FgpXn* DS³ Xs¶ tIm«b- - ¯pff- 5 ]ffn- IÄ¡v- 5000 cq]m hoXw Bhiy- s¸«v- Iev]\ Ab¨p*- ]Ww kzoIcn- ¡p- hm³- Xncpta\n- C¶Zn- hk§fnÂ- tIm«bw knwlmk- \- ¸- f- fn- bnÂ-

50 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

D­m-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶pw Adn-bn-¨n-cp-¶p* Cu Bh-iy-¯n\p Xncp-ta\n Bep-hm- bn \n¶p h¶t¸mÄ- t\cn«v Fsâ `h\- ¯nÂ- F¯pIbpw- D¨tai- Ignªv hn{ian- ¨- Xn- \p- tijw- knwlmk- \- ¸- f- fn- bn- te¡p- t]mIpIbpw- sNbvXp* AXp- sIm­v Xncpta\n- XncnsI Bephm- bv¡p- t]m- Ip- ¶- sX- ¶m- sW¶v- Fsâ A¸\p a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³ km[n-¨p* XncnsI t]mIp-¶-Xn\v Hcp Znhkw ap¼v Fsâ A¸³ Ipd¨p ]Ww X¶v Xncpta- \n¡p- sImSp¡p- hm- \m- bn«v- Fs¶ knwlmk- - \-¸-f-fn-bn-te¡v Ab-¨p* Rm³ Xncp-ta-\nsb ]W-hp-ambn kao-]n-¨-t¸mÄ Iev]\ Ab¨ 4 ]ffn- I- fnÂ- \n¶pw Bhiy- s¸«- XpI e`n¨p F¶pw A©m- as¯ ]ffn- bnÂ- \n¶v Hcp hnhchpw- Adnbn- ¨n- «n- söpw- ]dªp*- A¶p sshIpt¶- c- ¯n\v- AIam- bn«v- AhcpsS- {]XnI- cWw- Adnbn- ¨n- sÃ- ¦nÂ- ASp- ¯Zn- hkw- (Rmb- dm- gvN)- Xncpta- \n¡p- t\cn«v B ]ffn kµÀin¡phm³ Imdv GÀs¸Sp- ¯- W- sa¶pw- Ft¶mSp ]dªp*- Xncpta\n- ]dª- hn- hcw- A¸t\mSp- ]dª- t¸mÄ- Imdpambn- cmhnse t]mbn Xncpta- \n- tbbpw- Iq«n Bcm[- \- bnÂ- km¼-¯nI Bh-iy-§Ä kw_Ôn¨- tijw XncnsI t]mcW- sa¶v- Ft¶mSv Bhiy- s¸- «p*- ASp¯ AhÀ Bhiy- s¸- Sp- ¶- Znhkw AXncm- hnse- Xncpa- \- Êp- ambn- B ]ffn- bnÂ- F¯n hn* IpÀºm\bv¡p -X-\p-k-cn¨v \nd-th-äp-I-bm-bn- tijw Xncpta\n- C{]Imcw- {]kvXmhn- ¨p*- ""a¡sf Rm³ kap-Zm-b-t¡-kn\p cp¶p$- ]Ww tiJcn¡p- ¶- - ]Ww tNmZn¨psIm­v Cu CS-h-I-bn-te¡v Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p* F¶m \n§- Xn\pw hfsc {]tXy-IX fpsS AXnt\m- Sp- ff- {]XnI- cWw- CXphsc- F\n¡p e`n¨n- -Ã* AX-dn-bm-\mWv Rm³ £Wn¡- s¸- SmsX- C¶nhnsS- F¯nb- Xv*- Hcp aWn¡qÀ- kab- t¯¡p- D­m-bn-cp-¶p$ F{X-th-W- IqsS Rm\nhnsS- D­mbn- cn¡pw*- AXn\- I- am- bn«v- Fsâ hmÀ²yIys¯- \n§Ä sa¶pw F¶p thWsa¶pw- am\n¡p- ¶pthm- F¶p a\Ên- em- ¡n- bn«v- Rm³ XncnsI- t]mIpw''- CSh- I- ¡mÀ- tcJmaqew NpaX- e- ¡mÀ- DS³ Xs¶ ]ffn- bnÂ- CÃm¯ ]Ww kw`cn¨v- Xncpta- \n¡p- kaÀ¸n¨p*- Xncp- Bh-iy-s¸-s«-¦n am{Xta ta\n Ahsc A\p{K- ln¨v- DSs\ Xs¶ AhnsS- \n¶pw- t]m¶p* ]Ww kw`cn- ¡p- hm³- k`tbm- Sp- ff- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- IcpX- ens\- ImWn¡p¶- Hcp kw`hw IqsS Ipdn¨p- sIm- f- fs«*- Hcp Znhkw sshIpt¶cw- Bephm- bnÂ- henb Imäpw agbpw Xncpta\n- Hcps¼- Sp- I- bp- f- fp$- D­mbn*- skan\m- cn- bpsSbpw- ]ffnbpsSbpw CSbv¡v apä¯p \n¶ncp¶- Hcp AhÀ Bhiy- s¸«- ¹mhnsâ Hcp henb imJ ASÀ¶pho- Wp*- 5 aWn¡p \akvIm- c- ¯n\v- Xncpta- \n- - XpI am{Xta Fsâ I¿n ]nSn¨p- sIm­v- ]ffn- bn- te¡p- \S¡p- t¼mÄ- ASÀ¶phoW- imJ tiJ-cn-¡p-I amÀ¤X- Skw- krjvSn¨- Xp- sIm­v- AXns\ adnI- S- ¡p- hm³- Aev]wIq- Sp- XÂ- \S- t¡­nh¶p*- \akvImcw- Ignªp- XncnsIhcpt¼mÄ- ¹mhnsâ inJc- ¯n\p- Npän- -D-­m-bn-cp-¶p-f-fp$ \S¶p- hcpt¼mÄ- AhnsS- \n¶v- Ft¶mSp ]dªp ""Hcp henb I¼mWv \jvS- s¸«- sX¶p- tXm¶p¶p*- Rm³- hnNmcn- ¡- bm- bn- cp- ¶p*- CXv Fsâ Ime¯p kw`hn- - ¡W- am- bn- cpt¶m''?- AXmbn- cp- ¶p*- At±l- ¯nsâ- k`mh- kvXp- ¡- tfm- Sp- ff- at\m- `mhw*- FÃm B­nepw henb t\m¼v Bcw`n- bv¡p- ¶- Xn\v- GXm\pw BgvNIÄ- ap¼v At±l- ¯nsâ- Hcp ktlmZcn- HcmgvN skan\m- cn- bnÂ- Xmakn¨v- sXt¡- hmc- ¯nÂ- kq£n¨n- cn- bv¡p¶- eknb `cWn- I- fnÂ- A¨mdp- IÄ- X¿mdm- ¡n- h- - bv¡pam- bn- cp- ¶p*- NXmth- en- ¡n- g- §v,- am§m, \mc§m XpS§n FÃm hn`h- §fpw- hnZKv[-am-bn«v ]mIw sNbvXp kq£n-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p* FÃm-tPm-en-Ifpw XoÀ¯pIgn-bp-t¼mÄ ktlm-Z-cn¡v Xncp-ta-\n-bn \n¶p-ff ]mcn-tXm-jnIw Hcp ]pS-h-bv¡p-ff a·Â Bbn-cp-¶p* At±l- ¯nsâ- PohnX- co- Xn- bnepw- k`mip- {iq- j- I- fnepw- k`bpsS- ]pcmX\- kwkvImcw hfsc hyàambn sXfnªn- cp- ¶p*- At±l- ¯nsâ- hyàn amlmßy- - ¯nsâ kzm[o\- amWv- bmt¡m_mb- k`sb AXpt\cn«- henb {]Xnk- Ônsb- adnI- S- ¡p- hm³- klmbn- ¨Xv- F¶Xv XÀ¡aä- kwKXn- bm- Wv*-

51 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

[\yXbpsS AhXmcwþ hnip²\mb A¯m\mkntbmkv Xncpta\n s{]m^" Fw" ]n" hÀKokv

kpefnXamb PohnXcoXnbpw, Adnhnsâ taJeIsf hnIkzcam¡n km£ctIcfw hnZym`ymk cwK¯p C¶pw ap³\ncbnemWv* tIcf¯n hnZym`ymk kuIcy§fpsS Imcy¯n kpXmcyamb {]hÀ¯\ tImXawKeamWv ap³]´nbn \nev¡p¶Xv* ""AdnhmWv iàn'' F¶ a{´w ssienbpw, IÀ½kpc`neamb Dcphn«psIm­v, A©p]Xnäm­pIÄ¡pap¼v, D¶X hnZym`ymkaWvUe BNmc\pjvTm\§fpw, ¯nÂ, aetbmc {]tZit¯mSp tNÀ¶p InS¡p¶ FdWmIpfw PnÃbpsS XymtKmÖzeamb Cu Ing¡³ taJebnemWv amÀ A¯t\jykv tImfPv AtÊmkntbj³ AXnsâ BZy kwcw`w XpS§nbXvþ AXmWv 1955  Bcw`n¨ amÀ A¯t\ A\p`h]mT§fpw, `àn jykv tImfPv* Cu D¶X hnZym`ymk tI{µ¯nsâ A\p{Kl t{kmXÊmWv \nÀ`camb kwthZ\ Imew sNbvX Bephmbnse henb Xncpta\n þ ae¦ck`m `mkpc\mbpw {]IrXhpw, lrZblmcnbmb hnizmk kwc£I\mbpw ss{IkvXh temIw BZcn¡p¶ ]utemkv tamÀ Bßob`mjWhpw, A¯m\mkntbmkv sa{Xmt¸meo¯* AN©eamb hnizmk ]cnip²\mb A¯m\mkntbmkv Xncpta\nbpsS A²y£Xbn Bephm skan\mcnbn sh¨v IqSnbtbmKamWv þA¦amen, I­\mSv, sIm¨n Xo£vWXbpw, alnXam¡nb `{Zmk\ {]Xn\n[nIfpsS Iq«mb Nn´bmWvþ Hcp tImfPv XpS§Wsa¶ ]pWymßmhmWv Cu Bhiy¯n\v B[mcambXv* A§s\ 1953 amÀ A¯t\jykv tImfPv almNmcy³$ Atkmkntbj³ cq]w sIm­p* AXnsâ {]Ya sk{I«dn F¶ \nebn {]hÀ¯n¡phm\pff `mKyw F\n¡p­mbn* kaÀ¸Whpw klIcWhpw PohnX hnPb¯n\\nhmcyamsW¶ ktµiw \evIn R§sf DÕpIcm¡n bXv t{ijvTmNmcy\mb Xncpta\nbmWv* Xncpta\nbpsS D¶Xamb hnZym`ymk ZÀi\hpw D¶n{Zamb kmaqlnI {]Xn_²Xbpw AXnt{ijvTamb Bßob PohnXhpw R§Ät¡sd {]tNmZ\ambn* {]mÀ°\bpsS al¯zw {]hr ¯nbneqsS km£ys¸Sp¯phm³ Xncpta\nbpsS PohnXw Hcp ]mTambn* hnZym`ymk{]hÀ¯\w `mhnbnte¡pff \nt£]ambn XpScWsa¶pff t{ijvT ]nXmhnsâ A`nemjw tImfPv Atkmkntbj³ C¶pw \ndthän s¡m­ncn¡pIbmWv*

52 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

BÀ«vkv tImfPv {]hÀ¯\amcw`n¨v ]©hÕc§Ä ]n¶n«t¸mÄ 1961  Hcp F©n\obdnwKv tImfPv ]pWytÇmI\mb ]nXmhnsâ \mat[ b¯n Xs¶ Bcw`n¨p* Gjybn Xs¶ ss{IkvXhkaqlw kzImcy taJe bnemcw`n¨ BZys¯ F©n\nbdnwKv tImfPv amÀ A¯t\jykv tImfPv Hm^v G©n\nbdnwKv BWv* hnip²·mcpsS AXyp¶XKW¯ntebv¡v DbÀ ¯s¸« ]pWyNcnX\mb Xncpta\nbmWv R§Ä¡p tIm«bpw A`b Øm\hpambn hÀ¯n¡p¶Xv* B A\p{Kl hÀj¯nsâ XpSÀ`mKyamWv ASnamenbn Bcw`n¨ amÀ _tkentbmkv tImfPpw tImXawKe¯pff tam£ZmbIamb A¯t\jykv au­nemcw`n¨ _n*FUv* tImfPpw C¡gnª hÀjw XpS§nb ]mXbneqsS AicWsc amÀ A¯t\jykv CâÀ\mjW kvIqfpw* \bn¨ kpc£nXamb Atkmkntbj³ hI Øm]\§fpsSbpw R§fpsSbpw Imh ]nXmhmbn kzÀ¤obkZÊn \n¶v A\p{Kl§Ä sNmcnbp¶ t{ijvT ta¨n¸pd§fneqsS ]nXmhnsâ sa{Xm`ntjI iXm_vZn \mSmsI BtLmjn¡pIbmWv* APKW§sf \S¯nb ""\oXnamsâ HmÀ½ A\p{KlZmbIamWv'' þ AXmWv ss{IkvXh hnizmkw* hN\ ip{iqjbneqsS amÀ A¯t\jykv Øm]\§Ä¡pth­n GXm\pw kpc`neNn´IÄ hos­Sp¸nsâ amÀ¤w `àymZc]qÀÆw kaÀ¸n¡pIbmWv ChnsS Fsâ [À½w* [À½kwØm]\¯n\pth­n HmtcmbpK¯nepw a\pjymhXmcap sXfnbn¨ PohnXs¯ ­mIpsa¶mWv hnizmkw* ae¦ck`bpsS `mkpc\mbn, hnizmk kwc£ ktµiam¡nb Cu t{ijvT I\mbn, AeLphn`h\mbn, ssZhkvt\l¯nsâ ASbmfambn, XmgvabpsS ]nXmhnsâ XmgvhcIfn {]mÀ°\m\ncX\mbn, AP]meI t{ijvT\mbn, temI ka£w ]hn{XkvacWIÄ¡p ap¼n hn\bm\znX\mbn, hnip²nbpsS ]ShpIÄ Ibdnb Xm]kt{ijvT\mWv Cu PKZvKpcp* kpefnXamb PohnXcoXnbpw, kpXmcyamb {]hÀ¯\ ssienbpw, \{a inckv Ip\n¨v Cu IÀ½ kpc`neamb BNmc\pjvTm\§fpw, XymtKmÖzeamb A\p`h]mT Nn´IÄ¡p hncmaanSp¶p$ §fpw, `àn \nÀ`camb kwthZ\ {]IrXhpw, lrZblmcnbmb Bßob`mj Xncpta\nbpsS {]mÀ°\ Whpw, AN©eamb hnizmk Xo£vW Xbpw, alnXam¡nb ]pWymßmhmWv R§Äs¡¶pw Cu almNmcy³* 1869  P\n¨p, 1879  si½mi\mbn, 1898  IÈoibmbn, tIm«bmbncn¡psa¶v d¼m\mbn, 1910  ta¸«¡mc\mbn, 1953  ZnhwKX\mbn* Bbncw ]qÀ® N{µ·msc ZÀin¨ PohnX N{Iw* BßobXbpsS kphÀ®kv]Àiapff 84 R§Ä hnizkn¡p¶p$ kwhÕc§Ä ssZh cmPyhym]\¯n\pth­n `qanbn Pohn¨p, BtcmSpw hntcm[anÃmsX, BtcmSpw ]IbnÃmsX, I®nse IrjvWaWnt]mse At´ymJy³ hnizmks¯ hfÀ¯n, aäpffhcpsS hnizmk{]amW§sf l\n ¡msX, A¸pd¯pffhÀt]mepw Xncpta\nbp sS ]mZm´nI¯n `ànaecpIÄ AÀ¸n¡p ambncp¶p* Éo_mbpsS alXz]qÀ®amb kv]Àiw sIm­v tcmKim´n hcp¯nb Xncpta\n Pohn ¨ncp¶t¸mÄ Xs¶ ]pWyhmfsâ c£mIcam b IhNw [cn¨ alm]pcpj\mbncp¶p* tam£ ZmbIamb ]mXbneqsS AicWsc \bn¨ kpc£nXamb ta¨n¸pd§fneqsS APKW §sf \S¯nb hN\ ip{iqjbneqsS hos­ Sp¸nsâ amÀ¤w sXfnbn¨ PohnXs¯ ktµiam ¡nb Cu t{ijvT ]nXmhnsâ ]hn{XkvacW IÄ¡p ap¼n inckv Ip\n¨v Cu Nn´IÄ¡p ] henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \ma-t[-b-¯n BZy-ambn Øm]n-X- hncmaanSp¶p* Xncpta\nbpsS {]mÀ°\ R§Ä amb tImX-aw-Kew tamÀ A¯-t\-jykv BÀSvkv, s¡¶pw tIm«bmbncn¡psa¶v R§Ä hnizkn kb³kv & F³Pn-\n-b-dnwKv tImtfPv ¡p¶p*

53 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

kXyhnizmk kwc£I\mb {][m\mNmcy³

tUm.Un. _m_p t]mÄ sF.-F.-Fkv, _m-do-t¯m -{_otdm

Xncp-ta-\n-amÀ¡p Imdn-Ã$ hnizmk kwc£- I- \m- bn- cp¶- ae¦- c- bpsS- s]utemkv tamÀ A¯m- AXpsIm- s­ms¡- hcp¶ \mtkymkv- Xncpta\n- F\n¡v kzÀ¤ob a²yØ- -\mWv( B Xncpta- \n- tbmSpw- Xncpta- \n¡p- th­nbpw Rm³ F¶pw {]mÀ°n¡m- dp- ­v(- Fsâ ]nXmhn\v- kabw IrXy-am-Im-dn-Ã$ h¶p- FÃm ]«§fpw- \ÂInbXv- henb Xncpta- \n- bmWv(- Hcp sNdnb CSth- f- - I-gn-ªmWv `£Ww bn Nne D]Pm- ]- I- cpsS- IpÕnX X{´§Ä- Ahsc AIän F¦nepw Ccp- Hcp¡p- ¶- Xv$- A§s\- bmWv- hÀ¡pw ZpxJI- c- am- bn- cp¶- B Zpc\p- `hw- hfsc {lkzam- bn- cp- ¶p(- 1946þ ac-§m-«p-ImÀ¡v Fsâ ]nXmhnsâ- I\njvT ktlmZ- c\v- I¯\mcp- ]«w \ÂInb kµÀ`- Xncp-ta-\n-amsc k¡-cn- ¯n Xncpta\n- Xs¶ ap³ssIsb- Sp¯v- B A²ymb- ¯n\v- XncÈoe- CSp- Ibpw sNbvXp( Fsâ ]nXmhnsâ- PohN- cn{X- {KÙ¯nÂ- \n¶v D²cn¨p- ¡m³ Ahkcw- e`n¨p sIm­v B cwKw AhX- cn- ¸n- ¡- s«(- h¶Xv$ t]msc-¦n ""1946þ kzktlm- Z- csâ- ]«-wsImS- bpsS- \mfnemWv- ]ns¶ I­pap- «n- - ac-§m-«-¨sâ bXv(- A¶p aZv_lm- bnÂ- h¨p ssIap¯n- b- t¸mÄ''- "Xm³ - Fs¶ ImWmsX ktlm-Z-cn-bp-am-W-tÃm$ t]mIcpXv'- F¶p Iev]n¨p(- a\Ên- Ãm- a- \- tÊm- sSbpw- Xncpta\n- F´mWv ]dbm³- t]mIp¶Xv- F¶ i¦tbm- sS- bp- amWv- A¨³ sN¶Xv( sN¶t¸m- - gmWv henb Xncpta- \n- bpsS- henb lrZbw I­Xv( ""adnbw h¶n«ntÃ?''- AXv A¨sâ A½-sb-¡p-dn-¨mWv( ]g-b-Im-e¯v Xncp-ta-\n-amcpw aäp Ipdp-¸w-]Sn ]f-fn-bn h¶m BZys¯ `£Ww ac-§m«p \n¶mWv sImSp¯- b- ¨n- cp- ¶- Xv(- ]ffn- tbmSp- sXm«pff- hoSv( ]ffn- bn- em- sW- ¦nÂ- C¶- s¯t¸mse- IrXyambn- {]hÀ¯n¡p¶- Hm^okpw aäpw CÃ( \m«n C¶- t¯t¸mse- tlm«ep- I- fp- an- Ã(- Xncpta- \n- amÀ¡p- ImdnÃ(- AXpsIm- s­ms¡- hcp¶ kabw IrXy-am-Im-dn-Ã( h¶p-I-gn-ªmWv `£Ww Hcp-¡p-¶-Xv( A§s\- bmWv- ac§m- «p- ImÀ¡v- Xncpta- \n- amsc- k¡cn- ¡m³- Ahkcw- e`n¨p h¶Xv( t]msc-¦n ac-§m-«-¨sâ ktlm-Z-cn-bp-am-W-tÃm(

54 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

"DÆv' "Xsâ _kvIn-bm-½tbm'"FÃm-hcpw D­v' "Ahsc hnfn¡v F\n¡p ]d-bm-\p-f-fXv Ah-tcmSpw IqsS-bmWv' A½bpw atä-½bpw h¶p ssIap¯n Xncp-ta\n Ah-tcmSv \ne¯v ]mbn Ccn¡m³- ]dªp(- A¨t\mSv Xncpta- \n- bpsS- ASp¯v Ìqfn Ccn¡m\pw(- A¨³ Ccp¶n- Ã;- As¶ms¡ AXv ANn´y- am- W- tÃm(- \nÀ_- Ôn¨v Xncpta\n- ]dªp(- F¶m Xm³ ]mbn Ccn¡v(- A¨³ ]mbn Ccp-¶p( kv{XoIÄ Xe-bn ap­n«p \n¶p Aev]-t\-cs¯ au\-¯n-\p- tijw Xncpta\n- Iev]n¨p(- "adntb,- \nsâ tams\ Rm³ sXän²- cn- ¨p(- F¶n«pw AbmÄ Ft¶mSp hg¡n- s\m¶pw- h¶nÃ(- \o F\n¡p- th­n- {]mÀ°n¡- Ww(- _kvInbm½- tIÄ¡p¶pt­m?- FtSm Noct¯m«- ¯n- e- ¨m,- Xs¶bpw Xsâ IpSpw_- - t¯bpw ssZhw A\p-{K-ln-¡pw( X\n¡v Hcp tZmjhpw hcn-I-bn-Ã( A{_lmw Cklm- ¡n- s\bpw- Cklm¡v- bmt¡m_n- t\bpw- bmt¡m_v butk^n- t\bpw- A\p{K- ln- ¨Xp- t]mse \mw Xs¶ A\p{K- ln- ¡p- ¶p(- t]mbsXms¡- t]mIs«'- F\n¡v A¶v A©p hb-Êp­v( Fsâ HmÀ½-bn Cu hm¡p-I- As¶ms¡ Xncpta- \n- amÀ- sfm¶pw CÃ( HmÀ½bn- ep- f- fXv- Xncpta- \nbpw- A¨\pw A½bpw atä½bpw- CS-h-I-bn h¶m Hs¡ Ic-bp¶ cwK-am-Wv( Xncp-ta\n A¶p Iev]n-¨-X-\p-k-cn-¨mWv Rm³ C¶s¯ a{´n-amÀ aZv_lm- bnÂ- ip{iqj- I- \m- bXv;- AtX hÀjw henb Xncpta- \n- bpsS- A\p- {Klw A¨\v \nÀtem`w e`n-¨p(1946 apX ho­pw A¨³ "AIs¯ hcp-¶-Xp-t]mse BÄ' Bbn (\K-cn-Im-Wn-¡-en\p Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS arX-tZlw Po¸n h¨- Bbn-cp-¶n-Ã$ t¸mÄ A¨\pw a§m-«-¼f-fn Ae-Ivkm-­À tImÀ F¸nkvtIm¸bpw hml-\-ku-I-cy-§-fp-sSbpw Ccph- i- ¯p- ambn- Ccp¶Xv- F\n¡v HmÀ½bp- ­v(- F¶pw Xncpta- \n- tbmSpw- aäpw Ipdhm- bn- cn¡mw- Xncpta- \n- ¡p- th- ­nbpw- {]mÀ°n¡- W- sa- ¶p- ff- ]nXrI- ev]\- ]men¨p- sIm- - ImcWw$- GXmbmepw- ­m-Wn-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶pw Rm³ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯-s«( henb Xncpta\n- Fs¶ I­n«p- s­¶p- tXm¶p¶nÃ;- ImcWw Fsâ h¶m HcmgvN- sb- ¦nepw- HmÀ½bn- ep- ff- henb Xncpta\n- AÔ\m- bn- cp- ¶p(- F¶mÂ, henb Xncp- Xma-kn-¡pw$ ta\n aZv_-lm-bn-ep-f-f-t¸mÄ hn( IpÀ_m-\-bn ip{iq-j-I-\m-Im³ F\nbv¡v Achym- g- h- «- ¡mew- kµÀ`w D­mbn- «p­v;- 5þmw hbÊnÂ- ip{iq- j-I-\mb F\n¡v 11 hbkv Df-f-t¸m-gmWv Xncp-ta\n Imew sN¿p-¶-Xv( A¨³ Aca- \bnse- ASp¸- ¡m- c- \m- bn- cp- ¶- Xp- sIm­v- IqsS¡qsS- AhnsS t]mIpam- bn- cp- ¶p(- Ipdp¸w- ]Sn- ]ffn- bnÂ- Ct¸mÄ Hm^okmbn- {]hÀ¯n- ¡p¶ apdn-bn Xncp-ta\n IqsS-¡qsS Xma-kn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-am-bn-cp- ¶p( sN¶m DSs\ Bcm-sW¶v At\z-jn¡pw ""am¯q, FSm am¯q, Cu Noc-t¯m-«-¯n-e-¨sâ ]nf-fbv¡v F¶mSm sImSp-¡sW'' F¶ Bap- J-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-ÃmsX Xncp-ta\n Hcn-¡epw Fs¶ apdn-bn kzoI-cn-¨n-«n- Ã( aä-a\ A¨sâ aI³ s{]m^( Gen-bmkv hÀ¤o-kn\pw, tami-b-¨sâ aI³ tUm( F{_lmw tamk-kn-\p-sams¡ CXp-t]mse Dff HmÀ½-IÄ D­m-bn-cn¡pw F¶v Rm³ Icp-Xp-¶p( As¶ms¡ Xncp-ta-\n-amÀ CS-h-I-bn h¶m C¶s¯ a{´n-amÀ hcp-¶-Xp-t]mse Bbn-cp-¶n-Ã( hml-\-ku-I-cy-§-fp-sSbpw aäpw Ipd-hm- bn-cn¡mw Imc-Ww( GXm-bmepw h¶m Hcm-gvN-sb-¦nepw Xma-kn-¡pw( CS-h-I-bnse sImf-fm-hp¶ hoSp-I-fn \ns¶ms¡ ]e-lm-c-§fpw ]g- hÀ¤-§-fp-sam-s¡-bmbn sN¶v apJw ImWn-¡pw( BZyw sNÃp¶ ho«p- ImÀ sImSp-¡p-¶Xv c­m-aXv sNÃp¶ ho«p-ImÀ¡v In«pw( ]f-fn-bpsS

55 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

]cn-k-c-§-fn-ep-ff hoSp-I-fnse Bfp-IÄ Xncp-ta\n Df-f-t¸mÄ kÔym- {]mÀ°\bv¡v- h¶pIq- Spw(- AhnsS ]ffn ]cnk- c- §- fnÂ- ]Xnhmbn- Ifn¨p \S-¡p¶ Ip«n-I-Ä¡v AXv DÕ-h-Imew( Pohn-X-¯nsâ hÀ²-am-\-amb KXn-th-Kw, CsXms¡ C¶s¯ Xe-ap-dbv¡v A\y-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p( Ipdp¸w]Sn ]ffn- bpsS- sXt¡ apä¯v Hcp henb NmcpI- tk- c- bnÂ- IpSpw- _Im- c- W- h- sc- t¸mse- Im DbÀ¯nh¨v- Dujvaf kvt\lw Gäphm- §nbpw- BÀ{Z-hm-Õeyw Xncn¨v \ÂInbpw kmbm-Ó-§Ä sNe-h-gn¨ Xncp-ta-\n- bpsS B Znhy-km-¶n²yw Akvam-Zr-i-·mÀ¡v Krlm-Xp-cp-Xz-t¯m-Sp-IqSn am{Xta A\p-kva-cn-¡p-hm³ Ign-bq( henb Xncpta- \n- bpsS- hyànXz- ¯nÂ- sXfnªp ImWp¶ Nne kwKXn- IÄ- FSp¯p ]dbmsX- h¿( H¶maXv- At´ymJym knwlmk- \- - tIkv hminbmbn- \S¡p¶- t¯mSp- ff- hnt[b- Xzw(- At´ymJym knwlmk- \- t¯m- Sp- ff- `ànbpw hnt[- Ime¯pw Beph hgn bXzhpw- Xm³ \S¯nb- hnizmk {]Jym]- \- ¯nsâ- `mKam- sW¶- D¯a IS¶p- t]m- Ip- t¼mÄ- Hcp t_m²yw Xsâ hyàn]- c- amb- `mKam- sW¶- CjvSm\n- jvS- §sf- ]n³\nc- - bn amän \ndp¯p- hm³- Xncpta- \n¡v- iàn \ÂIn( c­ma- Xmbn- Xncpta- - A\nhm- cyX- IWs¡ henb \n¡v ]mc¼- cy- t¯m- Sp- ­m- bn- cp¶- {]Xn_- ²X- HmÀ½nt¡­- Xp- ­v(- k`- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- k¶n[m- \- ¯n- - bpsS BNmc- \p- jvTm- \- §Ä,- amÀ¤§fpw- am²ya- §fpw- am{XamWv- F¶v tebv¡v ]p¯³Imhnse- AdnªpsIm­pXs¶- Ah IÀi\- ambn- ]ment¡- ­- Xnsâ- {]m[m\yw Xncpta\n- IS¶p ]Tn¸n- ¡p- Ibpw- B Imcy¯nÂ- amXrI ImWn¡p- Ibpw- sNbvXp Xncpta- - sNÃpam- bn- cp- ¶p$- henb \n( Xncpta- \n- bpsS- A½ acWm- k- ¶- bmbn- InS¶ \mfpI- fnÂ- Xncpta\n- ho«n t]mbn Xmakn¨v- A½sb ip{iqjn¨- IY tI«n«pt­m?- apä¯v Xncpta\n- Imew sNbvXt¸mÄ- Hcp IpSn þ ]À®m{i- awþ- sI«n Bbncp¶p- Xmakn- ¨- Xv(- A½sb ip{iq- tIkn FXnÀI-£n-bmbn jn¡m\pw- A½tbm- sSm¯v- {]mÀ°n¡m\pw- AI¯v t]mIpw; `£Whpw- ]bän- bn- cp¶- KohÀKokv InS¸pw ]pds¯ ]´enÂ(- aq¶ma- Xmbn- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- AXnYn- k¡m- - ZznXo-b³Im-tXm-en¡ cw( AXns\- ¡p- dn¨v- CXv hmbn¡p¶- FÃmhcpw- t\cs¯ Xs¶ tI«dn- - Beph- bnÂ- h¶v Xsâ ]gb ªncn- ¡p- sa¶v- hnNmcn- ¡p- ¶- Xn- \mÂ- ChnsS hniZo- I- cn- ¡p- ¶n- Ã(- F¶m AXnsâ `mKambn- ]dtb­- asämcp kwKXn ]dbmsX- h¿( sa{Xm³ kl]m- Tnbv¡v- At´ym]- Nmcw- I£nbnse- sa{Xm·mcpw A¨·mcpw- aäp ]et¸mgpw- Xr¡p¶¯p- skan- AÀ¸n¨Xpw- \mcn kµÀin¡p- Ibpw- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- BXnYyw kzoIcn- ¡p- I- bp- ap- ­m- bn- - hyàn-_-Ô-¯nsâ «p­v(- ]p¯³Imhnse- tamÀ ]oeIvkn- t\mkv- Bbncp¶p- Cu Iq«¯nÂ- DujvafX- Xs¶bmWv- {]apJ³(- tIkv hminbmbn- \S¡p¶- Ime¯pw Beph hgn IS¶p- t]m- - ImWn¡p- ¶- Xv$- Ipt¼mÄ- Hcp A\nhm- cyX- IWs¡ henb Xncpta- \n- bpsS- k¶n[m- \- ¯n- - tebv¡v ]p¯³Imhnse- Xncpta\n- IS¶p sNÃpam- bn- cp- ¶p(- henb Xncp- ta\n Imew sNbvX-t¸mÄ tIkn FXnÀI-£n-bmbn ]b-än-bn-cp¶ KohÀKokv ZznXob³Im- tXm- en¡- Beph- bnÂ- h¶v Xsâ ]gb kl]m- - Tnbv¡v At´ym]- Nmcw- AÀ¸n¨Xpw- hyàn_- Ô- ¯nsâ- DujvafX- Xs¶- bmWv ImWn¡p- ¶- Xv(- k´p-en-X-amb hyàn-Xz-am-bn-cp¶ henb Xncp-ta-\n-bp-tSX(v ]cn- ip²mßmhnsâ tXPkv Bbn-cp¶p B apJ-¯v( FÃmw Cuiz-c-\n `c- ta-ev]n¨v Pohn¨ Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvX-t¸mÄ k`-bpsS Ncn-{X-¯nse Hcp A²ym-b-¯n\v A´yw Ipdn-¡-s¸-«p( Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS {]mÀ°\ k`bv¡pw s]mXpth k`mw-K-§Ä¡pw tIm«-bm-bn-cn-¡-s«( Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS amXrI B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Btµm-f-\- §-fn BSn-bp-e-bm-Xn-cn-¡m³ B[p-\n-I-cmb þ BNm-cy-·mÀ¡v Bew- _-am-bn-cn-¡-s«(

56 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

\nc]hmZy\pw alm]cnip²\pamb Bephmbnse tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv henb Xncpta\n tUm" Ipdnbm- t¡mkv- tImÀF- ¸n- kvtIm¸- aqebnÂ-

apf´pcp¯n BapJw kp¶ltZmkneqsS e`n¨ apf´pcp¯n kp¶ltZmkv ae¦c k`bpsS B[p\nI Ncn{X¯nse kwLS\miàn \nÀ®mbI hgn¯ncnhmWv( ]( ]t{Xmkv \mema³ _mhm t\XrXzw \ÂIn amÀt¯mam¡mcpambpff Øm]nXamb ae¦c Atkmkntbj\pw amt\PnwKv I½nänbpw k`bpsS s]mXphmb tae\zjWhpw sa{Xm·mcpsS GI\mbIXzw aqeap­mIp¶ tIkn A\pIqeamb A{]Xntcm[yXbpw adnIS¡phm³ Cu {IaoIcW¯n\p km[n¨p( Xocpam\w D­mhpI am{XaÃ, apf´pcp¯n kp¶ltZmkneqsS e`n¨ kwLS\miàn amÀt¯mam ]pXnb ]ffnIÄ, ¡mcpambpff tIkn A\pIqeamb Xocpam\w D­mhpI am{XaÃ, {]kn²oIcW§Ä, ]pXnb ]ffnIÄ, {]kn²oIcW§Ä, P\]¦mfn¯w, BßoI {]Xn_² P\]¦mfn¯w, BßoI Xbpff ià·mcmb t\XrXz\nc F¶n§s\ At\Iw t\«§Ä {]Xn_ÔXbpff k`bnep­mbn( apf´pcp¯n kp¶ltZmknsâ tijw D­mb sa{Xm·m cneqsS k`bnep­mb t\«§fpw hfscbmWv( ]cnip²\mb ]cpae ià·mcmb t\XrXz\nc Xncpta\n bpsS PohnX hnip²nbpsS kzm[o\¯n k`bn BIam\w F¶n§s\ At\Iw At\I hnip²·mcmb Xm]k·mcpw D­mbn( Ahcn {]Ya t\«§Ä k`bnep­mbn$ KW\obcmb c­p ]utemkv d¼m·mcmWv Ac\qäm­ne[nIw ae¦c apf´pcp¯n k`bv¡v t\XrXzw \ÂInb sIm¨p]d¼n henb ]utemkv d¼m\pw kp¶ltZmknsâ tijw Ipän¡m«n sIm¨p]utemkv d¼m\pw( henb ]utemkv d¼m³ D­mb sa{Xm·mcneqsS A_vZpff ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhbm ]utemkv tamÀ Iqdntemkv F¶ t]cn Pdpitean h¨v A`njnà\mbn( A_vZpff ]m{XnbÀ¡okv k`bnep­mb t\«§fpw _mhmbpsS A²y£Xbn 1911þ IqSnb Bephm kp¶ltZmkn hfscbmWv$ h¨v ]utemkv tamÀ Iqdntemkv ae¦c sa{Xm\mbn XncsªSp¡s¸«p( At±lw tIm« bw ]mW¼Sn ]ffnbn I_dS¡s¸«p( I£n hg¡nsâ {]mcw` L« ¯n Gsd {]bmk§Ä klnt¡­nh¶ Cu ]cnip²³

57 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

]gb skan\mcn¡pth­nbpw Xncph\´]pcw ]ffn \nÀ½mW¯n\p th­nbpw Hs¡ hfsc IjvSX kln¨n«p­v( ]pWytÇmI\mb sIm¨p]utemkv d¼m\mWv ]cpae Xncpta\nbpsSbpw IShn ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\mtkymkv H¶masâbpw hnizkvX\mbncp¶v Bephm skan\mcn ]Wnbn¸n¡pIbpw ]cpae skan\mcn ]Wn¡pw aäpw ta t\m«w \S¯pIbpw sNbvX Bephmbnse henb Xncpta\n( sXcsªSp¸v ]cnip²\mb A_vZpff ]m{XnbÀ¡okv ae¦cbn hcpt¼m tg¡pw ]pent¡m «n butk^v tamÀ Zoh¶mkntbmkv sa{Xmt¸meo¯m Imew sN¿pIbpw k`m`cW cwK¯v A¶v h«ticn Xncpta\nbpw sIm¨p]d¼n Xncpta\nbpw am{XamWv kPohcmbn cwK¯p­m bncp¶Xv( apdnaäw tamÀ Cuhm\ntbmkv hmÀ²Iys¯ XpSÀ¶v `cW`mcw Hgnbphm³ Im¯ncn¡pIbmbncp¶p( 1909 hrÝnIw 11þmw e¡w "ae¦c ]pWytÇmI\mb CShI ]{XnI' F¶ k`bpsS HutZymKnI amknIbn "ae¦c CShI sIm¨p]utemkv d¼m\mWv s]mXptbmKw' F¶ Xes¡«n Hcp dnt¸mÀ«v \ÂInbn«p­v( Cu ]cpae Xncpta\nbpsSbpw tbmK\S]Snsb¡pdn¨v AXnsâ BapJ`mKw {i²n¡pI( IShn ]utemkv tamÀ ""hnip² (A_vZpff) ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhm Xncpa\knse Iev]\ {]Imcw Cu hrÝnIw 12\p hymgmgvNbpw ASp¯ Znhk§fnepw ae¦c A¯m \mtkymkv CShIbnse ]ffnIfpsS {]Xn\n[nIÄ tNÀ¶ Hcp s]mXptbmKw tIm« H¶masâbpw b¯p skan\mcnbn IqSnb hnhcw Ghcpw Adnªncn¡patÃm( ae¦c hnizkvX\mbncp¶v Bephm CShIbn Xm³ {]hÀ¯n¡Wsa¶pw ae¦c CShIbv¡v B{Kltam skan\mcn ]Wn At]£tbm Dff kwKXnIÄ C¶sXÃmsa¶p ]ffn{]Xn\n[nIfpsS bn¸n¡pIbpw ]cpae apJ¯p\n¶v tIÄ¡Wsa¶pffXmbncp¶p tbmK¯nsâ Dt±iyhpw skan\mcn ]Wn¡pw aäpw £WIev]\bpsS XmXv]cyhpw( D¨Ignªv aq¶paWntbmSp IqSn skan\mcn ]ffnbn tbmKw Bcw`n¨p( ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhm Xncp taÂt\m«w \S¯pIbpw a\kpsIm­v Fgps¶ffnbpcp¶v {]mÀ°\ Ign¨v tbmK¯nsâ Dt±iy sNbvX Bephmbnse henb §sf¡pdn¨pw aäpw Xncpa\kp sIm­v ZoÀLambn {]kwKn¨ tijw Xncpta\n$ £W Iev]\bpsS XmXv]cy{]Imcw tbmK¡mÀ¡p s]mXphnsem GsX ¦nepw CShI¡mÀ¡v {]tXyInt¨m _mhmtbmSp Adnbn¸m\pff kwKXn IÄ FgpXns¡mSp¡Wsa¶mÚm]n¨p( A¶pw ASp¯ Znhkw \S¯nb BtemN\bpsS ^eambn Ahcn `qcn]£¡mÀ tNÀ¶v _mhm Xncpa\Ênse ap³]msI Xmsg tNÀ¯ncp¶ At]£ kaÀ¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp( 1( hnip² ]nXmhmb At´ymJym ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhm Xncpta\nsb ae¦c ]ffn{]Xn]pcpj·mcpsS Cu almtbmKw BZcthmSpw `àn tbmSpw IqsS kzoIcn¡p¶p( 2( ae¦c Ct¸mgpff Ggp `{Zmk\ CShIIsf aq¶p Unhnj\p Ifmbn hn`mKnt¡­XmsW¶p Xncpa\kns\ Adnbn¡Ww F¶p \nÝbn¨p( 3( sIm¨n, A¦amen, I­\mSv Unhnj\p Bephm skan\mcnbpw (((( tIm«bw Unhnj\p tIm«bw skan\mcnbpw ((( sImÃw, \ncWw, Xp¼a¬ Unhnj\p ]cpae skan\mcnbpw BØm\§fmbncn¡Ww( 4(hS¡³ Unhnj\p tamÀ Cuhm\ntbmkv sa{Xmt¸men¯mbpw

58 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

tIm«bw Unhnj\p tamÀ Zoh¶mkntbmkv sa{Xmt¸men¯mbpw sX¡³ Unhnj\p tamÀ Iqdntemkv sa{Xmt¸men¯mbpw tamÀ Cuhm\ntbmkv sa{Xmt¸men¯mbpsS hmÀ²Iyhpw tcmKhpw \nan¯w At±l¯nsâ AknÌâmbpw Imetijw ]n³Kmanbmbpw sIm¨p ]utemkv d¼m s\bpw hmgn¡Wsa¶pw Cu kp¶ltZmkn\pff A`n{]mbw Xncpa\ Êns\ Adnbn¡Wsa¶pw \nÝbn¨p( (CXpIqSmsX 9 s]mXp\nÝb§fpw At´ymJym {]Xn\n[nbpsS NpaXe kw_Ôambn Xocpam\§fpw Cu tbmK¯n FSp¯n«p­v( IqSmsX sX¡³ CShIbv¡p ]n³Kmanbmbn ]p¶qkv d¼ms\bpw (IÃm AXnte¡pff ticnÂ) hmgn¡Wsa¶pw ip]mÀi sNbvXn«p­v)( ae¦c CShIbpsS ]Ws¨ehnte¡pw aäpw s]mXpXocpam\w C{]Imcw D­mbncp¶ s]mXpkzoImcy\mb hyàn A¦amen CShIbn DÄs¸« bmbncp¶p sIm¨p]utemkv d¼m³ F¶Xv, ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhmbpsS FÃm ]ffn¡mcpw Hcp hmgvNm Xocpam\¯n\pff henb s]mXpP\ AwKoImcambpw ImWphm³ sImÃs¯ BsIbpff Ignbpw( hcpam\w sImSp¡Wsa¶pw henb Xncpta\nbpw Bephm skan\mcnbpw IqSnb]£w \mep Bephm skan\mcn A¼m«p Xncpta\nbpw IShn Xncpta\nbpw sImïn\Iw B Øm]n¨v ]cn]men¨XmsW¦nepw AhÀ¡p ]n¶n \n¶p{]hÀ¯n¨Xp apgph³ henb Xncpta\n F¶ sIm¨p ]utemkv d¼m\mbncp¶p F¶v kwJysImSp¯p Ncn{X tcJIÄ km£n¡p¶p­v( Bephm skan\mcn \nÀhmlI XoÀ¡Wsa¶pw H¶mas¯ kwL¯nsâ sk{I«dnbpw JPm³Pnbpambncp¶ sIm¨p ]utemkv d¼m tbmK¯n sNbvXncp¶ sâ 1906 [\p 14þmw XobXnbnse dnt¸mÀ«n \n¶papff Nne `mK§Ä \nÝbw apgph³ \S¸n ImWpI( (ae¦c CShI ]{XnI 1907 Xpemw (10) e¡w t]Pv 191þ193) hcp¯phm³ Bephm skan\mcn Øm]\¯nsâ BhiyIXsb¡pdn¨pw {]mcw` km[n¡pIbnsöpw {]hÀ¯\§sf¡pdn¨pw \nÀhmlI kanXnsb¡pdn¨pw {]kvXmhn ¨Xn\ptijw dnt¸mÀ«v XpScp¶p( t_m[ys¸SpIsIm­v ""sI«nS¯nsâ Xd \nc¸p apX tatem«pff ]WnIÄ apgph\pw A¦amen CShIbn c­mas¯ s]mXptbmKw IqSnbXnsâ tijamWp \S¯nbn«pffXv( DÄs¸Sm¯ ]ffn¡mcn ]Xn\mbncw dp¸nI sNehpsNbvXv Hcp sI«nSw ]Wnbn¨v 1905 ]Tn¯w \n¶pw Hmtcm am\y·mcn Bcw`n¡Wsa¶pw, AXnte¡pff ]Ws¨ehnte¡pw aäpw A¦amen \n¶pw ]Ww ]ncns¨Sp¯p CShIbn DÄs¸« FÃm ]ffn¡mcpw Hcp sImÃs¯ BsIbpff Hcp henb kwJy hcpam\w sImSp¡Wsa¶pw IqSnb]£w \mep sImïn\Iw B kwJysImSp¯p XoÀ¡Wsa¶pw H¶mas¯ tbmK¯n sNbvXncp¶ D­mtI­XmsW¶pw \nÝbw apgph³ \S¸n hcp¯phm³ km[n¡pIbnsöpw \nÝbn¨p$ t_m[ys¸SpIsIm­v A¦amen CShIbn DÄs¸Sm¯ ]ffn¡mcn \n¶pw Hmtcm am\y·mcn \n¶pw ]Ww ]ncns¨Sp¯p Hcp henb kwJy D­mtI­XmsW¶pw \nÝbn¨p( Cu \nÝbw A\pkcn¨v kwKXnIÄ apgph³ \S¯nbn«nsöpw hyk\ktaXw ]dtb­nbncn¡p¶p( sI«nSw ]WnhIbv¡v ]ffn¡mcpsS Xnc«n³]Snhtc­Xv 10994 cq]m 5 AW 4 ss]kmbn 3467 cq]m 1 AW 11 ss]kmbpw tbmK¯n h¨v kw`mh\ k½Xn¨v H¸n«n«pff am\y·mcn anÌÀ Fw(]n( ss]tem h¡o AhÀIÄ am{Xsa 15 cq]m X¶n«pffq( BI¸msS aqhmbnc¯ªqdnÂ]cw cq]m hchpw aqhmbnc¯n ap¶qän A³]Xn]cw cq]m sNehpap­v( Xnc«pw enÌpw CXpklnXw lmPcm¡nbncn¡p¶p'' F¶mWv dnt¸mÀ«v(

59 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

sIm¨p]utemkv d¼msâ C¡mcy¯nepff IjvS¸mSpw thZ\bpw F{Xam{Xw Bbncp¶p F¶v C¶v AhnsS ISpw]nSp¯w \S¯n [q]mÀ¸Whpw {]thi\hpw apS¡nbncn¡p¶ ITn\ lrZb·mÀ BtemNn¡p¶Xp \¶mbncn¡pw( 1907 hrÝnIw (e¡w11) t]Pv 301 enÌv {]kn²oIcn¨n«pffXpw {it²bamWv( A¦amen `{Zmk\¯nse 22 ]ffnIfn \n¶pw AhnsSbpff 4 hyànIfn \n¶pw am{XamWv C¡mcy¯n ]ncnhpe`n¨Xmbn Cu Xnc«n ImWp¶Xv( Bephm skan\mcn s]mXpk`bptSXmsW¶pw ae¦c sa{Xmsâ hIbmsW¶pw Hs¡ C¶v {]Ncn¸n¡p¶hÀ A¦amen `{Zmk\¯nse ]ffn¡mcpsSbpw sIm¨p ]utemkv d¼m³ F¶ henb Xncpta\nbpsS hnbÀ¸nsâ ^eamWv Duän¡pSn¨v ]cnip² knwlmk\ \nµIcmbn AhnsS InS¡p¶ amÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv sX¶Xp ad¡cpXv( sa{Xmt¸men¯m ChnsS A`nhµy d¼m¨sâ 1907 I¶nbnse amknIbn h¶ asämcp Xmakn¨ncp¶t¸mÄ dnt¸mÀ«pw {i²mÀlamWv( ""skan\mcn sI«nSw ]Wn \S¯p¶Xn\pw Xncpta\nbpsS kz¯n aäpw Bsc¦nepw ChnsS Xmakn¡msX \nhr¯nbnÃ( F¶m Bfnsâ sNehphIbv¡p GXphIbn \n¶p ]Ww sImSp¡Wsa¶pw \n¶pw FÃmhcpsSbpw ap³s]mXptbmK¯n ]dhm³ Bhiys¸SmXncp¶Xn\m ]dªn«nÃ( sNehp IgnªpIqSn _lp amÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv sa{Xmt¸men¯m ChnsS Xmakn¨ncp¶t¸mÄ ktlmZc³ KohÀKokv Xncpta\nbpsS kz¯n \n¶pw FÃmhcpsSbpw sNehp IgnªpIqSn d¼m¨³ (hmI¯m\w) _lp ktlmZc³ KohÀKokv d¼m¨³ (hmI¯m\w) AhÀIÄ AhÀIÄ kpJt¡Sp kpJt¡Sp \nan¯w Øew hn«pt]mbtXmSpIqSn sNehn\p \nan¯w Øew amÀKanÃmXmhpIbpw ]Wnapgph³ NpaXebmbn \S¯p¶Xn\v Rm³ am{Xw tijn¡pIbpw sNbvXp( AI¸d¼v CShI¡mcpsS ]nSns\Ãv hn«pt]mbtXmSpIqSn apS¡w IqSmsX Ab¨p X¶Xn\m X¡me ia\¯n\p ImcWambn''( sNehn\p ChnsS ]kmcw hIhchv 1 cq] 5 AW 6 ss]k Fs¶mcp C\hpw tNÀ amÀKanÃmXmhpIbpw ¯n«p­v( Cu D²cWn At\Iw kXy§Â shfnhm¡p¶XmWv( ]Wnapgph³ NpaXebmbn 1( sIm¨p]utemkv d¼m¨sâ IrXyXbpw IWniat\m`mhhpw \S¯p¶Xn\v Rm³ am{Xw skan\mcn ]Wn¡pth­n Xmakn¡pt¼mgpw ]Wn¡pth­n ]ffnIfn tijn¡pIbpw sNbvXp$ \n¶pw e`n¡p¶ XpIbn \n¶pw kz´w sNehn\p hybw sN¿phm\pff sshapJyw( 2(taÂ{]Imcw ]Ww sNehgn¡W sa¦n s]mXptbmKw A{]Imcw Xocpam\n¡Wambncp¶p F¶pff IrXyX( P\t¯mSpw kw`mh\ X¶ e£yt¯mSpapff IrXyXbmWnhnsS ImWp¶Xv( 3( hmI¯m\w d¼m¨³ kpJt¡Sp \nan¯amWv t]mbsX¶ kXy kÔamb kqN\( At±ls¯ ]pd¯pNmSn¨XmWv F¶ Hcp sa{Xm³ I£n Fgp¯pImcsâ ZpxkpN\bv¡pff adp]Snbpw ChnsS XpSÀ¶p tNÀ¯n«p­v( At±lw t]mbt¸mÄ 5 cq] kw`mh\bpw \ÂInbmWv t]mbXv( 4( AI¸d¼v ]ffnbnse ]qÀÆnIcpsS kvt\lhpw HuZmcyhpw AhÀ Xncpta\n Xmakw amdnbXn\ptijhpw sIm¨p]utemkv d¼m¨\v Bhiy amb ]nSns\Ãv apS¡wIqSmsX F¯n¨p( At±lt¯mSpff amXrCShI bpsSbpw IpSpw_¡mcpsSbpw IcpXÂ( 5( k`bv¡pth­n \nkzmÀ°w IjvSs¸Sp¶hÀ¡pw _p²nap«p ­mbmepw Bhiy§Ä \S¯n¡n«phm³ GsX¦nepw hgnIÄ Xpd¡pw

60 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

F¶ amXrIm ]mThpw ChnsS ImWmw( 6( ]kmcwhI hchv ChnsS ImWp¶Xn \n¶pw skan\mcn¸ffnbn CShI¡mÀ Bcw`w apXte D­mbncp¶p F¶pw AhcpsS hnhmlm ZnIÄ IÀ½^okv \ÂIn AhnsS \S¯n h¶ncp¶p F¶pw sXfnbp¶p( Bephm skan\mcn ]ffn CShImwK§Ä AhnsS tIhew IÀ½mZnIÄ A\p`hn¨pt]mcp¶hÀ am{XambnIcp¶p F¶pff NnecpsS hmZapJ §Ä¡p [mÀ½nImSn¯dbpw Øm]\ ]mc¼cy ]n³XpWbpw CÃm F¶pw hyàam¡p¶p( At{]w {]Ya³ _mhm BZcn¨ alm]cnip²³ Bephmbnse henb Xncpta\n XnIª At´ymJym `à\pw A´ymJym ae¦c _Ôw BN{µXmcw \ne\n¡phm³ XymKw kln¨ ""kzoIcW lmfnsâ sXt¡ alm\p`mh\pambncp¶p( F¶mÂ, Hcn¡Ât]mepw ioabm{X \S¯p Aä¯mWv ]$ ]m{XnbÀ¡m Itbm A§s\ B{Kln¡pItbm sNbvXn«nÃm¯bmfpamWv( At±l knwlmk\w t¯msSm¸w `{Zmk\ NpaXe hln¨ncp¶hcn þ CShgn¡Â tamÀ {]XnjvTn¨ncn¡p¶Xv$ CXnsâ tkthdntbmkv Xncpta\n HgnsIþFÃmhcpw hnip² \mSpIfpw ]m{XnbÀ¡m BØm\§fpw kµÀin¨n«pffhcmWv( henb Xncpta\nsb Ccphi fnepapff `n¯nbnÂ, hmgn¨ A_vZpffm ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhmbpw ]n¶oSp h¶ Genbmkv CcpXeIfpff kzÀ® XrXob³ _mhmbpw At{]w {]Ya³ _mhmbpw Hs¡ henb Xncpta AwihSnIÄ \nbpsS Bcm[y ]pcpj·mcmbncp¶p( Ahcn At{]w {]Ya³ _mhm Xq¡nbncn¡p¶p$ henb Xncpta\nsb B²ymßnI kpIrX§fpsS AXnt{ijvT amXr {IqipacWw apXemb IbmbmWv IcpXnbncp¶Xv( BbXnsâ hensbmcp sXfnhv hben¸d¼n A\h[n Nn{X§fm tamÀ {KntKmdntbmkv Xncpta\n FgpXnb 1946þse ioabm{X F¶ IrXnbnse Hcp ]cmaÀiamWv( sa{Xm`ntjI¯n\pth­n tlmwknse `n¯nIÄ Ae¦cn¡ ]m{XnbÀ¡m Aca\bn F¯nb hben¸d¼n Xncpta\n (A¨\mbn) s¸«ncn¡p¶p$ sa{Xm·mcpsS Aca\bnse kzoIcW apdn hnhcn¡p¶ cwKw hmbn¡pI( t^mt«mbmbn ae¦cbpsS ""kzoIcWlmfnsâ sXt¡ Aä¯mWv ]( ]m{XnbÀ¡m knwlm ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\mkn k\w {]XnjvTn¨ncn¡p¶Xv( CXnsâ Ccphi§fnepapff `n¯nbnÂ, tbmkv Xncpta\nbpsS Hcp CcpXeIfpff kzÀ® AwihSnIÄ Xq¡nbncn¡p¶p( {IqipacWw t^mt«m am{Xta apXemb A\h[n Nn{X§fm `n¯nIÄ Ae¦cn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p( sa{Xm·mcpsS t^mt«mbmbn ae¦cbpsS ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m B apdnbnepffq$ kntbmkv Xncpta\nbpsS Hcp t^mt«m am{Xta B apdnbnepffq( Hcp hi¯v _mhm Xncpa\knse {]nb amXmhnsâ Hcp Ombm]Shpap­v''( (hnip²\mSv kµÀi\§Ä, tamÀ BZmbn ÌUn skâÀ, NocwNnd, N§ \mticn, t]Pv 224) ]cnip²mßmhnsâ ^ew hln¨ncp¶ amXrIm tbmKy³ henb Xncpta\nbpambn t\cn«p ]cnNbapff ]ehyànIfpw sshZn Icpw AhcpsS A`n{]mb§Ä ]dbp¶XptI«n«p­v( AhcpsS a\Ênse Bib§Ä Fsâ Nn´bn Hcpan¨pIqSnbt¸mÄ at\mapIpc¯n DZn¨ph¶ thZhmIyw KemXyÀ 5:22 BWv( "kvt\lw( kt´mjw, kam[m\w, ZoÀL£a, Zb, ]tcm]Imcw, hnizmkw, hn\bw, kl\w F¶nhbmIp¶p' F¶v hnip²{KÙw ]dbp¶p( henb Xncpta\n Cu hmIyw AXnsâ kq£vaXe¯n PohnX¯n ]men¨ncp¶p(

61 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

1( henb Xncpta\n kvt\lhpw ImcpWyhpw Ft¸mgpw {]ISn ¸n¨ncp¶p( 2( tIm]hpw t£m`hpw Xncpta\nbpsS kzm`mh¯n Xs¶ CÃm bncp¶p( 3( sshZnItcmSpw si½mi·mtcmSpw P\t¯mSpw im´Xbnepw kvt\l¯nepw am{Xta kwkmcn¡pambncp¶pffq( (tamt\, ]ptÅ F¶ kvt\lakrWambn kwt_m[\ Xs¶ DZmlcWw) 4( Zbbpw kam[m\ hm©bpw Ft¸mgpw hm¡nepw {]hr¯nbnepw \ngen¨ncp¶p( KemXyÀ 5:22 BWv$ 5( hnizmk Xo£vWXbnepw kwc£W¯nepw A{KKWy\m "kvt\lw$ kt´mjw, bncp¶p( {]mÀ°\ D]hmkw kaÀ¸Ww F¶o Imcy§fn hn«phogvN kam[m\w, ZoÀL£a, Zb, bnÃm¯ PohnXw( ]tcm]Imcw, hnizmkw, 6( hn\b¯nepw Xmgvabnepw Dff kwkmchpw ssienbpw ap¶n«p hn\bw, kl\w \n¶ncp¶p F¶nhbmIp¶p' F¶v 7( Zcn{ZtcmSpff IcpXepw kµÀiItcmSpff BZchpw `£W\nÀ_ Ôhpw Hcpt]mse \ÂInbncp¶ BXntYb³ Bbncp¶p ]( ]nXmhv( hnip²{KÙw ]dbp¶p$ 8( hn( aZv_lmbnepw ssZhmeb¯nepw {]mÀ°\mhkc§fn Xdbn Ipjy\n«p am{Xw Ccn¡pambncp¶ kl\ amXrIbmbncp¶p henb Xncpta\n( C§s\ \m\m{]ImtcW hnip²nbpsS am\ZWvU§Ä PohnX¯n ]cn]men¨ncp¶ alm]cnip² \mbncp¶p henb Xncpta\n( B alm]cnip²sâ HmÀ½ k`bv¡pw kaql¯n\pw BßoI {]tNm Z\w \ÂIs« F¶p {]mÀ°n¡p¶p(

CS¯p\n¶v KohÀKokv tamÀ {KntKmdntbmkv sa{Xmt¸men¯, aoJmtb tamÀ Zoh¶mkntbmkv sa{Xmt¸men¯, ] henb Xncpta\n, tamÀ bqentbmkv _mhm, ]utemkv tamÀ tkthdntbmkv sa{Xmt¸men¯

62 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

{]mÀ°-\-bp-sSbpw I®o-cn-sâbpw hen-b-Xn-cp-ta\n cmaN{µ³ (ap³U]yq«n FUnäÀ, awKfw)

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A½ ]cpae- Xncpta- \nsb- FÃmhcpw- HmÀ¡p¶- Xv,- {]mÀ°\- bn- eq- sSbpw- ac-Wm-k-¶-bmbn [ym\-¯n-eq-sSbpw Cuizc km£mXvImcw kn²n¨ tbmKn-bm-bn-«m-Wv( InS-¶-t¸mÄ At±lw FÃm AÀ°¯nepw `mc-Xob ]mc-¼-cy-¯n-\n-W-§p¶ Hcp tbmKn( ]cp- ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS in£-W-¯n Xs¶ ssÇln-I-hr-¯n-bn F¯n-b Ah-sc-t¸mbn ip{iq-jn¨ Bep-h-bnse henb Xncp-ta\n s]utemkv tamÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-knsâ IY Cuizc- km- £mÂImcw- PohnXw ]Tn-¡p-t¼mgpw \mw ImWp¶Xv {]mÀ°-\-I-fpsS Hcp henb kn²n¨ kw\ym-kn-h-cy\p Xncpta- \nsb- Xs¶bm- Wv(- am{Xw tNÀ¶ H¶mWv- þ {]mÀ°\- bnÂ- C{Xam{Xw- Xo£vW- X- bp- ff- HcmNm- cys\- Xm³ I­n- ho«pap- ä¯v- Hcp IpSn «n-sÃ-¶mWv Iv\m\mb `{Zm-k\ CS-h-I-bpsS Imew sNbvX henb sa{Xm- AYhm ]ÀWm-{iaw s¸m-en¯ G{_lmw tamÀ ¢oankv HmÀan-¨n«pff-Xv( Ipdp¸pw]Sn ]f-fn- bpsS sXt¡-ap-ä¯v henb Nmcp-I-tk-c-bn Imc-W-h-sc-t¸mse Im sI«n-bmWv Xncp-ta\n DbÀ¯n-h¨v Dujvaf kvt\lw Gäp hm§nbpw BÀ{Z-hm-Õeyw Xncn-¨p- Xma-kn-¨-Xv$ A½sb sIm-Sp¯pw kmbmÓ-§Ä sNehn« B Znhy-km-¶n[yw At±-ls¯ ip{iq-jn-¡m\pw ASp¯p I­n-«p-ff aäp ]e-cp-sSbpw HmÀa-bn h¶p \nd-bp-¶p( A½-tbm-sSm¯p Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A½ ac-Wm-k-¶-bmbn InS-¶-t¸mÄ At±lw Ah- {]mÀ°n¡m\pw- sc-t¸mbn ip{iq-jn¨ IY Cuiz-c-km-£mÂImcw kn²n¨ k\ym-kn-h- AI¯p- t]m- Ipw$- `£Whpw cy\p am{Xw tNÀ¶ H¶m-Wvþ ho«p-ap-ä¯v Hcp IpSn AYhm ]ÀWm- {iaw sI«n-bmWv Xncp-ta\n Xma-kn-¨-Xv( A½sb ip{iq-jn-¡m\pw A½- InS¸pw ]pds¯ IpSnenÂ$- tbm-sSm¯p {]mÀ°n-¡m\pw AI-¯p-t]m-Ipw( `£Whpw InS¸pw ]pds¯ IpSnenÂ(- CS-h-I-bn Xncp-ta\n Xma-kn-¡m³ sNÃp¶ Imew, CS-h-I-bnse DÕh- Im- e- am- bn- cp- ¶p(- CSh- I- bnÂ- sN¶m HcmgvN- sb- ¦n- epw- - Xma- kn¡pw(- CS-h-Imw-K-§Ä ]e-lm-c-§fpw ]g-§-fp-ambn sN¶v At±-ls¯ apJw

63 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

ImWn-¡pw( F¶mÂ, BZyw sNÃp¶ ho«p-ImÀ sImSp-¡p-¶Xv c­maXp sNÃp¶ ho«pImÀ¡p- In«pw( BfpI- sfÃmw- AhnsS kÔym{]mÀ°- \bv¡v- F¯pw( ]ffn ]cn-k-c-§-fn Ifn¨p \S-¡p¶ Ip«n-IÄ¡v AXv BtLm- jIm- e- am- Ipw(- "AXnYn tZthm `h' F¶ D]-\n-jXv Nn´ A§-s\-Xs¶ Pohn-X- ¯n At±lw kzmwio-I-cn¨p( sa{Xm³I-£n-bnse sa{Xm-·mcpw A¨-·mcpw Xr¡p-¶¯p skan- \m-cn-bn-se¯n B AXn-Yn-k¡mcw ]e-h«w kzoI-cn-¨-Xm-bmWv Ncn- {Xw( tIkv hmin-bmbn \S-¡p¶ Ime¯pw ]p¯³Im-hnse amÀ ]oe- A¼m«p sa{Xm¨³- Imew Ivknt\mkv- AhnsS Ibdn- s¨- Ãp- am- bn- cp¶p(- henb Xncpta\n- Imew sNbvX- t¸mgm- Is«,- FXnÀ I£nbmbn- ]bän- bn- cp¶- KohÀKokv ZznXnb³- ImtXm- sNbvXt¸mÄ- ASp¯p- \n¶p- en¡ Bep-hm-bn-se¯n ]gb kl-]m-Tn¡v At´ym-]-Nmcw AÀ¸n-¡p- ip{iq-jn-¡m³ Ign-bm-Xn-cp- Ibpw sNbvXp( ¶Xv PohnXm- h- km\w- Xr¡p¶¯p- skan\m- cn- bnÂ- Xncpta- \n- bp- f- f- t¸mÄ- Ass{IkvX- hcpw- hscbpw henb Xncpta- \nsb- AhnsS h¶v B km¶n[yw A\p-`-hn-¨n-cp-¶p, ]t£, F{X Xo{h-amb, Ae-«n-bn-cp¶p$ F¶mÂ, kwkmc- am- bn- cp- ¶m- epw,- bma{]mÀ°- \- I- Ä¡p- aWnb- Sn- ¨m- ep- S³- At±lw A¼m«p sa{Xm¨- t\m- Sp- ­m- bn- - kwkmcw \nÀ¯p-am-bn-cp-¶p( CS-¸-ffnbn \n¶v A¿-¼n-f-fn-bn-te¡p IpSn-tb-dnb sXt¡-¡c cp¶ henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS a¯mbn- bp- sSbpw- AI¸- d¼v- ss]\mS¯v- A¶bp- sSbpw- aI\mbn- ]nd¶ `ànbpsS- kvamcIw sIm¨ps]utemkns\ Is­-Sp-¯Xv KohÀKokv tamÀ Iqdn-temkv (A- Bephm skan\m- cn- ¸- f- fn- - ¼m-«v) sa{X-s¸m-en-¯-bm-bn-cp-¶p(1869 P\p-hcn 23þ\v ]nd¶ sIm¨p bpsS aZv_lm hf-hnsâ s]utemkv 1879 G{]n 21 \mWv A¼m«v sa{Xm-s¸m-en-¯mbn \n¶v hSt¡ Imen³ta ImWmw$ tImdqtbm Øm\ta- ä- Xv(- kvamc-I-ine Øm]n-¡m³ si½mi- \m- Ip- ¶- Xn\p- ap¼pw Ipªn¸utem- aZv_lm- bnÂ- ip{iqj sNbvXn-cp-¶p( ](]t{Xmkv ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _mhm A¦-am-en-¸-f-fn-bn F{Xtbm Øe§Ä- D­mbn- - hnip² IpÀ_m-\-bÀ¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ D­mb Hcp kw`-hhpw Ncn-{X-amWv( cp¶n- «pw,- Xm³ {]XnZn\w- A©m-as¯ Xp_vtZ³ kpdn-bm-\n-bn hmbn-¡m³ aZv_-lm-bn-ep-ff c­pt\cw- ap«pIp¯n- ]ecpw i¦n¨p \nÂs¡, A¼m«p Xncp-ta\n Ipªn-¸u-temsb Xffn {]mÀ°n¨n- cp¶- Øe¯n\v- apt¶m-«p-hn-«p( B kzc-am-[pcn AhnsS DbÀ¶p( AXp-tI«v _mhm Xcn-¨p- t\scbmWv- B amÀ_nÄ \n-¶p( ]n¶oSv acWw hsc-bpw, "A¼m«p sa{Xm-¨-s\-¸än A¯-\m-kn- ine Øm]n¨- Xv$- tbmkv Xncp-ta\n HmÀ¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ B apJ¯v `àn-bpsS Ifn-bm«w ImWmam- bn- cp- ¶p(- ]¯psImÃw- Iqdntemkv- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- in£W- ¯nÂ- kpdnbm\n- ]Tn¨ tijamWv- henb Xncpta\n- Cw¥ojv ]T\- ¯n\p- tNÀ¶- Xv( Bep-h-bnse kÀ¡mÀ Cw¥ojv kvIqfnepw tIm«bw kn(-Fw(-F-kv(- tIm-tfPv sslkvIq-fnepw ]Tn-¨-ti-jw, Fw(-Un( skan-\m-cn-bn kpdn-bm- \nbpw thZ]m- Thpw- ]Tn¸n- ¡m³- \nbpà- \m- bn(- C¡me- ¯v,- kn(sP Ipcy³, Fw(F Nmt¡m, C(sP tPm¬, I­-¯n hdp-Kokv am¸n-f, sI(-kn( am½³am¸nf,- sIm¨p ]mtd«p ^nen¸p h¡oÂ, C(Fw(- ^nen¸v XpS§n- b- - h-cp-ambn ]cn-N-b-ap-­m-bn( Hfi If-¸p-c-bv¡Â sI(-kn( Nmt¡m Xc-I-\p- ambpw ASp-¸-ap-­m-bXv C¡m-e-¯m-Wv( A¼m«p sa{Xm-¨³ Imew sNbvX-t¸mÄ ASp-¯p-\n¶p ip{iq-jn- ¡m³ Ign-bm-Xn-cp-¶Xv Pohn-Xm-h-km\w hscbpw henb Xncp-ta-\nsb Ae-«n-bn-cp¶p( F¶mÂ, A¼m«p sa{Xm-¨-t\m-Sp-­m-bn-cp¶ henb Xncp- ta-\n-bpsS `àn-bpsS kvamcIw Bephm skan-\m-cn-¸-f-fn-bpsS aZv_lm

64 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

hf-hnsâ hSt¡ Imen³ta ImWmw( kvamc-I-ine Øm]n-¡m³ F{Xtbm Øe-§Ä D­m-bn-cp-¶n-«pw, Xm³ {]Xn-Zn\w c­p-t\cw ap«p- Ip¯n {]mÀ°n¨n- cp¶- Øe¯n\v- t\scbmWv- B amÀ_nÄ ine Øm]n- ¨Xv(- Fw(Un skan\m- cn- bnÂ- \n¶v, d¼m³ Øm\t¯- ¡p- ff- henb Xncp- ta-\n-bpsS bm{X Hcp AÛpX tcmK-im-´n-bpsS bm{X-Iq-Sn-bmWv( ISp¯ Pzcw _m[n¨v NnIn-Õn-¨n«pw kpJ-am-Im-Xn-cp¶ si½m-is\ tIm«-b-¯p- \n¶v hf-f-¯n A¦-am-en-bn-te¡v sIm­p-h-cp-t¼mÄ hf-f-¯n h¨p Xs¶ ssXem-`n-tjIw \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p( GtXm ssZhnI -IÂ]-\-bm-se-¶- 1910 CShw 27þ\v AI¸- d¼v- t]m-se, ho«nse ]cn-N-c-W-¯n si½m-i³ kpJw {]m]n-¨p; F¶mÂ, ]f-fn-bn-em-bn-cp¶p B ]cn-N-c-W-¯n-\n-S-bn Pzc-_m-[n-X-cmbn At±-l-¯nsâ A½bpw Øm\m`n- tjIw$- At±lw tPyjvT\pw Cl-tem-I-¯n \n¶p hnShm-§n( Cu A\p-`-h-§Ä tbip- tamÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv hn-te¡v At±-ls¯ IqSp-X ASp-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p( Kpcp-hm-bn-cp¶ Bbn$ B ka-bs¯ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n ]e-t¸mgpw s]ueqkv si½m-is\ d¼m-\m-Im³ \nÀ_- Ôn-¨n-cp-s¶-¦n-epw, At±lw hg-§n-bn-cp-¶n-Ã( F¶mÂ, tcmK-im-´n-tbm- kXy-{]-Xn-PvR, At´ymJym sS, si½m-i³ tbip-hnsâ ]mX Xs¶-bmWp Xsâ ]mX-sb¶p Xncn-¨- knwlm-k-\-¯nsâ ]c-am-[n- dnªp( ]ns¶ a\pjy ]oU-\-¯nsâ Ipcn-ti-´n( tamÀ Iqdn-tem-knsâ Im-cs¯ tNmZyw I_-dn Ipsd Znhkw [ym\-an-cp-¶p( sN¿p-I-bn-sö {]Xn-Ú, d¼m\m- bn- cn- s¡,- hS¡³- ]dhqÀ- ]ffn- bnÂ\n¶p- In«nb BZyssI- - Ahkm\w- hscbpw At±lw \o«w Kpcp-Z-£n-W-bmbn Beph ]ffn ]Wn¡v IÃp-sh-«n-¡m³ ImWn¡ ewLn-¨n-Ã$ am{X-a-Ã, Xs¶ hbv¡p-I-bmWv At±lw sNbvX-Xv( A¶v AXv Hme-taª ]f-fn-bm-bn- cp¶p; C¶v skan\mcn- aµnc- ¯nsâ- hS¡v aXnen- t\mSp- tNÀ¶p ImWp¶ [n¡-cn-¨-Xn\v 1911 sabv 31þ\v Agn-bn« sNdn-b- sI-«n-S-a-ÃmsX asäm¶pw Ahn-sS-bn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p( A¶v h«ti- cnÂ- tamÀ Cu sI«nSw ]f-fn-a-Xn¡-I¯v Xs¶ apä¯p \n¡p¶ c­p ¹mhp-I- Znh¶m- tkymkv- sa{Xms¸m- en- - fpsS CSbnÂ- Bbncp¶p(- ]ffn- ]Wn ]qÀ¯nbm- bXv- sIm¨p s]ueqkv ¯msb ]$A_vZpff- d¼msâ ]cn{i- a- ¯mÂ- 1900 \v ASp¯m- Wv(- Bephm ]ffn- - ]Wn- ¡n- S- bnÂ- ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _mhm AhnsS- sb- ¯nb- ]cpae- Xncpta\n- ]cpae- ]ffn- - ]Wn- ¡mbn- d¼ms\ apS-¡nb tijw HmKÌv 19\v At§m-«p-£-Wn¨p sIm­p-t]m-bn( aq¶p hÀjw AhnsS Xma-kn-¨mWv skan\mcn- ]Wn \S¯n- b- Xv(- k½m\- ambn- ]cpae- Xncpta\n- d¼m\v Hcp apf´p- cp¯n- ]ffn- bnÂ- \S¶ ioe-ap-Snbpw ]{X-ko\pw ]«wsImS ]pkvX-Ihpw sImSp-¯p( aqtdm³ IqZmi- bnÂ- tamÀ Bephm skan-\m-cn-bn 1909 Nn§w 15þ\v tNÀ¶ ]ffn {]Xn-]p-cp-j- A¯m-\m-tkymkv tbm-K-amWv sIm¨p-s]ueqkv d¼ms\ A¦-amen `{Zm-k\ CS-hI sa{Xm- sa{X-s¸m-en¯ s¸m-en¯ Øm\-t¯¡p sXc-sª-Sp-¯-Xv( 1910 CShw 27þ\v AI-¸-d¼v ]s¦Sp- ¡p- Ibpw- sNbvXp$ ]f-fn-bn-em-bn-cp¶p Øm\m-`n-tjIw( At±lw tamÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv Bbn( B ka-bs¯ kXy-{]-Xn-PvR, At´ymJym knwlm-k-\-¯nsâ ]cam- [n- Im- cs¯- tNmZyw sN¿pI- bn- sö- {]XnÚ,- Ahkm\w- hscbpw At±lw ewLn-¨n-Ã( tamÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbm-knsâ 1910 apX 1953 hsc-bp-ff `c-W-amWv A¦-amen `{Zm-k\ CS-h-I-sb- D-¶Xnbn F¯n-¨-Xv( c­p-hÀjw Xsâ kl-Nm-cn-bm-bn-cp¶ sIm¨p-sa-{Xm-¨-t\mSv ](A_vZp-ff ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _mhmbv¡p- ­m- bn- cp¶- kvt\lhmbv]v- At±lw 1911þ tat{k\nÂ- \n¶- b¨ Cu I¯n ImWmw: ""Fsâ hmÕ-ey-a-I-s\, \nsâ kvt\lhpw XymKhpw hnizmk- ssh- cm- Kyhpw- \½psS lrZb- ¯nsâ- Bg¯nÂ- \n¶p amdp-¶n-Ã( \ns¶ hn«p-t]m-¶-Xn \ap¡v AS-§m¯ k¦-S-ap-­v( imco-cn-

65 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

I I- ®p- IÄ- sIm­v \½Ä X½n ImWp¶n- sÃ- ¦n- epw,- Bßmhnepw- lrZ- b-¯nepw \mw \nt¶m-Sp-Iq-sS-bp-­v('' ]n¡me¯v- tIkpIÄ- aqÀ[\yw {]m]n¡p- Ibpw- FXnÀI£n- bnse- {]amWn- IÄ- Xncpta- \nsb- Bephm skan\m- cn- bnÂ- \n¶v Cd¡n- hn- Sp- sa¶v- `oj-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvX-t¸mÄ A±l¯nsâ {]Xn-I-cWw CXm-bn- cp-¶p: "a¡sf, `b-an-Ã( AI-¸-d-¼n \ap-s¡mcp ]pc-bn-S-ap-­v( InWdpw Ipgn-¸n-¨n-«p-­v, Hcp sNdnb sI«nSw hbv¡-Ww, \ma-hnsS Ign-ªp-Iq-Sn- s¡m-f-fmw( F¶mepw Ak-Xy-¯n\p \mw Iq«p-\n¡-bn-Ã(' hmÕeyw \ndª kw`mj- W- am- bn- cp¶p- At±l- ¯nsâ- Hmtcm {]`m- j-W-hpw( GXv CS-h-I-¡mcpw At±-ls¯ Im¯n-cp-¶Xv B {]kwKw tIs«m¶p I®oÀ hmÀ¡m\pw B IpÀ_m\ tIs«m¶p Ic-bm-\p-am-bn-cp- ¶p( At±-l-¯nsâ Ah-km-\s¯ Xncp-hÃm kµÀi-\-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ, I«{]¯p ]f-fn-bn F¯nb At±lw Hcp kpdn-bm\n KoXw sNmÃn( AXnsâ AÀ°w C§s\ hniZo- I- cn- ¨p(- tbm\m \n\th- bnÂ- \n¶p ]pd- s¸-«-t¸mÄ Ah\p k¦-S-ambn \n\-th-¡mÀ Ahs\ A\p-bm{X sNbvXp( Ahcn- §s\- ]dªp(- "kXy¯nsâ {]kwK- Is\,- sXän \n¶p R§sf "a¡sf, `b-an-Ã$ AI-¸-d-¼n kXy-h-gn-bn-te¡p Xncn-¨-h-s\, kam-[m-\-t¯msS t]mbm-epw(' \aps¡mcp- ]pcbn- S- ap- ­v$- Ah\p k¦-S-ambn F¶p ]d-ª-t¸m-tg¡pw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS sXm­- InWdpw Ipgn¸n- ¨n- «p- ­v,- bn-S-dn, I®p \nd-ªp( At±lw Ic-ªp, IqsS-bn-cp-¶-hcpw Ic-ªp( Hcp sNdnb sI«nSw aq¶p aWn-¡qÀ t\cw {]kw-Kn-¨m-epw, B aq¶p an\n«p t\cs¯ hnXp-¼- hbv¡Ww,- ensâ [ym\ hnip²n In«p-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã( 1913  XpS-§nb h«n-¸-W-t¡kv XpS-cp-¶-Xn-\n-S-bn-emWv 1917  ae- \mahnsS- Ignªp- - ¦c sa{X-s¸m-en¯m tamÀ Iqdn-temkv Imew sNbvX-Xv( kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw IqSn- s¡m- f- fmw$- F¶mepw ae-¦c sa{X-s¸m-en¯ Bbn ]n¶oSp tamÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv Xs¶-bm- AkXy- ¯n\p- \mw Iq«p- bn-cp-¶p( 1935  Icn-§m-¨nd ]f-fn-bn tNÀ¶ Atkm-kn-tb-j³ tbmK- \n¡-bn-Ã$' ¯n At±lw ho­pw ae-¦c sa{X-s¸m-en¯ Bbn sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸- «p( tIkv hmZn-¡m³ At±lw £Wn-¨-X-\p-k-cn-¨mWv kÀ kn(]n cma- kzman A¿À BZy-ambn tIc-f-¯n F¯n-bXv( kap-Zm-b-t¡kv tXmäv PbnenÂ- t]mtI­n- h- ¶mÂ- Pbnen- te¡v- Hcp bma\- a- kvImc- ]pkvXIhpw- k¦oÀ¯\ ]pkvX-Ihpw sIm­p-t]m-I-W-sa-¶mWv klmbn am¯p-hn- t\mSv henb Xncpta\n- ]dªn- cp- ¶- Xv(- "IÀ¯mth, Fsâ Znh-k-§-fpsS a[y-¯n Fs¶ \o FSp-¯p-I-f- bcp- tX((('- F¶ k¦oÀ¯\- hmIyw- hmbn¡p- t¼mÄ- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- sXm­- bn-S-dp-¶Xv ]ecpw I­n-«n-«p-­v( "Fsâ _ew £bn-¡p-t¼mÄ Fs¶ \o ssIhn«p Ifb- cptX'- F¶ hmIyw hmbn¡p- t¼mÄ- At±l- ¯nsâ- I®p- IÄ kP-e-§-fm-Ip-¶Xpw ]ecpw I­n-«p-­v( HSp-hnÂ, ImgvN \in¡pw ap³]pt]m- epw,- Bephm skan\m- cn- bpsS- GsX¦nepw- aqebv¡v NnXensâ- Hcwiw I­m t]mepw, At±lw Xs¶ Xq¯p-I-f-bp-am-bn-cp¶p; "\m´ I®nte A´w ]mbq' F¶ ]g-samgn ]d-bp-Ibpw sN¿pw henb Xncpta\n- P\n¨Xv- AI¸- d- ¼n- emWv;- At±l- ¯nsâ- a\Ênsâ- AI-¸-d¼p \nd¨pw Imcp-Wyhpw [ym\-¯n Im¨n-sb-Sp¯ BÀ{Z-X-bp- am-bn-cp-¶p( "\nsâ Ieym-W-hkv{Xw Hcp-¡-¶-tXm-sSm¸w \nsâ ih-kw- kvIm-c-¯n-\p-ff hkv{Xhpw Hcp-¡pI' F¶ kpdn-bm-\n- KoXw ]e-hpcp D]-tZ-in¨ At±-l-¯n-\v, ac-Ww-t]mepw Hcp hnip-²-[ym-\-am-bn-cp-¶p(

66 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

"henb Xncpta\n' F¶ henb a²yس s{]m^" tUm" kn"F" ss\\m³, Xncph\´]pcw

Rm³ sslkvIqÄ 1 Hcp A\p`h km£yw hnZymÀ°n Bbncp¶ Rm³ 57 hÀj§Ä¡v ap¼v Hcp t\À¨ t\À¶p( Cu Imcyw Ime¯v$ C´ybv¡v BZyambmWv ]pd¯v ]dbp¶Xv, A¶p t\À¨sb¸än imkv{Xobambn kzmX{´yw A¶p In«nbn«nÃ$ Hcdnhpw CÃmbncp¶p( Cu t\À¨ A¶p hnip²\mbn {]Jym]n¡s¸«n «nÃmbncp¶ hnip²\mb henb Xncpta\nbpsS t]cnembncp¶p( Bephm skänÂsaâ n Xncpta\nsb BsI Htc Hcp {]mhiyw am{Xsa Rm³ I­n«pffq( _lp$ hn$kn$ KohÀKokv AXp tIhew 10 an\n«v am{Xw, Rm³ sslkvIqÄ hnZymÀ°n Bbncp¶ A¨sâ t\XrXz¯n \S¶ Ime¯v( C´ybv¡v kzmX{´yw A¶p In«nbn«nÃ( Bephm skänÂsaân ss__nÄ ¢mÊn _lp( hn(kn( KohÀKokv A¨sâ t\XrXz¯n \S¶ ss__nÄ ¢mÊn kw_Ôn¡phm³ Fsâ kw_Ôn¡phm³ Fsâ ]nXrktlmZc³ _lp( kn(hn( tPmÀÖv ]nXrktlmZc³ _lp$ tImÀF¸nkvtIm¸tbmsSm¸w t]mbt¸mÄ( kn$hn$ tPmÀÖv ta¸dª t\À¨ t\cpt¼mÄ (1952) t_m«Wn MSc bv¡v H¶mw tImÀF¸nkvtIm¸tbmsSm¸w ¢mÊn H¶ma\mbn ]mÊmbn ]mem skâ v tXmakv tImtfPn seIv¨ t]mbt¸mÄ$ dÀ Bbn BZyw tPmenbn {]thin¨ kabw, i¼fw 150 cq]m {]Xnamkw( C´ym Khs×ânsâ tZiob Xe KthjW kvtImfÀjn¸pIÄ BZyambn XpS§nbXv Cu hÀj¯nemIp¶p( tIcf kÀÆIemimebpsS hnlnXw tIhew c­p kvtImfÀjn¸pIÄ am{Xw( H¶v t_m«Wn¡pw aäXp ^nknIvkn\pw, kvtImfÀjn¸p XpI amkw 200 cq]( A¶v tImtfPv seIv¨dÀ¡v In«p¶ i¼fw 125 cq]( ]e A²ym]Icpw CXn\t]£n¡pw( F\n¡p In«m³ km²yX Ipdhv, GXmbmepw Rm\pw At]£n¨p( henb Xncpta\nbpsS a²yØXbnÂ( CtXmsSm¸w Hcp t\À¨bpw t\À¶p( Kth jW kvtImfÀjn¸p In«n( tUmIvSÀ _ncpZw e`n¨m henb Xncpta\n

67 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

bpsS aq¶p t^mt«mIÄ Zn\]{X¯n D]ImckvacWbmbn {]kn²o Icn¡pw( kvtImfÀjn¸p In«n( PhD bn Un{Knbpw In«n( ]t£ t\À¨ \S¸m¡nbnÃ, CXnsâ Kuchs¯¸än A¶v A{X Adnhpw CÃmbncp¶p( AXp a\ÊnembXv k¦oÀ¯\w 76:11 F¶ thZ-`mKw hmbn¨t¸mÄ am{X amWv( (\n§fpsS ssZhamb btlmhbv¡v t\cpIbpw \nhÀ¯n¡pIbpw sNbvhn³)( A[nIw XmaknbmsX aq¶p t^mt«mIfpw tIcf `qjWw ]{X¯n {]kn²oIcn¨p( hÀj§Ä IS¶pt]mbn( tUmIvSÀ _ncpZ§fpsS tLmjbm{X bmbn( Pohimkv{X ¯n PhD, ssZhimkv{X¯n DD, ThD XpSÀ¶v Dlitt, CXn ThD (Doctor of Theology) e`n¨Xv( ]( ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhm bn \n¶p Xs¶bmIp¶p( DN4 To Divinity F¶ Fsâ ]pkvXI¯nsâ ASnØm\¯n Cu {KÙw FgpXphm³ Fs¶ t{]cn¸n¨Xpw, hÀj§Ä Ignªt¸mÄ Bhiys¸SmsX ho«n h¶pI­v [\klmbw F¯n¨Xpw s{]m^( "DNA hgn Pohmßmhnte¡p' Fw(]n( hÀKokv (tImXawKew) BIp¶p( CXnsâ BZytIm¸n ]( bÂtZm F¶ Fsâ aebmfw _tkentbmkv _mhmbpsS I_dnS¯n kaÀ¸n¡pIbpw, Cu {KÙ¯n\v tIcf kmlnXy ]pkvXIw _mhmbpsS \ma¯n Dedicate sN¿pIbpw sNbvXp( A¡mUanbpsS sshÚm\ 2- A\p{Kl§fpsS \mÄhgnIÄ kmlnXy AhmÀUpIÄ C¯cpW¯n \µntcJs¸Sp ¯phm³ Dffhcpw \½psS k`bnse e`n¨p$ CXn\pth­n Xncpta\namÀ Xs¶ F\n¡p DD (Doctor of Divinity) In«phm³ klmb s]m§pwaqSv skâv tacokv ambn h¶Xv( hµy IShn A¯m\mtkymkv ]utemkv Xncpta\n bmIp¶p AXpw tNmZn¡msX Xs¶( ASnØm\w Fsâ asämcp ]ffn¡mÀ t{ijvT ]pkvXIw (Cell To Self) Degree e`n¨X v Swedan se Christian Institute  _tkentbmkv tXmakv \n¶pw( Cu Xncpta\n kz´w PhD FSp¯Xv tIcf bqWnthgvknänbn ImtXmen¡m _mhmsb \n¶mbncp¶p( tIm¬shmt¡j\v Ku¬, sXm¸n XpS§nb ""Awihkv{X hcp¯n$ hn$ IpÀºm\ at²y §Ä'' A¶p [cn¡Ww( ChsbÃmw Fsâ Un{Kn FSp¡phm³ Rm³ ]$ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhmbn kz´ambn ssX¸n¨ncp¶p( Ch Xncpta\nsb [cn¸n¨mWv tIm¬shmt¡ \n¶pff Iam³UÀ ]Zhnbpw j\v Rm³ IqsSt]mbXpw, Xncpta\n Un{Kn FSp¯Xpw( Iev]n¨p X¶p$ hÀj§Ä Ignªt¸mÄ "DNA hgn Pohmßmhnte¡p' F¶ Fsâ aebmfw {KÙ¯n\v tIcf kmlnXy A¡mUanbpsS sshÚm\ kmlnXy AhmÀUpIÄ e`n¨p( CXn\pth­n s]m§pwaqSv skâ v tacokv ]ffn¡mÀ t{ijvT _tkentbmkv tXmakv ImtXmen¡m _mhmsb hcp¯n( hn( IpÀºm\ at²y ]( ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhmbn \n¶pff Iam³UÀ ]Zhnbpw Iev]n¨p X¶p( CXn\p hÀj§Ä ap¼mbn t{ijvT _mhm (A¶p sa{Xmt¸men¯) Xs¶ Fsâ k`m {]kn²oIcW§sf ap³\nÀ¯n sjhenbmÀ Øm\hpw e`yam¡n( CXns\Ãmw t{ijvT _mhmtbmSpff IS¸mSv tcJs¸Sp¯s«( Fsâ taÂt\m«¯n 13 t]À (k`bpsS kwJy) Pohimkv{X¯n tUmIvSÀ _ncpZw t\Snbn«p­v( AXn H¶ma³ \½psS t{ijvT ]utemkv ZznXob³ _mhbpsS ktlmZcn ]p{X\mIp¶p( asämcmÄ Hcp Jesuite sshZnI\pw Xs¶ ta¸dª Imcy§sfÃmw Xs¶ ]( henb Xncpta\nbpsS a²yØXbpsS ^eamIp¶p F¶p Rm³ hnizkn¡pIbpw km£y

68 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

s¸Sp¯pIbpw sN¿p¶p( AXn\pth­n am{XamWv Cu Imcy§Ä BZy ambn ]ckyam¡p¶Xv( 3- t\À¨Isf¸än C{Xbpw t\cw kz´w A\p`hkm£yw ]dªp( ]( Xncpta\nbpsS a²yØX hgnbpff A\p{Kl§fpsS \mÄ hgnbmbn am{Xw CXp hmb\ ¡mÀ IcpXphm\t]£( C\nbpw t\À¨Isf¸än s]mXphmbn ]dbs«( CXn\p thZkm£yhpw D­v( (Dev]( 28) tKm{X]nXmhmb bmt¡m_v ssZh¯n\v Hcp t\À¨ t\À¶p tNmZn¨ Imcy§Ä; 1( ssZhw Ft¶mSp IqsS Ccn¡Ww 2( Rm³ t]mIp¶ bm{Xbn Fs¶ Im¡Ww 3( `£n¸m³ Blmchpw [cn¸m³ hkv{Xhpw thWw 4( Fs¶ Fsâ A¸sâ ho«nte¡p kuJyt¯msS aS¡n hcp¯Ww( F¦nÂ; 1( btlmh F\n¡p ssZhambncn¡pw( 2( Rm³ XqWmbn \nÀ¯nb F¶m Zimwiw Cu IÃv ssZh¯nsâ Bebw BIpw( 3( \o F\n¡p Xcp¶ kIe¯nepw ssZh¯nsâ AhImiambpw Rm³ \n\¡p Zimwiw Xcpw( AXp sImSp¡m¯hÀ Cu t\À¨bv¡p ap¼mbn Xm³ XebWbmbn h¨ncp¶ IÃv \m«n ssZhs¯ \nÀ¯n AXnt·Â F® Hgn¨v B Øe¯n\p _tY (ssZh¯nsâ tXmev]n¡p¶h\mbpw `h\w) F¶p t]cpw C«p( IÃv (]md) ssZh\ma kqNIamIbm ssZh\ma ¯nepff ssXem`ntjI kqN\bmWnXv( \maIcWw, Zimwiw, aemJn 3:7þ10 hscbpff t\À¨ F¶nhbpsS kqN\Ifpw CXnep­v( A{_lmansâ tNem thZ`mK§fn ImWmw$ IÀ½hpw (amt½mZokmbpsS ap³Ipdn) t]cpamähpw a¡nktZ¡n\v Zimwiw sImSp¡m¯hÀ A{_lmw \ÂInb Zimwihpw CXnsâ ap³IpdnIÄ BIp¶p( ssZhs¯ tXmev]n¡p¶ 4- Zimwiw F¶ AhImiw h\mIbm im]{KkvX\pw bmt¡m_nsâ Zimwi AhImiw Hcp t\À¨bmbncp¶p( cm{Xnbn BIp¶p kzÀ¤whsc F¯nbncp¶ tImhWnbpsS A{K¯p Xm³ kz]v\¯n IbdpIbpw Xt¶mSp kwkmcn¡pIbpw sNbvX btlmhbv¡v t\À¶ t\À¨( F¶m Zimwiw ssZh¯nsâ AhImiambpw AXp sImSp¡m¯hÀ ssZhs¯ tXmev]n¡p¶h\mbpw aemJn 3:7þ10 hscbpff thZ`mK§fn ImWmw( Zimwiw sImSp¡m¯hÀ ssZhs¯ tXmev¸n¡p¶ h\mIbm im]{KkvX\pw BIp¶p F¶pw ssZhw Iev]n¡p¶p­v( Zimwiw apgph\pw `WvUmc¯nte¡p sIm­p hcp¶h³ A\pKrloX\mIp¶p( ""Rm³ \n§Ä¡p BImi¯nsâ Infn hmXnepIÄ Xpd¶p Øew t]mcmsX hcpthmfw \n§fpsS ta A\p{Klw ]IcpIbnÃtbm'' F¶n§s\ \n§Ä CXn\m Fs¶ ]co£n¸n³ F¶pw btlmh Acpfns¨¿p¶p­v( ssZhs¯ ]co£n¸m³ A\phmZapff GI kwKXnbpw CXmIp¶p( t\À¨IÄ t\cpI am{Xw t]mcm, Ah \nhÀ¯n¡pIbpw thWw (k¦o(76:11) Aà F¦n AXp tZmjw hcp¯pw( t\À¨ t\À¶n«p ad¶p t]mbn AXp \nhÀ¯n¡mXncn¡p¶Xnsâ tZmjhpw hn«pamdmsX ]n´pScpsa¶pw Adnªncn¡Ww( \½psS k`ma¡Ä H«pan¡hcpw t\À¨IÄ t\cp¶hcmsW¶mWv Rm³ [cn¨ncn¡p¶Xv( t\cp¶

69 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

t\À¨IÄ IgnhXpw thKw \nhÀ¯n¸m³ {i²n¡Ww( ad¶pt]mbh HmÀ¯p Is­¯n {]mbÝn¯ klnXw AÀ¸n¡pIbpw thWw( {]mbÝn ¯w sImSp¡p¶Xn\pt]mepw thZkm£yw D­v( btlmhbpsS s]«Iw s^enkvXyÀ ]nSn¨S¡n ssIhiw h¨Xnsâ tZmjambn h¶ptNÀ¶ FenbpsSbpw, aqe¡pcphnsâbpw D]{Zhw ChÀ kzÀ® {]XnaIÄ D­m¡n {]mbÝn¯w sNbvXXpaqew ]cnlcn¡s¸«p (1 iapth 6,7 A²ymb§Ä)( Cu kzÀ® {]XnaIfpsS ]n¶nepffXp {]mWXe Pohim kv{XamIp¶p( \hcXv\§Ä, kzÀ®w, shffn F¶nhbpsS X¯zim kv{Xhpw hn( thZ]pkvXIw \s½ ]Tn¸n¡p¶p­v( (shfn( 21:17þ27; ]pd¸mSv 28:17þ21)( 5- t\À¨bpw a²yØXbpw btlmhbpsS s]«Iw \½psS ]pcmX\ ssZhmeb§fnsebpw kzÀ®, shffn F¶nhIÄ s^enkvXyÀ ]nSn¨S¡n sIm­pff BÄcq]w, ]m¼pw ]päpw XpS§nb t\À¨m kwhn[m\§Ä ssIhiw h¨Xnsâ D­mbncp¶p( Ct¸mgpw Nne ]ffnIfn Ch D­v( AkpJ§Ä amdm\mbn tZmjambn h¶ptNÀ¶ kzÀ®þshffn BÄcq]§Ä, I®v XpS§nb Ahbh cq]§Ä F¶nh t\cp¶hcpw D­v( CXnsâ ]n¶nepap­v {]mWiwkw( ]pXp¸ffn, FenbpsSbpw, aWÀImSv XpS§nb ]gb ]ffnIfn s]m¶n³ IpcnipIfpw, Imkm, aqe¡pcphnsâbpw D]{Zhw ]oemk XpS§nb ]qPm ]m{X§fpw D­v( kzÀ®w ssZhnI Poh ChÀ kzÀ® {]XnaIÄ {]XoIamIp¶p( Ct¸mÄ s]m¶v t]mbn Ìo Øm\w ]nSn¨pIgnªp( D­m¡n {]mbÝn¯w CXpt]mse Xs¶ hnizmk kwc£Whpw \hoIcWhpw hgn Xcw sNbvXXpaqew Xmgv¯nbn«p­v( s\_v¡Zvt\kdnsâ kz]v\¯n I­ {]Xna t]mse ]cnlcn¡s¸«p$ Xe apX Xmtgm«p Xs¶bpff Xcw Xmg {Iaw _nw_¯nsâ XeþX¦w, s\©pþshffn, hbdpw AcbpwþXm{aw, XpSþCcp¼v, ImÂþCcp¼pw Ifn kzÀ®w ssZhnI Poh a®pw tNÀ¶Xv( ssIsXmSmsX Hcp IÃph¶p _nw_t¯ Imen {]XoIamIp¶p$ Ct¸mÄ ASn¨pXIÀ¯p (Zm\n(2) s]m¶v t]mbn Ìo Øm\w 6- kXyhnizmk kwc£Ww ]nSn¨pIgnªp$ CXpt]mse A´yImew hcpt¼mÄ `qan¡p \miw D­mIbpw, temIw Xs¶ hnizmk A\ymb¯nsâ amen\y¯m tIgpIbpw ip{iqjIfpw _enIfpw kwc£Whpw \hoIcWhpw \o§nt¸mIpsa¶pw, {Zhym{Klw GdpIbpw P\w At\ym\yw Ieln¨v hgn Xcw Xmgv¯nbn«p­v$ \miw hnXbv¡psa¶pw \½psS {]mÀ°\IÄ hgn ]( kpdnbm\n k`m ]nXm¡·mÀ \s½ Adnbn¨n«p­v( kXyhnizmk¯n\p \m\mXc¯n timjWw h¶psIm­ncn¡p¶ ImeamWnXv( Ch Gähpw _m[n¡p¶Xv \½psS ]mc¼cy§sfbpw kXyhnizmkt¯bpw Xs¶ BIp¶p F¶pw \mw AdnbWw( Dffh\v am{Xta \jvSw hcnIbpffq( Çolmbn¡pffXpw, IpäanÃm¯Xpamb GI hnizmks¯ ]men¨p \ap¡v Gev]n¨p X¶ ]cnip² ]nXmhmWv henb Xncpta\n( Cu hnizm k¯nepw, BNcW¯nepw \mw hyXnbm\§Ä hcp¯pt¼mÄ ""henb Xncpta\n D­mbncps¶¦nÂ'' F¶v Dds¡ Nn´n¡phm³ \mw _m²yØcmIp¶p( Xncpta\nbpsS Znhykm¶n²yw \½n \n¶pw AI¶pamdmhp¶ bmsXm¶pw \ap¡pth­( X¦t¯¡mÄ Imayhpw, Pohimkv{X \n_nUamb ssZhimkv{X kXy§fpw \ndª \½psS AXnhnip² hnizmkhpw (bqZm 20)

70 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

hntijXtbdnb ip{iqjIfpw (F{_m( 8:6) hgn thWw hn( k`ma¡Ä Bßob hÀ²\ hcp¯phm³( D]cnhn¹h§fmb sshImcnI A\p `qXnIfà \mw Imw£nt¡­Xv( hnip²·mÀ¡v Hcn¡embn `mctaev]n ¡s¸«ncn¡p¶ hnizmkw kwc£n¸m\pw AXn\pth­n t]mcmSphm\pw hn( Çolmbpw (bqZm 3) \s½ DZvvt_m[n¸n¡p¶p­v( \½psS kXy kXyhnizmk¯n\p hnizmkw \nehmcXmgvN IqSmsXbpw, IeÀ¸pIÄ hcmsXbpw kwc£n ¡phm\pw, hcpw XeapdIfnte¡pw AtX]Sn ]Icphm³ X¡h®w \ne \m\mXc¯n timjWw \nÀ¯phm\pw henb Xncpta\nbpsS AZriy kmao]yhpw, kwc£Whpw h¶psIm­ncn¡p¶ \ap¡p e`n¡phm\pw AhnSps¯ {]mÀ°\ F¶pw kap¡p tIm«bm ImeamWnXv$ Ch Gähpw bncn¸m\pw \ap¡p {]mÀ°n¡mw( ]( Xncpta\nbpsS \ma¯n hfÀ¶ _m[n¡p¶Xv \½psS Hcp henb Øm]\amWv tImXawKew F³Pn\nbdnwKv tImtfPpw, amÀ ]mc¼cy§sfbpw A¯t\jykv tImtfPpw, aäpw ]p¯³Ipcninepff ]pXnb ssZhmebw kXyhnizmkt¯bpw Xs¶ F¶Xpw ]cnip²sâ HmÀ½sb \ne\nÀ¯pw( Cu ssZhmebw Øm]n¨ t{ijvT ImtXmen¡m _mhsb {]tXyIw HmÀ¡bpw, {]mÀ°n¡bpw BIp¶p F¶pw \mw thWw( henb Xncpta\nsb¸änbpff ]pkvXIw {]kn²oIcn¸m\pw AdnbWw$ Dffh\v am{Xta t{ijvT _mhbmWv ap³ssI FSp¯Xpw F¶pffXpw {]tXyIw HmÀ \jvSw hcnIbpffq$ ¡mw( ]( A¯m\mtkymkv Xncpta\nbpsS \ma¯n ]pXnb Øm]\§Ä C\nbpw \ap¡p­mIWw( AXn\pth­nbpw {ian¡mw(

Bephm Xr¡p-¶¯v skâ v tacokv ]f-fn-bn ØnXn sN¿p¶ ] henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hnip² I_-dn-Shpw, Xr¡p-¶¯v skan-\m-cn-bn ] ]nXmhv D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶ I«nepw

71 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

PohnX hnip²nbpsS {]XoIw Iv\m\mb `{Zmk\- CSh- I- bpsS- Imew sNbvX F{_lmw tamÀ ¢oankv henb sa{Xs¸m- en¯mbmÂ- FgpX- s¸- «Xv-

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]mWvUn-Xytam, Beph Xr¡p-¶¯p skan-\mcn þ AsX B B{iaw þ AhnsS {]kw-K-t[m-c-Wnsbm _p²n `mKy-tamsS Pohn-¨p-t]m¶ tbmKn-h-cy-\mb henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS al- kmaÀ°ytam Ch-am-{X-a-Ãm-bn- \ob km¶n-²yw-sIm­v Bscbpw Bthiw sImf-fn-¡p¶ Hcp A]qÀÆ Zriyam- bn- cp- ¶p(- AhnSw kµÀin¨v ]pWytÇm- I- \mb- Xncpta- \nsb- ImWp- cp¶p AXn\v ImcWw$- AXnse- - hm-t\m, Xncp-ta-\n-bn \n¶v tIÄ¡p-hmt\m e`n-¡p¶ Ah-kcw ae-¦-c- Ãm-ap-]-cn-bmbn Xncp-ta-\n-bn k`m- a- ¡Ä¡v- Hcp kmbqPyw Xs¶bm- bn- cp- ¶p(- Hcp Ime¯v ae¦c- kpdn- P\w ZÀin¨ Znhy-Xzw, bm\n k`, Xncpta- \n- tbbpw- Xncpta\n,- hn( k`tbbpw- apgph- \mbn- DÄs¡m- Xncp-ta-\n-bn Df-hmb ­n-cp-¶p-sh¶p ]d-bmw( Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]mWvUn-Xy-tam, {]kw-K-t[m-c- hnizm-k-Øn-c-X, Xncp-ta-\n-bn Wnsbm _p²n kmaÀ°ytam Cham- {X- a- Ãm- bn- cp¶p- AXn\v ImcWw(- AXn- DÄs¡m­n- cp¶- \njvIf¦- X,- se-Ãm-ap-]-cn-bmbn Xncp-ta-\n-bn P\w ZÀin¨ Znhy-Xzw, Xncp-ta-\n-bn Df-hmb hnizm-k-Øn-c-X, Xncp-ta-\n-bn DÄs¡m-­n-cp¶ \njvIf-¦-X, Xncpta- \n- bpsS- DZm¯- amb- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- DZm¯- amb- At´ymJym- knw- lm- k- \- `- àn,- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- At´ym-Jym-knw-lm-k-\-`-àn, Bcm-[-\-I-fnse kzÀ¤o-bm-\p-`q-Xn, Xncp-ap-J-tim-`, kwkm-c- kv^p-SX þ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Bcm-[-\-I-fnse ChsbÃmw- Xncpta- \n¡v- P\lr- Z- b- §- fnÂ- Ønc {]XnjvT t\Sns¡mSp¯ kzÀ¤o-bm-\p-`q-Xn, Xncp-ap-J-tim-`, kz`mh khnti- jXI- fm-- bn- cp- ¶p(- Xncpta- \nsb- ASp¯- dn- bp- ¶- hÀ- Bcpw kwkm-c- kv^p-SX þ Ch-sbÃmw Hcn-¡epw hnkva-cn-¡p-hm-\m-¯-hn-[-¯n-ep-ff Hcp _Ô-¯n hcp-am-bn- Xncp-ta-\n¡v P\-lr-Z-b-§-fn cp-¶p( Rm³ dm¶n kztZin- bm- Wv(- ISp¯ At´ymJym- `- à- \m- bn- cp¶- Fsâ Ønc {]XnjvT t\Sns¡mSp¯ ]nXmhv D]-cn-]-T-\-¯n-\mbn Fs¶ Beph Xr¡p-¶Xv skan-\m-cn-bn kz`mh Xma-kn¨v Beph skâ v tacokv sslkvIq-fn ]Tn-¡p-hm-\p-ff {Iao-I- khn-ti-jXI--fm-bn-cp-¶p$ cW- §Ä- sNbvXp( Fsâ ]nXmhnsâ- {][m\ e£yw, Fs¶ hnZym`ymkw- sN¿n-¡p-¶-Xn-t\m-sSm¸w A`n-h-µy-\mb henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Ac-a-\- bn Xma-kn¨p t\cmb hnizm-khpw `àn Pohn-Xhpw Xncp-ta-\n-bnÂ

72 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

\n¶pw th­ hn[w a\-Ên-em¡n ]Tn-¡-W-sa-¶Xn\pw IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p( aq¶p-hÀjw Rm³ Beph skan-\m-cn-bn Xma-kn¨v ]Tn-¨p( A¡m- e¯v F\n¡v hµy Xncp-ta-\n-bn \n¶v Akp-e-`-amb H«-t\Iw A\p-`-h- §fm- Wp- ­m- bn- «p- f- f- Xv(- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- IqsSbp- ff- Fsâ aq¶p hÀjs¯ Xmakw F\n¡p e`n¨ Hcp alm-`m-Ky-ambn Rm³ C¶pw hniz-kn¨p t]mcp-¶p( sIm¨p "si½m-ȳ' F¶p hnfn-¡-s¸-«p-t]m¶ Fsâ t\À¡v hµy-Xn-cp-ta-\n¡v AXn-cä hmÕy-ey-am-Wp-­m-bn-cp-¶-Xv( ]nXr-\nÀÆn-ti- j-amb sIm¨p ""si½mÈm'' F¶ B hnfn tIÄ¡p-hm³ Rm³ ]e- t¸mgpw ImtXmÀ¯v Ccn-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p( Ahn-Sps¯ {]mÀ°-\-IÄ `àn-\nÀ`-chpw lrZbw s\m´p-sIm-­p- f-f-Xp-am-bn-cp-¶p( tImX-aw-Kew _: C«n-c-a¸m-\-¨sâ Iogn At\Iw si½mÈ- ·mÀ- skan\m- cn- bnÂ- kpdnbm\n- ]Tn¨n- cp- ¶p(- AhnsS Xmakn¨v- sshZnI]- T\w- \S¯n- bn- «p- f- f- h- sc- sbÃmw- Xs¶ kpdnbm\n- k`bpsS- hnizm- km-Nm-c-§-tfmSpw At´ymJym knwlm-k-\-t¯mSpw ]cn-ip² bmt¡m- ss{IkvXh- cp- w- Ass{IkvX- - _mb k`-tbmSpw henb Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSpw \njvI-f¦X Iqdv ]peÀ¯n hcpambn At\Iw AI-a-gnª `àn PohnXw Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h³ \ne-\nÀ¯n-t¸m-¶-h-cm- kµÀi-IÀ skan-\m-cn-bm bn-cp-¶p( _e-lo-\-\mb F\n¡pw B `mKyw Ipsd-sbms¡ A\p-`-hn-¡p- kZm h¶pt]m- Ip- am- bn- cp- ¶p$- hm\p- ff- Ahkcw- Bephm- bnse- Xmak- ¡m- e¯v- e`n¨p- sh- ¶Xp- {]kvXm- Bcp-ambpw F´ns\¸än-sb- htbm- Ky- am- Wv(- ¦nepw kwkm-cn-¨p-sIm-­n-cn- Beph skâ v tacokv sslkvIq-fnse hnZym-`ymkw ]qÀ¯n-bm¡n Rm³ A`n-hµy Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv bm{X ]dªp t]m¶-t¸mÄ Xncp-ta\n ¡p-t¼m-gm-sW-¦nepw Iev]n¨Xv- ""Xms\mcp sa{Xm³ BIpw'' F¶mWv( bma-{]mÀ¯-\-IÄ¡v ]n¶oSv Fs¶ sa{Xm³ Øm\-t¯¡v sXc-sª-Sp-¯-t¸mÄ Cu aWn-b-Sn-¨m-ep-S³ kwkmcw ]g-b-Im-cy-§Ä A\p-kva-cn-¸n-¨p-sIm­p hµy-Xn-cp-ta\n Hcp BioÀhmZ \nÀ¯n {]mÀ°\b¡v Hcp- Iev]\ kkvt\lw Ab-¨n-cp-¶Xpw Rm³ C¶pw HmÀ¡p-¶p( §p¶ ImgvN Cs¶¶- _elo- \- \mb- F\n¡v sa{Xm³ Øm\w Iev]n¨p \ÂInb ]cnip²- t]mse- Fsâ HmÀ½bnÂ- Cám-¯n-tbmkv At{]w {]Y-a³ ]m{Xn-bÀ¡nkv _mh hµy-\mb henb Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv At§-bäw XmXv]-cyhpw _lp-am-\-hp-ap-ff Hcp ]nXm-hm- \ne-\n¡p-¶p$ bn-cp-¶p( Bep-hm-bnse Fsâ Xma-k-Im-e-s¯-¸-än-sbÃmw ]cn( ]nXmhv Ft¶m-Sv, Iev]n¨p tNmZn-¡p-I-bp-­m-bn( 1951  Rm³ sa{Xm³ Øm\- taäv ae¦- c- bn- te¡v- Xncp¨p- h- ¶- t¸mÄ- BZyambn- Beph skan\m- cn- bnÂ- F¯n A`n-h-µy-\mb Xncp-ta-\nsb kµÀin¨v A\p-{Klw {]m]n-¨-Xn-\p- tij-amWv Nn§-h-\¯v hs¶-¯n-b-Xv( Bep-hm-bnse Xma-k-¡m-e¯v ad-¡m-\m-hm¯ ]e A\p-`-h-§fpw ]Tn-¡p-hm³ F\n¡v km[n-¨n-«p-­v( ss{IkvX-h-cp-w Ass{I-kvX-hcpambn At\Iw kµÀi-IÀ skan-\m-cn-bm kZm h¶p-t]m-Ip-am-bn-cp-¶p( Bcp- ambpw F´ns\¸än-sb-¦nepw kwkm-cn-¨p-sIm-­n-cn-¡p-t¼m-gm-sW-¦nepw bma{]mÀ¯- \- IÄ¡v- aWnb- Sn- ¨m- ep- S³- kwkmcw \nÀ¯n {]mÀ°\b¡v Hcp-§p¶ ImgvN Cs¶-¶-t]mse Fsâ HmÀ½-bn \ne-\n¡p-¶p( Hcn¡Â- A`nh- µy- \mb- ]p¯³Imhv ]oeIvkn- t\mkv- Xncpta\n- (HmÀ¯- tUmIvkv sa{Xm³) Beph skan\m- cn- bnÂ- h¶ kw`hw HmÀ¡p¶p(- B Xncpta- \n- hcp¶- hn- hcw- t\cs¯- Adnbn- ¨n- cp- ¶p(- henb Xncpta\n- Fs¶ hnfn¨v B Xncpta- \n- -sb¸- än- bp- ff- hnhc- §Ä- tNmZn¨p(- Rm³ \à A`n{]m- - bamWv- ]dª- Xv(- ]t£, Xncpta- \n- bnÂ- \n¶pw Hcp {]XnI- c- W- hp- ap- ­m- bn- -

73 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

Ã( \nÝnX kab¯p- Xs¶ At±lw h¶p( hnime- amb- skan\mcn- lmfnsâ a²y¯nÂ- Hcp¡n- bn- «n- cp¶- Øm\¯v At±l- an- cp- ¶p(- kao]¯p- Xs¶ henb Xncpta- \nbpw- Ccp¶p(- k`m hn`mK- §Ä- X½n tbmPn¡p- ¶- Xn- s\- - ¸än amÀ ]oeIvkn- t\mkv- Xncpta\n- ZoÀLambn- kwkmcn- ¨p(- hfsc BIÀj- Ihpw, t_m²yw hcp¯p¶- cq]¯n- ep- f- f- Xp- am- bn- cp¶p- kwkmcw(- A¶hnsS- k¶nln- X- cm- bn- cp¶- {]apJcpw- {]ikvX- cp- am- bn- cp- ¶- h- scÃmw- henb Xncpta- \n- bpsS- adp]Sn- tIÄ¡phm³- {i²mep- ¡- fm- bn- cp- ¶p(- Xncp-ta\n Hä hmIy-¯n Xsâ kw`m-j-W-a-h-km-\n-¸n-¨p( Rm³ Cu ae-¦c bmt¡m-_mb k`-bnse Hcp sa{X-s¸m-en¯m am{X-am-sW- ¶pw, ]c-tam-¶-X-amb ]cn-ip² At´ymJym knwlm-k-\-t¯mSv Fs´¦nepw hmZn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Rm³ Hcp-Im-e¯pw ià-\-sÃ-¶pw, ]( knwlm-k-\-¯n \n¶pff At¸m-kvtXm-enI Iev]-\-IÄ A\p-k-cn-¡p- ¶-h³ am{X-am-sW¶pw Xt¶mSv ]dª Imcy-§-sfÃmw AhnsS Adn- bn¨v A\p-hm-Z-I-ev]\ In«n-bm Xm³ AXv A\p-k-cn¨p sImf-fm-sa-¶p- am-bn-cp¶p adp-]-Sn( hn`h kar²- amb- Hcp Im¸n k¡mchpw- \S¡p- I- bp- ­m- bn(- AXnYn ae-¦c sa{X-s¸m-en-¯bmbn bm{X ]dªp Øew hn«p( henb Xncpta\n- {]mÀ°n¡p- hm³- ]ffn- bn- - \ntbmKn- ¡- s¸- «Xp- apX te¡pw t]mbn( Xncpta- \n¡v- kapZmb- tIkp- hµy-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS IqsS Nne-t¸m-sgms¡ ]f-fn-k-µÀi-\-¯n\v Imcy- §- fnÂ- {]apJ- amb- ]¦p Rm\pw t]mIp-am-bn-cp-¶p( B kµÀ`-§-fn-sems¡ hn( k`-bnse ip{iq- hlnt¡- ­- Xmbn- h¶p$ jI- fpsS- al¯- c- amb- `àn F¶n Ahti- jn- ¨n- «p- ­v(- bYmÀ°¯nÂ- AX§p \o­p t]mIpIbpw- Fsâ ]nXmhnsâ- lnXa- \p- k- cn¨p- Xs¶ Beph skan\m- cn- hmkw- Fs¶ Hcp Dd¨ At´ymJym `à-\m-¡n-¯oÀ¯p F¶p Xpd¶p ]d-bp-hm³ sNbvXp$ Hcn¡Â- tIknsâ F\n-s¡mcp aSn-bp-an-Ã( Rm\Xp ]e-t¸mgpw {]kw-K-§-fn FSp¯p ]d- Bhiy- ¯n\v- ]W¯nsâ- bmdp- ap- ­v(- hµyXn- cp- ta\n- {]kwK- ¯nepw,- kwkmc- ¯nepw- aäpw ]et¸mgpw- _p²n-ap«v Xncp-ta-\nsb ]dbm- dp- ­v,- ""a¡tf,- Rm³ Cu At´ymJym hnizmk- ¯nÂ- P\n¨p hfÀ¶- hÃmsX hnj-an-¸n-¨p$ h-\mWv, AXn¯s¶ Rm³ acn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw'' ae¦c- sa{Xs¸m- en- ¯bmbn- \ntbmKn- ¡- s¸- «Xp- apX Xncpta- \n¡v- kap-Zmb tIkp-Im-cy-§-fn {]ap-J-amb ]¦p hln-t¡-­-Xmbn h¶p( AX§p \o­p t]mIp-Ibpw sNbvXp( Hcn-¡Â tIknsâ Bh-iy-¯n\v ]W-¯nsâ _p²n-ap«v Xncp-ta-\nsb hÃmsX hnj-an-¸n-¨p( GXm-bmepw tIm«-b-¯p-ImÀ Fs´-¦nepw Xcp-sa¶ {]Xo-£-bn ap¶-dn-bn¸v \ÂIn Hcp Znhkw tIm«bw knwlmk- \- ¸- f- fn- bnÂ- Xncpta\n- Fgp¶- ffp¶psh¶- - dnªv hf-sc-b-[nIw Bfp-IÄ A¶v ]f-fn-bn h¶n-«p-­m-bn-cp-¶p( hn( IpÀ_m\ at²y \S-¯nb {]kw-K-¯n-\n-S-bn Xncp-ta\n ]W-s¯-¸än kqNn-¸n-¨-Xv, C{X am{X-am-Wv( ""a¡tf \½psS kap-Zm-b-t¡-kn\v Ipsd ]Ww thWw'' Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I®pIÄ \\ªp; sXm­-bn-Sdn {]kw-K- ah- km- \n- ¨p(- F´p­m- bn- sbt¶m?- Xncpta\n- {]Xo£n- ¨- Xnepw- D]cn- bmb- XpIbmWv- A¶v AhnsS- \n¶pw- Xncpta- \n¡v- e`n¨- Xv(- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- A\p- {K-lm-in-Êp-IÄ B `à-cpsS ta hÀjn¨v Xncp-ta\n aS-§n-t¸m-¶p( C§s\ F®n-bm-sem-Sp-§m¯ A\p-`-h-§fpw kw`-h-§fpw A`n-h- µy\mb- henb Xncpta- \n- sb- ¸än- ]dbp- hm³- km[n¡pw(- hnkvXmc`b¯mÂ- Npcp-¡p¶p(

74 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpw Beph skan-\m-cnbpw ]oäÀ thew]d¼n tImÀF¸nkvtIm¸

Bephmbnse ^oent¸mknsâ IqsS \S¶p hcp¶ \Ym\ntbens\ t\m¡n IÀ¯mhp ]dªp "CXm km£m C{kmtbey³ Ch\n I]SanÃ'( Xmak¡me¯v Hcn¡Â \o Fs¶ FhnsS h¨mWdnbp¶Xv F¶pff ^oent¸mknsâ tNmZy¯n\v hS¡³ ]dhqÀ ]ffnbnte¡v "\ns¶ ^oent¸mkv hnfn¡p¶Xn\v ap¼v \o A¯nbpsS Iogn Ccn¡p £Wn¡s¸« t¼mÄ Rm³ \ns¶ I­p' F¶mbncp¶p IÀ¯mhnsâ adp]Sn( 1869 sIm¨p]utemkv d¼m³ P\phcn 23þ\v AI¸d¼v CShIbn ss]\mS¯v Ipän¡m«n aS§nt¸mcpt¼mÄ IpSpw_¯n `qPmX\mb henb Xncpta\n amXr KÀ`¯n h¨p Xs¶ ]mcntXmjnIambn e`n¨ hnfn¨pthÀXncn¡s¸«ncp¶p( Xm]k·mcn Xm]k\pw `à·mcn AZznXnb\pambncp¶ ]cpae amÀ {KotKmdntbmkv Xncpta\nbnÂ\n¶pw, kwJybn \n¶v kz´ ]n¶oSv ae¦c sa{Xmt¸men¯bmbn¯oÀ¶ sIm¨p]d¼n Iqdntemkv Bhiy¯n\v Hcp Xncpta\ntbmsSm¸w d¼m³ Øm\w kzoIcn¨tXmsS henb Xncpta\n ss]kt]mepw FSp¡msX sIm¨p]utemkv d¼m³ F¶ {ihWa[pcamb t]cn hnfn¡s¸«ph¶p( KpcpZ£nWbmbn Beph tIm«bw ]gb kan\mcnbnÂ\n¶pw A¦amen ]ffnbnte¡ph¶v ]ffn]Wn¡p IÃp sh«n¡m³ AhnsS Npcp§nb Znhk§Ä Xmakns¨¦nepw ]n¶oSv Beph ]ffnbn ImWnbv¡shbv¡pIbmWv h¶p Xmakambn( henb Xncpta\nbpsS Beph ]ffnbpw skan\mcnbpam bpff _Ôw A¡mew apXte Bcw`n¨p( Hmetaª ]ffnbpw skan sNbvXXv$ \mcn sI«nS¯nsâ hS¡phi¯p aXnent\mSv tNÀ¶p ImWp¶ Agnbn« sNdpsI«nShpw AÃmsX asäm¶pw A¶v AhnsS D­mbncp¶nÃ( Bephmbnse Xmak¡me¯v Hcn¡Â hS¡³ ]dhqÀ ]ffnbnte¡v £Wn¡s¸« sIm¨p]utemkv d¼m³ aS§nt¸mcpt¼mÄ ]mcntXmjn Iambn e`n¨ kwJybn \n¶v kz´ Bhiy¯n\v Hcp ss]kt]mepw FSp¡msX KpcpZ£nWbmbn Beph ]ffn ]Wn¡p IÃp sh«n¡m³ ImWnbv¡shbv¡pIbmWv sNbvXXv( CXnhnsS A\pkvacn¨Xv Beph

75 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

]ffnbpw skan\mcnbpw F§s\ D­mbn F¶v HmÀ½s¸Sp¯phm\mWv( ]( ]nXmhns\ sa{Xmt¸men¯ Øm\t¯¡p sXcsªSp¯ 1909 Nn§w 15þse A¦amen `{Zmk\ ]ffn{]Xn ]pcpjtbmKw ]( A_vZpff ]m{XnbÀ ¡okv _mhmbv¡p kaÀ¸n¨ At]£bnÂ\n¶pw ](henb Xncpta\n Beph ]ffn¡pw skan\mcn \nÀ½mW¯n\pw hln¨ ]¦v hyàam¡p ¶XmWv( "]tcX\mb amÀ Iqdntemkv Xncpta\nbpsS injy\mb sIm¨p]utemkv d¼m³ ssZhnIamb Xo£vWXtbmsS Hcp `n£¡mcs\ t¸mse ]ffnIfn k©cn¨v hfsc {]bmks¸«p ]Ww ]ncn¨p skan\mcn sI«nS¯nsâ ]Wnan¡hmdpw ]qÀ¯nbm¡n'( At±lw hnizmk ssh cmKyapffh\pw, ]cn{iaioe\w, ssZh`à\pw, kzm`mhip²nbpffh\p amIp¶p( ]nXrkz¯nsâ apgph³ hnlnXhpw hm§n AXv Beph skan "A¯nhr£w XfnÀ¡bnà \mcnbv¡v apX¡q«nb Xncpta\n Iev]n¨Xv "Fsâ IpSpw_mwK§fpw ap´ncnhffnbn A\p`hw aäpw Nnet¸mÄ ChnsS h¶p Xmakn¡pw( AhcpsS `£Ws¨ehn\pw D­mIbnÃ, Henhp aäpw Cu hnlnXw IqSnsbXocq' F¶mW(v (Bephmbnse henb Xncpta\n t]Pv 21, 111) X§fmWv bYmÀ° AIhminIÄ F¶v ho¼nf¡p¶ hr£¯nsâ {]bXv\w IpSptbä¡mcmb thZhn]coXnIÄ hncn¨Xn\paosX InS¡p¶hcpw hnX \njv^eambvt¸mIpw; \ne§Ä ¡m¯nS¯p \n¶v sImbvsXSp¯v DZc]qcWw \S¯p¶ hcpamWtÃm( Blmcw hnfbn¡nÃ; Cu kXyw C¡q«À a\Ênem¡nbncps¶¦n !! B«n³Iq«w sXmgp¯n \n¶v "A¯nhr£w XfnÀ¡bnà ap´ncnhffnbn A\p`hw D­mIbnÃ, \in¨pt]mIpw; tKmimeIfn Henhp hr£¯nsâ {]bXv\w \njv^eambvt¸mIpw; \ne§Ä Blmcw I¶pImen D­mbncn¡bnÃ$ hnfbn¡nÃ; B«n³Iq«w sXmgp¯n \n¶v \in¨pt]mIpw; tKmimeIfn I¶pImen D­mbncn¡bnÃ( F¦nepw Rm³ bmtlmhbn B\µn¡pw' F¦nepw Rm³ bmtlmhbn (l_¡q¡v 3:17) l_¡q¡v F¶hm¡nsâ AÀ°w sI«n¸nSn¡p¶h³ B\µn¡pw' (l_¡q¡v 3:17) AYhm apdpsI ]nSn¡p¶h³ F¶t{X( {]XnIqe kmlNcy§Ä D­mb l_¡q¡v F¶ hm¡nsâ Ahkc§fnseÃmw ASn]XdmsX, N©eNn¯\mImsX l_¡q¡ns\ AÀ°w sI«n¸nSn¡p¶h³ t¸mse btlmhsb apdpsI ]nSn¨p apt¶dnb ]nXmhv 1943þ kapZmb AYhm apdpsI ]nSn¡p¶h³ t¡kn sa{Xm³ I£nIÄ¡\pIqeamb hn[nbp­mbt¸mÄ {]XnIcn F¶t{X$ ¨sX§s\sb¶v At±l¯nsâ B{inXhÕe\mbncp¶ am¯phnsâ Hcp hniZoIcW¯n \n¶v a\Ênem¡mhp¶XmWv( "((((((((AhÀ \s½ A]am\n ¡m³ th­n tImSXn sNehhn\pw \ap¡p hmd­ph¡pw( hmd­ph¨m \ap¡p Pbnen t]mIWw( \½psS bma\akv¡mc ]pkvXIhpw, Hcp k¦o À¯\ ]pkvXIhpw IqsS sIm­p t]mIWw( am¯phpw IqsS \½psS IqsS hcWw'( (kvXpXn sNmÆm¡ s¸« hn( k`bpsS Ncn{Xw) kXyhnizmk kwc£Ws¯ {]Xn th­nh¶m PbnÂhmkw t]mepw A\p`hn¡m³ icocmß a\ÊpIsf Hcp¡nb hnizmk [oc\mb ]nXmhn\v "hnizmkkwc £I³' F¶ t]cv F{Xtbm A\z À°ambncn¡p¶p(

76 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS PohnXw Cu Xe-ap-dbv¡v A\p-I-c-Wobw

^m" tP¡ºv aoJm-tb ]pÃym-t«Â

ae_mdnse BZys¯ kXyhnizmk kwc£I³ F¶dnbs¸«ncp¶ Bephmbnse henb Xncpta\n, ]cnip² ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv Xncpta\nbpsS ssZhmebamb ae¦c¡p¶v sa{Xm`ntjI iXm_vZn BtLmjn¡phm³ bmt¡m_mb kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\n ]Ån Øm]n¡p¶Xn\v IÄ¡v km[n¡p¶Xv henb ssZhm\p{KlamWv1 A\phmZw \ÂInbXpw ]cn1 At´mJym knwlmk\t¯mSv adpXen¨v h«tÈcn KohÀ¤okv tamÀ Znh¶ymkv sa{Xmt¸meo¯mbpw Iq«cpw, k`ma¡sf ]oUn¸n¨p sIm­ncn¡p _lpam\s¸« sshZnIsc t¼mÄ kXyhnizmk¯n \ne\nÀ¯phm³ Atlmcm{Xw {]hÀ¯n¨Xv henb Ab¨Xpw kXyhnizmk Xncpta\nbmbncp¶p1 kwc£I³ ]cn$ ]utemkv ]cn1 ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv ]nXmhnsâ C¼Icamb kzÀ¤ob Bcm[\, I®p\ocn IpXnÀ¶ {]mÀ°\, Btcbpw AXnibn¸n¡p¶ ]cn1 tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv At´mJy knwlmk\t¯mSpÅ `ànbpw hnt[bXzhpw, bma\akvImc§fnepÅ henb Xncpta\nbmWv$ henb \njvIÀjX, D]hmkw, Zm\[À½§Ä, k`tbmSpÅ AssIXhamb kvt\lw F¶o KpW§Ä Cu Xeapdbv¡v A\pIcWobamWv1 Bephmbnse henb Xncpta\nbpsS \ma¯n Xncpta\nbpsS Cu KpW§Ä \½psS t{ijvT ImtXmen¡ B_q³ tamÀ kp¯m³ _t¯cn _tÊentbmkv tXmakv {]Ya³ _mhmbn IqSn C¶s¯ Xeapd¡v ZÀin¡phm³ ]Ånbn 1960 Ifn IpSpw_ Ignbpw1 ae_mdnse BZys¯ ssZhmebamb ae¦c¡p¶v ]Ån Øm]n¡p¶Xn\v tbmK§Ä \S¯nbncp¶p$ A\phmZw \ÂInbXpw _lpam\s¸« sshZnIsc Ab¨Xpw kXyhnizmk kwc£I³ ]cn1 ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv henb Xncpta\nbmWv1 henb Xncpta\nbpsS \ma¯n kp¯m³ _t¯cn ]Ånbn 1960 Ifn IpSpw_ tbmK§Ä \S¯nbncp¶p1 Not§cn ]Ånbnse IpSpw_bqWnäpIfn H¶v Bephmbnse henb Xncpta\nbpsS t]cnemWv1 kt­kvIqÄ {]Øm\¯nsâ Øm]\I\mb henb Xncpta\nbpsS \ma¯nemWv A¿wsImÃnbn ]Wn Ign¸n¨ \oeKncn Pnà Fw1 sP1 Fkv1 Fkv1 F1 BØm\ aµncw1 henb Xncpta\n ImWn¨p X¶ kXyhnizmk ]mXbn Ncn¨psIm­v k`sb [\yam¡phm³ GhÀ¡pw km[n¡s«1 ]cn1 ]nXmhnsâ a[yØX \ap¡v tIm«bmbn Xocs«1

77 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

kXy-hn-izm-k-¯nsâ ImhÂ`-S³

Imew sNbvX ]pWytÇm- I- \mb- KohÀKokv {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xmt¸m- eo¯- cNn¨Xv-

AXn-e-fn-X-amb Pohn-Xhpw Çol·mcpsS Xeh- \mb- hn( ]t{Xmkv ]cnip- ²mß- {]tNmZn- X- - ]cn-]m-h-\-amb PohnX \mbn IÀ¯r k¶n-[n-bn Gäp ]dª hnizm-k-am-Ip¶ "]md-taÂ' \njvTbpw sIm­v [\yam- ¡- - ainlm Øm]n¨ k`-bpsS hnizmk kXy-§-tfbpw ssÇlnI ]mc-¼-cy- §-tfbpw c£m-I-c-amb hn( IqZm-i-I-fpsS A\p-jvTm-\-§-tfbpw hnip² s¸« B ]pWy PohnXw BNm- ]nXm-¡-·mÀ At¸m-kvtXm-enI Imew apX \ne-\nÀ¯n hcp¶ \½psS c-Xz-¯n\pw {][m-\-Nm-cy-Xz- ]cn-ip² ss]XrI ]mc-¼-cy-§-tfbpw AWp-hnS hyXym-k-s¸-Sp-¯msX ¯n\pw alm amXrI Xs¶$ Im¯p ]cn-c-£n¨v, Xs¶ `c-ta-ev]n¨ ain-lm-bpsS AP-K-Ws¯ kwip- ]pWy-N-cn-{X-amb henb -Xn-cp- ²ntbmSpw- AXntesd- D¯c- hm- Zn- Xz- t¯mSpw- ]cn]m- en¨v- kXyamÀ¤- ¯nepw- ta-\n-bpsS Ime-L-«-¯n kXyhn- izm- k- ¯nepw- \ne\nÀ¯nb- IÀ½[oc\pw ]pWy[- \- \p- amb- "kXy- Pohn-¨-h-cpsS ]n³ Xe-ap-d-I- hn-izm-k-kw-c-£I'-\m-bn-cp¶p Bep-hm-bnse henb Xncp-ta-\n( AXn-e-fn-X-amb Pohn-Xhpw ]cn]m- h- \- amb- PohnX \njvTbpw sIm­v fmbn Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-h-cp-amb [\yam- ¡- s¸«- B ]pWy PohnXw BNmc- Xz- ¯n\pw- {][m\- Nm- cy- Xz- ¯n\pw- P\e£- §- fpsS- lrZb- ¯nÂ- alm amXrI Xs¶( ]pWy-N-cn-{X-amb henb -Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS Ime-L-«- BZ-c-hn-sâbpw AXn-tesd ¯n Pohn-¨-h-cpsS ]n³Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-h-cp-amb P\e- `àn-bp-tSbpw A\p-`q-Xn-IÄ £§- fpsS- lrZb- ¯nÂ- BZc- hn- sâbpw- AXntesd- `ànbp- tSbpw- A\p- Ae-b-Sn-¡p-¶p$ `q-Xn-IÄ Ae-b-Sn-¡p-¶p( ]pWy-]n-Xm-hnsâ Bcm-[-\-Ifpw IÀ½m-\p-jvTm-\-§fpw kzÀ¤o-bm- \p-`q-Xnbpw amem-J-amÀ¡-Sp¯ i_vZ-am-[p-cnbpw In¶c kZr-i-amb Km\- ku-`K-Xbpw B Xe-ap-d-bnse kakvX Bcm-[-\-I-cp-tSbpw A´-cm-f- ¯n tImÄa-bnÀ DbnÀ¡p-¶-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p( Pohn-¨n-cn-¶-t¸mgpw ac-Wm-\-´-chpw Ahn-Sps¯ Znhy-a-²yØ hgn- bmbn At\-Im-bn-c-§Ä A\p-Krlo-X-cmbn XoÀ¶n-cp¶p(XoÀ¶p-sIm-­n- cp-¶p( Xncp-hm-bvsam-gnªpw Xrss¡-h¨pw, k`m a¡-tfbpw A\y-PmXn

78 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

aX-Ø-tcbpw Ahn-Sp¶p A\p-{K-ln¨v AÛp-X-I-c-amb Ir]m-Zm-\-§- fm kwXr]vX- cm- ¡p- ¶p(- k`m´- co- £- -w sImSp¦mäpw- sImffn- bm³- an¶ep- Ifpw- CSnap- g- ¡hpw- sIm­v {]£p_v[- am- bn- cp¶- ImeL- «- ¯nÂ- hn( k`m\u- Isb- I®otcmsS- {]mÀ°n¨pw D]h- kn¨pw- AXntesd- ssZhm{i- b- ¯nÂ- icW- s¸«pw- GI- \mbn \bn¨p(- {]Xnk- Ôn- Ifpw- KpcpX- c- amb- a\xt¢- i- §fpw- AhnSps¯- Ahn-Sps¯ k¶n-[n-bn PohnX kcWn- Isf- hebw sN¿pt¼m- sgÃmw- kaNn¯- X- tbmSpw- ssZhm- Xncp-a-\-Ên\v {]bm-k-ap-f-hm- {ib- t¯mSpw- IqSn B ]pWyhm³- AhsbÃmw- AXnPo- hn- ¨p(- ¡nbn- «p- f- f- hÀ¡v- e`n¨ ISp¯ AhnSps¯- k¶n[n- bnÂ- Xncpa- \- Ên\v- {]bmk- ap- f- hm- ¡n- bn- «p- f- f- hÀ¡v- e`n¨ ISp¯ in£IÄ Akw-Jy-am-Wv( hnizm-k-]qÀÆw BZ-c-thmsS in£IÄ AkwJy- am- Wv$- Xncpk- ¶n- [n- bnÂ- A`b- s¸- Sp- ¶- hÀ¡v- Ir]mZm- \- §fpw- \Âhc- §fpw- e`n- hnizmk- ]qÀÆw- BZc- thmsS- ¨Xpw Akw-Jy-amWv Xncp-k-¶n-[n-bn A`-b-s¸-Sp- _elo- \- \mb- Fs¶ Ggph- b- ÊnÂ- ssZhth- ebv¡mbn- ssI]nSn¨p ¶hÀ¡v- Ir]mZm- \- §fpw- Ib-än-bXv B ]pWy-hm-\m-sW¶v F\n¡v A`n-am-\-]qÀÆw BZ-c-thmsS \Âh-c-§fpw e`n-¨Xpw kvacn-¡mw( Xrt¡m-X-aw-Kew iÀ_o Zbdm¸-f-fn-bn Fsâ ]pWy-]n- Akw-Jy-amWv Xm-hmb "aoJm-tb tamÀ Znh-¶m-tkymkv' Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS km¶n-²y- ¯n ssZhnI ip{iq-j-bv¡mbn ssIh¨v- Øm\w \ÂIn A\p-{K-ln-¨p( ImemIm- e- §- fnse- Xeap- d- I- fnÂ- B ]pWy\maw- BZc- thmsS- kvacn- ¡-s¸-S-s«(

] henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \maw Xp_vtZ-\n tNÀ¯p-sIm-­p-ff ] ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _mhm-bpsS Iev]\ t{ijvT _mhm-bp-sS-bpw sa{Xm-t¸m-en¯·mcp-sSbpw km¶n-[y-¯n tPmk^v tamÀ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t¸m-en¯ hmbn-¡p¶p

79 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

kvt\l-¯nsâ {][m-\m-Nm-cy³

G{_lmw Xcn-b³, FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv Ub-d-IvSÀ,- ku¯v C´y³ _m¦v

I­dnbphm³ `mKyap­mbnsænepw ]( henb Xncpta\n F¶v ae¦ck` apgph³ Adnbs¸Sp¶ ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv Xncpta\nsb¡pdn¨v hfscb[nIw tI«dnbm\pw hmbn¨dnbm\pw F\n¡v km[n¨n«p­v( R§fpsS IpSpw_hpw Xncpta\nbpsS IpSpw_hpw ASp¯Sp¯ c­p {Kma§fn \n¶mWv DSseSp¯Xv( Ct¸mÄ sIm¨n³ FbÀt]mÀ«v Ccnbv¡p¶ `q{]tZi¯v Bbn-cp¶ R§fpsS IpSpw_w ]nÂIme¯v BgIw {]tZit¯¡v amdn¯makn¡pIbmbncp¶p( Fsâ ]nXmhnsâ (biicoc\mb sI(hn( Xcnb³ tImÀF¸nkv tIm¸)tImdqtbmb ]«w, hnhmlw FÃmw \S¯nbXv ]( henb Xncpta\n bmbncp¶p( Fsâ ]nXmhv ]( Xncpta\nbpsS \mat[b¯n Øm]n¡ s¸« s\Sp¼mtÈcn amÀ A¯t\jykv sslkvIqfnsâ BZy slUvamÌ dmbn 29 hÀjw tkh\w sNbvX sshZnI t{ijvT\mbncp¶p( Rm³ ]Tn ¨Xv B kvIqfn Xs¶( Fsâ HmÀ½bn Rm³ ]s¦Sp¯ncp¶ s]cp¶m Ä (henb Xncpta\nbpsS HmÀ½s¸cp¶mÄ) Bephm skâ v tacokv ]ffnbn Bbncp¶p( s\Sp¼mtÈcn kvIqfn \n¶v Xte Znhkw ImÂ\Sbmbn A²ym]IcpsS t\XrXz¯n \S¯s¸«ncp¶ Cu bm{Xbn Rm\pw ]s¦Sp¯ncp¶p( ]( henb Xncpta\nbpsS sk{I«dnbmbn hfsc¡mew tkh\w A\pjvTn¨ncp¶ tImt¨cn A¨³ Fsâ amXrCShIbmb BgIw ]ffnbn ZoÀLImew hnImcnbmbpw AXn\v tijw acWwhscbpw B ]ffnbn Øncw IpÀºm\bn kw_Ôn¨ncp¶ hµymtZlhpambncp¶p( _lpam\s¸« tImt¨cn A¨³ ]( henb Xncpta\nbpambpff

80 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

ZoÀLIme _Ô¯nep­mb A\p`h§Ä ]et¸mgpw Fsâ ]nXm hnt\mSv ]¦phbv¡p¶Xv Rm³ tI«n«p­v( Fsâ ]nXmal\pw ]nXmhpw ]( henbXncpta\nsb hfsc `b `àntbmsS am{Xsa Nn{XoIcn¨n«pffp( A§s\ sNdp¸wapXse ](henb Xncpta\tb¡pdn¨pff Hcp \à Nn{Xw Fsâ a\Ên ]Xnªn«p­v( FÃmhcmepw kvt\ln¡s¸SpIbpw _lpam\nbv¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvX Hcp ]pWy]pcpj\mbncp¶p ]( henb Xncpta\n( Ipim{K_p²n, Ignhpä `cW IÀ¯mhv, Idbä a\pjykvt\ln, {]mÀ°\bn AÀ¸n¨ PohnXw CsXÃmambncp¶p Xncpta\nbpsS apJap{ZIÄ( C¶v k`bn \ne\nevIp¶ an¡ {]Øm\§Ä¡pw ae¦c kndnb³ kt­kvIqÄ Atkmkntbj³, amÀ {KotKmdntbmkv hnZymÀ°nkwLw, ]uckvXy kphntijkamPw, ChsbÃmw AXn Xsâ k`m `cWIme¯n NneXv am{Xw( 1898  ](]cpae Xncpta\nbn \n¶v ]cpae¸ffnbnÂh¨v apJy`mKhpw hyhlmc¯n IÈoim]«hpw, d¼m³ Øm\hpw, 1910  ]( A_vZpffm ]m{XnbÀ¡okn \n¶v AI¸d¼v ]ffnbnÂh¨v sa{Xm³ Øm\hpw e`n¨ Cu ap§nb thfbn ]pWymßmhn\v 1932  ae¦c k`mZÀi\thfbn aª\n¡cnbnÂh¨v kam[m\¯n\mbn Imew sNbvX ]( Genbmkv XrXob³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhmbpsS \nesIm­ncp¶ Xncpta\n, I_dS¡¯n {][m\ ImÀ½n-I\mIphm\papff `mKyw kn²n¨p( A¶v FXnÀ I£nbn Xsâ k`m `cWIme¯n apJy`mKhpw hyhlmc¯n ap§nb \n¶ncp¶ Xncpta\namcmbpw, thfbn kam[m\¯n\mbn \nesIm­ncp¶ Xncpta\n, A¶v FXnÀ kapZmb{]apJ·mcpambpw I£nbn \n¶ncp¶ Xncpta\namcmbpw, kapZmb{]apJ·mcpambpw \Ã_Ôw \ne\nÀ¯nbncp¶p( kl]mTnbpw at\mcabpsS apJy \Ã_Ôw ]{Xm[n]cpambncp¶ sI(kn(ama³ am¸nfbpambn k`mImcy§fn c­p \ne\nÀ¯nbncp¶p$ {[ph§fnembncp¶psh¦nepw hfsc \à _Ôw \ne\nÀ¯n( kl]mTnbmb at\mca kapZmbt¡kn ]m{XnbÀ¡okv I£n¡pth­n A¡me¯v ]{Xm[n]cm bncp¶ hmZw \S¯m³ a{Zmkn \n¶pw h¶ kÀ kn(]n( cmakzman A¿cmWv( sI$kn$ama³ am¸nfbpambn ]nÂIme¯v XncphnXmwIqÀ Znhm\mbn h¶ kÀ kn(]n(, hnip² Gen- k`mImcy§fn c­p bmkv XrXo-b³ ]m{XnÀ¡nkp _mh- C³Uym kµÀi-\-¯n\v Idm¨n hgn C³Uy-bn F¯n-b-t¸mÄ t_mws_-bn F¯n _mhmsb kzoI- {[ph§fnem bncp¶psh¦nepw cn-¡pIbpw, C³Uym ssht{km-bn, a{Zmkv KhÀWÀ apX-emb A¶s¯ hfsc \à _Ôw \ne\nÀ¯n$ alÂhy-àn-Isf _mh Hcp-an¨v kµÀin-¡pIbpw sNbvXp( sNdnb- h- scbpw- henb- h- scbpw- Htct]mse- kvt\lt¯msS- kzoI- cn¨ _mh F¶pw efnX PohnXw \bn¨n- cp¶- Hcmfm- bn- cp- ¶p(- henb Xncp- ta\n Imew sNbvX-t¸mÄ at\m-ca apJ-{]-kwK¯n C§s\ FgpXn ""BNm-cy-·mÀ¡v tbmPn¨ \njv¡-f-¦-amb `ànbpw kvt\lhpw XymK- _p-²n-bp-am-bn-cp¶p Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS {][m\ KpW-§Ä'' si½mi- ·m- scbpw- sshZoI- scbpw- th­pwhn[w- ]cnio- e\w- sN¿p- ¶Xn\pw- tbKyX- bp- f- f- hsc- am{Xw sshZoI- cm- ¡p- ¶- Xn\pw- {]tXyIw {i²n- ¨p( henb Xncp-ta\n k`-bpsS A\p-jvTm-\-§-sfbpw hnizm-k-§-sfbpw ac-Ww-h-scbpw DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn-¨p( Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS a²y-ØX F¶mfpw \ap¡v sIm«-bm-I-s«(

81 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

Rm³ sXm«-dnª Bep-hm-bnse ]cn-ip-²- hen-b-Xn-cp-ta\n

^m" hÀKokv IÃm¸m-d

1953 P\phcn- 26\v cmhnse 1953 P\phcn- 25 Hcp {]hr¯n Znhkw F«mw ¢mÊn ]Tn¡p¶- Hcp Xs¶ Rm³ Fsâ amXm- sNdp hnZymÀ°n-bm-bn-cp¶p Rm³( Ing-¡-¼ew skâ v tPmk^vkv ]n-Xm-¡fpw ktlm-Z-c-§-fp- sslkvIq-fnse F«mw-¢m-Ênse Gähpw sNdnb Ip«nbpw tam\n-«-dp-am-b- Xn-\m H¶mw koäv kz´w( ¢mÊv XpS-§n-b-t¸mÄ ap³h-is¯ ]Ån- sam¯v Bephmbv¡v- \S¶p$- ¡c þ Bephm tdmUn-eqsS Nodn-¸m-ªp-t]m-Ip¶ Hcp A\u¬kvsaâ v ]¯pa- Wn¡v- Xr¡p¶¯p- hml-\-¯nÂ\n¶pw h¶ Hcp timI-Km-\hpw XpSÀ¶pÅ Xmgv¶ i_vZ- ]Ån-bn-se¯n Itk-c-bn ¯n ]pd¯p- h¶- A\u¬kvsaâpw tdmUnt\m- Sp- tNÀ¶pÅ- ¢mÊv apdn- ]Sn-ªm-tdm-«-`n-ap-J-ambn bn Aeb- Sn¨p- ""Bep-hm-bnse henb Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvXp''( Awihkv{Xw- [cn¸n¨v- Itk- Cu {]Jym-]\w Fs¶ hÃmsX thZ-\n-¸n-¨p( slUvam-ÌÀ A¨³ c-bn-en-cn-¡p¶ ]$ Xncp-ta-\n- Cw¥ojv ¢msÊ-Sp-¡p-¶p( Fsâ Nn´ A©psImÃw ap¼v Xmac¨m skâv tacokv ]Ån-bn h¨pw tXÀUvt^m-d-¯n (C-¶s¯ Ggmw bpsS Ne-\-a-ä-sX-¦nepw ¢mkv) kvtImfÀjn¸p ]co-£sbgpXm³ Bep-hm-bn-se¯n kndn-b³ ]mh-\-amb Xrss¡-¿n tlmkv]nä- enÂ- Xmakn- ¡p- t¼mÄ- HcmgvN- ¡mew- Xr¡p¶¯p- ]ÅnbnÂ- ]nSn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ Éo_map¯n kÔym{]mÀ°- \- bnÂ- ]s¦Sp- ¡p- t¼mgpw- apJmapJw- I­v BZcn¨p- _lp- hnXp-¼n-¡-c-ªp -{]mÀ°n-¨p$ am-\n¨v ]cn-ip² henb Xncp-ta-\n-bn-ep-am-bXv slUvam-Ì-d-¨³ {i²n-¨p( Fs¶ kvt\ln¡p¶- A²ym]- I- \- ¨³- hnhcw Xnc¡n Fs¶ Bizkn- ¸n- - ¨Xv C¶pw HmÀ¡pw( 1953 P\p-hcn 26\v cmhnse Xs¶ Rm³ Fsâ amXm-]n-Xm-¡fpw ktlm-Z-c-§-fp-sam¯v Bep-hmbv¡v \S-¶p( ]¯p-a-Wn¡v Xr¡p-¶¯p ]Ån-bn-se¯n Itk-c-bn ]Sn-ªm-tdm-«-`n-ap-J-ambn Awi-hkv{Xw [cn- ¸n¨v Itkc- bn- en- cn- ¡p¶- ]( Xncpta- \n- bpsS- Ne\- a- ä- sX- ¦nepw- ]mh\- amb- Xrss¡-¿n ]nSn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ Éo_m ap¯n hnXp-¼n-¡-c-ªp-{]mÀ°n- ¨p( Ahn-sS-h¨v sshZn-I-\m-Im-\pÅ Xma-c-¨m ]Ån-bn h¨v ]( ]nXm-

82 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

hns\ BZy-ambn I­-am-{X-bn-se-Sp¯ Xocp-am\w ]pXp-¡n( A¶pw ]( ]nXm-hnsâ \mev]XmwZn\ ASn-b-´n-c-¯n\pw D­mb Xn¡pw-Xn-c¡pw asäm-cn-¡epw Bep-hm-bn D­m-bn-«n-Ã( ss{IkvX-hÀ am{Xa- Ã,- Ass{IkvX- hcpw- Pohn¨n- cn- ¡p- t¼mÄXs¶- ]cnip- ²- \mbn- AwKo- I-cn-¨-XmWv Cu Xnc-¡n\pw Cu Iq«-¯n\pw Imc-Ww( 1958 apX 1968 hsc Xr¡p-¶¯p skan-\m-cn-bn Xma-kn¨p ]cn- ip² henb Xncpta- \n- bpsS- I_dn- ¦Â- {]mÀ°n¡m\pw- A\p{Klw- {]m]n- ¡m\pw CS-bm-b-XmWv Fs¶ C¶s¯ Rm\m-¡n-b-Xv( ]cn-ip² henb Xncp-ta\n Fs¶ ]utemkv amÀ A¯m-\m-tkymkv ]nXmhnsâ- InS¸p- ap- dn- tbmSp- tNÀ¶pÅ Hcp sIm¨pap- dn- bnÂ- ]¯phÀj- - ¡mew Xr¡p¶¯p- skan\m- cn- bnÂ- Xmakn- ¡m³- `mKywkn- ²n- ¨Xv- Fs¶ hfsc `ànbp- Å- h- \pw,- hnizmk- Xo- £vW- Xm- ho- c- \p- am¡n- ¯oÀ¯p; k`m- kvt\lwsIm­v Poh³ ]Wbwh¨pw s]mcp-Xp-¶p( ]( henb Xncpta- \n- bpsS- BNmcm- \p- jvTm- \- §- fnepw- hnizmk Xo£vW- X-bnepw Bcm-[\m {]mÀ°-\m-Po-hn-X-¯nepw thj-hn-[m-\-ip-²n-bnepw Imdnepw tImfn-f-¡-¯nepw kv^pS-amb hmb-\-bnepw am\-km-´cw Df-hm-¡p¶ `àn-\nÀ`-c-amb hn( {]Xn-k-Ôn-bnepw ip{iq-j-I-fnepw hn( IpÀºm-\-bnepw BIr-jvS-cm-b-XmWv C¶s¯ k`- Xf-cm-sXbpw hmSm-sXbpw bpsS kpXm-cy-amb \ne-\n-ev]n-\m-[m-c-amb hnizm-kn-I-fpsS kaq-lw( Imdnepw tImfn-f-¡-¯nepw {]Xn-k-Ôn-bnepw Xf-cm-sXbpw hmSm- sImgn-bm-tXbpw sXbpw sImgn-bm-tXbpw \in-¡m-sXbpw \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶Xv ]( hen-b-Xn-cp- \in¡m- sXbpw- \ne\nÀ¯p- - ta-\n-bpsS hmSm¯ tim`-bpÅ ]cn-ip-²mß t{]cn-X-amb {]mÀ°-\-bm- ¶Xv ]$ henb- Xn- cp- ta- \n- bpsS- sW¶v km£y-s¸-Sp-¯m³ ad-¶m ]m]-am-Ipw( hmSm¯ tim`bpÅ- ]cnip- - tbmPn¨ k`-bn sshZn-I-\mb Fsâ ]«-Xz-ip-{iqj Bcw-`n-¡p- ²mß t{]cnX- amb- {]mÀ°\- - ¶Xv ]cn-ip-²sâ amXr-ssZ-hm-e-b-amb AI-¸-d¼p amÀ imt_mÀ bmsW¶v- km£ys¸- Sp- ¯m³- At{^m¯v I¯o-{U-enÂ\n-¶p-am-Wv( 1968 Pqsse H¶n-\mWv sshZn-I-th- e-bv¡m-cw`w Ipdn-¡p-¶-Xv( ]cn-ip-²sâ CS-hI ]Ån-bnÂ\n-¶m-cw-`n¨ ad¶mÂ- ]m]am- Ipw$- ssZhnI ip{iqj 71-þmw hb-knepw XpS-cm³ Bbpkpw Btcm-Kyhpw ]cn-ip-²mß \Âh-chpw e`n-¡m³ ]cn-ip² hen-b-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS hnip- ²-Po-hnXw hgn-Im-«n-bm-Ip-¶p( ]cnip- ²³- Øm]n¨ skâ v tPm¬kv Nm¸Â kz´w \m«nepw IpSpw- _X- d- hm- Sn- \- Sp¯pw- AI¸- d¼p- I¯o{UÂ- CSh- Im- XnÀ¯n- bnepÅ- \mb- t¯m-Sp-I-c-bnepw s\Sp-¼m-ticn FbÀt]mÀ«n-\-Sp-¯p-am-Wv( ]cnip²- ]nXmhnsâ- sa{Xm`n- tjI- iXm_vZn hÀjmNm- c- W- k- am- ]\w- \mw Bephm Xr¡p-¶¯p ]Ån-bnepw I_-dn-S-¯nepw \S-¡m-\m-hmsX thZ-\n-¸n-¡p¶ HmÀ¯-tUmIvkv k`-tbmSp £an-¡-W-sa¶`yÀ°n-¡p- ¶-tXm-sSm¸w 34 hÀj-ambn ]q«n-b-Xp-aqew Bcm-[m-\bpw k` k`-bpsS BNm-c-{]-Im-c-apÅ [q]-{]mÀ°-\bpw Znh-khpw \S-¯m³ Ah-Im-in-I- fmb bmt¡m_mb- k`bv¡v e`n¡p¶- Imew AIse- b- söv- ]cnip- ²- - \mb henb Xncpta\n- A{_lm- ansâ- aSnbn- en- cp- ¶p- sIm- ­v- Iev]n¡p- ¶Xv- tIÄ¡p¶ At\-I-cn Hcp-h³ am{X-amWv Cu teJ-I³( ]cn-ip² ]nXmth, bmt¡m-_mb k`sb Im¡-Wta F¶v ap«n-¸mbn {]mÀ°n¨v \nÀ¯p-¶p( Bao³

83 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

] henb Xncpta\nbpw k¬tUkvIqÄ {]Øm\hpw sjh" sI"hn"]utemkv

]ndhw skâvv tacokv henb BIam\ kpdnbm\n k`bpsS ]cam²y£\mb ]( ]m{XnbÀ ]ffnbpsS kao]¯pff ¡okv _mh hnip² ]Zhntebv¡v DbÀ¯nb kXyhnizmk kwc£I³ ]ndhw skan\mcnbn ]( ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv henb Xncpta\nbpsS sa{Xm `ntjI iXm_vZn hÀjhpw B ]cnip²am\k³ \«p\\¨v ]cn]men k`bnse {]apJcmb ¡s¸« ae¦c bmt¡m_mb kndnb³ k¬tUkvIqÄ Atkmkntb sshZnIscbpw jsâ \hXnbmtLmjhpw Hcpan¨p h¶Xv Ncn{X \ntbmKw( Ncn{X¯n\v Bßmb¡mscbpw hnfn¨p Fs¶¶pw FSpt¯ma\n¡m³ Hcp Akpe`\nanjw( hcp¯n ]pWytÇmI\mb ]qPcmPm¡fpsS \mat[bhpambn _Ôs¸« Ncn{X{]kn²amb ]utemkv tamÀ ]ndhw skâ v tacokv henb ]ffnbpsS kao]¯pff ]ndhw A¯m\mkntbmkv henb skan\mcnbn k`bnse {]apJcmb sshZnIscbpw Bßmb¡mscbpw hnfn¨p hcp¯n ]pWytÇmI\mb ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv Xncpta\n 1920 Unkw_À 26\v henb Xncpta\n 1920 Unkw_À 26 \v ([\p 12) k¬tUkvIqÄ Atkmkn ([\p 12) k¬tUkvIqÄ tbj\v cq]w \evIn( ]mT]pkvXI§Â X¿mdm¡phm³ hµytIm\m«v Atkmkntbj\v cq]w am¯³ aev]m³ Ipgn¡m«v, Ipt¶Â hµy KohÀKokv d¼m³ F¶nhsc \evIn$ NpaXes¸Sp¯n( {]Ya hÀj¯n 20 k¬tUkvIqfpIfpsS 92 A²ym]Icpw 1300þ  ]cw hnZymÀ°nIfpamWv {]Øm\¯n D­mbn cp¶Xv( 1922 G{]n amkw 29þmw XobXn ]ndhw skan\mcnbn h¨pXs¶ \S¯s¸« hmÀjnI s]mXptbmK¯n Atkmkntbjsâ ]qÀ®amb t]cv ae¦c kndnb³ k¬tUkvIqÄ Atkmkntbj³ (Fw( Fkv(Fkv(F) F¶mbncn¡psa¶v Xocpam\n¨p( Cu tbmK¯nsâ GIIWvTamb A`yÀ°\b\pkcn¨v A`nhµy henb Xncpta\n {]Øm\ ¯nsâ Øncm²y£ Øm\w GsäSp¯p( Imew sN¿p¶Xphsc [\yam b coXnbn AXn\p t\XrXzw sImSp¡pIbpw sNbvXp(

84 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

s]mXphmb ]mT]pkvXIw hnXcWw sNbvXp( s]mXp]cn£ \S¯pI hnPbnIÄ¡v AJneae¦cbSnØm\¯n k½m\§Ä \evIpI, aÕc§Ä kwLSn¸n¡pI, A²ym]I tbmK§Ä \S¯pI apXembhsbÃmw Atkmkntbj³ GsäSp¯p \S¯n( 1923  Znhy{io( Fw( Ipcymt¡mkv I¯\mcpsS ]{Xm[n]Xy¯n Atkmkntbj³ AXnsâ apJ]{Xamb Hcp amknIbpw ]pd¯nd¡n( 1924  kvIqfpIfpsS F®w 120 Bbn Ip«nIÄ F®mbnc¯nÂ]cw hÀ²n¨p( `cW kuIcymÀ°w k¬tUkvIqfpIsf 14 skâdpIfmbn hn`Pn¡n¶Xn\pw 1þ10 ¢mÊv XpS§p¶Xn\pw Xocpam\ap­mbXv CuImeL«¯nemWv( 1926 taSw 8þmw XobXn I­\mSv hn( aÀ¯adnbw ]ffnbn IqSnb 1931  Ncn{X {]kn²amb Atkmkntbj³ hmÀjnI kt½f\¯n sh¨v k¬vtUkvIqÄ {]Øm\w IqSpX DuÀÖnXam¡ns¡m­phcphm³ hµy Znhy {io skâ v tPmÀPv Icn§m¨nd HutK³ d¼m³, Znhy({io( ]p¯³ho«n bmt¡m_v I¯\mÀ, Znhy ]ffnbn sh¨pIqSnb {io Fw( ]n( ]t{Xmkv si½mi³, {io( tXmakv hÀKokv hben¸d¼n Atkmkntbjsâ hmÀjnI F¶nhsc k©mc kq{]­pamcmbn \nban¨p( AhcpsS {ia^eambn s]mXptbmK¯n ]cnip² k¬tUkvIqfpIfptSbpw Ip«nIfptSbpw F®w KWyambn hÀ²n¨p( Genbmkv XrXob³ B hÀjw apX 7 ¢mÊn s]mXp]co£ Bcw`n¨p( 1926  thZIYIÄ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhmbpsS F¶ ]pkvXIhpw 1927  ZmhoZnsâ PohNcn{Xw F¶ ]pkvXIhpw D]]mT]pkvXI§fmbn AwKoIcn¨p( 1931  Ncn{X {]kn²amb skâ v A\pKrloX tPmÀPv Icn§m¨nd ]ffnbn sh¨pIqSnb Atkmkntbjsâ hmÀjnI km¶n²ywsIm­v s]mXptbmK¯n ]cnip² Genbmkv XrXob³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv {it²bamb B ]cnip² _mhmbpsS A\pKrloX km¶n²ywsIm­v {it²bamb B ]cnip² ]nXmhnsâ Xr¡c§fn ]nXmhnsâ Xr¡c§fn \n¶pw k½m\§Ä kzoIcn¡phm\pw B \n¶pw k½m\§Ä almßmhns\ I¬IpfnÀs¡ ImWphm\pw A\p{Kl§Ä Gäphm§p kzoIcn¡phm\pw B hm\pw km[n¨hÀ `mKyhm·mÀ Xs¶( 1933þ dh(^m( Ipcy³ IWnbm¼d¼n Fw(Fkv(Fkv(F(bpsS almßmhns\ I¬IpfnÀs¡ sk{I«dnbmbn NmÀsPSp¯p( XpSÀ¶v hµyZnhy {io apfbncn¡Â ImWphm\pw A\p{Kl§Ä ]utemkv d¼m³, hben¸d¼n _lp( tXmakv hÀKokv si½mi³ Gäphm§phm\pw km[n¨hÀ (Ccphcpw ]n¶oSp sa{Xmt¸meo¯·mÀ) F¶nhÀ sk{I«dnamcmbn `mKyhm·mÀ Xs¶$ NpaXetbäp( Cu ImeL«¯n _lp( tXmakv hÀKokv si½mi³ X¿mdm¡nb tNmtZym¯cw 1,2,3 `K§fpsS ]IÀ¸hImiw Atkmkn tbj\v e`n¨p( 1944 se s]mXptbmK¯n h¨v _lp( IWnbm¼d¼n A¨³ GÀs¸Sp¯nb C«ns¯m½³ I¯\mÀ sat½mdnb saU ae¦cbnse anI¨ A²ym]I\mbn sXcsªSp¡s¸« k¬tUkvIqÄ A²ym]I\v \evIpIbp­mbn( 1945 taSw 27 \v kp{]kn²XoÀ°mS\ tI{µamb I«¸pd¯p ]ffnbn IqSnb s]mXptbmKw Atkmkn tbjsâ `cWLS\ kzoIcn¨p( Fw(Fkv(Fkv(F( bpsS cPXPq_nen 1946  Bephm Xr¡p¶¯p skan\mcnbn Øncw {]knUâ v A`n( ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv Xncpta\nbpsS al\ob A²y£Xbnepw ]n¡me¯v ]( At´ymJym ]m{XnbÀ¡okmbn hmgn¡s¸« h(Zn({io( A_vZ BlmZv d¼m¨sâ al\ob km¶n²y¯nepambncp¶p \S¯s¸«Xv( 1946 se s]mXptbmKw ]pXnb `cWLS\ b\pkcn¨v aq¶p hÀjImemh[n¡v `mchmlnIsfbpw sk³{S I½nänbwK§tfbpw

85 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

sXcªSp¯p( kt`m]tZiw kpdnbm\n k`mNcn{Xw F¶nh ]mT]pkvXI¯n DÄs¸Sp¯nbXpw C¡meL«¯nemWv( 1949  _lp( IWnbm¼d¼n Ipcy³ tImÀF¸nkv tIm¸ Fw(Fkv(Fkv(F(bpsS UbdIvSÀ Bbn Øm\taäp( 1952þ55 Ime¯v IÀ®mSIbnse ku¯v Im\d `mK¯v Atkmkntbj\pambn _Ôs¸«v k¬tUkvIqfpIÄ Bcw`n¨p( 1952-þse Atkm-kn-tb-j³ hmÀjnI s]mXp-tbmKw Hcp Ncn{Xkw`- h-ambn amdn( 30þÂ]cw hÀjw Atkm-kn-tb-jsâ Øncm-²y-£-Øm\w {]Xnk- Ôn- Isf- XcWw sNbvXv \nd]- Sn- bmbn- \nÀÆln- ¡p- Ibpw- AXns\ ]cn-]m-en-¡p-Ibpw sNbXv ]cn-ip-²-\mb henb Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-sSm¸w ae-¦-c-bnse aq¶p sa{Xm-t¸m-en¯m Xncp-ta-\n-amÀ B tbmK-¯n kw_-Ôn-¨n-cp-¶p( ]( henb Xncp-ta\n Ah-km-\-ambn A²y-£X hln¨ B kt½-f\w \S-¶Xv ]( ]nXm-hnsâ BØm-\-amb Xr¡p- ¶¯v skan-\m-cn-bn h¨p-X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p( A`n$ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Hcp 1953 P\p-hcn 25þmw XobXn k`bv¡pw kt­-kvIqÄ {]kwKw tI«m aXn, {]Øm\¯n\pw hnem-]-Zn-\-ambn amdn( kt­-kvIqÄ Atkm-kn-tb- B ]pWy-tÇm-Is\ H¶p jsâ Øm]-I\pw ]cn-]m-e-I\pw Bbn-cp¶ ]( ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m- I­m aXn, \m-kn-tbmkv henb Xncp-ta\n Bephm Xr¡p-¶¯v skan-\m-cn-bn B Xrss¡-I-sfm¶p h¨v IÀ¯r-k-¶n[n ]qIn( ]( henb Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvX tijw ap¯n-bm aXn, hb-en-¸-d-¼n A`n( KohÀKokv tamÀ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nsb Atkm-kn-tb-j³ {]kn-Uâmbn ]( F¸n-kvtIm-¸Â kp¶-l-tZmkv \nb- s]mXp-tbm-K-¯n an-¨p( Imew sNbvX Øm]I {]kn-Uâ v sa{Xm-t¸m-en-¯m-bpsS kvac- ]s¦-Sp-¡p¶ W-bv¡mbn ]¯mw ¢mÊn (JSSLC) Gähpw IqSp-X amÀ¡v {]Xn-\n-[n-IÄ¡v hm§n hnP-bn-¡p¶ hnZymÀ°n-IÄ¡v amÀ A¯m-\m-tkymkv kzÀ®- Bß-kw-Xr]vXn sa-U \ÂIn hcp-¶p( e`n-¡p-hm³$ ]( ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m-\m-tkymkv henb Xncp-ta\n {]mÀ°-\- bn-eqsS kÀÆ-i-à-\mb Acp-a-\m-Y-\n \n¶v iàn t\Sn-sb-Sp¯v kt­-kvIqÄ {]Øm-\s¯ hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p( A`n( Xncp- ta-\n-bpsS Hcp {]kwKw tI«m aXn, B ]pWy-tÇm-Is\ H¶p I­m aXn, B Xrss¡-I-sfm¶p ap¯n-bm aXn, s]mXp-tbm-K-¯n ]s¦- Sp-¡p¶ {]Xn-\n-[n-IÄ¡v Bß-kw-Xr]vXn e`n-¡p-hm³( {]kw-K-¯n- \n-S-bn B ]cn-ip-² am\-k\pw I®p-\oÀ hmÀ¡pw; tI«n-cn-¡p-¶- hcpw I®p-\o-scm-¸w( hnizm-kn-Isf kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw Bß-kw- LÀjw \o§n-¡n-«n-b-`mhw; a\-sÊm¶p ip²-ambn F¶v GsXm- cmÄ¡pw tXm¶pw( ¹mhn-e-¡p-¼nÄ sIm­v Xncp-ta\n Iªn tImcn- ¡p-Sn-¡p-¶Xv GsXm-cmfpw t\m¡n-\n-¶p-t]m-Ipw( Xncp-ta\n kv]q¬ D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã( AXn-cm-hnse Fgp-t¶äv \mep-a-Wn-¡p-Xs¶ ]f-fn-bn-se¯n {]mÀ°n-¡p¶ Xncp-ta-\n, Xm³ ssZh-¯n \n¶pw iàn t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶Xv F§-s\-sb¶p \ap¡p ImWn-¨p-X-cp-¶p( Hmtcm hm¡pw kv^pS-ambn D¨-cn¨pw {]mÀ°\m KoX-§Ä at\m-l-c- ambn Be-]n-¨pw, bma-{]mÀ°-\-I-sfÃmw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p¶ A`n( Xncp- ta\n aäp-f-f-hÀ¡v Hcp AÛp-X-am-bn-cp-¶p( "Bep-hm-bnse amap\n' sb¶v CXc aX-Øcpw kvt\lm-Z-c-thmsS Xncp-ta-\nsb hnfn-¨n-cp-¶Xv B al¯zw I­-dn-ªn-«p-X-s¶( F{X {]£p-_v[-amb L«-am-sW-

86 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

¦nÂt]mepw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS BapJ {]kwKw tI«p-I-gn-bp-t¼mÄ {]Xn- \n-[n-IÄ im´-cmbn Ign-ªn-cn-¡pw( Hcp A`ua tXP-Êm-WtÃm B Xncp-ap-J-¯p-\n¶p hgn-sªm-gp-Ip-¶-Xv( B htNm-t[m-c-Wn-bnse BßmÀ°X BscbmWv- BIÀjn¡m- Xn- cn- ¡pI!- A¶v {]Øm\- ¯nsâ- hmÀjnI s]mXp-tbmKw {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw Hcp XoÀ°m-S\w Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p( IqSp-X DuÀÖ-kz-e-cmbn {]hÀ¯\\n- c-X-cm-Im³, iàn kw`-cn-¡m³, B XoÀ°m-S\w Ahsc klm-bn-¨n- cp-¶p( B iàn C¶pw {]kv^p-cn-¨p-sIm-­n-cn-¡p¶p; {]hÀ¯-\-§- fn AXv Zriy-am-Ip-¶p( ]( henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS {]mÀ°\ \ap- s¡¶pw ssIap-X-em-bp-­-tÃm( X·qew kt­-kvIqÄ {]Øm-\w, C¶v hn( k`-bpsS t]mjI kwL-S-\-I-fn AXpey Øm\-s¯-¯n-bn-cn- ¡p-I-bm-W-tÃm( Ipªp-§sf hn( k`bv¡pw kaq-l-¯n\pw cmjv{S- ]$ ]utemkv tamÀ ¯n\pw sImf-fm-hp-¶-h-cmbn hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡p¶ Cu {]Øm\w btim- A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv henb [m-hfpw ]c¯n ]cn-e-kn-¡pI Xs¶ sN¿pw( Xncp-ta\n \«p-\-\¨p ]( ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv henb Xncp-ta\n \«p-\- hfÀ¯nb kt­-kvIqÄ \¨p hfÀ¯nb kt­-kvIqÄ {]Øm-\-¯nsâ hfÀ¨ {ZpX-K-Xn-bn-em- bn-cp-¶p( ]p¯³Ip-cn-in Fw(-sP(-F-kv(-F(bv¡v at\m-l-c-amb BØm- {]Øm-\-¯nsâ hfÀ¨ \-a-µncw C¶p-­v( kz´-ambn hm§nb Htc-¡À Øe¯v Ccp-\ne {ZpX-K-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p$ Hm^okv aµn-chpw, Ccp-\ne tIm¬^-d³kv lmfpw, {]kvlmfpw ØnXn- ]p¯³Ip-cn-in sN-¿p-¶p( kz´-ambn Un(-än(-]n( skâÀ, _p¡v Unt¸m, dnkÀ¨v skâÀ Fw$-sP$-F-kv$-F$bv¡v F¶nh slUvIzmÀt«-gvkn {]hÀ¯n-¨p-sIm-­n-cn-¡p-¶p( 1981 apX at\m-l-c-amb BØm-\-a- apS¡w hcmsX Bß-Zo]w amknI {]Øm-\-¯nsâ Pnlz-bmbn µncw C¶p-­v$ kz´-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¨p-h-cp-¶p( Cw¥ojv, ae-bmfw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-§Ä IqSmsX I¶U `mj-bnepw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-§Ä A¨-Sn¨v hnX-cWw sN¿p-¶p( hm§nb Htc-¡À Øe¯v bqWn-th-gvkn-än-bnse shÃp¶ coXn-bn ]co-£m-`-h³ Imcy-£-a-ambn Ccp-\ne Hm^okv aµn-chpw, {]hÀ¯n¨p hcp-¶p( sht¡-j³ ss__nÄ kvIqÄ (JSVBS) Ccp-\ne tIm¬^-d³kv {]tXy-I-amb ]mTy-]-²XntbmSp-IqSn `wKn-bmbn \S-¯-s¸-Sp-¶p( kpdn- lmfpw, {]kvlmfpw ØnXn- bm\n `mjm ]T-\hpw \S-¶p-h-cp-¶p( 1 apX 12 hsc ¢mÊp-I-fn-em-bn- sN-¿p-¶p$ «mWv kt­-kvIqÄ ]T\w {Iao-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv( hoSp-IÄ \nÀ½n-¡p- ¶-Xn\v [\-k-lm-bw, tcmKn-IÄ¡v NnInÕm klm-bw, kvIqfp-I-fnepw tImtf-Pp-I-fnepw ]Tn-¡p¶ Ip«n-IÄ¡v kvtImfÀjn¸v XpS-§nb tkh- t\m-ßpJ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnepw Atkm-kntb-j³ ap¶n«v \n¶p {]hÀ¯n- ¡p-¶p( C¶v Fw(-sP(-F-kv(-F-kv(-F(-bpsS Iogn 73 Unkv{Sn-Iväp-I-fn- embn 640 kt­-kvIqÄ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p-­v( F®m-bn-c-¯nÂ]cw A²ym-]-IÀ \nkzmÀ°-tk-h\w A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶p( Cu alXv {]Øm- \-¯nsâ Iogn 70,000þ¯nÂ]cw Ip«n-IÄ ]Tn-¡p-¶p( Cu {]Øm-\-¯nsâ Øm]I ]nXm-hn-s\, ]( ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m-\m-tkymkv henb Xncp-ta-\nsb 2004 BKÌv 19\v ]( Cám-¯n- tbmkv kmJm Cuhmkv {]Y-a³ ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _mhm E215/04 þmw \¼À Iev]\ hgn-bmbn ]cn-ip²\mbn {]Jym-]n-¡p-Ibpw 2009 sk]väw- _À 18\v E152/09 þmw \¼À Iev]\ hgn-bmbn ]( henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \maw 5þmw Xp_vtZ\n tNÀ¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp( ]cn-ip² ]nXm-hnsâ {]mÀ°-\bpw A\p-{K-lhpw \ap¡v Imhepw tIm«-bp-am-bn-cn-¡-s«(

87 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

ssZh-k-¶n-[n-bnse a²y-س

tX\p-¦Â tUm"-Sn"]n tP¡-_v

""Fsâ a¡tf, \n§Ä Rm³ Hcp sNdnbIp«nbmbn Beph skan\mcn kt­kvIqfn AhnsS BZyw ImWp¶Xv ]Tn¨ncp¶ Ime¯v Hcp RmbdmgvN hµy\mb Xncpta\n R§fpsS Im¡p¸mb¯n ¢mÊn h¶v ""]utemkv Çolm(((('' F¶ KoXw R§sfs¡m­v ]mSn¡pIbpw Xncpta\n hfsc at\mlcambn R§tfmsSm¸w ]mSpIbpw ImepIfn« ]ptcmlnX·mcpsS sNbvXp( XpSÀ¶v B ]m«nsâ AÀ°w hnhcn¨psIm­v k`bpsS XeIfmbncn¡pw$ AhcmWv ImXemb hnizmks¯ apdpsI¸nSnt¡­Xnsâ BhiyIX R§Ä¡v Gsd ]m]w sN¿p¶hÀ'' t_m²ys¸Sp¯n¯cpIbp­mbn( R§Ä AXptI«v AXn\ptijw Xncpta\n tNmZn¨p ""\n§Ä \cI¯n t]mbn A¼c¶pt]mbn$ t\m¡nbm AhnsS IqSpXembn BcpsS XeIfmbncn¡pw ImWpI?'' ]utcmlnXy¯nsâ ]hn{XX Ft¶, ]m]nIÄ, Iff·mÀ, ZpjvS·mÀ((((((' F¶n§s\ ]ecptSbp ambncn¡psa¶v R§Ä ]dªp( At¸mÄ, Xncpta\n Iev]n¨Xv C¶pw \ne\nÀt¯­Xnsâ HmÀ¡pIbmWv( ""Fsâ a¡tf, \n§Ä AhnsS BZyw ImWp¶Xv BhiyIXsbbmWv Im¡p¸mb¯n ImepIfn« ]ptcmlnX·mcpsS XeIfmbncn¡pw( CXpsIm­v Xncpta\n AhcmWv Gsd ]m]w sN¿p¶hÀ'' R§Ä AXptI«v A¼c¶pt]mbn( AÀ°am¡nbXv$ ]utcmlnXy¯nsâ ]hn{XX \ne\nÀt¯­Xnsâ BhiyIXsbbmWv CXpsIm­v Xncpta\n AÀ°am¡nbXv( Fsâ aq¯ktlmZc³ tPmWns\ XesXm«Xv A`nhµy henb Xncpta\nbmbncp¶p( B tPyjvTsâ IeymWw Beph ]ffnbn h¨mWv \S¶Xv( A¶p­mb Hcp kw`hamWnXv( R§fpsS ho«nse BZy IeymWw( hfsc hnkvXcn¨v BtLmj ]qÀÆamWv \S¯nbXv( ]ffnbn sI«n\p \nÀ¯phm³ aWhmft\bpw, aWhm«ntbbpw Xncpta\n hnfn¨p( At¸mgmWv aWhm«nbpsS CShIbmb hShptImSv ]ffnbn \n¶pff IpdnsIm­phcm³ ad¶pt]mb hnhcw NpaXe¡mÀ

88 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

Adnbp¶Xv( hnhcw Xncpta\n Adnª DSs\ Iev¸n¨p( ""IpdnbnÃmsX IeymWw sI«n¡pIbnÃ''( FÃmhÀ¡pw A¼c¸mbn( Xncpta\nbpsS XesXm«aI³, Bephmbnse ]ucmWnI tX\p¦Â IpSpw_w, ]nXmhv ss]enbmsW¦n Xncpta\nbpambn Gsd ASp¸apff BÄ( ]t£, Xncpta\nbpsS Iev¸\ IÀ¡iambncp¶p( ]ecpw ip]mÀi ]dªp ""Ipdn DSs\ sIm­phcmw IeymWw sI«v \S¶psImffs« kabw t]mI ­tÃm, Xmakn¨m Gsd _p²nap«mIpatÃm('' F¶mÂ, Xncpta\n bmsXmcp hn«phogvNbv¡pw X¿mdÃ( BÄt]mbn IpdnsIm­ph¶Xn\p tijta IeymWw sI«n¨pffp( AtXmsSm¸w Xncpta\n Hcp Imcyw IqSnsNbvXp( IeymWw sI«n¨Xn\ptijta Ahn Sp¶v D¨`£Ww Ign¨pffp( R§fpsS IjvS¸mSn hµyXncpta\nbpw ]¦mfnbmbn( k`bnse \nba]cn]me\¯n\v CXnep]cn ZrjvSm´w Bhiyapt­m?( R§fpsS ho«ntebv¡p \à asämcp hkvXpX hgnsbm¶pw CÃmbncp¶p$ Fsâ ]nXmals\ (]t{Xmkv) Xncpta\n ]t{Xmkv tN«³ F¶mWv ]mS¯pIqSn \S¶pIbdWw$ hnfn¨ncp¶Xv( D¸m¸\v Xncpta\ntbmSv At§bäw _lpam\ambncp¶p( ]mSw apgph³ shffhpw$ AXpt]mse Xncpta\n ]t{Xmkv tN«t\bpw kvt\ln¨ncp¶p( Hcn¡Â D¸m¸\v AkpJw ]nSns]«p £oWw hÀ²n¨p( BtcmKy\ne F¶mÂ, CsXm¶pw Bi¦mP\Iambn( Xncpta\n CXv Adnªp \à hÀjImew( R§fpsS ]cnKWn¡msX Xncpta\n ho«ntebv¡p \à hgnsbm¶pw CÃmbncp¶p( ]mS¯pIqSn \S¶pIbdWw( Hcp `rXyt\bpw Iq«ns¡m­v ]mSw apgph³ shffhpw( F¶mÂ, CsXm¶pw ]cnKWn¡msX Xncpta\n hfsc _p²nap«n ]mSs¯ Hcp `rXyt\bpw Iq«ns¡m­v hfsc _p²nap«n ]mSs¯ hc¼pIfneqsS hc¼pIfneqsS \S¶v \S¶v ho«nse¯n( D¸m¸sâ ASp¯v h¶ncp¶v kamizkn¸n¨p( A¶p ho«nse¯n$ D¸m¸sâ ASp¯v Xs¶ Xncpta\n D¸m¸\v ssXem`ntjIIqZmi \S¯pIbpw D­mbn( Xncpta\nbpsS `àhmÕeyw R§Ä CsXÃmw \µntbmsS h¶ncp¶v kamizkn¸n¨p$ HmÀ¡p¶p­v( hµyXncpta\nbv¡v ]nXmhn \n¶v In«phm³ AhImis¸« kz¯v hnlnXw H«pw IpdbmsX hm§n, Xncpta\n AXv Beph skan\mcnbv¡v apXÂIq«pIbpap­mbn( AtX¸än Xncpta\n ]dªXv ""Fsâ IpSpw_mw K§fpw aäpw CSbv¡v skan\mcnbn hcnIbpw Nnet¸mÄ ChnsS Xmakn¡pIbpw sNbvsX¶v hcpw( AhcpsS `£W sNehn\pw aäpw Cu hnlnXw IqSntbXocp F¶mWv( skan\mcn kz¯ns\¸än Xncpta\n¡p ­mbncp¶ IcpXÂ! km¼¯nIambn _p²nap«v A\p`hn¡p¶hÀ _Ôp¡Ä Bbmepw skan\mcnbn h¶v k¦Sw DWÀ¯n ¡pt¼mÄ Xncpta\n ]dbmdpffXv, ""]ffnbpsS ]Ww XobmWv( AXv sXämb coXnbn D]tbmKn¡pItbm hyàn]cambn apX Iq«phm³ FSp¡pItbm sNbvXm AXv im]ambn ¯ocpw('' AhtcmSv Xncpta\n Iev]n¡pambncp¶p( ""a¡tf \n§fpsS _p²nap«v Xocphm³ Rm³ ssZht¯mSv {]mÀ°n¡mw'' B {]mÀ°\ ]eÀ¡pw ^en¨n«ps­¶v AhÀ Ft¶mSv ]dªn«pffXv Rm³ HmÀ¡p¶p( Hcn¡Â tIknsâ Bhiy¯n\mbn Ipsd ]Ww Bhiys¸«psIm­v Xncpta\n hS¡³ ]dhqÀ ]ffnbn Fgp¶ffn Xmakn¨p( ]ffn `mchmlnIÄ tbmKw hnfn¨pIq«n BtemNn¨p( Xncpta\n Bhiys¸«

89 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

Xnt\¡mÄ IqSnb Hcp XpI A\phZn¨p sImSp¡Wsa¶mWv AhÀ Xocpam\n¨Xv( hnhcw Xncpta\nsb Adnbn¨p( Xncpta\n Iev]n¨Xv "a¡tf A{Xbpw ]Ww F\n¡p th­( F\n¡nt¸mÄ AXymhiy¯n\pff XpI am{Xw X¶m aXn' tI«hÀ hnkvabn¨pt]mbn( Xncpta\n Dt±in¨ XpI am{Xta ssI¸änbpffp( a{Zmknse \½psS ]ffnbnse Fsâ Hcp Däkplr¯v Cu hnhcw ]ffnbn Adnbn¨t¸mÄ tIÄhn¡mÀ hµyXncpta\nsb¸än tXm¶nb BZchv hÀ®n¡m\mhnÃ( Fs´mc km[mcWXzw!( _e-lo-\-\mb Fs¶ Fsâ ]nXmhv Hcp sshZn-I-\m-Ip-hm³ B{K- ln-¨n-cp¶ hnhcw hµy Xncp-ta-\nsb Adn-bn-¨p( At¸mÄ Xncp-ta-\n-sIm- Sp¯ adp-]Sn {it²-b-am-Wv( "sshZn-I-\m-I-W-sa-¦n Ahn-hm-ln-X-\mbn Hcp Zbdm ]«-¡m-c-\m-Ip-I-bmWv IqSp-X A`n-Im-ayw( AXv hfsc _p²n- ap«pw {]bm-k-hp-ap-ff Imcy-amWv Xm\pw( ]ehn[ ]co-£-W§fpw t\cn- tS­n- hcpw(- BbXn\v- \à Icp¯v thWw( AXà hnhmln- X- \mb- Hcp ]«- Npcp¡- ¯nÂ- F\n¡v ¡m-c-\m-Ip-I-bm-sW-¦n IpSpw-_m-h-iy-§Ä¡mbn ]Ww th­n-h-cpw( CXn\Iw- ssZh¯nÂ- \n¶pw Hcp sshZn-Isâ e£yw Hcn-¡epw AXm-bn-cn-¡-cp-Xv( CsXÃmw Btem- e`n-¨n-«p-ff FÃm hn[-¯n-ep-ff Nn¨v th­-sX-s´¶v Xocp-am-\n-¡p-I(' CXptI- «- tXmsS- ]nXmhnsâ- Nn´mKXn- BsI amdn ]n¶oSv AtX¸än- DbÀ¨IÄ¡pw- t\«§Ä¡pw- Nn´n¨n- «n- Ã(- A!D1952þ Hcp Znhkw Rm³ Beph bp(kn tImf-Pn-te¡v ]cnip²- henb Xncpta- \n- - t]mb-t¸mÄ A½ X¶-b¨ Ipsd ]e-lmcw Xncp-ta-\n¡v sImSp¯v bm{X bpsS a²yØ- X- bmWv- tNmZn¨p(- At¸mÄ Xncpta\n- Iev]n¨ Hcp Imcyw Rm³ Ft¸mgpw HmÀ¡pw( hgn Hcp-¡n-bXv F¶-Xn\p Fs¶ A\p-{K-ln-¡-W-sa¶v Rm³ At]-£n-¨p( DSs\ Xncp-ta\n Iev]n- kwib- an- Ã,- Rm³ A§s\ ¨p( "\nsâ IqsS Fsâ A\p-{Klw kZm D­m-Ipw( \o hen-b-h-\m-bn-¯o- cpw( Rm³ GXp hnizm-k-¯n-\p-th­n \n¡p-¶p-thm, AXn \nsâ ]qÀ®-ambn hniz-kn¨v BbpÊv apgp-h³ \o ASn-bp-d¨v \n¡-Ww(' Rm³ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-¡p-¶p$ ssIap¯n Dd-¸p-sIm-Sp-¯p( A!D1953 P\phcn- 25þmw XnbXn ]pWy]n- Xmhv- Imew sNbvXp( A¶p apX ]cnip²- ]nXmhnsâ- a²yØ- X- bnÂ- A`b- s¸- «n- «p- f- f- sXÃmw- ssZh- amb IÀ¯mhv F\n¡v \ÂIn A\p{K- ln¨p- t]mcp¶p(- A!D 1954 þ a{Zm- kn saUn¡Â- tImtfPnÂ- F\n¡v AUvanj³- In«nbXpw- HcÛp- X- ambn- C¶pw tXm¶p¶p(- AUvanj³- ImÀUv In«nb- Xnsâ- Xte¶v cm{Xn ]cnip- - ²\mb- Xncpta- \n- bnÂ- A`b- s¸«v- {]mÀ°n¨p InS¶ Rm³, F\n¡v AUvan- j³ In«nb- Xmbn- kz]v\w I­Xp Ft¸mgpw Fsâ HmÀ½bn- ep- ­v(- F\n¡v Hcp aI³ D­m-I-Wta F¶v henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS a²y- Ø-X-bn bmNn¨v, I_-dn-¦Â {]tXyIw {]mÀ°n¨p Ign-ªp-Iq-Snb F\n¡v B CS-bv¡mWv Hcp ]p{X³ ]nd-¶-Xv( AXn\v sXm«p-ap¼pw Hcp kz]v\w I­p( henb Xncp-ta\n Ft¶mSp Iev]n-¡p-¶-Xmbn "\n\¡v Hcp aI³ ]nd-¡pw( Ahsâ hes¯ tXmfn Hcp adpIv D­mIpw' F¶v( AXp kXy-am-bn, Fsâ aIsâ hes¯ tXmfn\v adpIv C¶pw ImWmw( Npcp¡- ¯nÂ- F\n¡v CXn\Iw- ssZh¯nÂ- \n¶pw e`n¨n- «p- ff- FÃm hn[-¯n-ep-ff DbÀ¨-IÄ¡pw t\«-§Ä¡pw ]cn-ip² henb Xncp-ta-\n- bpsS a²y-Ø-X-bmWv hgn Hcp-¡n-bXv F¶-Xn\p kwi-b-an-Ã, Rm³ A§s\ ]qÀ®ambn- hnizkn¨v- Pohn¡p- ¶p(-

90 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

Bep-hm-bnse alm-kn-²\pw Xr¡p-¶¯v skan-\m-cnbpw

sjh" Xcn-b³ sI"-ss]-\m-S¯v

A¦am- en- bpsS- {]Ya ae¦- c- - bmt¡m- _mb- kpdnbm\n- k`mN- cn- {X- ¯nÂ- thcpd¨- Hcp kp{]- sa{X-ms¸m-en-¯-bm-bn-cp¶ [m\ tI{µamWv- Beph Xr¡p¶¯p- skan\m- cnbpw- ]ffn- bpw(- AwKoI- cn- - A¼m«v tamÀ Iqdntemkv- ¡s¸«- k`mtI{µw- tIm«b- ¯m- bn- cp- s¶- ¦nepw- kapZmbt¡kp- ambn- _Ô- s¸«v tIm«bw HmÀ¯tUmIvkv hn`mK- ¯nsâ- A[o\- X- bn- em- b- tXmsS- ]e Xncpta- \n- bmWv- hfsc ZoÀL- kp{]-[m\ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡pw Bep-hm-bmWv tI{µ-ambn km£yw Zr-jvSn-tbmsS Bep-hm-bnse hln¨n«pff- Xv(- ZoÀLImew- ]m{XnbÀ¡okv- hn`mK- ¯nsâ- Np¡m³ ]nSn- Øm]-\-§Ä ØnXn ¨n-cp¶ ]pWy-tÇm-I-\mb amÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS sN¿p¶ Øew BØm\w Beph Bbncp- ¶- tÃm(- Is­-¯n-bXpw A¦-am-en-bpsS {]Ya sa{X-ms¸m-en-¯-bm-bn-cp¶ A¼m«v tamÀ Iqdn- {]mcw-`-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä temkv Xncp-ta-\n-bmWv hfsc ZoÀL-Zr-jvSn-tbmsS Bep-hm-bnse Øm]- \S-¯n-b-Xpw$ \-§Ä ØnXn sN¿p¶ Øew Is­-¯n-bXpw {]mcw-`-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S-¯n-b-Xpw( Dt±iw 18 G¡À Øe-amWv AXn-\mbn X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv sImÃ-hÀjw 1055þ ]f-fn-bpsS ]Wn-IÄ XpS§nsb¶pw ]dbmw M!E 1064 Ip`w 18þmw XobXn ]f-fn-bn {]Ya _en-bÀ¸n-¨p( ]f-fn-¡-Sp¯v Xm¡men- I- am- bp- ­m- ¡nb- Hcp sjÍmbn- cp¶p- A¶s¯ ""Aca\''- F¶p ]dbmw( sImÃ-hÀjw 1066 Ip`w 25 þmw XobXn A¼m«p Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvXp( A¦-amen ]f-fn-bn I_-d-S-¡n( F¦nepw At±lw ap¼v Iev]n- ¨n-cp¶ {]Imcw ""At±-l-¯nsâ Bßmhv Bep-hm-bn Xs¶''bmbncn- - ¡pw( ]n¶oSv `cWm- [n- ]- \m- bXv- IShnÂ- ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- tkymkv- Xncp-ta-\n-bm-Wv( ap³Kman XpS-§n-h¨ ]e ]Wn-IÄ ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡n-bXpw skan-\m-cn-sI-«n-S-¯nsâ {]mcw` ]Wn-IÄ \S-¯n-¨Xpw aäpw B Xncp-ta- \n-bmWv( Cu ]Wn-I-sfÃmw Imcy-£-a-X-tbmsS \S-¯n-¨n-cp-¶Xv ss]\m-

91 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

S¯v (Ip-än-¡m-«nÂ) ]utemkv d¼m-¨-\m-bn-cp-¶p( A¦-amen þ AI-¸-d¼v XpS-§nb Ab CS-h-I-Ifn \n¶p-amWv ]Wn-IÄ¡p-ff XpIbpw aäp klm-b-k-l-I-c-W-§fpw e`n-¨p-h-¶-Xv( `{Zm-k-\-¯nse ]e `mK-§-fn \n¶pam- bn,- ]et¸m- gm- bn«v,- ]e ho«pIm- scbpw- Bephm- bnÂ- sIm­p h¶v ]f-fn-¸-cn-k-c¯v Xma-kn-¸n-¨Xpw Cu Ime-b-f-hn-em-bn-cp-¶p( Hcp Cw¥ojv kvIqÄ ]d-hqÀ Ipf-§c ]n( amXyp, _n( F, _n(-FÂ-(þsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n XpS-§m³ A`n-hµy IS-hn Xncp-ta\n B{K-ln-¨p( ]t£, AXnsâ kmcYyw hln-¨n-cp¶ ]n( amXyp-hnsâ AIme thÀ]m-Sp-aqew {]kvXpX Bibw ssIsh-Snªv kvIqÄsI-«nSw skan-\m-cn-s¡-«n-S-am-¡n-¯oÀ¡p- I-bm-Wp­mXv( A`n-hµy IS-hn Xncp-ta\n X\n¡p In«nb ho«p kzs¯Ãmw Beph skan-\m-cn¡v kw`m-h-\-sN-bvXp( A!D!1907 Xpemw 20þmw XnbXn A`nhµy IS-hn Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvXv Bep-hm-]-f-fn-bn (I-_À apdn) I_-d-S-§n( skan-\m-cn-¸Sn IS-¡p-t¼mtg XpSÀ¶v A`n-hµy henb Xncp-ta\n CS-hI `cWw Gsä-Sp-¯p( BcptSbpw- lrZb- ¯nÂ- At±lw ]f-fn-bpsS apJ-hmcw s]mfn¨v ]Wn-bn-¨p( ]pc-bnSw aXn sI«n- Hcp anSn¸v A\p`- h- s¸Spw$- bp-d-¸n¨p( sI«n-S-§-fpsS tX¸v ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¨p( IqSmsX Iqsd ho«p-Imsc ImcWw AXv Hcp almkn- - Bephm ]ffn- ¡Sp¯v- Øew sImSp¯v Xmakn- ¸n¨p(- A§s\ Hcp k`m- ²sâ km¶n²yw- sIm­v- tI-{µ-am-Im-\p-ff kml-Ncyw hµy-Xn-cp-ta\n kwPm-X-am-¡n( kam-cm-²y-amb Bßob k`m-cwK¯v Xncp-ta\n ssIhcn¨ D¶Xn Bep-hmsb hnhn[ \ne-I- tI{µ-am-Wv$ A¨-S-¡-¯n- fn hfÀ¯nsbSp¡p¶Xn\v- - klmb- I- am- bn(- Hcp sshZnI- sk- an- \m- cn- bmbn- sâbpw ]mh\- kvt\- l- hm- Õ- - Xr¡p-¶¯v skan-\mcn Bbn cq]w {]m]n-¨p( AXv hµy Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-¯nse apJy-e-£y-am-bn-cp-¶p( Bßnb euInI kap-¶-X-]-Z-hn-I- ey¯n- sâbpw- kncmtI- {µ- am- - fn hncm-Pn-¨n-cp¶ At\Iw t]À Bep-hm-bnse "alm-kn-²m-{iaw' ]e- WXv$- im´nbpwkwip- ²nbpw- t¸m-gmbn kµÀin-¨n-«p­v( \ndªv \n¡p¶p AhnsS$- ]cnip²- Genbmkv XrXob³- ]m{XnbÀ¡nkv- _mhm-bpsS hm¡p-I- \K-c-a-²y-¯n fn ""CXp \½psS kz´-`-h\w, \½psS hn{i-a-tI-{µw, CXv \½psS Hcp im´nIpSocw!- Bizmkw, CXv \½psS A½ hoSv !'' Cu ]ffn- bpsS- IqZmi ]cn( _mhm- sbs¡m­v- \S¯n- ¡p- hm³- henb Xncpta\n- Hcp¡- §Ä- sNbvXp h¶ncp- - ¶p( ]t£, ]cnip²- _mhbpsS- A{]Xo- £nX- tZlhn- tbmKw- aqew AXn\p km[n¨nÃ(- F¦nepw _mhbpsS IqsS h¶ncp¶- bqlmt\m³- tamÀ ¢oanÊv (ioa- bn- se)- _mhsb- s¡m­v- A!D!1932 ao\w 24þmw- XnbXn BIqZmi \S- ¯n¡p- I- bp- ­m- bn(- ]pWytÇm- I- \mb- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- k\ymk- Po- hn- Xw- sIm­v- ]cn]qÀ®- - amb Hcm-{i-a-ambn amdn Beph skan-\m-cn( AXv B²ym-ßn-I-X-bpsS kt¦X- am- bn,- hnip²n- bpsS- Ddhn- S- am- bn(- skan\m- cn- ¸Sn- IS¡p- t¼mtg- Bcp- tSbpw lrZ-b-¯n Hcp anSn¸v A\p-`-h-s¸Spw( ImcWw AXv Hcp alm- kn-²sâ km¶n-²yw-sIm­v kam-cm-²y-amb Bßob tI{µ-am-Wv( A¨-S- ¡¯n- sâbpw- ]mh\- kvt\- l- hm- Õ- ey- ¯n- sâbpw- kncmtI- {µ- am- W- Xv(- im´n- bpwkwip²nbpw- \ndªv \n¡p¶p AhnsS(- \Kc- a- ²y- ¯nÂ- Hcp im´n- IpSocw! ssZhw hkn-¡p¶ Hcm-ebw! kIe Aeu-InI {]uVn-Ifpw AS-§p¶ Hcp amkvac iàn-bmWv AhnsS \ndªv \n¶n-cp-¶-Xv( \S¯¯nepw, s]cp-am-ä-¯n-epw, kwkm-c-¯n-epw, FÃmw Hc-km-[m-cW im´-X, A¨S¡w(((((( A§s\ t]mbn-cp¶p Beph skan-\m-cn-bnse

92 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

A¡m-es¯ Zn\w Hmtcm¶pw! henb Xncpta- \n¡v- I®n\p ImgvN¡p- d- hp- ­m- bn- cps¶- ¦nepw- ImXnsâ {ih-W-iàn Akm-am-\y-am-bn-cp-¶p( hfsc sNdnb i_vZw t]mepw tI«- dnbpw; "Bcm-WXv' F¶ tNmZyw DS³ Db-cp-Ibpw sN¿pw( i_vZ-{i-h-W- am-{X-bn Xs¶ Nnc-]-cn-Nbw sIm­v Bsf Xncn-¨-dn-bp-hm³ At±-l- ¯n\p Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p( GXp Øm\-¯n-cn-¡p-¶-h-tcbpwþXmgvNbpw DbÀ¨bpw ]cnK- Wn- ¡msXþkvt\- l- \n- [n- bmb- Hcp ]nXmsh¶- \nebnÂ- th­-t]mse kzoI-cn¨v th­-hn[w D]-N-cn-¡p-hm³ At±lw kZm X¿m- dmbn- cp- ¶p(- Xs¶ kao]n- ¡p¶- Gh\pw tXm¶pw aämtcbpwImÄ- Fs¶ {]nb-s¸-Sp¶p F¶v; A{X-bv¡p­v B s]cp-am-ä-¯nsâ lrZyX( hµy- Xs¶ kao-]n-¡p¶ \mb B ]nXm-hn\v i{Xp-¡-fm-bn«v Bcp-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã( At±-ls¯ Gh\pw tXm¶pw i{Xphmbn- ImWphm\pw a\pjy- Xz- ap- ff- Bcpw Xp\nbp- am- bn- cp- ¶p- sh¶pw- aäm-tcbpwImÄ Fs¶ tXm¶p-¶n-Ã( Xm³ icn-sb¶p hniz-kn-¡p¶ GXn\pw th­n F´p {]nbs¸- Sp¶p- F¶v; XymKhpw kln¡p- hm³- kZmk- ¶- ²- \m- bn- cp¶- Xncpta\n- ]cnip²- knwlm- A{Xbv¡p­v- B s]cpam- ä- - k-\-¯nsâ Xs¶ {]oXn _lp-am-\-§Ä¡v ]m{Xo-`q-X-\m-bXpw B Dd¨ ¯nsâ lrZyX$ hµy\mb- \ne-]m-Sp-sIm-­m-WsÃm!( B ]nXm-hn\v i{Xp-¡-fm-bn«v hnip-²sâ PohnXw sIm­v hnip-²n-t\-Snb hnip² Øm]\w þ AXmWv Beph Xr¡p-¶¯p skan-\m-cnbpw ]f-fn-bpw( ap³Kman-IÄ Bcp-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã$ X¿m-dm-¡nb ]Ým-¯ew ]hn-{X-X-tbmsS ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¡-s¸« BØm-\- At±-ls¯ i{Xp-hmbn am-¡n-bXv ]cn-ip-²-\mb henb Xncp-ta-\n-bm-Wv( AXv BÀ¡pw Hcp ImWphm\pw a\p-jy-Xz-ap-ff Ime¯pw ad-¡m-\m-hp-I-bn-Ã( ae-¦c bmt¡m-_mb k` Df-fS-t¯mfw Bcpw Xp\nbp- am- bn- cp- ¶p- - Imew B a[p-c-kva-cW kPo-h-am-bn-¯s¶ \ne-sIm-f-fpw( sh¶pw tXm¶p-¶n-Ã$ ]ffn- ¸cn- kc- \nhmkn- IÄs¡Ãmw- Cu Øm]\w FÃm¯- c- ¯nepw- Hcp A¯mWn- bm- bn- cp- ¶p(- skan\m- cn- bnÂ- kµÀiI- cn- Ãm¯- kabw Xs¶ Npcp- ¡-am-bn-cp-¶p( kZm kPo-h-am-bn-cp¶p skan\m- cn- bpsS- A´co£w- i{Xpþ an{X, PmXn þaX,- t`Zsat\y- GhÀ¡pw kZm kzmKX- tam- Xn- bn- cp- ¶p- Cu B{iaw( hnhn- [Xcw- PohnX t¢i§Ä¡v- Hcp AdpXn Is­¯n Bizm-k-a-\p-`-hn-¡p-hm³ Beph skan\mcn- Ht«sd- t¸sc- klmbn- - ¨n«p- ­v(- C¶v AsXÃmw hne-tb-dnb a§m¯ kvac-W-IÄ! B HSp-§m¯ Znhy-tX-PÊv _mly-am-bÃ, B´-cn-I-am- bn«v hnizmkn- I- fpsS- lrZb- §- fnÂ- {]Im- in-¡p-¶p-­mhpw( ]cn-ip-²-\mb B ]nXm-hnsâ I_-dnSw C¶v Nmcw aqSnb Xo¡«- bmbn- ØnXnsN- ¿p- ¶p- sh¶v- ]d- bmw( C¶-sÃ-¦n \msf B tXPÊv ]pd¯p hcmXn- cn- ¡- bnÃ;- \nÝbw(-

Bephm Xr¡p-¶¯v skan-\mcn

93 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

]: henb Xncpta\n þ At´ymJym knwlmk\¯nsâ Icp¯pä t]mcmfn

sjh: ]n.sI. ]utemkv Iqc³

]utcmlnXy¯nsâ DdhnSw ]cnip² ]utemkv amÀ A¯m\mtkymkv henb Xncpta\n ]: At´ymJym bpsS hmgvN \S¯nbXv ]cnip² AÐpÅ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh knwlmk\amsW¶ kXyw bmWv< hmgvN¡p th­n A¦amen `{Zmk\ ]Ån {]Xn]pcpjtbmKw ]: ]nXmhv apdpsI¸nSn¨n ]cnip² ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh¡v kaÀ¸n¨ At]£ lrZb kv]À iIamWv< ""<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ]tcX\mb Ipdntemkv sa{Xmt¸meo¯mbpsS cp¶p$ IdbnÃm¯Xpw injy\mb sIm¨p ]utemkv d¼m³ ssZhnI Xo£vWXtbmsS IpdhnÃm¯Xpamb `n£¡mcs\t¸mse ]ÅnIfn k©cn¨v hfsc {]bmks¸«v ""ssIsh¸v '' ]: At´ymJym ]Ww ]ncn¨v skan\mcn sI«nS¯nsâ ]Wn an¡hmdpw knwlmk\¯n \n¶v ]qÀ¯nbm¡n <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< At±lw hnizmk sshcmKyapÅh\pw ssZh am{Xta e`n¡pIbpÅq F¶v `à\pw kz`mhip²nbpÅh\pamIp¶p-<<<<<'' F¶mWv< ]cnip² Xncpta\n ASnbpd¨v henb Xncpta\nbpsS Bgtadnb hnizmkw, Bßob Xo£vWX, hnizkn¨ncp¶p$ PohnX hnip²n, {]mÀ°\m PohnXw F¶nhbv¡v FÃmw D]cnbmbn ]cnip ² At´ymJym knwlmk\t¯mSpÅ Iqdpw, hnt[zbXz hpw A\pkcWhp amWv< ]: ]nXmhn\v ] A_vZp-ff ]m{Xn- ] At{]w {]Y-a³ k`m a¡fpsS lrZ bÀ¡okv _mhm ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _mhm b§fn Ønc

94 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

{]XnjvT e`n¨Xn\v ImcWw< ]utcmlnXy¯nsâ DdhnSw ]: A t´ymJym knwlmk\amsW¶ kXyw ]: ]nXmhv apdpsI ¸nSn¨ncp¶p< IdbnÃm¯Xpw IpdhnÃm¯Xpamb ""ssIsh¸v'' ]: At´ymJym knwlmk\¯n \n¶v am{Xta e`n¡pIbpÅq F¶v Xncpta\n ASnbpd¨v hnizkn¨ncp¶p< Xsâ hyàn ]camb Cãm \nã§tf¡mÄ ]: At´ymJym knwlmk\¯nsâ XmXv]cy§Ä ¡mbncp¶p ]: ]nXmhv hne Iev]n¨ncp¶Xv< ]: ]nXmhns\ kw_Ôn ¨nSt¯mfw ]: At´ymJym knwlmk\w Pohmßmhpw ]camßm hpw Bbncp¶p< F´v, {]Xn_Ô§fpw {]XnkÔnIfpw t\cntS ­n h¶mepw ]: At´ymJym knwlmk\ _Ôw Dt]£n¡phm³ ]: Xncpta\n X¿mdnÃmbncp¶p< ]: Xncpta\n Xsâ {]kwK§fn FSp¯v ]dªncp¶Xv ""a¡tf Rm³ ]cnip² At´ymJym hnizmk¯n P\n¨p hfÀ¶XmWv< B hnizmk¯n Xs¶ ]: henb Xncpta\nbpsS acn¡pIbpw sN¿pw'' F¶mbncp¶p< \hm`njnàcmIp¶ sshZnI At´ymJym knwlmk\ tcmSpÅ ]: Xncpta\nbpsS D]tZiw ""]cnip² At´ymJym knwlm `àn a\Ênem¡nbmWv k\¯n\mbn«mWv \n§Ä A`ntjIw sN¿s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv F¶Xv Imew sNbvX F{_mlmw Hcn¡epw ad¡cptX, ]cnip² knwlmk\¯n\v FXncmbn«p amÀ ¢n½okv kz]v\¯n t]mepw Nn´n¡cptX'' F¶mbncp¶p< ]: At´ymJym knwlmk\¯nsâ ap³]msI sNbvX Xncpta\nbpsS ]nXmhv kXy{]XnÚ Xsâ A´yw hsc ]: ]nXmhv Im¯p kq£n¡p si½mis\ (Xncpta\n) Ibp­mbn< CXv kw_Ôn¨v Iev]\bn ]dbp¶Xv ""< < < < < < < < bYmÀ° knwlmk\ \s½ kw_Ôn¨v ]dbpIbmsW¦n \mw hnip² aZv_lmbpsS `à\m¡p¶Xn\v ap¼msIbpw, ]cnip² amemJ amcpsSbpw, ]nXm¡·mcpsSbpw th­nbmWv Bephm ap¼msI ]e {]mhiyhpw, hnip² ]m{XnbÀ¡m knwlmk\t¯mSv A\pkcW¯nepw BZchnepw BbpjvImesams¡bpw \S¶p Xr¡p¶¯v sImÅm sa¶v i]Yw sNbvXv, Cu ta¸« Øm\w Gän«pÅXmWv< skan\mcnbn AX\pkcn¨v CXphscbpw \mw \n¶p, C\nbpw \n¡p¶XpamWv' Xmakn¸n¨Xv4 F¶mWv< Xsâ Kpcp¡·mcpw ap³KmanIfpamb A¼m«v KohdpKnkv amÀ Ipdntemkv Xncpta\nbmIs«, IShn Iqc³ ]utemkv amÀ A¯m\mtkymkv Xncpta\nbmIs«, ]: ]cpae KohdpKnkv amÀ {KotKmdntbmkv Xncpta\nbmIs« ]: At´ymJym knwlmk\ ¯ns\Xncmbn Nn´n¡pI t]mepw sNbvXn«nÃ< B ]nXm¡·mcpsS in£W¯n hfÀ¶ ]: henb Xncpta\n¡v adn¨mIm³ ]äpI bnÃtÃm< ]: henb Xncpta\nbpsS At´ymJym knwlmk\ `àn a\Ênem¡nbmWv Imew sNbvX F{_mlmw amÀ ¢n½okv Xncpta\nbpsS ]nXmhv si½mis\ (Xncpta\n) bYmÀ° knwlmk\ `à\m¡p¶Xn\v th­nbmWv Bephm Xr¡p¶¯v skan\mcnbn Xmakn¸n¨Xv< ]cnip² At´ymJym knwlmk\hpambn«pÅ _Ôw \ne\ndp¯phm³ ]: ]nXmhn\v Ht«sd XymK§fpw {]Xn_Ô §fpw klnt¡­n h¶n«p­v< Nne {]tem`\§tfbpw, AXnPohn t¡­Xmbn h¶n«p­v< k`m tIkpIfpsS aqÀ²\y¯n tIknÂ

95 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

tXm¡psa¶pw A{]Imcw h¶m Bephm Xr¡p¶¯v skan\m cnbn \n¶pw Cd§nt¸mtI­n hcpsa¶pw Nne tI{µ§Ä {]Ncn ¨t¸mÄ ]: ]nXmhv AXn\v \ÂInb adp]Sn ""a¡tf `banÃ< AI¸ d¼n \aps¡mcp ]d¼p­v, AhnsS Hcp InWÀ Ipgn¸n¨n«p­v< sNdnb Hcp sI«nShpw h¨m \mw AhnsS Ignªp sImÅmw'' F¶mbncp¶p< Fs´Ãmw Dt]£nt¡­nbpw, klnt¡­nbpw h¶mepw, ]: At´ymJym knwlmk\t¯mSpÅ Iqdpw hnt[bXzhpw Dt]£n¡phm³ ]: ]nXmhv X¿mdmÃmbncp¶p< ""Cu At´ymJym `ànbpw _Ôhpw FÃmw Dt]£n¨p h¶m \à aWntaSbn D¶X Øm\w \ÂImsa¶v NneÀ ]: ]nXmhns\ kao]n¨p ]dbpIbp­mbn< CXn\v \ÂInb adp]Sn ""Rm³ aWntaSIÄ¡v th­nbà k`m t\XrXzw hln¡p¶Xv< ]: At´ymJym knwlm k\¯n³ Iogn A\pkcWbpÅh\mbn Pohn¡phm³ BWv< AXmWv F\n¡nãw'' F¶mbncp¶p< HmÀ¯tUmIvkv k`bnse Imew sNbvX ]oeIvkot\mkv sa{Xmt¸meo¯m ]: henb ""Fsâ hm-Âkey aIs\ Xncpta\nsb kao]n¨v ""]: At´ymJym knwlmk\t¯¡mÄ \nsâ kvt\lhpw hepXv k`m tbmPn¸mWv F¶pw AXn\p th­n Imcy§Ä ]: XymKhpw, hnzimk ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhsb t_m²ys¸Sp¯n k`mtbmPn¸n\v {ian¡Wsa¶pw Bhiys¸«p< CXn\v ]: ]nXmhv \ÂInb adp]Sn sshcmKyhpw \½psS ""<<<<<< ]ctam¶Xamb ]: knwlmk\t¯mSv Fs´¦nepw hmZn¨v lrZb¯nsâ Bg¯n Pbn¡phm³ Xm³ ià\Ãsb¶pw ]: knwlmk\¯n \n¶pw amdp¶nÃ,'' \ns¶ \n¶papÅ Iev]\IÄ A\pkcn¡p¶h³ am{XamWv <<<'' hn«p t]m¶Xn \ap¡v F¶pambncp¶p< hyhlmcmZn Imcy§fn ]: ]nXmhn\v Xosc AS§m¯ k¦Sap­v'' XmXv]cyw CÃmbncp¶p< F¶m Xm³ tIkn GÀs¸tS­n h¶p F¶pw AXv F´n\mbncp¶p sh¶pw ]: Xncpta\n hniZoI F¶mWv4 cn¡p¶p­v< AXv ""\mw Cu kw`h¯n- GÀs¸«Xv [\s¯ Dt±in¨Ã<<<<<<<<<<<<<'' ""<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< \½psS k`bpsS hnizmk§Ä kpc£n Xam¡p¶Xn\pw, hn: At´ymJym knwlm k\hpw ae¦c k`bpw X½n ]ucmWnIambpÅ _Ôw \ne \ndp¯p¶Xn\pw <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<'' F¶mWv< adpI£n¡v hn[n¨ tImSXn sNehv sI«nh¡m³ Xmakw t\cn«t¸mÄ ]: Xncpta\nsb hmd­n ]nSn¸n¡psa¶v Hcp {ipXn ]c¶p< Pbnen InSt¡­n h¶mepw ]: At´ymJym knwlmk \w Dt]£n¡pIbnÃm F¶v Xs¶bmbncp¶p ]: ]nXmhnsâ [ocamb \ne]mSv< ]cnip² henb Xncpta\nsb¡pdn¨v At´ymJym knwlm k\¯nsâ IcpX hepXmbncp¶p< ]:]nXmhnsâ A`n{]mb§Ä ]: AÐpÅ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhbpw ]: Genbmkv XrXob³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhbpw ]: At{]w {]Ya³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhbpw AwKoIcn¨v BZcn¨ncp¶p< ]: AÐpÅ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh ]: ]nXmhn\v Ab¨ Iev]\bn ]cmaÀin¨Xv< ""Fsâ hm- Âkey aIs\ \nsâ kvt\lhpw XymKhpw, hnzimk sshcmKyhpw \½psS lrZb¯nsâ Bg¯n \n¶pw amdp¶nÃ,'' \ns¶ hn«p

96 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

t]m¶Xn \ap¡v AS§m¯ k¦Sap­v'' F¶mWv< I­\mSv, tIm«bw, \ncWw, Xp¼a¬, sImÃw `{Zmk\§fpsS `cW¨paXe ]: henb Xncpta\n¡v \ÂIns¡m­v ]: Genbmkv XrXob³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh Ab¨ Iev]\bn ]dbp¶Xv ""<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< Bß I®pIÄ sIm­v \mw ]cntim[n¨t¸mÄ \ns¶ ta¸db s¸«ncn¡p¶ CShIIÄ¡v Xeh\mbn \nban¡pIbpw ssZhw klmbn¨v Ahbv¡v sa{Xmt¸meo¯mamsc hmgn¡p¶Xphsc \o Ahsb `cn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶Xv sImÅmsa¶v \mw I­ncn ¡p¶p<<<'' C{]ImcamWv< tIm«bw `{Zmk\ sa{Xmt¸meo¯m Øm\ t¯¡v ]: Genbmkv XrXob³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh kp{]kn² hmKvanbpw, B²ymßnIhpw, kmaqlnIhpw cmjv{Sobhpamb cwK§fn Hcpt]mse {]tim`n¨ncp¶ Bepaq«n aoJmtb IÈoisb amÀ Znh¶mtkymkv F¶ t]cn hmgn¨p \nban¨p< ]: Genbmkv XrXob³ XpSÀ¶v sImÃw, \ncWw Xp¼a¬ F¶o `{Zmk \§fpsS ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh NpaXeIÄ ]: henb Xncpta\nbn \n¶pw hnSÀ¯n amÀ Znh kp{]kn² hmKvanbpw, ¶mtkymkv Xncpta\n¡v ]: ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh \ÂIp B²ymßnIhpw, Ibp­mbn< A`n\h Xncpta\nbpsS km¶n²yw henb Xncpta\n¡v kmaqlnIhpw Gsd BizmkIcambncp¶p< Cu `{Zmk\§fnse k`m a¡sf ]: At´ymJym knwlmk\¯n³ Iogn \ne\ndp¯phm³ cmjv{Sobhpamb ]pWytÇmI\mb aoJmtb amÀ Znh¶mtkymkv Xncpta\nbpw ]: cwK§fn Hcpt]mse henb Xncpta\nbpw Hä sI«mbn {]hÀ¯n¨p< {]tim`n¨ncp¶ ]pWytÇmI\mb Genbmkv amÀ bqentbmkv _mh, Genbmkv Bepaq«n aoJmtb d¼m\mbn ]: Genbmkv XrXob³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhtbmsSm¸w IÈoisb amÀ h¶ Imew apXepÅ kvt\l_Ôhpw kmtlmZcyhpw ]: henb Xncpta\nbpsS A´yw hscbpw A`wKpcw \ne\nÀ¯nbncp¶p< amÀ Znh¶mtkymkv F¶ bqentbmkv _mh C{Xtbsd kvt\ln¡pIbpw _lpam\n t]cn hmgn¨p \nban¨p4 ¡pIbpw BZcn¡pIbpw sNbvXhÀ hfsc Npcp¡amWv< AXp t]mse Xs¶ ]: At´ymJym knwlmk\ {]Xn\n[nsb¶ \nebn amÀ bqentbmkv _mhtbmSv ]: henb Xncpta\n¡pw XmXv]cyhpw _lpam\hpw BZchpw D­mbncp¶p< ]: henb Xncpta\nbpsS ae¦c sa{Xmt¸meo¯ sXcsªSp¸v ØnXoIcn¨psIm­v ]: At{]w {]Ya³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh Ab¨ Iev]\bn ]dbp¶Xv ""ae¦c sa{Xmt¸meo¯m Øm\t¯¡v ]cn]mIX bpÅ ta¸«¡mc\pw, km£yw {]m]n¨ h\pamb A¦amen, sIm¨n CShIIfpsS am\y\mb amÀ A¯m\mtkymkv sXcsªSp¯mbn \ap¡v Fgp¯v In«n<<<<< At±lw Cu Øm\¯n\v tbmKy³ Xs¶ F¶v \ap¡pw Adnbmhp¶XpsIm­v Xo£vWXbpÅh\pw, kZvhr¯\pamb Cu ta¸«¡mcsâ XncsªSp¸n \mw kt´mjn¡p¶p<<<'' F¶mWv< ]< ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _mh-bpsS A[o-iXzw AwKo-I-cn-¨p-sIm- ­p-ff kam-[m-\-{i-a-§tf ]< Xncp-ta-\n¡v kzoIm-c-y-ambncp¶p-f- fq< ]< Genbmkv XrXo-b³ ]m{Xo-bmÀ¡nkv _mh-bpsS ssÇlnI

97 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

kµÀi\w sIm­v k`-bn kam-[m\w D­m-Ip-sa¶v ]< Xncp-ta\n B{K-ln-¨n-cp-¶p< CXp kw_-Ôn¨v ]< ]nXmhv Ab¨ Iev]-\-bn ]d-bp-¶-Xv, ""hn< ]nXmhnsâ- Cu Fgp¶- f- f¯p- aqew k`bnÂ- kam- [m\w ]p\:Øm]n¡- s¸- Sp- hm\pw- Bßob DWÀhpw A\p{K- l- §- fp- - ap­m-Ip-hm\pw A§s\ ssZhXncp-\maw al-X-z-s¸-Sp-hm\pw kwK- Xn-bm-Ip-hm\pw \n§Ä {]mÀ°n-¡-Ww'' F¶m-bn-cp-¶p< ]<-]n-Xmhv {]Xo-£n- -¨Xv t]mse Bephm Xr¡p-¶¯p skan-\m-cn-bn ]< Genbmkv XrXo-b³ ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _mhmbpsS ASp-¡Â h«- tÈcnÂ- Knhdp- Knkv- amÀ Znh¶m- tk- ymkv- sa{Xmt¸meo¯- hcnIbpw- tbmPn-¸nsâ A´-co£w D­m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp< CXn Gähpw A[nIw kt´m-jn-¨Xv ]: henb Xncp-ta\n Bbn-cp¶p<- B kt´m jw A[nIw \mÄ \o­p \n¶nÃ<- Xn·bpsS \mbI³- ]ns¶bpw CSbv¡v Ibdn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-I-bm ]< Genbmkv XrXob³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhbpsS- kam[m- \{iaw- ^eh- ¯m- bn- Ã<- k` kam- ""hn4 ]nXmhnsâ- Cu [m-\-¯n\v ]: henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A`n-{]mbw kw_Ôn¨v Hcp Iev]\bn ]cmaÀin¨ncn¡p¶Xv<""kam- [m\¯n\v- {][m\- ambn- Hcp Fgp¶- f- f¯p- aqew amÀ¤w \ap¡v ]d-bp-hm-\p-ffXv, \n§fpw CXn-te¡pÕmln-¡p¶ k`bnÂ- kam[m\w- aäp-ffhcpw hn\-b-t¯mSp IqSn At´ym-Jym knwlmk- \s¯- Ae- ]p\:Øm]n-¡-s¸-Sp-hm\pw ¦cn- ¡p¶- ]< ]m{XnbÀ¡okv- _mh Xncpa- \- Ênse- ASp¡Â,- At±lw Bßob DWÀhpw A\p{K- - k`bpsS- tae²- y- £- \mbn- ssZhw \ap¡v \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ B- l§- fp- -ap­m-Ip-hm\pw fmsW¶ hnNm-c-t¯mSp IqSn ASp¯v sNÃpI, kI-eXpw B{i- bn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xp Xmgva-bnepw hn\-b-¯n-ep-am-Wv<<<<<< ]: henb A§s\ ssZhXncp-\maw Xncpta\n At´ymJym kµÀin¨n«nÃ< ]: At{]w ]m{XnbÀ¡okv al-X-z-s¸-Sp-hm\pw kwK-Xn- _mh ]: Xncpta\nsb t\cn I­n«panÃ< F¶ncp¶n«pw ]: A bm-Ip-hm\pw \n§Ä t´ymJym knwlmk\t¯mSpÅ ]: Xncpta\nbpsS Iqdpw hnt[ {]mÀ°n-¡-Ww'' bXzhpw A\pkcWbpw FÃmw ]: At{]w {]Ya³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhbv¡v \¶mbn«v Adnbmambncp¶p< ]: ]m{Xnb À¡okv _mhbpsS kzImcyapdnbn sa{Xmt¸meo¯m bptSXmbn«pÅ GI t^mt«m ]: ]utemkv amÀ A¯m\mtkymkv henb Xncpta\n bptSXv am{Xambncp¶p< ""amÀ A¯m\mtkymkv tlmwknte¡v h¶m knwlmk\¯nsâ A[nImc¯nsâ ]IpXn At±l¯n\v \ÂIpsa¶v'' hsc ]: At{]w {]Ya³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh Iev]n¡pIbp­mbn< Xsâ IognepÅ Hcp sa{Xmt¸meo¯msb ¡pdn¨v BIam\ kpdnbm\n k`bpsS Xeh\mb ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh C{]Imcw Iev]n¡Wsa¦n B sa{Xmt¸meo¯msb¡pdn¨v ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh¡v F{X am{Xw Dd¸pw hnizmkhpw D­mbncn ¡Ww< k`bpsS ]qÀÆnIhnizmkw kwc £n¡p¶Xn\pw knwlm k\¯n\p th­n C{Xtbsd XymK§Ä kln¨ asämcp ]nXmhpw D­mbn«nÃ< CXnsâ AwKoImcambn«mWv ]: At{]w {]Ya³ ]m{Xn bÀ¡okv _mh ]: henb Xncpta\nsb ""hnizmk kwc£I³'' F¶ AXyp¶X _lpaXn \ÂIn BZcn¨Xv< ]: ]nXmhnsâ a²y ØX Imhepw tIm«bpw Bbncn¡s«<

98 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

] henb Xncpta\nbpsS Bßob kl-{]-hÀ¯-IÀ

at\mPv amXyp, Bcym-S³]m-¡Â, sN§fw

Bbncw ]qÀ® N{µ·msc Bephmbnse ]cnip²\mb ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m \mkntbmkv ZÀin¨v 84 kwhÕc§Ä henb Xncpta\n ae¦cbpsS aWnZo]ambncp¶p( \memw \qäm­n ssZhcmP yhym] kXyhnizmkw kwc£n¡p¶Xn\pth­n Adntbmknsâ ioivas¡Xnsc t]mcmSnb henb tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmknsâ ]n³Kmanbmbn 20þmw \¯n\pth­n `qanbn \qäm­n D­mb asämcp ioivas¡Xnsc s]mcpXnb asämcp henb Pohn¨v BtcmSpw tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkmWv ]( henb Xncpta\n( Bbncw ]qÀ®N{µ ]IbnÃmsX I®nse IrjvW ·msc ZÀin¨v 84 kwhÕc§Ä ssZhcmPyhym]\¯n\pth­n `qanbn aWnt]mse At´ymJy³ Pohn¨v BtcmSpw ]IbnÃmsX I®nse IrjvW aWnt]mse At´ymJy³ hnizmks¯ hfÀ¯nb hnizmks¯ hfÀ¯nb alXvhyànXzambncp¶p ]pWy]nXmhntâXv( alXvhyànXzambncp¶p ]( henb Xncpta\n ]me¡p¶¯v amXyqkv amÀ A¯m\mkntbmkn s\t¸mse X{´imenbmb `cWm[nImcnbÃmbncp¶p( ]pent¡m«n ]pWy]nXmhntâXv$ henb Xncpta\nsbt¸mse Hc[nImtcOphmb `cWm[n]\paÃmbncp¶p( At±lw hmÕeysa¶ sNt¦mte´n `cWw \S¯n hnizmknIfpsS lrZb¯n Ønc{]XnjvT t\Sn( Pohn¨ncp¶t¸mÄ Xs¶ hnip²s\¶v temIw AwKoIcn¨ {][m\mNmcy\mbncp¶p ]pWy]nXmhv( Kpcphmb ]( ]cpae Xncpta\nbn \n¶v ioen¨ {]mÀ°\bpw t\m¼pw D]hmkhpw hn( k`sb t\Àhgn¡v hfÀ¯p¶Xn\v ]pWy ]nXmhn\v {]tNmZ\ambn XoÀ¶p( ] henb Xncpta\n¡v Xm§pw XWepambn {]hÀ¯n¨ {]apJÀ ](]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv henb Xncpta\nsb {]mW\pXpeyw kvt\ln¡pIbpw k`bpsS {]XnkÔnL«§fn Xm§pw XWepambn \n¡pIbpw k`bv¡v Hcn¡epw ad¡m³ Ignbm¯ {]apJÀ

99 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

1 tIm\m«v am¯³ tImÀF¸nkvtIm¸ ae¦csb¶Ã kpdnbm\n k`bnemIam\w _lpam\y\pw hnZKv² \pamb aev]m\pw ae¦c kpdnbm\n k`bnse sshZnI{KÙ Zmcn{Zys¯ \njvImk\w sNbvX ØntcmÕmlnbpw ae¦c k`bv¡pth­n cm]I t¢i§Ä kln¨psIm­ncp¶ knwlmk\ `à\pw almßmhpamb ae¦c aev]m³ tIm\m«v hµy am¯³ tImÀF¸nkvtIm¸ ]( henb Xncpta\nbpsS Iq«p {SÌnbmbn 1918 apX {]hÀ¯n¨ alXvhyàn bmbncp¶p( h( henb Xncpta\n bpambn tNÀ¶v A¶s¯ IepjnXamb kapZmbm´co£¯n tIkpIfpw aäpw \S¯n k`sb kXyhnizm k]mXbn \ne\nÀ¯p¶Xn\v hµy\mb tImÀF¸nkvtIm¸ Ht«sd XymK§Ä kln¨n«p­v( 2 cmP{io knsP Ipcy³, A¡c cmP{io kn$sP$ Ipcy³ ]( ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhmamÀt]mepw A¡c kpdnbm\n k`bv¡v hmÕey_lpam\]pcÊcw ""tImPmIpcy³'' Hcn¡epw ad¡m\mhm¯ hnfn¨ncp¶ cmP{io kn(sP( Ipcy³ A¡c kpdnbm\n Aßmb {]apJ\mbncp¶p$ k`bv¡v Hcn¡epw ad¡m\mhm¯ Aßmb {]apJ \mbncp¶p( Xsâ A´yizmkw hsc k`bv¡p Xsâ A´yizmkw hsc th­n cm]IenÃmsX A²zm\n¡pI am{Xaà k`bv¡p th­n bmsXmcp kt¦mNhpw IqSmsX Xsâ kz´w ssIbn cm]IenÃmsX A²zm\n¡pI  \n¶p Xs¶ AXphsc Bcpw kz]v\w I­n«n am{Xaà bmsXmcp Ãm¯ Xc¯nepff kwJy kpdnbm\n k`bv¡pth kt¦mNhpw IqSmsX Xsâ ­n sNehnSpIbpw sNbvXp( kz´a¡sf¡mf[nI ambn t]mepw k`sb kz´w ssIbn \n¶p kvt\ln¨ At±lw ]( henb Xncpta\n¡v henb Hcp ]n´pWbmbn {]hÀ¯n¨p( Xs¶ AXphsc Bcpw 3 ]n än tXmakv ]mem¼Sw kz]v\w I­n«nÃm¯ ]( henb Xncpta\n¡v Xm§pw XWepambn Xc¯nepff kwJy {]hÀ¯n¨hcn {]apJ\mbncp¶p ]n(än( tXmakv kpdnbm\n k`bv¡pth­n ]mem¼Sw( At±l¯nsâ ]p{X\mb tUm( ]n(än( sNehnSpIbpw sNbvXp$ tXmakv ]mem¼Shpw ]nXmhnsâ ]mXXs¶ XpSÀ¶p( aª\n¡cbn ](Genbmkv XrXob³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh Imew sNbvXt¸mÄ Ct¸mg s¯ Zbdm ØnXn sN¿p¶ Øehpw A¶v AhnsS Nm¸Â ]WnIgn¸n¨Xnepw apJy]¦v Ct±lw hln¨p( 4 cmP{io tUm ]nän tXmakv ]mem¼Sw ]mem¼Sw ]n(än(tXmaknsâ ]p{X\mb tUm( ]n(än( tXmakv ]mem¼Sw ]cnip²\mb henb Xncpta\n¡v tIkp kw_Ôambn I®p\oÀ hmÀt¡­n h¶ kµÀ`§fnseÃmw B I®p\oÀ H¸phm³ ap³\ncbn D­mbncp¶ hyànXzamWv( tIkpIfnte¡v ae¦c k` hen¨ng¡s¸« kµÀ` §fnseÃmw BPoh\m´w At±lw A\ntj²y t\Xmhmbn ap³]´nbn \n¶psIm­v km¼¯nI `mc§Ä kzbw GsäSp¯p sIm­v [ocambn t]mcmSnbncp¶p( At±lw

100 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

\ncymX\mbt¸mÄ At±ls¯¡pdn¨v ]( ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh Xsâ A\ptimN\ Iev]\bn At±l¯nsâ \nkvXpeamb k`m kvt\l s¯bpw \nkzmÀ°hpw \nÀtem]hpamb {]hÀ¯\§sfbpw apà IWvTw {]IoÀ¯n¨ncp¶p( 5 ]peym«v XpIe³ ]utem Ahnc ]( henb Xncpta\ntbmsSm¸w 1935 Icn§m¨nd ]ffnbn IqSnb ]ffn{]Xn]pcpj tbmK¯n {SÌnbmbn XncsªSp¡s¸« ]pÃym«v XpIe³ ]utem Ahnc k`bv¡v A`nam\ambn {]hÀ¯n¨ alXv hyànXzambncp¶p( ]( henb Xncpta\nbpsS hnizkvX kl{]hÀ¯I\mb At±lw kp{]nw tImSXnhscbpff kapZmbtIkv hn{iateisat\y \S¯pIbpw sNbvXp( ae¦c ]$ henb Xncpta\nbpsS k`bpsS \nÀ®mbI L«¯n At±lw sNbvX hnizkvX kl{]h kvXpXyÀlamb tkh\w k` F¶pw \µn]qÀÆw kvacn¡pI Xs¶sN¿pw( À¯I\mb At±lw kp{]nw 6 cmP{io If¸pcbv¡Â sIkn Nmt¡m tImSXnhscbpff BZmbIcamb Xsâ A`n`mjI hr¯n kapZmbtIkv hn{iatei t]mepw ]cnXyPn¨v, ]( henb Xncpta\n tIkv kw_ sat\y \S¯pIbpw sNbvXp$ Ôambn a\x]oUb\p`hn¨ FÃm kµÀ`§fnepw ae¦c k`bpsS \nÀ®mbI Xncpta\nsb Bizkn¸n¨v ]( At´ymJym L«¯n At±lw sNbvX knwlmk\ alnabv¡p th­n Xncpta\n GÀ kvXpXyÀlamb tkh\w k` s¸«ncp¶ kapZmb tIkpIfnseÃmw Xncpta \nbpsS t¢iw eLqIcn¡m³ {]bXv\n¨ bYm F¶pw \µn]qÀÆw À°amb BXvaan{Xambncp¶p cmP{io Hfi If¸p kvacn¡pI Xs¶sN¿pw$ cbv¡Â sI(kn(Nmt¡m( 7 AUz sI]n F{_lmw k`m tIkpIfpsS Imcy¯n kÀÆ {i²bpw tI{µoIcn¨pw {_mUÂ, U^vXmcn apXemb \nba hnZKv²·mÀ¡v hniZamb D]tZi§Ä sImSp¯pw ]( henb Xncpta\nbpsS AIagnª hnizmkhpw hmÕeyhpw BÀÖn¨pw hnZKv²ambn tIkp \S ¯n ]cn]qÀ® hnPbw k¼mZn¨ kp{]kn² A`n`m jI\pw ]( henb Xncpta\nbpsS Hcpä _Ôp hpamb AUz( sI(]n( F{_lmansâ tkh\§Ä ae¦c k`m Ncn{X¯n kvacWnbat{X( 8 ]q¡pt¶Â Ahncm butk^v Iioi 1935 Icn§m¨nd ]ffnbn IqSnb ]ffn{]Xn]pcpj tbmKw ]( henb Xncpta\nsbmsSm¸w {SÌnbmbn ]q¡pt¶Â Ahncm butk^v Iioi XncsªSp¡s¸«p( ]( henb Xncpta\nbpambn Ct±lw A`n Imayamb kvt\lhpw klIcWhpw A´ywhsc \ne\nÀ¯nbncp¶p( 9 ]pent¡m«n siahq³ Iioi Beph Xr¡p¶¯v skan\mcn kw_Ôamb Imcy¯nÂ

101 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

kvXpXyÀlamwh®w taÂt\m«w hln¨ncp¶ _lp( ]pent¡m«n siahq³ Iioi (_lp( Np½mc¨³) ]( henb Xncpta\nbpsS hmÕey `mP\ambncp¶p( skan\mcn kw_Ôambn ]Wkw_Ôamb FÃm Imcy§fpw hnizkvXambn hln¨ amXrIm]ptcmlnX\mbncp¶p _lp( Np½mc¨³( 10 ^m hÀKokv tImt¨cn ]( henb Xncpta\nbpsS ss{]häp sk{I«dnbmbn ÇmL\obamb hn[¯n Xncpa\knse Bbpc´yw hsc tkh\a\pjvTn¨ IÀ½ Ipie\mbncp¶p ^m( hÀKokv tImt¨cnÂ( ]( henb Xncpta\nbpsS kvt\lhpw hnizmkhpw BÀÖn¨v hnizkvXXtbmsS tkh\w A\pjvTn¨ At±lw ]( henb Xncpta\nbpsS Imetijw skan\mcnbpsSbpw k`m N{µnIbpsSbpw am¯pth \man\n H¶n\pw NpaXeIÄ XpSÀ¶ hµy ]ptcmlnX t{ijvTambncp¶p( 11 sIm¨p ]mtd«p ^nen¸p h¡o t]mIp¶nà AhtcXmbmepw ]( henb Xncpta\nsb kapZmb tIkpIfn BßmÀ°ambn \s½ A]am\n¡m³ th­n klmbn¨ k`mkvt\lnbmbncp¶p sIm¨p ]mtd«p ^nen¸p h¡oÂ( tImSXn sNehn\p \ap¡v FdWmIpfw skâ v tacokv ]ffn Øm]n¨Xv Ct±lamWv( Xsâ Bßan{X hmd­pshbv¡pw$ ambncp¶p ^nen¸v h¡nen\v ssXem`ntjIw \S¯nbXpw At±l¯nsâ hmd­psh¨m \ap¡v ihkwkvImcw \S¯nbXpw ]( henb Xncpta\nbmWv( Pbnen t]mIWw$ \apsS 12 tUm ]n Fw ]utemkv bma\akvImc ]pkvXIhpw ]( henb Xncpta\nsb Pohn¨ncn ¡pt¼mÄ Xs¶ ]cnip²\mbn IcpXn ]pWy]nXmhns\ NnInÕn¨ tUm( ]n(Fw( ]utemkv tIm«b¯v Hcp k¦oÀ¯\ ]pkvXIhpw tPmen sNbvX Ipdp¸w]Sn¡Sp¯pff tZihmknbmbncp¶p( Xsâ sIm­p t]mIWw, \obpw PohnXw hnPb¯n \n¶v hnPb¯nte¡v s]mbvs¡m­ncp¶Xv Cu IqsS hcWw$ A§s\ ]pWyhmsâ A\p{Klw sIm­msW¶v At±lw hnizkn¨ncp¶p( ]( \ap¡hnsS t]mbncn¡mw$ henb Xncpta\n tIm«bw knwlmk\ ]ffnbn Xmakn¨psIm­n cp¶t¸mÄ NnInÕn¨psIm­ncp¶Xv Ct±lambncp¶p( 13 apfbncn¡Â hµy ]utemkv d¼m³ (tamÀ tkthdntbmkv) Beph skan\mcnbn ]( henb Xncpta\ntbmsSm¸w ZoÀL\mÄ d¼m\mbn ]cnNcn¨ Ct±lamWv apfbncn¡Â hµy ]utemkv d¼m³( ]n¶oSv ]( henb Xncpta\n Xs¶ ap³ssI FSp¯v sIm¨n `{Zmk\ sa{Xmt¸men¯bmbn ]utemkv d¼ms\ XncsªSp¡pIbpw ]utemkv tamÀ tkthdntbmkv F¶ \mat[b¯n ]( ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhmbm hmgn¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp( 14 am¯p ]( henb Xncpta\nbpsS hmÕey `rXy\mbncp¶p am¯p( Xncp a\knsâIqsS \ngÂt]mse At±lw Ft¸mgpw IqsS\n¶p( kapZmb tIkv tIm«bw PnÃm tImSXnbn tXmä kab¯v am¯phnt\mSv ]( henb Xncpta\n ]dªp( am¯pth \man\n H¶n\pw t]mIp¶nà AhtcXmbmepw \s½ A]am\n¡m³ th­n tImSXn sNehn\p \ap¡v hmd­pshbv¡pw( hmd­psh¨m \ap¡v Pbnen t]mIWw( \apsS

102 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

bma\akvImc ]pkvXIhpw Hcp k¦oÀ¯\ ]pkvXIhpw sIm­p t]mIWw, \obpw IqsS hcWw( A§s\ \ap¡hnsS t]mbncn¡mw( {]mÀ°\m kab§fn am¯phnsâ Icw]nSn¨v ]ffnbnte¡v Xncpta\n IS¶phcpw( Ft¸mgpw ]( ]nXmhns\ {]mWs\t¸mse kvt\ln¨pw ip{iq jn¨pw \n¶hcmbncp¶p Ipªn ]utembpw Hutk¸pw am¯phpw IqSmsX RmÀ¯m¦Â tImcpXv aev]m³ _lp( XpIe³ d¼m¨³, _lp( Ipcy³ d¼m¨³, _lp t]mÄ d¼m¨³, ^m( tXmakv hÀKokv (]n¶oSv hben¸d¼n KohÀKokv tamÀ {KntKmdntbmkv sa{Xmt¸men¯) XpS§n At\IÀ ]( ]nXmhnsâ hnizkvXcmbn tkh\w sNbvXn«p­v(

bma\akvImc ]pkvXIhpw Hcp k¦oÀ¯\ ]pkvXIhpw sIm­p t]mIWw, \obpw IqsS hcWw$ A§s\ \ap¡hnsS t]mbncn¡mw$ {]mÀ°\m kab§fn am¯phnsâ Icw]nSn¨v ]ffnbnte¡v Xncpta\n IS¶phcpw$ Ft¸mgpw ]$ ]nXmhns\ {]mWs\t¸mse kvt\ln¨pw ip{iq jn¨pw \n¶hcmbncp¶p Ipªn ]utembpw Hutk¸pw am¯phpw

] henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kpdn-bm\n ssI¸S

103 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

Bephm Xr¡p-¶¯v skan-\mcn bmt¡m_mb- k`bv¡v hnip² `qan

_nPp Ipcy³ If-¼pIm-«v, ]pXp-¸Ån

tIm«bw ] At´ymJym ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhmbm hmgn¡s¸SpIbpw AwKoIcn¡s¸SpIbpw sN¿p¶ A¦amen `{Zmk\ sa{Xmt¸meo¯m `{Zmk\m[n]\mbncp¶ bpsS BØm\w F¶ e£yt¯msS Øm]nXamb A¦amen IShn ]utemkv tamÀ `{Zmk\mtI{µamWv Bephm Xr¡p¶¯v skan\mcn( ]( ]t{Xmkv A¯m\mkntbmkv Xncpta XrXob³ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhmbm sa{Xm`njnà\mb A¼m«v \n¡mWv$ Bephmbn KohÀKokv tamÀ Iqdntemkv Xncpta\n¡v ]( ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhmbpsS Øm]nXamb ssZhme Iev]\aqew cq]nIcn¡s¸« A¦amen `{Zmk\¯nsâ NpaXe e`n¨p( b¯n\v kao]w skan\mcn A¼m«v Xncpta\nbpsS {ia^eambn Bephmbn e`yamb Øe¯v 1880  hn( ssZhamXmhnsâ \ma¯n A¼m«v Xncpta\n ssZhmebw Øm]n¨Xv IShn Øm]n¨p( ssZhmeb¯nsâ ]WnIÄ ]qÀ¯oIcn¡p¶Xn\v ap¼v tamÀ Xncpta\nbmWv$ Iqdntemkv Xncpta\n tcmK_m[nX\mbn¯oÀ¶p( 1891 amÀ¨v 9 \v Xncpta\n Xncpta\nbpsS IpSpw_ ImewsNbvXv A¦amen ]ffnbn I_dS§n( A¼m«v Xncpta\nbpsS Hmlcn apgph\mbn Imetijw A¦amen `{Zmk\¯nsâ NpaXe e`n¨Xv tIm«bw skan\mcn ]Wn¡mbn `{Zmk\m[n]\mbncp¶ IShn ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv hn\tbmKn¨p$ Xncpta\n¡mWv( Bephmbn Øm]nXamb ssZhmeb¯n\v kao]w skan\mcn Øm]n¨Xv IShn Xncpta\nbmWv( Xncpta\nbpsS IpSpw_ Hmlcn apgph\mbn skan\mcn ]Wn¡mbn hn\tbmKn¨p( skan\mcn \nÀ½mWw apgpan¸n¡m³ IShn Xncpta\n¡v km[n¨nÃ( 1907  Xncpta\n Imew sNbvXv Beph ]ffnbn I_dS§n( IShn Xncpta\nbpsS ]n³Kmanbmbn hmgn¡s¸«Xv ](]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv (henb Xncpta\n) sa{Xmt¸meo¯mbmWv( ]( henb Xncpta\nbpsS `cWIme¯v Bephm ]ffnbptSbpw skan\mcnbptSbpw ]WnIÄ ]qÀ¯oIcn¨p( 1917  ]( henb Xncpta\n bmt¡m_mb

104 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

kpdnbm\n k`bpsS ae¦c sa{Xmt¸meo¯mbmbn XncsªSp¡s¸« t¸mÄ apX A¦amen `{Zmk\mØm\t¯msSm¸w bmt¡m_mb k`m `cWkncmtI{µw F¶]Zhnbpw Beph skan\mcn¡v e`yambn( ]( henb Xncpta\n 1953  Imew sNbvXv Bephm ]ffn(bn I_dS§n( hben¸d¼n KohÀKokv tamÀ {KotKmdntbmkv Xncpta\nbmWv ]( henb Xncpta\ntb¯pSÀ¶v A¦amen `{Zmk\m[n]\mbn NpaXe tbäXv( hben¸d¼n Xncpta\n skan\mcn c­v \nebnembn ]WnIgn ¸n¡pIbpw skan\mcn kap¨b¯n Xs¶ sa{Xmt¸meo¯mbpsS kzIm cy Nm¸Â Øm]n¡pIbpw sNbvXp( hben¸d¼n Xncpta\nbpsS Ime ¯v 1958  k`bn kam[m\ap­mbn( 1964  ]( ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh ae¦cbnsegp¶ffn ]pXnb ImtXmen¡msb hmgn¨tXmsS ae¦c k` bn k¼qÀ® kam[m\w kwPmXambn( 1966  hben¸d¼n Xncpta\n Imew sNbvXv Beph ]ffnbn Xs¶ I_dS§n( tbmPn¨k`bn hmgn¡s¸« ^oent¸mkv tamÀ sXtbm^ntemkv Xncpta\n A¦amen `{Zmk\ NpaXe GsäSp¯p( 1970 Ifnse ae¦c k`m `n¶XbpsS Ime¯v tamÀ sXtbm^ntemkv \qX\ knwlmk\kzX{´ k`m hmZnIfpsS ]£w tNÀ¶Xv A¦amen `{Zmk\t¯ {]iv\IepjnX am¡n( ]( At´ymJym knwlmk\s¯ AwKoI cn¡p¶, ]( At´ymJym knwlmk\w AwKoI cn¡p¶ A¦amen `{Zmk\ sa{Xmt¸meo ¯mbpsS am{Xw BØm\ambncnt¡­ Beph Xr¡p¶¯v skan\mcnbn A\[n IrXambn Xmakn¨v DSaØmhImiw D¶bn¨ tamÀ sXtbm^ntemknsâ \S]SnIÄ aqew {]iv\§Ä aqÀ²\yw {]m]n¨p( Bephm ]ffnCShImwK¯nsâ ihkwkvImcw bYmhn[n \S¯phm³ tamÀ sXtbm^ntemkpw A\pbmbnIfpw k½Xn¨nÃ( Bcm[\ kzmX{´yw \ntj[n¡p¶Xn {]Xntj[n¨v 1977 þ \S¶ Ncn{X {]i-kvX- A¦amen `{Zm\m[n]³ tXmakv tamÀ Zoh¶mkntbmkv (Ct¸mgs¯ amb Bephm kl\ ka-c-t¯m-S- t{ijvT _mhm) Xncp ta\nbpsS t\XrXz¯n Bephmbn {]IS\w \p-_-Ôn¨v D]-hm-k-a-\p-jvTn-¨p- \S¯n( skan\mcnbpsS Hcp IntemaoäÀ Npäfhv Kh¬saâ v \ntcm[\ sIm-­n-cp¶ tamÀ Zoh-¶m-kn- taJebmbn (144) {]Jym]n¨p( tamÀ sXtbm^ntemkpw A\pbmbnIfpw tbmkv sa{Xm-t¸m-en¯ IqSn `{Zmk\w hIbmb ImÀ I¯n¨v tIkv kXyhnizmknIÄs¡Xnsc (]n-¶oSv t{ijvT _mh) dnam³Un- Xncn¡m³ Hcp hn^e{iaw \S¯pIbpap­mbn( \ntcm[nX taJebnse emb hmÀ¯ bmt¡m-_mb \ntcm[\w A[nImcnIÄ sa{Xm³ I£n¡mÀ¡v th­n ]n³hen¡p k`sb F¶p-sa¶pw klm-bn-¨n- Ibpw ]ffn Xpd¶p sImSp¡pIbpw sNbvXXdnªv tamÀ Zoh¶mkntbm «p-ff tIc-f-`q-jWw ]{X¯nse kv Xncpta\n Bephm ]ffnbnse¯n( Xncpta\ntbbpw IqsSbpff htcbpw dnt¸mÀ«v t]meokv \njvTpcambn aÀ±n¨v tem¡¸neS¨p( CtX¯pSÀ¶v ae¦cbpsS \m\m`mK¯p \n¶pw P\§Ä Bephmbnte¡v HgpInF¯n( t]meokv \S]Snbn {]Xntj[n¨v \S¶ dmensb Bephm HmhÀ{_nUvPn\v kao]w sh¨v t]meokv XSªv em¯nNmÀÖv sNbvXp( dmen\bn¨ {io( ]n(]n(

105 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

X¦¨³ (Ct¸mgs¯ bp(Un(F^v( I¬ho\À) DÄs¸sSbpffhsc t]meo kv XÃn¨X¨p( tamÀ Zoh¶mkntbmkv Xncpta\nsb tImSXn dnam³Uv sNbvXp( CtX¯pSÀ¶v Xncpta\n \ncmlmc{hXw Bcw`n¨p( Bephm skan\mcnbnte¡v bmt¡m_mb k`m sa{Xmt¸meo¯·mcptSbpw sshZnIcptSbpw, Fw(sI(tPmÀPv (FIvkv( Fw(FÂ(F) XpS§nbhcptS bpw t\XrXz¯n t{KävamÀ¨v \S¯n( Bephm ]ffnbn kXyhnizmkn IÄ¡v Kh¬saâ v Bcm[m\m kzmX{´yw A\phZn¨p( kphntij kam Pw sa{Xmt¸meo¯ IShn tUm( ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv Xncpta\n Bephm ]ffnbn hn( IpÀºm\ AÀ¸n¨p( tamÀ {KotKmdntbm kv (s]cp¼ffn), tamÀ Zoh¶mkntbmkv, ^m, tPmÀPv ]c¯phben F¶nhÀ hn( IpÀºm\bn kw_Ôn¨p( ]n¶oSv GItZiw ap¸Xv hÀj Beph Xr¡p¶¯v- ]Ånbpw t¯¡v Bephm ]ffn ASªp InS¶p( ]cn-k-chpw \ntcm-[nX taJ-e- Beph Xr¡p¶¯v- ]Ånbpw ]cnk- chpw- \ntcm[nX- taJe- bmbn- bmbn XpS-cp-¶-Xn-\m Iptd- XpS-cp-¶-Xn-\m Iptd-¡m-e-t¯¡v {]iv\§Ä H¶pw Xs¶bp- ­m- bn- Ã(- ¡me- t¯¡v- {]iv\§Ä 1995se _lp( kp{]ow tImSXn hn[n¡v tijw tZhtem- Is¯- amÀ amXyqkv ZznXob³- _mhm skan\m- cn- bnÂ- A\[n- Ir- X- ambn- {]thin- ¨Xv- kwLÀj- H¶pw Xs¶bp- ­m- bn- Ã$- ¯n\n- S- bm- ¡n(- At±lw A\[n- Ir- X- ambn- skan\m- cn- bnÂ- {]thin- ¨- X- dnªv- 1995se _lp$ kp{]ow Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\v bmt¡m-_mb k`mw-K-§Ä Bep-hm-bn-se-¯n( CtX tImSXn hn[n¡v tijw XpSÀ¶v t]meokv CS-s]«v amÀ amXyqkv ZznXo-b³ _mhsb sk-an-\m-cn- tZhtem- Is¯- amÀ amXyqkv bn \n¶v tIm«-bt¯¡v Xncn-¨p hn«p( Imew sNbvX ]nXm-¡-·m-cmb ZznXo-b³ _mhm skan-\m-cn- A`n( G{_lmw tamÀ ¢oaokv, tUm( KohdpKokv tamÀ {KotKmdntbmkv bn A\-[n-Ir-X-ambn F¶n- Xncpta\nam-tcm-sSm¸w A`-n( tXmakv tamÀ Zoh-¶m-tkymkv sa{Xm- {]th-in-¨Xv kwLÀj-¯n-\n-S- t¸m-eo¯m (t{ijvT _mhm) {]Xntj[- almtbm-K-¯n {]kw-Kn-¨p( skan\m- cn- bnÂ- A\[n- IrX- DSa- Øm- h- Imiw- D¶bn¨v- AhnsS Xmakn¨p- bm-¡n$ At±lw A\-[n-Ir-X- h¶ ^neo-t¸mkv amÀ sXtbm-^n-temkv 1997 Imew sN¿p-Ibpw tIm«- ambn skan-\m-cn-bn b¯v I_d- S- ¡- W- sa¶- At±l- ¯nsâ- A´ym`n- em- j- ¯n\v- hncp²- ambn- {]th-in-¨-X-dnªv Bbn-c-¡- Xr¡p¶¯v- ]ÅnbpsS- hSt¡ apä¯v amÀ sXtbm^n- tem- kns\- sa{Xm³ W¡n\v- bmt¡m_mb- I£n-¡mÀ I_-d-S¡pIbpw sNbvXp( k`mw-K-§Ä Bephm Xr¡p-¶¯p skan-\m-cnbpw CS-hI ]Ånbpw GXv hnt[- Bep-hm-bn-se-¯n$ \bpw ssIhi- s¸- Sp- ¯- W- sa¶- Nn´bnÂ- sa{Xm³ I£nIÄ- Hcp ]pXnb ]co£- W- ¯n\v- X¿mdm- bn(- bmt¡m_mb- k`bnÂ- \n¶v Imepamdn- sa{Xm³ I£n-bnse¯nb bqlm-t\m³ amÀ anen-¯n-tbm-kns\ sa{Xm³ I£n A¦-amen `{Zm-k-\-¯nsâ klm-b-I-\m¡n skan-\m-cnbpw kz¯p-¡fpw ]nSn-s¨-Sp-¡m-sa¶mWv sa{Xm³ ]£w Icp-Xn-b-Xv( amÀ anen-¯n-tbmkv BZyw sNbvXXv skan\m- cn- bpsS- "sIbÀ tS¡À' ]Zhn hln¨n- cp¶- a®m- d-{]m-bn-e-¨s\ \o¡w sN¿p-I-bm-bn- -cp-¶p( 2005 Pq¬ 26-þ\v amÀ amXyqkv ZznXo-b³ _mhm sa{Xm³ I£n Nm¸-en a®m-d-{]m-bn-e-¨³ IpÀºm\ sNmÃns¡m- ­n- cp¶- Ahk- c- ¯nÂ- sa{Xm³ I£nNm¸ense¯n A¨s\ skan\m- cn- bpsS- NpaX- e- bnÂ- \n¶v amän F¶ Iev]\ t\cn«v ssI¿n sImSp-¡p-Ibpw hmbn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp( CtX-¯p-SÀ¶v amÀ amXyqkv ZzoXob³- _mhm skan\m- cn- bnÂ- Xmakw Bcw`n- ¡pIbpw- ]pXnb "sIbÀ tS¡sd' \nb-an-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp( CXv XnI¨pw \nb-a-hn-cp-²hpw Ìmsä- kvtImbpsS- ewL\- hp- am- bn- cp- ¶p(- Cu kmlN- cy- ¯nÂ- t{ijvT ImtXmen¡m-

106 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

_mhm Bephm- bnÂ- skan\m- cn¡v- ap¼nepÅ- Ipcnin³sXm- «n- bnÂ- {]mÀ°- \-bÚw Bcw-`n-¨p( sshZnIcpw P\-§-fp-a-S-§p¶ Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\v hnizm-kn-IÄ Bep-hm-bn-se¯n t{ijvT _mhmbv¡v ]n´pW \ÂIn( Kh¬saâ v A[n-Im-cn-Ifpw t]meokpw bmt¡m-_mb k`m t\Xr-Xz-hp- ambn NÀ¨ \S¯n(- tIm«bw ImtXm- en- ¡msb- skan\m- cn- bnÂ- \n¶v DSs\ Cd¡mw F¶ Dd¸pw \ÂIn( cm{Xn {]mÀ°-\bpw kq¯m-dbpw Ignªv hnizm-kn-IÄ kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn ]ncnªp t]mI-W-sa¶ t{ijvT-_m-hm- bpsS Iev]\ {]Imcw kam[m\ambn ]ncnªv t]mbhsc- t]meokv em¯n- ¨mÀÖv \S¯n(- t]meokv \S]- Sn- bnÂ- {]Xntj- [n¨v- t{ijvT _mh tdmUn Ip¯nbncp¸v \S¯nbtXmsS A[nIr- XÀ- NÀ¨bv¡v X¿mdm- bn(- _mhmbpw sa{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯-amcpw AS¡w 12 t]À¡v Xr¡p-¶¯v ]Ån-bn- {]th- in¨v I_-dn-S-¯n {]mÀ°n-¡m-\pÅ Ah-kcw e`y-am-bn( 1978-þ\v tijw \S¶ BZy kw`-h-am-b-Xn-\m CXn\v henb hmÀ¯m {]m[m\yw e`n-¨p( IfIvSÀ- skan\m- cnbpw- ]cnkc§fpw- 144 {]Jym-]\ taJ-e-bm¡n \ne \nÀ¯n( If-IvSdpsS \S]Sn ewLn¨v Pqsse 2þ\v tIm«bw ImtXm-en-¡m( \nbpà ImtXmen- ¡m,- ^m, t_m_n F¶nhÀ- skan\m- cn- bnÂ- {]thin- ¨Xv- ho­pw XÀ¡-§Ä¡nS \ÂIn( h©- \m]- c- amb- Cu \ne]m- SnÂ- {]Xntj- - [n¨v t{ijvT _mhm ho­pw D]-hmk {]mÀ°\m bÚw Bcw`n- ¨p(- Pqsse 3þ\v Bephm bp( kn( tImtfPv skâ v tacokv bmt¡m-_mb ]Ån-bn bmt¡m_mb- k`bpsS t\Xrk- t½- - f\w hnfn¨p tNÀ¯p( _mhm-bpsS BtcmKy ØnXnbdn-bm³ hnizm-kn- 2005 Pqsse 3\v Bephm bp-kn- Ifpw Bep-hm-bn-se-¯n-t¨À¶p( tIm-tfPv Nm¸-en H¯p-tNÀ¶ F¶m ZpjvS-em-t¡msS Nne kmaqly hncp-²À Hcp kÀ¡mÀ hnizm-k-k-aq-ls¯ t]meokv hml\w I¯n-¡p-Ibpw t]meo-kn\p t\sc IsÃ-dn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp( ]f-fn-bn Ibdn arKo-b-ambn t]meokv \nc]- cm- [n- I- fmb- hnizmkn- Isf- aÀ±n¨- h- i- cm- ¡n(- t]meokp- ImÀ- aÀ±n-¨-t¸mÄ bp( kn( tImtfPv ]Ån aZv_lm- bnÂ- hsc Ibdn A{Iaw \S¯n- b- t¸mÄ- Bep-hmbpw ]cn-k-c-§fpw t]meokv {Iqc-X-bpsS IncmX apJw I­p( \nc-]-cm-[n-I-fmb \qdp IW-¡n\p hnizm-kn-Isf t]meokv Iymw]n sIm­pt]mbn- arKob- ambn- ]oUn¸n- ¨p(- sshZnI- sc- t¸mepw- t]meokp- ImÀ- {Iqc-ambn aÀ±n-¨p( F(BÀ( Iymw]n h¨v Nne-ssh-Zn-I-sc-s¡m­v _e- ambn IpÀºm\ sNmÃn-¸n-¨p( Kh¬saâ v {]Xn\n- [n- bmbn- {io sI( hn( tXmakv Fw(FÂ(F(F¯n NÀ¨ \S-¯n-b-X-\p-k-cn¨v _mhm D]-hmk kacw ]n³h-en-¨p( _mhmsb Bip-]-{Xn-bn {]th-in-¸n-¨p( hnizm-kn- Isf hn«-bv¡p-sa¶ Kh¬saâ v Dd¸v ]men¡- s¸- SmsX- sshZnI- scbpw- hnizm-kn-I-sfbpw t]meokv Pbn-en-e-S-¨p( CtX¯p-SÀ¶v _mhm Bip-]- {Xn-bn D]-hm-k-am-cw-`n-¨p( Pqsse 5þ\v FÃm-hÀ¡pw Pmayw e`n-¨-X-\p-

107 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

k-cn¨v t{ijvT _mhm D]-hmkw Ah-km-\n-¸n-¨p( 2006þse- Bephm- s¸- cp- ¶m- fn- t\m- S- \p- _- Ôn¨v- bmt¡m_mb- k`bnse- sshZnIÀ¡pw- hnizmkn- IÄ¡pw- I_dn- S- §- fnÂ- [q]{]mÀ°\- \S¯m\pw- {]mÀ°n-¡p-hm\pw km[n-¨Xv GhÀ¡pw Bß-kw-Xr]vXn \ÂIn PnÃm `cW kmcYnbpw- t]meokv ta[m- hn- Ifpw- Øe¯p- ­m- bn- cp- ¶p(- GXm\pw sa{Xm³ I£n-¡mÀ skan-\mcn tIm¼u-­n \n¶v ]pe`yw ]d-ª-sXm- gn-¨m s]cp-¶mÄ NS-§p-IÄ kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn \S-¶p( 2007-þse s]cp-¶mÄ Ncn-{X-ap-lqÀ¯-ambn amdn( t{ijvT _mhmbpw sa{Xmt¸meo-¯m-amÀ¡pw sshZn-IÀ¡pw hnizm-kn-IÄ¡pw P\p-hcn 25- þmw XobXn I_-À ap-dn-bn [q]-aÀ¸n¨v {]mÀ°n-¡m³ km[n-¨p( Kh¬ saânsâ \nÀt±-i-a-\p-k- cn¨v t{ijvT _mhmbpw sa{Xmt¸meo¯·mcpw, sshZnIcpw,kXyhnizmkn IfpaS§p¶ hnizm-k-k- aqlw kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn I_dp- ap- dn- bnÂ- {]mÀ°n¨- - t¸mÄ ]( ]nXm-¡-·mÀ kzÀ¤ob k¶n-[n-bn kt´mjn¨p( 2008 se HmÀ½s¸cp ¶mfn kXyhnizmknI fpsS AhImiw Kh¬sa â v kwc£n¨p( t{ijvT _mhmbpw sa{Xmt¸men ¯mamcpw sshZnIcpw I _dnS¯n [q]{]mÀ° \ \S¯n( hnizmknIÄ Ncn{X aplqÀ¯w: 2008þ I_dpIÄ ap¯n A\p{Klw {]m]n¨p( A©v hnizmknIsf hoXamWv t{ijvT ImtXm-en¡ _mhmbpw I_À apdnbn {]mÀ°n¡m³ Ibänh«Xv( kam[m\ambn FÃm hnizmknI sa{Xm-t¸m-en-¯-·mcpw hnip² fpw {]mÀ°\ \S¯nbt¸mÄ sXm«Sp¯ sI«nS¯n sa{Xm³ I£n I_-dn-¦Â [q] {]mÀ°\ Xo{hhmZnIÄ X¼Sn¨v ssa¡neqsS Ak`y hÀjw \S¯n Bizkn¨p( \S-¯n-b-t¸mÄ sa{Xm³ I£n ImtXmen¡mbptSbpw \nbpà ImtXmen¡mbptSbpw km¶n[y¯nembncp¶p sa{Xm³ I£n sshZnIcptSbpw, sX¡³ {]tZi ¯v \n¶v F¯nbhcptSbpw kwkvImc iq\yamb {]hr¯nIÄ( 2009-þse Bep-hm-s]-cp-¶mÄ Zn\-¯n t{ijvT _mhmbpw sa{Xm- t¸m-eo-¯m-amcpw ]Ån-bnepw I_-dn-S-¯nepw {]th-in-¡p-¶-Xn XÀ¡- ap-¶-bn¨v If-IvSÀ¡v sa{Xm³ I£n-¡mÀ ]cmXn \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p( Ccp hn`m-K-§tfbpw hnfn¨v If-IvSÀ NÀ¨ \S-¯p-Ibpw Ccp-hn-`m-K-§Ä¡p- ambn cmhn-sebpw D¨-I-gn-ªp-ambn {]tXyI ka-b-a-\p-hZn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp( CtX-Xp-SÀ¶v sa{Xm³ I£n-¡mÀ sslt¡m-S-Xn-bn {]tXyI lÀPn ^b sNbvXp( _lp( tImSXn Hcp I½ojs\- \ntbmKn- ¨p(- Hcp aWn- apX bmt¡m-_mb k`mw-K-§Ä I_-dn-S-¯n {]mÀ°\ \S-¯n( \mepa- Wn¡v- t{ijvT _mhmbpw sa{Xmt¸m- eo- ¯m- amcpw- sshZoIcpw- I_

108 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

dn- S- ¯nÂ- [q]{]mÀ°\- \S¯n(skan- \m- cn- bnÂ- [ym\¯nsâ- t]cn X¼- Sn-¨n-cp¶ Nne sa{Xm³ I£n-¡mÀ A{Iaw \S-¯m³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xn-\nsS t]meokv ]nSn-bn-em-bn( sa{Xm³ I£n-¡mÀ¡v e`n¨ ka-b¯v AhÀ ^oen-t¸mkv amÀ sXtbm-^n-tem-knsâ I_-dn-S-¯n am{Xw {]mÀ°n¨ tijw Xncn-sI-t¸m-bn( 2010 P\p-hcn 23, 24 Xob-Xn-I-fn \S¶ Bephms¸cp-¶mÄ XnI¨pw 2010 P\phcn- 23, 24 kam-[m-\-]-c-am-bn-cp-¶p( sa{Xm³ ]£w t{ijvT _mh-bvs¡-Xnsc sImSp Xob-Xn-I-fn \S¶ ¯ lÀPn-bn hmZw tI«-ti-jw, ]Ån Xpd-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v _lp( tImSXn Ccp-]-£-t¯mSpw A`n-{]mbw Bcm-ªp( ]Ån-Xp-d-¡p-¶-Xn Bephms¸cp¶mÄ- XnI¨pw bmt¡m-_mb k` A\p-Iqe \ne-]mSpw sa{Xm³ ]£w ]Ån Xpd-¡m³ kam-[m-\-]-c-am-bn-cp-¶p$ ]mSnÃm F¶pw tImS-Xnsb Adn-bn-¨p( c­v Znh-k-t¯¡v ]Ån Xpd- sa{Xm³ ]£w t{ijvT _mh- ¡m³ _lp( tImSXn \nÀt±-in-¡p-Ibpw \S-]-Sn-IÄ dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿m³ bvs¡Xnsc- sImSp¯ lÀPn- GImw-K-I-½o-j-s\bpw \nb-an-¨p( ]Ån hr¯n-bm-¡m³ sa{Xm³ I£- bn hmZw tI«ti- jw,- ]Ån n¡mtcmSv tImSXn BÚm]n- ¨Xv- IqSmsX I½ojsâ- sNehv hln¡m\pw- Xpd¡p- ¶- Xn- s\- ¡p- dn¨v- _lp$ D¯c- hn- «p(- t{ijvT _mhmbpw,- sa{Xmt¸m- eo- ¯m- amcpw,- sshZnIcpw,- Bbn- c-¡-W-¡n\v k`m-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw ]Ån-bnepw I_-dn-S-¯nepw Ccp-Zn-h-k- tImSXn Ccp]- £- t¯mSpw- §fnepw- F¯n {]mÀ°\ \S¯n(- bmt¡m_mb- kpdnbm\n k`sb kw_- A`n-{]mbw Bcm-ªp$ ]Ån- Ôn¨v Xr¡p¶¯v ]ffn Xpd¶v Bephms¸cp-¶mÄ \S-¯p-hm³ km[n- Xp-d-¡p-¶-Xn bmt¡m-_mb ¨XnÂ- NmcnXmÀ°y- ap- ­v(- k` A\pIqe- \ne]mSpw- ]( At´ymJym knwlmk\- hnt[b- Xz- ¯nÂ- Bbncn- t¡­- Bephm sa{Xm³ ]£w ]Ån Xpd- Xr¡p-¶¯v skan-\m-cn, sa{Xm³ I£n-¡mÀ A\-[n-Ir-X-ambn ssIhiw ¡m³ ]mSnÃm F¶pw h¨p-sIm-­n-cn-¡p-Ibpw CS-hI ]Ån-bpw, I_-dn-S-§fpw ASªv InS- ¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶Xv Hmtcm bmt¡m-_mb k`mw-K-¯n\pw thZ\ Df-hm- tImS-Xnsb Adn-bn-¨p$ ¡p¶p­v( ]cnip²- ]nXm¡- ·m- cpsS- I_dn- S- §Ä- DÄs¡mÅp¶- ssZhm- ebw hnizmkn- IÄ¡v- Bcm[- \- bÀ¸- n¡phm\pw- {]mÀ°n¡phm\pw- Xpd¶v In«p¶ kpZn-\-¯n-\mbn Hmtcm hnizm-knbpw Im¯n- cn-¡p-¶p(Bephm ]ffnbpw skan\mcnbpw bmt¡m_mb k`bv¡v e`n¡m³ th­n IjvS¸mSpw, aÀ±\hpw, ]oU\§fpw kln¨hÀ CShImwK§Ä am{XaÃ(^m( Genbmkv tXm{¼, hµy( Hutk^v ]m ¯n¡Â tImÀF¸nkvtIm¸, ^m( hdpKokv IÃm¸md, ^m, tPmÀPv ]c¯p hbenÂ, XpS§nb sshZnIcpw si½mi³amcpw, kXyhnizmknIfmb ae¦cbnse \nch[n bmt¡m _mb k`mwK§fpw Bephmbnse kl\ kac§ fn ]s¦Sp¯v kln¨ XymK§fpw Bt£]§fpw hnhcn¡m³ hm¡pIÄ aXnbmhp IbnÃ( ]( At´ymJym knwlmk\- hnt[b- Xz- ¯nepw- BI-am\ kpdn-bm\n k`-tbm-SpÅ k-Poh _Ô-¯n epw Ignªp h¶ ]nXm¡- ·m- cpsS- I_dn- S- §Ä- kXy- hnizm- kn- IÄ¡v- A`b- tI- {µ- am- Wv(- B ]nXm¡- ·m- cpsS- ho­pw Ncn{X aplqÀ¯w: 32 hÀjs¯ CS-th- {]mÀ°\ apg§nb- ssZhmebw- ]qÀ®ambn Xpd¶v f¡v tijw t{ijvT _mhmbpw sa{Xm-t¸m-en-¯m- hnizm-kn-I-fpsS {]mÀ°-\bpw [q]hpw kzÀ¤ob ·mcpw hnizm-kn-Ifpw Xr¡p-¶¯v skâ v tacokv k¶n[n- bn- te¡pb- cp¶- Znhkw A\Xn- hn- Zq- c- aÃ- F¶v ]f-fn-bn {]th-in¨v Bcm-[\ \S-¯n-b-t¸mÄ Icp-Xmw(

109 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

Bep-hm-bnse ]pWy]nXm-¡-·mÀ

än"-hn" a¯m-bn, Xpcp-¯p-t½Â IS-hn ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t¸m-eo¯ (H-¶m-a³)

IS-hn A¨-s\, d¼m³, hS¡³- ]dhqÀ- ]ffn CSh- I- bnÂ- IShnÂ- þ- Iq- c³- IpSpw_- ¯nÂ- sa{Xm³ Øm\w \ÂInbXv- Ahncm hÀ¡n-bp-sSbpw A¶¯nsâbpw Cfb-]p-{X-\mbn 1833 Unkw- ]$ ]t{Xmkv III ]m{Xn- _À 7\v hµy-]n-Xmhv `qPm-X-\m-bn( ]utemkv F¶m-bn-cp¶p amt½m-Zokm ka-b¯v \ÂI-s¸« t]cv( tN¸m«v tamÀ Zoh-¶m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n( 1846 bÀ¡okv _mh-bm-bn-cp-¶p$ s^{_p-hcn 15\v ]utem-kn\v tImdq-tbm-]«w \ÂIn( XpSÀ¶v ]( knwlm- kapZmbw,- Kh¬saâv Imcy- k\ {]Xn\n- [n- bmbn- ae¦- c- bn- se- ¯nb- ]( bpbm¡ow tamÀ Iqdntemkv- §Ä¡mbn \S¯p¶- Fgp- _mhm-tbm-sSm¸w Xma-kn¨v kpdn-bm\n `mj-bnepw Bcm-[-\-I-fnepw ¯p-Ip-¯p-IÄ IS-hn tamÀ hyp¸¯n t\Sn( 1854  ]( bpbm¡ow A¯m\m- tkymkv- apJm´cw- tamÀ Iqdn-temkv Xncp-ta\n IS-hn Bbn-cn-¡p-sa¶v ]m{Xn- ]utemkv si½m-i\v IioÈm-]«w \ÂIn( kpdnbm\n- a¸m\mbn- 1870  bÀ¡okv _mhm {]tXyIw tIm«bw kndn-b³ skan-\mcn (]-gb \njvIÀjn-¨n-cp-¶p$ kan-\m-cn) bn IS-hn-e-¨³ \nb-an-¡- s¸«p(- _lp `mjm ]WvUnX- \pw,- kpdn- bm\n aev]m\p- am- bn- cp¶- IShnÂ- A¨- s\, d¼m³, sa{Xm³ Øm\w \ÂIn- bXv ]( ]t{Xmkv III ]m{XnbÀ¡okv- _mh-bm-bn-cp-¶p( kap-Zmbw, Kh¬ saâ v Imcy§Ä¡mbn- \S¯p¶- Fgp- ¯p-Ip-¯p-IÄ IS-hn tamÀ A¯m- \mtkymkv- apJm´cw- Bbncn- ¡p- sa¶v- ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _mhm {]tXyIw \njvIÀjn-¨n-cp-¶p( tIm«bw `{Zm-

110 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

k\m[n]- s\¶- \nebnÂ- hnhn[ ]ffn- IÄ- Øm]n¡m³- t\XrXzw \ÂInb Xncp-ta\n ]n¡m-e¯v A¦-amen `{Zm-k\ `cWw e`y-am-b-t¸mÄ Bep- hm-bn skan-\mcn Øm]n-¨p( Bb-Xn-\mbn \nc-h[n XymK-§Ä kln- ¡p-Ibpw IpSpw-_-kz-¯mbn X\n¡v e`n-¨-sXÃmw skan-\mcn ]Wn¡v th­n hn\n-tbm-Kn-¡p-I-bp-­m-bn( 1907 \hw-_À 2þmw XobXn Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvXv Xr¡p-¶¯v ]f-fn-bn I_-d-S-§n( Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hSn, Éo_m, Ipcniv XpS§n- bh- ]( At´ymJym knwlmk- \- ¯n- te¡v- Ab¨p sImSp-¡bpw sNbvXp( (Im-tXm-en-t¡-änsâ \n[n t]Pv 167)( IS-hn Xncp- ta-\n-bpsS Nc-a-i-Xm_vZn bmt¡m-_mb kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy- ¯n kap-Nn-X-ambn sIm­m-Sn( Bep-hm-bnse h-enb Xncp-ta\n AI¸d¼v- ]ffn CSh- I- bnÂ- ]$ ]cpae- Xncpta- \n,- ]«w Ipän¡m«v- ss]\mS¯v- a¯mbn- bp- - sImS ]pkvXI- hpw,- ioeap- Sn- - sSbpw A¶bp- sSbpw- ]p{X\mbn- bpw, ]{Xko\pw aäpw \ÂIn 1869 P\p-hcn 23\v ]utemkv P\n- ¨p( (Xncp- ta- \n- bpsS- ]nXrIp- Spw_w- A\p-{K-ln¨ ]utemkv A¿-¼n-f-fn sXt¡-¡-c-bm-Wv( d¼ms\ sa{Xmt¸m- eo- ¯m- - amXmhv IpSpw-_-¯nse GI-a-IÄ bmbn 1910 Pq¬ 9\v ]$ Bbncp- ¶- Xn- \mÂ- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- A_vZp-ff ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _meyw amXr-`-h-\-¯n Bbn-cp- _mhm hmgn¨p$ Xsâ Kpcp¡- - ¶p)( Bßob Imcy-§-fn ·msc- t¸mse- Xs¶ ]$ ]utemkv AXoh XXv]c-\m-bn-cp- At´ymJym knwlmk- \- - ¶p( \t¶ sNdp{]m- b- ¯nÂ- Xs¶ hn( aZv_lm- bnse- ip{iqj- I- \m- bn(- ¯n \n¶v Xs¶ ta¸« ](-]-t{Xmkv XrXo-b³ ]m{Xn- Øm\w {]m]n¡m³- ]utemkv bÀ¡okv _mhm AÀ¸n¨ hn( tamÀ A¯m\m- tkymkv- Xncp- IpÀºm\ at[y A©mw Xp_vtZ³ ta-\n-¡m-bn$ IÀ®m-\-µ-I-c-amb kzc-am-[p-cn-a- bn hm-bn¨ Ggv hb-Êp-Im-c³ ]utemkv ](-(_m-hmbv¡pw {]nb-¦-c- \mbn amdn( 1879  A¼m«v tamÀ Iqdntemkv- Xncpta- \n- bnÂ- \n¶v ]utemkv si½miv]- «- ta- äp(- Bephm Kh¬saâ v sslkvIqfnÂ- \n¶v Cw¥ojv hnZym- `ymkw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡nb ]utemkv si½m-i³ tIm«bw kn(-Fw(-F-kv( kvIqfn \n¶v sa{Sn-¡p-te-j³ ]mÊm-bn( tIm«-b¯v ]Tn¨ Ah-k-c- ¯n Xs¶ kpdn-bm\n `mjbpw kpdn-bm\n k`m Bcm-[-\-bp-saÃmw \¶mbn ]Tn¨v {it²-b-\m-Im³ si½m-i\v Ign-ªp( 1898 \hw-_À 25þmw XobXn IÈoi ]«hpw,- 28þmw XobXn d¼m³ Øm\hpw ]utemkv si½m- i\v \ÂIn A\p{K- ln- ¨Xv- ](]- cp- ae- Xncpta- \n- bm- Wv(- ]cpae- skan\m- cn- - bpsS \nÀ½mW {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä AhnsS Xma-kn¨v taÂt\m«w hln-¨Xv sIm¨p ]utemkv d¼m-¨-\m-Wv( (h-enb ]utemkv d¼m³ F¶-dn-b-s¸-«n- cp¶Xv- ]n¶oSv sa{Xmt¸m- eo- ¯mbpw- ae¦c- sa{Xm\p- amb- sIm¨p]- d- ¼nÂ- ](-]u-temkv tamÀ Iqdn-temkv Xncp-ta-\n-bm-Wv)( ]n¡m-e¯v Bephm Xr¡p¶¯v- skan\m- cn- bpsS- \nÀ½mWw \S¡p¶- kab¯v- IShnÂ- Xncp- ta\n- bpsS- XmXv]cy- {]- Imcw- ]( ]cpae- Xncpta\n- sIm¨p ]utemkv d¼ms\ Bep-hm-bn-te-¡-b-¨p( ]( ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bp-tSbpw IS-hn Xncp-ta-\n-

111 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

bp-tS-bpw, A¼m«v Xncp-ta-\n-bp-tSbpw hmÂkey injy-\mb sIm¨p ]utemkv d¼m³ k`bpsS- A`nam\- `mP\- am- bn- cp- ¶p(- ]( ]cpae- Xncpta- - \n, ]«w sImS ]pkvX-I-hpw, ioe-ap-Sn-bpw, ]{Xko\pw aäpw \ÂIn A\p- {K-ln¨ ]utemkv d¼ms\ sa{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯m-bmbn 1910 Pq¬ 9\v ]( A_vZp-ff ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _mhm hmgn¨p( Xsâ Kpcp-¡-·m-sc-t¸mse Xs¶ ]( At´ymJym knwlmk- \- ¯nÂ- \n¶v Xs¶ ta¸«Øm\w {]m]n-¡m³ ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m-\m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-¡m-bn( h«-ti- cn Xncpta\n- ]( ]m{XnbÀ¡okv- _mhmtbmSv- aÂkcn- ¨- t¸mÄ,- ]cpae- Xncpta- \nbpw- IShnÂ- Xncpta- \nbpw,- A¼ms« Xncpta- \nbpw- ]Tn¸n¨- kXy- hn-izm-k-¯n ASn-bp-d¨v \n¶v ]utemkv tamÀ Iqdn-temkv Xncp-ta-\n¡v ]n´pW \ÂIn( ]n¡me¯v- ae¦c- sa{Xmt¸m- eo- ¯m- bmbn- Xncsª- - Sp-¡-s¸-«p( sslt¡m-SXn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Xnc-sª-Sp¸v AwKo-I-cn-¨p( AXn³{]Imcw ae-¦c sa{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯m-bmbn Xs¶ henb Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvXp( Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I_-dn Bte-J\w sNbvXn-cn-¡p¶Xpw C{]-Imcw Xs¶-bm-Wv( ]( At´ymJym knwlm-k-\-¯n hmW ]m{Xn- bÀ¡ok- ·mÀ¡v- henb Xncpta- \n- sb- ¡p- dn¨v- kvt\l_- lp- am- \m- Z- c- hp- IÄ- am{X-am-bn-cp¶p D­m-bn-cp-¶-Xv( ]( At´ymJym knwlm-k-\-amWv hen-b- I£n þ PmXn þ aX t`Z- Xn-cp-ta-\nsb hnizmkkwc-£-I³ F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¨-Xv( ]( At{]w {]Y- a³ ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _mh Xsâ kzImcy apdn-bn kq£n-¨n-cp-¶Xv c­v sat\y FÃm-h-cp-sSbpw t^mt«m-I-fm-Wv( tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-tâ-Xpw, Bep-hm-bnse henb Xncp-ta- kvt\l _lpam- \m- Z- c- hp- IÄ- \n-bp-tS-bpw( A{Xbv¡v BZ-c-thm-sS-bmWv ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _mh henb t\Sn-bn-cp¶ Xncp-ta\n 1953 Xncp-ta-\nsb I­n-cp-¶-Xv( I£n þ PmXn þ aX t`Z-sat\y FÃm-h-cp- P\p-hcn 25þmw XobXn Imew sSbpw kvt\l _lp-am-\m-Z-c-hp-IÄ t\Sn-bn-cp¶ Xncp-ta\n 1953 P\p-hcn sNbvXv Xr¡p-¶¯v 25þmw XobXn Imew sNbvXv Xr¡p-¶¯v ]f-fn-bn I_-d-S-§n( ]( ]m{Xn- ]f-fn-bn I_-d-S-§n$ bÀ¡okv _mhm 2004 BKÌv 19\v ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn¨ I¸\ {]Imcw henb Xncpta- \nsb- hnip²- \mbn- {]Jym]n- ¨p(- 2009 sk]väw_À- 28þmw XobXn ]( ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _mhm ae-¦-c-bn-te¡v Ab¨ 152/2009 I¸\ {]Imcw ](-]u-temkv tamÀ A¯m-\m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \maw A©mw Xp_vtZ-\n tNÀ¡-s¸-«p( ](-]n-Xm-hnsâ sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn 2010 BKÌv 8þmw XobXn bmt¡m-_mb k`-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-¯n Bep-hm- bn h¨v \S¯- s¸- Sp- ¶p(- hb-en-¸-¼n Xncp-ta\n AI¸- d¼v- ]ffn CShIbnÂ- hben- ¸- d- - ¼n ss]\mS¯v- IpSpw_- ¯nÂ- 1899 Pqsse 17þmw XobXn Ipcy³ tXmambp- sSbpw- timim- ½-bp-sSbpw ]p{X-\mbn Koh-dp-Kokv `qPm-X- \m-bn( kvIqÄ hnZym-`ym-k-m\-´cw Bephm bp(-kn(-tIm-tf-Pn \n¶v _n(-F(-_n-cp-Zhpw sa̬ {Sbn-\nwKv tImtf-Pn \n¶v _n(-F- Uv(-_n-cp-Zhpw t\Sn( hµy( A_vZpÄ BlmZv d¼msâ (]n¡m-e¯v ](-bm-t¡m_v XrXo- b³ _mhm) injy-\mbn aª-\n-¡c Zb-dm- bn \n¶v sshZnI ]cn-io-e\w ]qÀ¯n-bm-

112 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

¡n( ae-¦-c-k-`-bpsS Dcp¡p a\p-jy³ F¶ hnti-j-W-¯n Adn-b-s¸- Sp¶ hb-en-¸-d-¼n Xncp-ta-\n 1937  si½mi ]«hpw 1939  IÈoim ]«hpw kzoI-cn-¨Xv ](henb Xncp-ta-\n-bn \n¶m-Wv( A¦-amen `{Zm-k-\- ¯nsâ klmb sa{Xm-\mbn 1946 BKÌv 4þmw XobXn tlmwkn h¨v ]( At{]w {]Y-a³ ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _mhm-bn \n¶pw taÂ]« Øm\w kzoIcn- ¨p(- ](h- enb- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- Imetijw- A¦amen- `{Zmk\- sa{Xm- t¸m-en-¯m-bm-bn-¯oÀ¶p( Koh-dp-Kokv tamÀ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n- bpsS {ia^- e- ambn- Bephm Xr¡p¶¯v- skan\mcn- ]p\cp- ²- cn- ¨p(- skan- \mcn Ct¸mÄ ImWp¶ AhØ- bnÂ- cq]I- ev]\- sNbvXv ]WnI- gn- ¸n- ¨Xv- 1957emWv( Xncpta\n- Xs¶bmWv- Xr¡p¶¯v- ]ffn- bpsS- ]p\cp- ²m- cW- {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v t\XrXzw \ÂIn-bXpw( ^m( G{_lmw Bep-¡Â (G{_lmw- tamÀ tkthdn- tbmkv- Xncpta- \n)- Bbncp¶p- C¡me- b- f- hnse- hnImcn( ]( At´ymJym knwlm-k-\-t¯mSv Xsâ A´yw hsc hnt[- ae¦- c- k- `- bpsS- Dcp¡p bXzw ]peÀ¯nb ]nXmhmWv- hben- ¸- d- ¼nÂ- Xncpta- \n(- ]( ]m{XnbÀ¡okv- a\p-jy³ F¶ hnti-j-W- _mhsb kµÀin¨v XncnsI F¯n-b-Xnsâ ASp¯ \mfn-emWv Xncp- ¯n Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶ ta\n BI-kvan-I-ambn Imew sNbvX-Xv( k`-bnse sa{Xm³ I£n hn`m-K- hb-en-¸-d-¼n Xncp-ta-\n 1937 ¯n\v F¡m-ehpw hb-en-¸-d-¼n Xncp-ta-\nsb `b-am-bn-cp-¶p( Xncp-ta\n  si½mi ]«hpw 1939  Pohn-¨n-cp-¶p- F-¦nÂ, ]n¡m-e¯v k`-bn Bcw-`n¨ I£n hg-¡p-IÄ IÈoim ]«hpw kzoIcn- ¨Xv- Hgnhm- ¡- s¸- t«s\- F¶v hnizkn- ¡p¶- henb hn`mKw P\§Ä- Ct¸mgpw ]$henb Xncp-ta-\n-bn Ccp ]£-¯p-ap-­v( Cu aq¶v ]nXm¡- ·m- cmWv- bmt¡m_mb- k`bpsS- ]Tn¸n- ¡- ep- Ifpw- \n¶mWv$- A¦amen- `{Zmk- \- - hnizm-k-{]-am-W-§-fp-a-\p-k-cn¨v PohnXw \bn¨v Bephm-bn I_-d-S-¡- ¯nsâ klmb sa{Xm\mbn- s¸« ]pWy-]n-Xm-¡-·mÀ( ChÀ aq¶v t]cpw BI-am\ kpdn-bm\n k`m 1946 BKÌv 4þmw XobXn _Ô¯nÂ- kPoh- cmbn- \nesIm- ­- hcpw- ]( ]m{XnbÀ¡okv- _mhbmÂ- tlmwkn h¨v ]$ At{]w hmgn-¡-s¸-«-h-cp-am-Wv( Npcp-¡-¯n Bephm Xr¡p-¶¯v ]f-fn-bpsS {]Ya³- ]m{XnbÀ¡okv- _mhm- skan-\m-cnbpw `cn¨ sa{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯-amÀ (1966 hsc) ]( ]m{Xn-bÀ¡o k·mcm hmgn-¡-s¸-«-hÀ am{X-am-Wv( bn \n¶pw taÂ]« Øm\w kzoI-cn-¨p$

113 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

hen-b-Xn-cp-ta-\n¡v {]nb-s¸« IpSw-]pfn ao³I-dnbpw Fbväv koäÀ Imdpw

sP_n t]mÄ, Hmf-§m«v

ae¦c kuayhpw Zo]vXhpambncp¶p B apJw( ASp¯dnªhÀs¡ sa{Xmt¸meo¯bmbncp¶ Ãmw Pohn¡p¶ hnip²\pw! Ipän¡m«n ]cn$ ]utemkv ae¦c sa{Xmt¸meo¯bmbncp¶ Ipän¡m«n ]cn( ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv henb Xncpta\nbpsS alm]utcmlnXy iXm_vZn tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv BtLmjthfbnepw B kvacWbv¡v X¦¯nf¡w( henb Xncpta\nbpsS 1912  ]cn( A_vZpÅ ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhm h«ticn sa{Xm¨s\ alm]utcmlnXy iXm_vZn apS¡nbtXmsS ae¦c k`bn `n¶Xbp­mbn( ssÇlnI alm]utcm BtLmjthfbnepw B lnXy t{iWnbn ]cn( At´mJym knwlmk\t¯msSm¸w henb kvacWbv¡v X¦¯nf¡w$ Xncpta\n Dd¨p\n¶p( adp]£¡mÀt]mepw B Xocpam\w Xncp¯m³ t\m¡nbnÃ( anJmtb tamÀ Znh¶mkntbmkv sa{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯mbv¡pw HutK³ amÀ Xntam¯ntbmkv sa{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯mbv¡pw Iv\m\mb `{Zmk\¯nsâ Xncpta\nbmbncp¶p A¶v ae¦cbn D­mbncp¶ aäp bmt¡m_mb k` sa{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯-·mÀ( tIm«bw ]gb skan\mcnbnembncp¶p sshZnI ]T\w( HmÀ¯ tUmIvkv hn`mKw ImtXmen¡bmbncp¶ IÃmticn KohÀKokv ZznXob³ _mhm kXoÀ°y\mbncp¶p(henb Xncpta\n Imew sNbvXt¸mÄ adp]£¯mbncp¶ IÃmticn _mhmbpw XsâbmfpIfpsS FXnÀ¸h KWn¨v Xr¡p¶¯v F¯n( [q]anSm³ [q]¡pänbpsaSp¯mbncp¶p h¶Xv( A¦amen, sIm¨n `{Zmk\§fpsS sa{Xmt¸meo¯bmbn {]apJ ]ÅnIfnseÃmw henb Xncpta\n h¶p Xmakn¨ncp¶p( tImXawKew, Ipdp¸w¸Sn, Icn§m¨nd, Xr¸qWn¯pd \Sa, ]Ån¡c, dm¡mSv, Xpcp¯n¹n, hS¡³ ]dhqÀ, apf´pcp¯n ]ÅnIfnseÃmw Znhk§Ä Xmakn¨n«p­v(

114 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

As¶ms¡ tamt«mÀ hml\§Ä hncfw( Ing¡¼ew At´mWnbpsS ""Fbväv koädn\v'' FÃm Znhkhpw cmhnsebpw sshIn«pw Ing¡¼e¯p \n¶v Bephbnte¡v kÀhokp­vv( F«pt]À¡v Ibdmhp¶ Fbväv koäÀ Ing¡¼ew A¨¸³ \mbcpsS Ihebn \n¶mWv F¶pw kÀhokv XpS§p¶Xv( ]Ån¡c N´bnte¡pÅ km[\§fpw H¸ap­mIpw( Xncp ta\n¡v BhiyapÅt¸msgÃmw ""Fbväv koäÀ'' F¯pw( bm{XbnseÃmw A©v klmbnIfp­mIpw( c­v sh¸pImÀ, AäâÀ, klmbn si½mi³, sk{I«dn tImt¨cn A¨³( (ImÀ hm§ms\m¶pw A¶v sa{Xmt¸m en¯·mÀ¡v IminÃ( ]n¶oSv hben¸d¼n Xncpta\nbv¡pw G{_lmw tamÀ ¢oankv Xncpta\nbv¡pamWv k`bn kz´ambn ImÀ D­mbXv() eLp`£W {]nbs\¦nepw kz´w sh¸pImcp­m¡p¶ `£Wta Ign¡qsh¶ \nÀ_Ôap­v( Im¸n Ign¡p¶ ]XnhnÃ( cmhnse Iªn Xncpta\nbpsS i_vZw IpSn¡pw( Icn§m¨nd ]Ånbnepw hS¡³ ]dhqÀ, sNdmbn ]ÅnIfnepw F¯nbm \à ]pgao³ IpSw]pfnbn«v hän¨Xv D­m¡ns¡mSp¡pw( kwKoXw t]msebmWv/ Icnao\pw hcmepambncp¶p IqSpX CjvSw( AkpJwt]mepw hI Bcm[\bn hbv¡msX t\m¼vt\m¡pw( _p[³, shÅn Znhk§fn ]mÂt]mepw ]¦psImÅpt¼mÄ Ign¡nÃ( I®n\v AkpJwh¶t¸mÄ hmebn sshZy³ shÅnbmgvN kzÀK¯nsâ CS\mgnIfneqsS ]men Ignt¡­ acps¶gpXn( F¶m t\m¼mbXn\m hymgmgvN \S¡p¶ A\p`hw/ Beph kÔybv¡v apt¼Xs¶ acp¶pIgn¨ncp¶p( Xr¡p¶¯v skan\mcn Xncpta\nbpsS i_vZw kwKoXw t]msebmWv( Bcm[\bn ]¦psImÅpt¼mÄ kzÀK¯nsâ CS\mgnIfneqsS \S¡p¶ A\p`hw( Bcw`n¨t¸mÄ ]Ån¡c Beph Xr¡p¶¯v skan\mcn Bcw`n¨t¸mÄ ]Ån¡c Ipcnin¦Â Ipcnin¦Â amWn¡¯\mcmbncp¶p kpdnbm\n kwKoX (F¡md) A[ym]I³( amWn¡¯\mcmbncp¶p BgvNbn c­pZnhkw amWn¡¯\mcpsS ¢mkv D­mIpw( tImXawKew kpdnbm\n kwKoX (F¡md) amdmt¨cn C«oc aev]m³ aq¶pZnhkw ¢mskSp¡pw( i\nbmgvNbpw A[ym]I³/ BgvNbn RmbdmgvNbpw skan\mcn Ah[nbmsW¦nepw henb Xncpta\n Ds­¦n ]ÀWm{ia¯nsâ {]Xn\n[nbmIpw( 30þ35 t]À skan\mcn c­pZnhkw bnep­mIpw( Beph skâ v tacokv kvIqfn ]Tn¡p¶hcpw amWn¡¯\mcpsS ¢mkv tlmkväen Xmakn¨ncp¶p( D­mIpw/ tImXawKew A¡mes¯ cmjv{Sobþkmaqly cwK§fnse t\Xm¡fpambn amdmt¨cn C«oc aev]m³ \à ASp¸ambncns¶¦nepw AXnsem¶pw CSs]Sm³ henbXncpta\n aq¶pZnhkw ¢mskSp¡pw/ H«pw CjvSs¸«nÃ( A¶s¯ tI{µa{´nbpw kapZmb t\Xmhpambncp¶ I­\mSv Bep¦Â F(Fw( tXmaknt\mSv cmjv{SobImcy§Ä tNmZn¨dnbpw( Hcn¡Â Xr¸qWn¯pd \Sta ]Ånbn Xmakn¨t¸mÄ sIm¨n cmPmhv taSbn h¶p( ]n¶oSv Xncpta\n cmPsIm«mc¯nse¯n BXnYyw kzoIcn¨p( Beph {io\mcmbW B{ia¯nse k\ymknamÀ skan\mcnbn ]Xnhv kµÀiIcmbncp¶p( kwkvIrX ]ÞnX³ IqSnbmb Xncpta\nbpambn Bcm[\m\p`h§Ä ]¦phbv¡p¶Xn\nSbn ]Xnhpt]mse bma{]mÀ°\bv¡p kabamIpw( k\ymknamÀ ]ÅnbI¯v IbdmsX ]qapJ¯p \n¶v Bcm[\bn ]¦psImÅp¶Xv Xr¡p¶s¯ ]Xnhp ImgvNbmbncp¶p( awKe¸pg skan\mcn A[ym]Icmb sshZnIcpw hnizmknIfpw Xncpta\nsb kµÀin¨v thZhnjb§Ä NÀ¨sN¿pambncp¶p( `h\kµÀi\w ]camh[n Hgnhm¡nbncp¶p( ASp¸apÅhÀ

115 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

acn¨m A]qÀhambn am{Xw `h\¯n t]mIpw( kz´who«nÂt]mIp¶ ]Xnhv Xncpta\n¡p­mbncp¶nÃ( ho«pImÀ skan\mcnbn h¶pImWpw( hnizmknIfn \n¶v ssIap¯v hm§nÃ( CShI¡mÀ `{Zmk\¯nte¡v HmtcmhÀjhpw \nivNnX kwJy F¯n¡pw( hmÀjnI Ip¼kmcthfbn {]mb]qÀ¯nbmb ]pcpj·mÀ \ÂIp¶ hnlnXw (dniok) ]cn( ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mhmbv¡msW¦nepw knwlmk\w FSp¡pI ]XnhnÃ( AXv `{Zmk\ sa{Xmt¸meo¯amtcmSv FSp¯psImÅm³ IÂ]n¡pIbmWp coXn( ]W¯nsâ henb CS]mSpIsfm¶pw D­mbncp¶nÃ( Xncpta \nbpsS hnizkvX\mb _m¦À Beph N´bnse apÉnw ]eNc¡v I¨hS ¡mc\mbncp¶p( _m¡nhcp¶ sNdnb \nt£]§Ä kq£n¡m³ G¸n¨ncp¶Xv Ct±ls¯bmWv( bma{]mÀ°\IÄ apS§nÃ( B kabw Bcph¶mepw Im¯ncn¡Ww( Hcn¡Â Gsd CjvSap­mbncp¶ tUm( tXmakv ]me¼mSw AXymhiyambn ImWms\¯nbt¸mÄ ]W¯nsâ henb kÔym{]mÀ°\bv¡v kabambncp¶p( ]me¼mS¯n\v Xncn¨pt]mIm³ [rXn( ""[rXnbps­¦n s]mbvt¡m'' F¶mbncp¶p apJw t\m¡msX CS]mSpIsfm¶pw bpÅ Xncpta\nbpsS adp]Sn( BcpImWm³ h¶mepw Fs´¦nepw D­mbncp¶nÃ$ Xncpta Ign¡m³ sImSp¯tijta kwkmcn¡q( (Cu kz`mh sshinjvSyw \nbpsS hnizkvX\mb t{ijvT tXmakv {]Ya³ _mhmbv¡pap­v) Ibdnhcp¶hÀ¡v Ccn¡m³ _m¦À Beph N´bnse ""IqXn sa¯'' sImSp¡pw( \ne¯v hncn¨ncn¡Ww( \ne¯ncn¡m³ apÉnw ]eNc¡v I¨hS ]äm¯hÀ¡v _©p­v( DbÀ¶ DtZymKkvYtcm atäm h¶m Itkc ¡mc\mbncp¶p$ bmWp \ÂIpI( A_vZp BlmZv d¼m³ (]n¶oSv bm¡q_v XrXob³ _m¡nhcp¶ sNdnb ]m{XnbÀ¡okv _mh) ae¦cbnÂh¶t¸mÄ BZyw ImWms\¯nbXv \nt£]§Ä kq£n¡m³ henb Xncpta\nsbbmWv( B kab¯v Beph XlknÂZmdpw G¸n¨ncp¶Xv skan\mcnbnep­mbncp¶p( d¼m³ \à ]m«pImc\msW¶dnbn¨t¸mÄ Ct±ls¯bmWv$ kpdnbm\n kwKoXw tIÄ¡Wsa¶mbn( d¼m¨³ ]mSnb ""IqÂtatZw((('' bma{]mÀ°\IÄ apS§nÃ$ F¶ KoXw hcnIÄ a\knembnsænepw \¶mbn BkzZn¨mWv XlknÂZmÀ aS§nbXv( kwKoXhpw hmb\bpambncp¶p {]nbw( D]hmkw, {]mÀ°\ F¶nhbn bmsXmcp hn«phogvNbpanÃ( bma{]mÀ°\bv¡v aWnbSn¡pt¼mÄ FÃmhcpw ]Ånbn F¯nbn cn¡Ww( Xmakn¨m ""FSm ]ntÅÀ((((('' F¶ \o«nhnfn skan\mcn ]cnkc¯v apg§n tIÄ¡pambncp¶p(

“In the Intersession of St Poulose Mor Athanasious” Best wishes from wwwmalankarasyriacvoicecom for the Souvenir published in accordance with “Metrapolitian Ordination Jubilee” of St Poulose Mor Athanasious “wwwMalankaraSyriacVoicecom” news portal of Jacobite Syrian orthodox Church - Maintained by Mor Behnan Study Circle, Hosting Section, Viswasa Samrakshakan & SOCM

116 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

{Im´ZÀin- bm- bn- cp¶- ] henb Xncpta\n-

tUm" tPmkv Un" ssI¸ÅnÂ-

ssZh¯n¦te¡p HcmÄ ""ssZh`àn Úm\¯nsâ Bcw`amIp¶p'' (kZr( 9:10) Hcp Xncnbp¶Xv AbmÄ ss{IkvXh hnZymÀ°nbpsS Úm\ k¼mZ\¯nsâ ASnØm\w CXmIp¶p( ""ssZhamWv hnÚm\¯nsâ \mbI³'' ""hnÚm\¯n ssZhs¯ ]qÀ®ambn hnip² Adnhnsâ Hcmßmhp­v( AXv GIhpw kq£ambXpw a\Ênem¡nbn«mIWsa¶nÃ$ hnhn[XzhpapffXpw \¶mbn Nen¡p¶Xpw t{ijvT i_vZapffXpw F¶mtem AXv IdbnÃm¯Xpw hnthIhpw kXyhpapffXpw kw£n]vXaÃm¯Xpw hnizmk¯msebs{X$ hn$ \·sb kvt\ln¡p¶Xpw ( ( ( ( ( ( ( FÃm s]cpamä§fnepw {KÙw ]cntim[n¨m hnÚm\t¯msS s]cpamdp¶XpamIp¶p'' (almÚm\w 7: 16, 22 þ 24) At\IcpsS PohnX¯n Iemeb¯n h¨v ]pkvXI§fnÂIqSn e`n¡p¶ AdnhpIÄ ]cn]qÀ®Úm\¯nte¡v \bn¡pIbnÃ( ssZh¯n¦te¡p HcmÄ \n¶v CXv a\Ênem¡mw$ Xncnbp¶Xv AbmÄ ssZhs¯ ]qÀ®ambn a\Ênem¡nbn«mIWsa¶nÃ( F¶m B[p\nI F¶mtem AXv hnizmk¯msebs{X( hn( {KÙw ]cntim[n¨m Úm\k¼mZ\ At\IcpsS PohnX¯n \n¶v CXv a\Ênem¡mw( F¶m B[p\nI taJeIfnseÃmw ØnXn Úm\k¼mZ\ taJeIfnseÃmw ØnXn adn¨mWv( Hmtcm¶ns\¡pdn¨v adn¨mWv$ A]{KÙn¨v ]Tn¨Xn\ptijw AXns\ a\Ênem¡p¶p( ssZhnI hnizmkanÃm¯ FÃm Úm\ k¼mZ\hpw hyÀ°as{X( Cu temIhpw AXnepff kIeXpw ssZh¯m krjvSn¡s¸«p, Nen¡s¸Sp¶p F¶ hnizmkamIp¶ ASnØm\¯nt·emWv aäv Úm\§fnseÃmw ]Wnbs¸Sp¶Xv( 18þmw \qäm­n bqtdm¸n Bcw`n¨ hymhkmbnI hn¹hpw AXns\ XpSÀ¶p­mb Adnhnsâ taJeIfpw hfsc s]s«¶mWv temIsaÃmw hfÀ¶Xv( 19þmw \qäm­nsâ Ahkm\t¯msS AXv \½psS `mcX¯nepsa¯n( Úm\ k¼mZ\¯nsâ DdhnS§Ä KpcpIpe§fnÂ

117 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

\n¶p Iemeb§fnte¡v amäs¸«p( Adnhnsâ taJeIÄ hfsc s]s«¶mWv hfÀ¶Xpw hnIkn¨Xpw( Cu kab¯mWv 1910þ ]( ]utem kv tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv Xncpta\n ta¸« Øm\t¯¡v DbÀ¯ s¸Sp¶Xv( ae¦cbnse k` tIkpIfpsS A´co£¯n s]«pebp¶ kab¯mWv ]( Xncpta\n Øm\ta¡p¶Xv( hnizmks¯t¸mepw tNmZyw sN¿s¸Sp¶ AhØIÄ D­mbn( AXv a\Ênem¡nb Xncpta\n Ipªp§Ä¡v thZ]T\hpw hnizmk kXy§sf¡pdn¨pff ASnØm\ Adnhpw \ÂIp¶Xn\pff ]²XnIsf¡pdn¨v BtemNn¨p( AXnsâ ^eambn 1920 ]ndhw skan\mcnbn h¨v Fw(Fkv(Fkv(F( (ae¦c kndnb³ k¬tUkvIqÄ Atkmkntbj³) cq]oIcn¡s¸«p( 1953 At±lw Imew sN¿p¶Xphsc Fw(Fkv(Fkv(F(bv¡v kp[ocamb t\XrXzw \ÂIpIbpw sNbvXp( ]n¶oSv k`bnep­mb ]e {]XnkÔn B[p\nI hnZym`ymkw Ifpw Cu {]Øm\s¯ Aev]sams¡ _m[n¨psh¦nepw H«pw XfcmsX Fw(sP(Fkv(Fkv(F( F¶ t]cn C¶v CXv temI¯nsâ FÃm `mK§ tXSnt¸mIp¶ Ip«nIÄ fnepw hfÀ¶v hnIkn¨psIm­ncn¡p¶p( C¶s¯ Ip«nIfpw hnZymÀ°n hnizmk¯nepw IfpamWv \msf k`sb \bnt¡­Xv F¶v 90 hÀj§Ä¡v ap¼v ]( in£W¯nepw k`bpsS Xncpta\n Nn´n¨Xnsâ A\´c^eamWv C¶v hfÀ¶v, ]´en¨v, ^ew apJy[mcbn \n¶v Imbn¨p \n¡p¶ Cu h³hr£w hn«pt]mIcpsX¶v ]$ B[p\nI hnZym`ymkw tXSnt¸mIp¶ Ip«nIÄ hnizmk¯nepw Xncpta\n¡v in£W¯nepw k`bpsS apJy[mcbn \n¶v hn«pt]mIcpsX¶v ]( Xncpta\n¡v \nÀ_Ôap­mbncp¶p( BbXv ap¶n I­psIm­mWv \nÀ_Ôap­mbnIcp¶p$ 1922 Mor Gregorious Syrian Students Association (MGSSA) F¶ kwL S\bv¡v ]( Xncpta\n cq]w sImSp¯Xv( At±l¯nsâ Xs¶ Kpcphnsâ \ma¯nemWv Cu {]Øm\w XpS§nbXv F¶Xv {]tXyIw {]kvXmhyamWv( 1970Ifnse k`m ]nfÀ¸ns\ XpSÀ¶v Aev]Imew {]Øm\¯n\v XfÀ¨ t\cn«p F¦nepw C¶v A`nhµy Ipcnbmt¡mkv tamÀ sXtbm^ntemkv Xncpta\nbpsS t\XrXz¯n iàn {]m]n¨phcp¶p F¶Xn kt´mjn¡mw( Npcp¡n¸dªm 20þmw \qäm­nse k`IfpsS Gähpw henb {Im´ZÀinbmbncp¶p, ]( ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv Xncpta\n F¶v \nkwibw ]dbmw( PohnX emfnXy¯nepw hnip²bnepw At±lw GhÀ¡pw amXrIbmbncp¶Xpt]mse k`bpsS `mhnsb¡pdn¨pff ZÀi\¯n At±lw GhÀ¡pw amÀ¤Zo]ambncn¡s«(

“In the Intersession of St Poulose Mor Athanasious” Best wishes from wwwmalankarasyriacvoicecom for the Souvenir published in accordance with “Metrapolitian Ordination Jubilee” of St Poulose Mor Athanasious “wwwMalankaraSyriacVoicecom” news portal of Jacobite Syrian orthodox Church - Maintained by Mor Behnan Study Circle, Hosting Section, Viswasa Samrakshakan & SOCM

118 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

AI-¸-d¼v ]Ån-bpw, henb Xncp-ta-\nbpw

AUz" ]n"-]n" ss_Pp ss]\m-S-¯v, AI-¸-d¼v

ChnSps¯ aZv_lmbpsS ae¦ck`bnse AXn]pcmX\hpw At\I sshinjvSy§fm NphÀNn{X§Ä A\pKrloX hpamWv AI¸d¼v tamÀ imt_mÀ At{^m¯v I¯o{UÂ( {]IrXnZ¯amb ImgvNbn Xs¶ \·Ifm kar²amb \m«n ]pd¯nsâ FÃm NmcpXbpw, XesbSp¸pw, t]Àjy³ kwkvImc¯nsâ thdn« inev]`w Nmb¡q«n\m hc¨Xpw Knbpw, Bthmfw ZÀin¡mhp¶ Cu ssZhmebw F(Un( 822  At´ym Ime¯n\pt]mepw Jymbn \n¶pw ae¦scsb¯nb ktlmZc·mcmb tamÀ imt_mÀ, a§te¸n¡m\mhm¯Xpamb tamÀ At{^m¯v F¶o ]nXm¡³amcm Øm]n¡s¸«Xmbn Ncn{Xw A]qÀƧfn A]qÀ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p( Cu \ma¯n Øm]n¨n«pff ae¦cbnse GI Æamb Zriyhnkvab§fmWv$ CShI¸ffnbpw CXp am{Xw( IqSmsX aZv_lmbpsS AXnhnkvXrXambncp¶ AI¸d¼v CShI kao]{]tZi§fnse ssZhmeb§fpsS Xe¸ffnbmbn KWn¡s¸Sp¶p( s\Sp¼mtÈcn inev]Iem cq]§fpw 15,16 hnam\¯mhfw sXm«ptNÀ¶v ØnXnsN¿p¶p( hnam\¯mhf¯n\p \qäm­pIfn \ne\n¶ncp¶ th­n CShI¡mÀ Xn§n¸mÀ¯ncp¶ c­v {Kma§fmWv GsäSp¯p kmaqlnI hyhØnXnbpsS t]mbXv( Ct¸mÄ GItZiw Bbncw IpSpw_§Ä CShIbnep­v( XpSn¸pIfpw, {]XoImßI Bbncw hÀj§Ä¡p NnÓ§fpsS ta ]g¡apff ae¦cbnse ASbmf§fpamsW¶mWv A]qÀÆ ssZhmeb§fnsem ¶mWv( AI¸d¼v henb]ffn( Ncn{XImc·mÀ ChnSps¯ aZv_lmbpsS NphÀ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶Xv$ Nn{X§Ä {]IrXnZ¯amb Nmb ¡q«n\m hc¨Xpw Ime¯n \pt]mepw a§te¸n¡m\mhm ¯Xpamb A]qÀƧfn A]q

119 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

ÀÆamb Zriyhnkvab§fmWv( IqSmsX aZv_lmbpsS inev]Iem cq]§fpw 15,16 \qäm­pIfn \ne\n¶ncp¶ kmaqlnI hyhØnXnbpsS XpSn¸pIfpw, {]XoImßI NnÓ§fpsS ASbmf§fpamsW¶mWv Ncn{XImc·mÀ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶Xv( IqSmsX sImÃhÀjw 53þm am­n \nÀ½n¨Xmb 72 XncnIfpff at\mlcamb BÂhnf¡pw, Hä¡Ãn XoÀ¯ amtamZok¡Ãpw, Ipcnipw, Xncpta\namÀ D]tbmKn¨ncp¶ ta\mhpw, henb Xncpta\n D]tbmKn¨Xmb Nµ\¡«nepw, IqSnt¨cpt¼mÄ Cu ]pWyssZhmebw ]ucmWnI k¼¶hpw XoÀ°mSI kaql¯nsâ BIÀjI tI{µamhpIbmWv( ae¦ck`bv¡v A©v taev¸«Øm\nIscbpw At\Iw sshZn Itcbpw kw`mh\ sNbvX CShIbmWv AI¸d¼v( A¦amen `{Zmk\ ¯nsâ {]Ya sa{Xmt¸men¯bpw henb Xncpta\nbpsS {]Ya Kpcphpam bncp¶ A¼m«v KohÀKokv tamÀ Iqdntemkv Xncpta\n, thZhnÚm\ ¯nsâ {io`WvUmcsa¶dnbs¸Sp¶ emfnXywsIm­v ]utcmlnXy ae¦cbnse c­mas¯ ]mXsb k¼¶am¡nb IShn ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv, {]Jym]nX ]cnip²\pamb Xncpta\n kXyhnizmk kwc£I³ ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\mkn tbmkv henb Xncpta\n¡v P·w Xncpta\n, AhnSps¯ ]n³Kmanbpw k`bn Dcp¡pa\pjy\pambn sImSp¡phm\pw, ChnSps¯ Adnbs¸«ncp¶ KohÀKokv tamÀ {KotKmdntbmkv Xncpta\n, ChscÃmw ]mh\amb Aįmcbn hnhn[ Ime§fn CShI¡v A\p{Klhpw A`nam\hpambn hÀ¯n¨ncp¶ hµy Kpcp¡·mcmWv( Ct¸mÄ Cfapd¡mc\mbn h¨v, AhnSp¶v sa{Xm\mbn At´ymJym hnizmk kwc£WkanXnbpsS Aac¡mc\mbncn¡p¶ A`ntjIw sN¿s¸Sphm\pw Genbmkv tamÀ A¯m\mkntbmkv sa{Xmt¸meo¯bpw kvXpXyÀlamb hnip²\mbn \nebn Cu CShIbn \n¶pw k`mtkh\w \S¯nhcp¶p( Chsc {]Jym]n¡s¸Sphm\pw, `mKyw IqSmsX Ct¸mÄ Cu CShIbn \n¶pw 9 sshZnIcmWv hnhn[ e`n¨Xv AI¸d¼v CShIIfn k`bn tkh\w A\pjvTn¨p hcp¶Xv( CShIbv¡mWv$ kt­kvIqÄ {]Øm\¯n\v kw`mh\ \evInb sjh( Xcnb³ sI(ss]\mS¯v( s]mXpcwK¯v Xnf¡amÀ¶ hyànap{Z ]Xn¸n¨ tIcf \nbak`mkv]o¡dpw, a{´nbpambncp¶ Iam­À ]n(]n( X¦¨\pw Cu CShI¡mcmbncn¡p¶Xn CShI A`nam\n¡p¶p( C¶v AI¸d¼v CShI Gsd [\ybmWv( kXyhnizmk kwc£I\pw, ae¦cbnse c­mas¯ {]Jym]nX ]cnip²\pamb henb Xncpta\n¡v P·w sImSp¡phm\pw, ChnSps¯ ]mh\amb Aįmcbn h¨v, AhnSp¶v sa{Xm\mbn A`ntjIw sN¿s¸Sphm\pw hnip²\mbn {]Jym]n¡s¸Sphm\pw, `mKyw e`n¨Xv AI¸d¼v CShIbv¡mWv( Ct¸mgnXm B ]pWy]nXmhnsâ sa{Xm`ntjI¯nsâ \qdmaXv hÀjw Cu CShI sshhn²yamÀ¶ ]cn]mSnItfmsS kapNnXambn BtLmjn¨p( hnip²sâ Xncptijn¸v at\mlcamb [ym\apdnbn Gsd BIÀjIambn Øm]n¨p Ignªp( hnizmknIÄ¡v X§fpsS `mcw Cd¡n hbv¡m\pff Hcp A¯mWnbmbpw, a²yØX bmNn¡p¶Xn\pff Hcp kt¦Xambpw Cu [ym\apdn amdn¡gnªp( AXncpIfnÃm¯ B ImcpWy¯nsâ Iehd IhnsªmgpIs«, ae¦cbpsS a®nemsI A\p{Kl¯nsâ {]`sNmcnbs«(

120 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

]cn-ip² henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpw, ]cn-]m-en-X-cmb Bep-hm-bnse P\-§-fpw

AUz" sPbv_n t]mÄ

Ahsc BßobXbn henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS {]Ya Kpcp-t{ijvT\m-bn-cp-¶, A¼m«v hfÀ¯phm- \pw,- KohÀKokv amÀ Iqdn-temkv Xncp-ta-\n¡v 1880 Bep-hm-bn Hcp ]Ån kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-¯n Øm]n-¡p-hm\pw, bmt¡m-_mb hnizm-kyX \ne-\nÀ¯p-hm-\p-ambn Kh¬saânÂ\n¶pw D¯-chv In«nb \mÄ apX-emWv bmt¡m-_mb k`- {]Xn-_-²-X-bp-Å-h-cm-¡p- bp-am-bpÅ Bep-hm-bpsS _Ôw XpS-§p-¶-Xv( hm\pw henb- Xn- cp- ta- \n- bpsS- A¼m«v KohÀKokv amÀ Iqdn-tem-kv, IS-hn ]utemkv amÀ A¯m- ]cn-]m-e-\-¯m \m-tkym-kv, ]n¶oSv henb Xncp-ta-\n- F¶nhcpam-bn-«mWv Bep-hm-bnse km[n¨n- cp¶p- F¶Xv CS-h-Imw-K-§-fmb Hmtcm IpSpw-_-¡m-scbpw kao] CS-h-I-I-fnÂ\n¶pw Bephm- bnse- Hmtcm \n¶pw hcp-¯n( Øew \ÂIn Xma-kn-¸n-¨Xv( Hmtcm IpSpw-_hpw Ah-c- ssZha- ¡fpw- C¶pw h-cpsS amXr-C-S-h-I-IÄhn«v ]nXm-hnsâ hm¡p-IÄtI«p F¶Xv kvacn-¡p-¶p$ kvXpXyÀl-am-Wv( henb Xncpta- \n- sb- KohÀKokv amÀ Iqdntemkv- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- Imew- sXm«v Bep-hm-bnse P\-§Ä ASp-¯-dn-ªn-cp-¶p( XpSÀ¶v 1910 sa{Xm- \mbn hmgn¡- s¸- Sp- Ibpw- A¦amen- `{Zmk- \- ¯nsâ- `cWw,- Beph Xr¡p- ¶¯v skan-\m-cn-bn Xma-kn¨v Xsâ Ah-km-\-Im-e-t¯mfw \S-¯p-I- bpap- ­m- bn(- Cu Ime-b-f-hn ]Ån¡v Npäp-ambpw kao-]-{]-tZ-i-§-fn Xma-kn- ¨n-cp¶ IpSpw-_mw-K-§-fp-ambn ASp¯_Ôw Øm]n-¡p-hm³ Xncp-ta- \n¡v km[n-¨n-cp-¶p( Ahsc BßobXbn hfÀ¯p-hm-\pw, kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-¯n {]Xn-_-²-X-bp-Å-h-cm-¡p-hm\pw hen-b-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS ]cn- ]m-e-\-¯m km[n-¨n-cp¶p F¶Xv Bep-hm-bnse Hmtcm ssZh-a-¡fpw C¶pw kvacn-¡p-¶p(

121 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

Xncp-ta\n Cu CS-h-I-P-\-§sf kz´w a¡sft¸mse Icp-Xp-I-bpw, AhÀ A\p-`-hn-¨n-cp¶ _p²n-ap-«p-I-fn kz´w-]n-Xm-hn-s\-t¸mse ZpxJn- ¡p-I-bpw, kam-iz-kn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶Xv Chn-Sps¯ Hmtcm Xe- ap-dbpw HmÀ¡p-I-bm-Wv( hen-b-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bnÂ\n¶v I­p-]-Tn¨ kXy-hn- izm-k-¯nÂ\n¶v C¶pw X§Ä¡v Bcm-[-\m-kzm-X{´yw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸- Sp-t¼mgpw AhÀ hyXn-N-en-¡msX Bßo-b-_-Ô-¯n Pohn-¡p-¶p( B {]tNmZ- \- amWv- 1970I- fnse- k`m{]- Xn- k- Ôn- L- «- ¯nÂ- henb- Xn- cp- - ta\n ]Tn¸n¨- kXyhn- izm- k- ¯nsâ- kwc£- W- ¯n- \mbv- kl\- k- acw- \bn¨ Hmtcm IpSpw_- ¯nepw- t{ijvT ImtXmen¡- B_p³ tamÀ _tÊen- tbmkv- tXmakv {]Ya³- _mh- hyàn-I-fnepw hen-b-Xn-cp-ta-\n- tbmsSm¸w- \n¡phm³- Cu hnizmkn kaqls¯- t{]cn¸n- ¨- Xpw(- bpam- bpÅ- _Ô¯nsâ- henbXncpta\n- ]Tn¸n¨- Bßob- ]m- X- bn- eqsS- Pohn¡p- hm\pw- AXp- hgn [mcm-f-a-\p-{K-l-§Ä e`n-¡p-hm\pw Cu CS-h-I-bnse P\-§Ä¡v Xncpti- jn- ¸p- IÄ- C¶pw CS-bm-bn-«p-­v( Hmtcm IpSpw-_-¯nepw hyàn-I-fnepw hen-b-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bp- \n[n-t]mse am-bpÅ _Ô-¯nsâ Xncp-ti-jn-¸p-IÄ C¶pw \n[n-t]mse kq£n-¡- kq£n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p-$ B s¸-Sp-¶p-( B ]cn-ip² ]nXm-hnsâ Bßo-b-amb Icp-X-en-sâbpw _Ô- ]cnip²- ]nXmhnsâ- ¯n-tâbpw km£y-§-fm-Wv Ah( Bßo-b-amb Icp-X-en-sâbpw hyàn-]-c-amb Hcp A\p-`hw C¯-cp-W-¯n A\p-kva-cn-¡-s«( _Ô-¯n-tâbpw Fsâ ]nXm-a-lsâ IS Ip¯n¯pd¶v tamjWw \S¶ ka-b-¯v, km£y-§-fm-Wv Ah$ henbXncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]¡Â k¦Sw t_m[n-¸n-¨-t¸mÄ, Ipdp¸pw]Sn-bn- epÅ Hcp sImÃs\- s¡m­v- ]Wnbn¨- Xmgpw Xmt¡mepw \ÂIn, ""\obpw \nsâ IpSpw-_hpw DÅ-Imew Fs¶ HmÀ¯m aXn'' F¶v Biz-kn-¸n- ¡p-I-bm-Wp-­m-b-Xv( AXmWv Ct¸mgpw R§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xpw( A§s\ ASp¯v A\p-`-h-§-fp-Å-h-cmWv Bep-hm-bnse CS-h-Imw- K-§fpw aäv P\-§fpw F¶v hnkva-cn-¡m³ Ign-bp-I-bn-Ã( henb Xncp- ta\n ssIamdn X¶ kXyhn- izm- k- ¯n- tâbpw- {]mÀ°\m- Po- hn- X- ¯n- tâbpw- ]mX \ap-t¡m-tcm-cp-¯À¡pw ]n³Xp-S-cmw(

122 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Hcp Znhkw RmÀ¯p-¦Â tImcpXp I¯-\mÀ (k`m N{µn-I-tbmSv IS-¸m-Sv)

"Bcv F´v Nn´n¨mepw- shfp-¸n\v \me-c-a-Wn¡v Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Znhkw Bcw-`n-¡p-I- Ign-bp-¶n-S-t¯m-fw- Imew, bmbn( Aemdw tI«pW- cp¶- si½mi³- Xncpta- \n¡v- {]mÀ°\bv- ¡mbn- {]mÀ°n-¡p-¶Xv ]f-fn- apdnbnÂ- \n¶pw ]ffn- bn- te¡v- t]mIphm³- Bhiy- amb- klmbw FÃmw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-¯p( si½m-isâ he-Xp-ssI-bn ]nSn-¨p-sIm-­mWv Xncp- bn¯s¶ thWw' ta\n \S¡p- ¶- Xv(- ip{iqj- I³- am¯p Hcp hnf¡v ImWn¨p- sIm­v- ap¼n F¶Xv Xncpta- \n¡v- \S¡pw(- (A¶v sshZypXn CÃmbn- cp- ¶p)- ag¡m- e¯pw- Cu ]Xnhn\v- amäw \nÀ_-Ô-am-bn-cp-¶p$ H¶pw CÃ( {]tXy-I-ambn D­m-¡n¨n«pff henb Imtem-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXpw kmam\yw hep¸ap- f- f- Xp- amb- Hcp Hme¡pS- si½mi³- NqSn¡p¶p­mIp- - sa¶v am{Xw( ]ffn- b- I¯v- \akvIm- c- ta- i- bpsS- kao]¯v- Xmsg Hcp ]p¸mb- ¯- - Sp-¡n Imep-IÄ ]nt¶m¡w aS-¡n-sh-¨n-cp¶v {]mÀ°\ XpS-§pw( C{]- Imcw Ccp¶v {]mÀ°n-¸m³ {]bm-k-ambn h¶-t¸mÄ ssl¡-em-bpsS ]mÀiz¯nÂ- sX¡p`m- K- ¯p- ff- apdnbnÂ- Hcp¡n- bn- cn- ¡p¶- I«nenÂ- InS- ¶psIm­v- {]mÀ°n¡p- I- bm- bn- cp¶p- ]Xnhv( "C{Xbpw {]mbap- ff- Xncp- ta\n Cu ag-b¯p {]bm-k-s¸«v ]f-fn-b-I¯v t]mbn-¯s¶ {]mÀ°n-¡- Wtam? apdn¡I¯ncp¶v- {]mÀ°n¨mepw- ssZhw tIÄ¡pI- bnsÃ?- si½m- È-·mcpw aäpw Df-fn C§s\ ]d-ªv t]m-Im-dp-­v( "Bcv F´v Nn´n- ¨mepw Ign-bp-¶n-S-t¯m-fw- Imew, {]mÀ°n-¡p-¶Xv ]f-fn-bn¯s¶ thWw' F¶Xv Xncp-ta-\n¡v \nÀ_-Ô-am-bn-cp-¶p( {]mÀ°\ Ignªv apdn-bn h¶m-ep-S³ XÕ-a-b-t¯-¡p-ff bma {]mÀ°-\bpw tamÀ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv _mhmbpsS t_mhq-kbpw si½m- Ès\- s¡m­v- hmbn¸n- ¨v,- Xncpta\n- AXvtI«v [ym\\n- c- X- \m- Ip- am- bn- cp- ¶p(-

123 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

]n¶oSp {]`m-X-N-cy-I-fm-Wv( {]nb-¦-c-\mb ip{iq-j-I³ am¯p-hmWv AXn-s\Ãmw Dä klm-bn( AXn\v Ipd¨v ka-b-sa-Sp-¡pw( cmhnse 8(30 \mWv {]mXÂ( apdn-¡-I¯v Xmsg ]mbv¯-Sp-¡n Hcp Ipjy\n«v AXnen- cp- ¶mWv- `£Ww Ign¡p- I(- XÕa- b- ¯m- bn- cn¡pw- ASp- ¡-f-¡m-cy-§-fpsS hnh-c-§Ä am¯p-hn-t\mSv Xnc-¡p-I( B Iq«-¯n `£Ws¨e-hp-IÄ A[n-I-cn-¡msX \nb-{´n-¨p-sIm-f-f-W-sa¶ \nÀtZiw \ÂIp-Ibpw ]Xn-hm-Wv( skan-\m-cn-s¡-«n-S-¯nsâ ]Sn-ªmdv `mK-¯p-f-f- t]mÀ«nt¡mbn Dbcw Ipdª Hcp I«n-en InS-¶mWv Xncp-ta\n ]I kabw an¡- hmdpw sNe-h-gn¨p sIm­n-cp-¶-Xv( (A-¶vsk-an-\mcn s¡«nSw Hä-\n-e-bm- bn-cp-¶p( IrXyw H³]-Xp-a-Wn-¡v si-½m-i³ hcpw( aq¶mw aWn t\cs¯ {]mÀ°-\bpw bma-{]mÀ°-\-bpw, XpSÀ¶v {Ia-{]-Imcw Ggv k¦oÀ¯- ]mXncm{Xn- \akvIm- c- s¯m- - \hpw si½m-i-s\-s¡m­v hmbn-¸n¡pw; Xncp-ta\n [ym\-]qÀÆw AXv tI«v InS-¡pw( AXn-\p-ti-j-amWv ]{X-hm-b-\, ae-bm-f-a-t\m-ca XpS-§nb sSm¸w `cW- IÀ¯m- ¡Ä¡m- h- - ]{X-§Ä si½m-i³ hmbn-¨p-tIĸn-¡pw( ]{XhmÀ¯-I-sfm¶pw hn«p-I- iyamb- P\c- -RvP\, hnthIw,- f-bmsX hmbn-¡-W-sa-¶Xv \nÀ_-Ô-am-bn-cp-¶p( Bßi- àn,- ssZh\- S- ¯n¸v- ]{´­p aWn¡v a²ymÓ {]mÀ°\,- t\m¼pIm- e¯v- AXv ]ffn- - F¶nh- sbÃmw- AhÀ¡v bn ht¨ \S¯m- dp- f- fq(- AXp- Ignªv D¨`- £Ww- ap³ ]dª- Xp- t]mse- e`n¡p- hm³- {]tXyI {]mÀ°\ Xmsg XSp-¡n Ccp-¶p-X-s¶-bmWv `£Ww Ign-¨n-cp-¶-Xv( I®p-IÄ¡v sNÃpam- bn- cp- ¶p$- AXns\- ¯p- - ImgvN¡p- d- hp- ­m- bn- cp- ¶- Xn- \mÂ- am¯p Xs¶bmWv- kv]qWneqsS- `£Ww SÀ¶v amÀ At{]ansâ- sa{am sImSp-¯p-sIm-­n-cp-¶Xv coXnbnÂ- {]tXyIw X¿mdm- ¡- - D¨`- £Ww- Ignªv Ipd¨p kabw InS¶v hn{ian- ¡pI- ]Xnhm- Wv(- F¶m aq¶pa- Wn¡pXs¶- H¼Xmw aWnt\- cs¯- {]mÀ°\bpw- bma- s¸«n- «p- ff- Hc\p- Xm- ]- Ko- Xhpw- {]mÀ°\bpw- \S¯- W- sa- ¶Xv- \nÀ_Ô- am- bn- cp- ¶p(- aq¶mw aWn t\ct¯- - sNÃpI ]Xnhm- bn- cp- ¶p$- Xpt]mse- si½m-i³ h¶v {]mÀ°\ sNÃn tIĸn¡p- I- bmWv- ]Xnhv Iq«¯nÂ- k¦oÀ¯\hmb\bpw- \S¡pw(- A©p aWn skan-\m-cn-bnse henb aWn apg-§p¶ ka-b-am-W-Xv( At´hm- kn- I- sfÃmw- {]mÀ°\bv¡v- Hcp§pw(- {]- `m- X- ¯n- se- ¶- t]m- se- Xs¶- ]f-fn-bnÂt]mbn kÔym-{]mÀ°\ \S-¯-W-sa-¶Xv \nÀ_-Ô-am-Wv(- skan\mcn-bnse A¨³amcpw si½m-i³amcpw AXn kw_-Ônt¨ aXn- bm-Iq( {]mÀ°\ Ignªv h¶v eLp-hmb coXn-bn-ep-ff A¯mgw Ign¡pw ]mÂ, ]gw XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv km[m-cW Ign-¡m-dp-f-f-Xv( cm{Xn H¼Xp- a- Wn¡v- kq¯md {]mÀ°\ si½mi³- hmbn¡pw(- Xncp- ta\n AXptI«v- [ym\n¡pw B {]mÀ°\ IgnªmÂ- A[nI Xmakw IqSmsX Dd§m³- XpS§pw(- ]mXncm {]mÀ°\- bmWv- ASp¯- Xv(- ]{´­p- a- Wn¡v- Aemdw apg§pw(- apdnbnÂ- Xmsg-¡nS- ¡p¶- si½mi³- DS³ Fgpt¶Â¡pw(Xncp- ta\n- apJw IgpIn si½m-i³ sNÃp¶ {]mÀ°\- bnÂ- ebn¨v Dt±iw \mev]Xp an\näv A§s\ cm{XnbpsS- GIm´- X- bnÂ- {]mÀ°\- bnÂ- Ign¡pw( ]mXncm{Xn- \akvIm- c- s¯m- sSm¸w- `cW- IÀ¯m- ¡Ä¡m- h- iy- amb- P\c- -RvP\, hnth-

124 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

Iw, Bßi- àn,- ssZh\- S- ¯n¸v- F¶nh- sbÃmw- AhÀ¡v e`n¡p- hm³- {]tXyI {]mÀ°\ sNÃpam- bn- cp- ¶p(- AXns\- ¯p- SÀ¶v- amÀ At{]ansâ- sa{am coXnbnÂ- {]tXyIw X¿mdm- ¡- s¸- «n- «p- ff- Hc\p- Xm- ]- Ko- Xhpw- sNÃpI ]Xnhm- bn- cp- ¶p(- C§-s\-bp-ff \nc-´-c-amb {]mÀ°\m Pohn-X-¯n \n¶pw e`n-¨p- sIm­n- cp¶- Bßnb ssNX\yhpw- iànbp- amWv- Xncpta- \nsb- Hcp "henb Xncp-ta-\n-'bm-¡n-bXv F¶-Xn\v kwi-b-an-Ã( F{X kp{]-[m\ hnj-b-§- sf¸- än- bp- ff- BtemN- \- IÄ¡n- S- bn- em- bmepw- {]mÀ°\bv¡v- kab- am- bn- - sb¶v si½mi³- Adnbn- ¨mÂ- DSs\ a¡tf \ap¡p t]mbn {]mÀ°n- ¡mw- Btem-N\ AXn\p tijw XpS-cmw( F¶v Iev]n¨v {]mÀ°-\bv¡v X-¿m-dmIpw( {]mÀ°-\-bn-ep-ff Cu km[m-cW \njvT, At±-l-¯nsâ Hcp {]tXyI kz`mh- am- bn- cp- ¶p(- PohnX- ¯nÂ- {]mÀ°\bv¡v- Xncpta\n- \ÂIn h¶n-cp¶ {]m[m\yw GhÀ¡pw F¶pw Hcp D¯a amXr-I-X-s¶-bm-Wv( Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS ip{iq-j-I-fn Bep-hm-bnse tamÀ A¯m-\m-tkymkv Xncp-ta\n Hcp "henb Xncp- kw_-Ôn¨nSt¯mfw ImXp-I- ta\n' Xs¶bm- bn- cp¶p- sh©ma- cw- t]mse- Xnf§p¶- XmSnao- ibpw- ZoÀL- fn D¨m-cW ip²n-bp-ff amb \mkn-Ibpw hmÀ²Iywaqew ImgvNb¡v a§-ep-s­-¦nepw ZnhyXzw hmb-\-I-fp-tSbpw IoÀ¯-\-§- Xnf-§p¶ \b-\-§fpw hnim-e-amb s\än-¯-Shpw FÃmw H¯n-W-§p¶ B apJ-I-aew I­n-«p-f-f-h-cpsS lrZ-b-¯n B Zn-hy-cq]w Ct¸mgpw fptSbpw- i_vZam- [pcn- ]¨]n- Sn- ¨p\n¡p- ¶p- ­m- hpw(- a\pjy- a- \- Êp- I- fnÂ- Ne\w krjvSn¡p- hm³- Ct¸mgpw amsäm-en-s¡m-f-f-p-¶p- t]mcp¶- Xmb- Xncp- ta- \n- bpsS- ip{iqj- I- fnÂ- kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw- ImXp- ­mhpw/- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- IfnÂ- D¨mcW- ip²nbp- ff- hmb\- I- fp- tSbpw- IoÀ¯\- §- fp- tSbpw- i_vZ- Znhymcm-[m-\-I-fn ]¦p-sIm- am-[pcn Ct¸mgpw amsäm-en-s¡m-f-f-p-¶p-­m-hpw( Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Znhy-mcm- ­n-«p-f-f-hÀ kzÀ¤o-bm-\p-`q-Xn- [m-\-I-fn ]¦p-sIm-­n-«p-f-f-hÀ kzÀ¤o-bm-\p-`q-Xn-bn Ba-á-cm-bn-¯o- bn Ba-á-cm-bn-¯o-cp¶ cp¶ A\p-`hw Bkz-Zn-¨-Xmbn Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-am-bn-cp-¶p( A\p-`hw Bkz-Zn-¨-Xmbn hµyXn- cp- ta\n- skan\m- cn- ¸- f- fn- bnÂ- hn(IpÀ_m\- AÀ¸n¡p¶- Znhkw \nÀ®b- am- bmÂ- Xte¶p skan\mcn- apgph\pw- Hm^okv apX ASp¡- f- h- - Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-am-bn-cp-¶p/ scbp- ff- At´hm- kn- IÄs¡Ãmw- XÕw_- Ô- amb- X§fpsS- NpaX- e- I- - sf¸- än- bp- ff- Pm{KX a\ÊnÂ- DZn¡p- I- bp- ­m- bn(- IrXyhn- tem- ]- ap- ­m- bmÂ- Xncpta- \n- bnÂ- \n¶pw tIÄt¡­n- - hcp¶- imk\- I- fp- tSbpw- iImc- ¯n- - tâbpw `bw HmÀ½bnÂ- HmSnsb- ¯pw(- F¶m kvt\lmhrX- amb- Cu tIm]hpw iImc- §fpw- Xncpta- \n- tbm- Sp- ff- `àymZ- c- hp- IÄ- a\ÊnÂ- hÀ²n- ¸n¡p- Itb- sN¿mdp- f- fq(- Xncpta\n- hn( _en AÀ¸n¡p- ¶- Xnsâ- Xte cm{Xn H¼Xp aWn¡p- ff- ib\ {]mÀ°\bv¡p- tijw hmbv ip²am¡n- Dd- §m³ XpS§pw(- hn( _enbÀ¸Ww- Ignbp- ¶Xp- hsc ]cn]qÀ®- hnip²n- - tbmsS Hmtcm \nanjhpw- hn\ntbm- Kn¨ph¶n- cp- ¶p(- hn( IpÀ_m-\-bÀ¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ Xncp-ta\n ]e-t¸mgpw \ncp-²-I-WvT-\m- bn¯o- cp- Ibpw- I®oÀ IW§Ä- s]mgn¡p- Ibpw- sN¿pam- bn- cp- ¶p(- Poh³ kv^pcn-¡p-¶ B {]mÀ°-\-bpsS Znhy-ho-Nn-IÄ tIÄhn-¡m-cpsS lrZ- b-§-fn `àn-bp-tSbpw, BZ-c-hn-tâbpw ssZh-km-£m¡m-c-¯n-tâ- bpw-A-e-I-fp-bÀ¯m³ aXn-bm-b-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p( {ZpX-KXn Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ip{iq-j-I-fn ImWp-I-bn-Ã( F¶m A\m-h-iy-amb "\o«-ep-IÄ' Xncp- ta\n CjvSs¸«ncp¶n- Ã(- "btlmhbv¡p- Hcp Bebw Is­¯p- ¶- Xp- hsc- Rm³ Fsâ I®p-IÄ¡v Dd-¡hpw I¬t]m-f-IÄ¡v ab-¡hpw sImSp-

125 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

¡p-I-bnÃ' F¶ k¦oÀ¯-\-`mKw D²-cn-¨p-sIm-­p-ff Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS {]kwKw Xsâ Bßnb a¡Ä¡v Dt¯-P-\hpw t{]mÕm-l-\hpw \ÂIn- bncp- ¶p(- ]«w sImS ip{iqj \nÀhln- ¡p¶- kµÀ`§- fnÂ- AXn\pth­n Xncp-ta\n \S-¯p¶ Hcp-¡-§fpw, {]mÀ°-\-Ifpw ImWp-¶-h-cpsS lrZ- b-§Ä B ip{iq-j¡v At±lw \ÂIp¶ {]m[m\yw al¯zw F{X-am- {X-sa¶v hnkva-b-]qÀÆw Nn´n-¨p-t]m-Ipw( ]f-fn-I-fn D­m-Im-dp-ff hg- ¡p-Ifpw {]iv\-§fpw aäpw XoÀ¡p-hm³ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS km¶n-²yhpw hN-\-i-ànbpw aXn-bm-b-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p( Iev]-\-bv¡v FXncv \n¡p-hm³ P\w `b-s¸-«n-cp-¶p( apJw t\m¡m-sX, hep-¸-s¨-dp¸w ]cn-K-Wn-¡m-sX, Df-fXv Xpd¶v ]d-bp¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Ahn-Ss¯ kz`m-hw( kµÀi-I-cmbn hcp¶- h- cnÂ- `£Ww th­hÀs¡Ãmw- sImSp¡p- hm³- Ipin\n- ¡mÀ¡p- \nÀtZiw \ÂIpw(-Nn-e-t¸mÄ Hcp t\c-t¯¡v c­p aq¶p {]hiyw `£Ww X¿m-dm-¡p-hm³ Ipin-\n-¡mÀ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-cm-Ipw( At¸mÄ kµÀiI- tcmSv- IpSpw_- Im- cy- - AhÀ¡p-­m-Ip¶ ]ndp-]n-dp¸v Xncp-ta\n Adn-bm-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bn-Ã( F¶m §Ä, IpSpw_mw- K- §- fpsS- B ]nXr-lr-Z-b-¯n a¡-fpsS t\À¡p-ff kvt\l-¯n\pw ]cn-K-W- hnti-j§Ä GÀs¸-Sp¶ \b¡pw Hcp `wKhpw hcm-dn-Ã( kµÀi-I-tcmSv IpSpw-_-Im-cy-§Ä, IpSpw- tPmen-I-fpsS kz`m-hw, _mw-K-§-fpsS hnti-j§Ä GÀs¸-Sp¶ tPmen-I-fpsS kz`m-hw, Btcm- Btcm-Ky-ØnXn XpS-§n-bh Ky-ØnXn XpS-§n-bh Hcp ]nXmhv a¡-tfm-sS-¶-t¸mse hmÕ-ey-]qÀÆw Hcp ]nXmhv a¡tfm- sS- ¶- - Xnc-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p( AhÀ Xncn-¨p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kvt\lm- t\z-j-W-§-fpsS IpfnÀa lrZ-b-§-fn kt´m-j-ho-Nn-IÄ DbÀ¯p-am- t¸mse hmÕey- ]qÀÆw- Xnc- bn-cp-¶p( Ah ad-¡m-\m-hm¯ A\p-`-h-ambn \ne-sIm-f-fp-Ibpw sN¿p-am- ¡pam- bn- cp- ¶p$- AhÀ Xncn¨p- - bncp- ¶p(- ]pd¯p \n¶pw hcp¶- hÀ- skan\mcn- tKäv IS¡p- t¼mtg- lrZbw t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS XpSn¨p XpS-§p-sa¶v ]e-t¸mgpw ]d-bm-dp-­v( henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kvt\lm-t\z-j-W-§-fpsS km¶n²yw {]tNm-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ Znhy-kzm-[n-\-iàn A{X-bv¡p­v IpfnÀa lrZ-b-§-fn IrXy-\njvT Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS PohnX{hX-am-bn-cp-¶p( Iev]-\-IÄ bYm- kt´m-j-ho-Nn-IÄ k-abw Ab-bv¡p-I, I¯p-IÄ¡v DSs\ adp-]Sn Ab-¡pI,- ]W-an-S-]m-Sp- DbÀ¯p-am-bn-cp-¶p$ I-fn ImÀ¡iyw ]men-¡p-I, klm-b-aÀln-¡p-¶-h-tcmSv Zbm-hmbv]v ImWn-¡p-I, {]tXy-In¨v At´-hm-kn-I-fmb ip{iq-j-I-tcmSv lrZbw Ih- cp¶ kvt\lhm- Õ- ey- §Ä- {]IS- am- ¡pI- CsXÃmw ad¡m- \m- hm¯- kvac- WI- fm- Wv(- Beph ]«W- ¯nÂ- Hmtcmtcm Imcy¯n\v- hcp¶- hÀ¡v- A¶pXs¶- Xncn-¨p t]m-Ip-hm³ Xc-s¸-SmsX h¶m (hm-l-\-ku-Icyw Ipd-hm-bn- cp¶ Imew) cm{Xn-k-abw Ign¨v Iq«p-hm³ AhÀ skan-\m-cn-bn hs¶- ¯m-dp-­v( A§-s\-h-cp-¶-hÀ¡v InS-¶p-d-§p-hm³th­n ]mbpw Xe-b- Wbpw {]tXyIw Icp-Xn-h-b¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p( sk{I-«dn A¨t\m si½m- it\m AsX-Sp¯v sImSp¯v hcp-¶-hsc Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS apdn-¡-Sp-¯p- ff lmfn InS-¯p-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv( Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw aäpw a[p-c-amb ]mXn-cm-Km\w AhÀ¡v kzÀ¤o-bm-\p-`qXn hfÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn Ah-cn ]ecpw ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p( B a[p-c-kva-c-W-IÄ Ab-hn-d-¡p-¶-hÀ ]ecpw C¶pw ImWpw(

126 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

ST ATHANASIOUS PAULOSE Valiya Thirumeni of Malankara

John Philip Kottapparambil

Known for his piety, integrity, St Athanasious Paulose popularly known as ‘Valiya Thirumeni’, is one sincerity and unflinching of the luminous stars of the Universal Syriac Orthodox Church, who as the head of the Church in India, successfully guided its destiny for nearly four decades! It devotion to God, the spiritual was his firm faith, persistent efforts and ardent prayers that helped the Malankara father is remembered by the Syrian community to maintain their ancient links with the Apostolic See of Malankara Church with great Antioch! Valiya Thirumeni is the founder father of many of the major spiritual organizations in the church like the Sunday School Association, the Mar Gregorios veneration Valiya Thirumeni Students movement, the Brotherhood of St! Antonios and the St! Mary’s loved his people and defended Sisterhood! Consecrated as Metropolitan for the Angamali diocese in 1910 by the faith till his last, leaving Patriarch Mor Ignatius Abded Aloho (Abdulla II), he became the Malankara Metropolitan of the Jacobite Syrian Church in 1918! After serving the Church in behind him a magnificent Malankara for more than four decades, he passed away on 25th January 1953 at legacy the age of 84! Known for his piety, integrity, sincerity and unflinching devotion to God, the spiritual father is remembered by the Malankara Church with great veneration! Valiya Thirumeni loved his people and defended the faith till his last, leaving behind him a magnificent legacy! Faithful revere him as a saintly father; he is the pride of the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church! Fifty one years after his demise, on 19th August 2004, the Church beatified Mor Athanasius Paulose and since September 2009 the Holy Father’s name is remembered in the 5th Tubden universally along with his spiritual mentor, St! Gregorios of Parumala! Child-hood Valiya Thirumeni was born on 23rd Jan 1869 as the third child of his blessed parents, ‘Mathai’ of Ayyambillil Thekkekarayil family and ‘Anna’ of Kuttikattu Pynadathu family of Nayathodu at Akaparambu, Angamali and was christened by name PAULOSE at the Akaparambu Mor Sabor Mor Apfroth church! He had three sisters and two brothers! Since Thirumeni grew up in his mother’s house

127 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

(Pynadathu) at Akaparambu, she beeing the only child of her parents, Valiya Thirumeni is often referred as one from the Kuttikatt Pynadathu family! From childhood days Paulose had shown deep affection in spiritual matters! He was greatly interested in the study of scriptures and in religious practices! His extraordinary brilliance caught the eye of everybody! Ambatt Mor Koorilos Geevarghese, the then Metropolitan of Angamali diocese, came to know about him! Under his advice, young Paulose became a regular server in the altar of the Akaparambu Church! 1876 was an eventful year in the life of Ambatt Mor Koorilos Metropolitan From childhood days our Valiya Thirumeni! That year the Patriarch Moran Mor Ignatius Peter IV, who was on an Apostolic mission to India, visited Paulose had shown deep the ancient Akaparambu Church and celebrated Holy Mass! When His Holiness affection in spiritual was celebrating the Holy Qurbono, Kunji Paulo as he was fondly called, a child matters He was greatly of mere 7 years old, was instructed by Ambatt Mor Koorilos Metropolitan to read the fifth ‘tubden’ (diptych) in Syriac! In his ringing musical voice while he was interested in the study of reading it, the Patriarch looked back at the enlightened child and specially blessed scriptures and in religious the boy after the Holy Qurbono, an essential pass to achieve higher levels of practices His extraordinary spiritual glory later in life! brilliance caught the eye of On 21st April 1879 at the tender age of ten, young Paulose was ordained deacon by Ambatt Mor Koorilos, the first Metropolitan of Angamali diocese, under everybody Ambatt Mor whom he had his theological and Syriac studies! His English education was at Koorilos Geevarghese, the the Alwaye Government High School! Soon he was sent to the Syrian seminary then Metropolitan of Angamali at Kottayam where he was under the direct care of Pulikottil Joseph Mor diocese, came to know about Divanasios (Mor Dionysius V)! By the time he completed the seminary course, he passed the matriculation exam from the C!M!S! School at Kottayam as well! him Under his advice, young Shortly thereafter he was appointed a teacher (‘Malfono’) in the seminary where Paulose became a regular he continued till 1895! It was in those days that he had a severe illness of server in the altar of the typhoid which forced him to return home! In no time his health deteriorated and reached a critical stage and every member of his family was ardently praying for Akaparambu Church his speedy recovery! This condition continued for a few more days when suddenly a miracle happened after which his health started to improve dramatically! It was a moment of releif for everyone; they thanked God for His continuing grace! This was a turning point in the life of our Paulose; the miraculous recovery reinforced his belief in Almighty which prompted him to completely dedicate the rest of his life in service of God! After recovery from his illness, Paulose returned to Thrikkunnathu and everyone there welcomed him with great joy! Later the diocesan Metropolitan Kadavil Paulose Mor Athanasious Thirumeni entrusted him with the responsibility of supervising the construction works of the St! Mary’s church there! Parumala Thirumeni ordaining deacon Paulose On 25th November 1898, at the age of 29, deacon Paulose was ordained ‘Kassisso’ (Full Priest) by St! Gregorios Geevarghese (Parumala Thirumeni) and after three days, on 28th, he was elevated to the order of monk (‘Ramban’), again at the blessed hands of Mor Gregorios assisted by Metropolitans Mor Divanasios

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Pulikottil and Mor Athanasious Kadavil! Since then he came to be called KOCHU PAULOSE RAMBAN! Ramban Kochu Paulose in Parumala Seminary Mor Gregorios Thirumeni who was in charge of Niranam diocese, was at that time in the midst of constructing a seminary building in the Parumala chapel premises! On his request Kochu Paulose Ramban stayed back at Parumala supervising the construction of the seminary building there! Kochu Paulose Ramban was actively involved in giving shape to Parumala dayro, staying there for almost three years! Those where the times when Mor Gregorios Thirumeni When Metropolitan Kadavil came to know more about the aspirations and lifestyle of Paulose Ramban! Mor Athanasious was called to Parumala Thirumeni, in great admiration of the spiritual gifts latent in the Ramban, eternal rest in 1907, there presented him with a ‘Seelamudi’ (head cover worn by bishops), ‘Pathraseen’ and a copy of the book detailing the service of ordination - the prophetic gifts were only two Metropolitans which are not required by a Ramban but revealed the path the Ramban would remaining in Malankara, tread later in life! Pulikkottil Mor Divanasios and Years after when Paulose Ramban, who was by then rose to high priesthood Murimattom Mor Ivanios, and headed the Malankara church, decided to form a student’s organisation, it was named after St! Gregorios of Parumala which happens to be the first ever both of whom were in their organisation in the name of Parumala St! Gregorios, anywhere in the world! very advanced ages In order Thrikkunnathu Seminary & Kochu Paulose Ramban to ease their heavy load of On his return to Alwaye, Kadavil Mor Athana diocesan administration that sious Paulose Metropolitan entrusted Kochu Paulose spread all over Malankara, Ramban the responsibility of completing the they appealed to the Patriarch construction of seminary building there! Within the next three years the seminary which is now known for consecrating more as ‘Thrikkunnathu Seminary’, was opened! Later Metropolitans when our Kochu Paulose Ramban was ordained Metropolitan and assumed the charge of Angamali diocese, he expanded the Seminary building again! It was he who brought many people to Alwaye from nearby villages and gave them land to construct houses around the seminary! He even sold his ancestral property at Akaparambu for financing the construction of this Seminary building, thus replacing the old, fragile and worn out structure! Under him, Thrikkunnathu Seminary became a foremost centre Pulikkottil Mor for theological studies in the north! It remained as Divanasios Metropolitan the ‘heart’ of the Malankara Church for several more years! Many of our spiritual heads of yesteryears, the late lamented Metropolitans Mor Gregorios Vayaliparambil, Mor Sevarios Mulayirickal, the CatholicosAboon Mor Baselios Paulose II and the former Valiya Metropolitha of Knanaya diocese Mor Clemis Abraham were all students of this seminary! Arrival of the Patriarch Mor Ignatius Abded ‘Aloho-II & general affairs of the Malankara church in early 20th century When Metropolitan Kadavil Mor Athanasious was called to eternal rest in 1907, there were only two Metropolitans remaining in Malankara, Pulikkottil Mor Divanasios and Murimattom Mor Ivanios, both of whom were in their very advanced ages! In order to ease their heavy load of diocesan administration that spread all over Malankara, they appealed to the Patriarch for consecrating more Metropolitans! The Holy Father approved their appeal and on 31st May 1908,

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Kochuparambil Paulose Ramban and Vattasseril Geevarghese Kathanar were consecrated Metropolitans by names Mor Koorilos and Mor Divanasios by the Patriarch Moran Mor Ignatius Abdulla II at the St! Mark’s Syrian Orthodox Monastery, Jerusalem, as Metropolitans for ‘theebel’ (general)! The delegation that went for the ordination had then, on behalf of Malankara Syrian Church, officially submitted the request to the Patriarch for H!H’s Apostolic visit to Malankara! After the death of Pulikottil Mor Dionysius V in 1909, Mar Divansios Vattasseril assumed the seat of Malankara Metropolitan in the undivided Jacobite Syrian Church! But within no time unfortunate disputes erupted in the Church! The situation soon worsened with a series of allegations made by Malankara Metropolitan against his elected co-trustees! The Moran Patriarch who was then visiting Malankara was forced to interfere and suggested certain remedies which the metropolitan didn’t concede to at all! Suddenly everything changed from bad to worse with the raising of baseless allegations against the Church supreme by some of the close aides of Metropolitan! Meanwhile the priest-trustee Konattu Mathen Malpan Kassisso and the lay-trustee Mr! C J Kurien Akkara jointly Following this the Jacobite countered these accusations! However various attempts to defy the spiritual Syrian Church was compelled authority of the supreme head eventually led to an unfortunate North-South polarization in the Church politics with a section led by Metropolitan, concentrated to remove Mor Dionysius from primarily in South Travancore, walking away from the Mother Church! the trusteeship and in his Following this the Jacobite Syrian Church was compelled to remove Mor place elected Kochuparambil Dionysius from the trusteeship and in his place elected Kochuparambil Paulose Paulose Mor Koorilos, a pious Mor Koorilos, a pious and religious high priest, as the Malankara Metropolitan! However the relentless work and politically charged atmosphere and religious high priest, as that prevailed in the Church at that time took it toll and left a holy man like Mor the Malankara Koorilos weak and sick! The never ending disputes and threats weakened the Metropolitan However the peaceful atmosphere in the Old Seminary where he was residing which finally prompted Mor Koorilos to move to the nearby Panampady Church! However the relentless work and politically health of Mor Koorilos deteriorated further and on December 14th, 1917, the charged atmosphere that saintly father was called to the eternal rest and was entombed at Panampady prevailed in the Church at that St! Mary’s Church near Kottayam! time, made a holy man like Metropolitan Consecration Mor Koorilos weak and sick Since the passing away of Mor Athanasious Paulose Kadavil in 1907, Angamali diocese remained vacant without a shepherd! In August 1909 a general council of all the bodies of Angamali diocese was convened at the diocesan headquarters in Thrikkunnathu and elected our Kochu Paulose Ramban as their Metropolitan-designate! Consequently the diocesan body informed the Patriarch about the election and made requests for the ordination! Consequently the diocesan body appealed to the Patriarch to kindly consecrate Kochu Paulose Ramban as their Metropolitan! Having received testimonies about the zeal in faith, purity of character and industrious nature of the Ramban, the Holy Father was only happy to accept the request! Accordingly on 9th June 1910 Kochu Paulose Ramban was raised to high priesthood by name ‘MOR ATHANASIOUS PAULOSE’ at his home parish, the Mor Sabor and Mor Afroth church at Akaparambu! The visiting Patriarch of Antioch & All the East and the Supreme head of the Universal Syriac Orthodox Church, Moran Mor Ignatius Abded’ Aloho (Abdulla II) led the metropolitan ordination ceremony! The very next year on 19th August 1911, when the Patriarch consecrated HOLY MUROON at the Mulanthuruthy Mar Thoman church, which was incidentally

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the second time in the history of Malankara Church, Mor Athanasious was blessed with the opportunity to assist His Holiness! On 14th October 1911, the Patriarch left the shores of Kerala! Valiya Thirumeni (Mor Athanasious), the Antiochean delegate Mor Osthatheos Sleeba and Malankara Malpan Konatt Mathen Corepiscopa escorted the Holy Father to Mumbai and bid farewell with tearful eyes and a heavy heart! As the Metropolitan of Angamali (which is still the largest among all the dioceses in Malankara), Mor Athanasious was then administering the diocese, staying at the partially completed Thrikkunnathu Seminary building! He was also at that time holding the additional charge of the diocese of Kochi! Elevation as Malankara Metropolitan in 1918 and the formation of various Spiritual organisations Following the demise of Paulose Mor Koorilos Kochuparambil in December 1917, a special session of the Malankara Association was convened at Thrikkunnathu, which choose Mor Athanasious Thirumeni as the head the Syrian The other major spiritual Church in India! Accordingly Mor Athanasious assumed the title of Malankara organizations founded by Metropolitan from January 1918! Valiya Thirumeni were the A year after on 26th Sep 1919, the ‘Malankara Sunday School Association’ (M!S!S!A) was formed at a meeting held at the Piravom Valiya Pally under the ‘Brotherhood of St Antonios’ guidance of Mor Athanasius Thirumeni! His Grace became the first president of and the ‘St Mary’s the Association! Sisterhood’ He nurtured both Later on 6th May 1922, a special convention of the Students organization of the Jacobite Syrian Church was convened at the Cheruthottukunnel St! George the organizations with the aim Church of Angamaly diocese, again under the initiative of our Valiya Thirumeni! In of building a sound base for that eventful meeting Thirumeni proposed the organization to be named after the monastic movement in his spiritual mentor, St! Gregorios Geevarghese of Parumala! Thus the students Malankara He also wing of the Jacobite Syrian Church came to be known as ’Mar Gregorios Syrian Vidhyarthi Sangam’ (Mar Gregorios Syrian Students Association - encouraged much on the M!G!S!S!A)! This was the first ever student’s organization that adopted the development of a centre for name of St! Gregorios of Parumala! theological studies at The other major spiritual organizations founded by Valiya Thirumeni were Thrikkunnathu the ‘Brotherhood of St! Antonios’ and the ‘St! Mary’s Sisterhood’! He nurtured both the organizations with the aim of building a sound base for the monastic movement in Malankara! He also encouraged much on the development of a centre for theological studies at Thrikkunnathu! On 19th March 1930, the apostolic delegate Mor Osthatheos Sleeba, who was like a fatherly figure and spiritual guide of our Valiya Thirumeni passed away and was laid to rest at the Arthat St! Mary’s Syrian Simhasana church! Mor Athanasious Thirumeni along with the Apostolic delegate Mor Yulios Elias Qoro and other Metropolitans of Malankara Church led the funeral services of Mor Osthatheos Bava! Apostolic visit of the Patriarch St! Ignatius Elias III to Malankara The very next year in 1931, Patriarch Mor Ignatius Elias III visited India to strive for peace in the Malankara Syrian church! Mor Athanasious being the head of the Malankara church, accompanied His Holiness throughout the apostolic visit and participated in the discussions held in this regard! Several meetings were held within this period with the aim of achieving a long standing peace and the Moran Patriarch had even withdrawn the excommunication of

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Mor Divanasios Vattasseril! However the ever changing attitudes and decisions of the Metropolitan-supporters did not help much in achieving an amicable solution to the Church disputes! On 13th Feb 1932, the visiting Patriarch St! Elias III passed away before accomplishing his peace mission, and was entombed at the Manjinikkara Dayro, which has now become a famous Pilgrim centre! Malankara Metropolitan Mor Athanasious Paulose led the last ceremonial rites of the holy Patriarch along with the Patriarchal delegate and all the Metropolitans of the Malankara Church! Malankara Association of 1935 On 22nd August 1935 an historic Malankara Association was held at the Karingachira St!George church which once again unanimously elected Mor Karingachira St George Cathedral Athanasious Thirumeni as the Malankara Metropolitan and Metropolitan Trustee! Besides His Eminence, those who attended the Holy Synod and the convention were, Mor Dionysius Mikhail of Kottayam, Niranam, Thumpamon and Quilon dioceses, Mar Thimotheos Awgen of Kandanad (later Catholicos Awgen I) and Mar Dioscoros Thomas of Knanaya dioceses! The Malankara Syrian Christian Association also elected co-trustees for the Church! Kassisso Avira Joseph Pookunnel was the newly elected priest trustee and Thukalan Pailo Avira, the lay trustee! ‘Defender of Faith’ Malankara Church was fortunate and blessed for having Mor Athanasious Paulose as its Prelate for fourty-two years! Under his able guidance, the Church has overcome many adverse situations! Unflinching faith and relentless prayers were his greatest strengths! Like his predecessors Mor Athanasious Thirumeni, also was determined in upholding the pledge he had given to His Holiness the Patriarch of Antioch at the time of his consecration! In recognition to his great efforts in upholding the true faith and traditions of the Holy Church, the Patriarch Mor Ignatius Aphrem-I of the Apostolic See of Antioch & All the East conferred him with the title ‘Defender of True Faith’ (Sathya Viswasa Samrakshakan)! The title has become synonymous with his name since then! Metropolitans ordained during the tenure of Mor Athanasious The first metropolitan ordination in the Malankara Church after the elevation of Mor Athanasious to high priesthood was of Mor Severious Edavazhikkal, ordained as the first metropolitan of Knanaya diocese in August 1910! It was Patriarch Ignatius Abded Aloho who consecrated him metropolitan! The formation of Knanaya association and other Michael Mor Divanasios progressive movements in the diocese were initiated by him! Metropolitan In 1926, three more Metropolitans were ordained for the different dioceses in Malankara by the Patriarch Mor Ignatius Elias-III! They were Mor Divanasios Michael for Kottayam, Niranam,

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Kollam & Thumpamon, Mor Awgen Thimotheos for Kandand and Mor Dioscoros Thomas for Knanaya diocese! Mor Dioscoros later joined the newly formed Syrian Catholic Church after resigning from all the bodies of Knanaya diocese! But what hurt our Athanasious Thirumeni the most was when Mor Awgen Thimotheos of Kandanad diocese, deserted the Holy Church in 1942, creating lot of troubles! This was a time when the church was crippled in a series of crisis! Following the defection, the Patriarch appointed Mor Athanasious Thirumeni as the diocesan metropolitan! With the advancement of age Valiya Thirumeni found it extremely difficult to manage the affairs of all the dioceses and hence requested the Church to elect new Metropolitans for the dioceses! Consequent to this in 1945 the diocesan bodies of Angamali and Kochi met at Thrikkunnathu and Karingachira respectively and elected Fr! H B Baselios Paulose-II Catholicos Geevarghese Vayaliparambil and Ramban Paulose Mulayirickal! The next year they were consecrated bishops by names Mor Geevarghese Gregorios and Mor Severious Paulose by H!H! Patriarch Aphrem-I at the Patriarchal Cathedral in Homs, Syria! Among the newly ordained Metropolitans, Mor Gregorios was to assist Valiya Thirumeni in the Angamali diocese and Mor Severious was ordained for the Kochi diocese! In 1951, the Knanaya diocese received its third Metropolitan, with the ordination of Abraham Mulayirickal Paulose Mor Mor Clemis by Patriarch Ignatius Aphrem-I! In Severious Metropolitan Whoever visited Alwaye 1952 Paulose Mor Philoxenos was ordained for the diocese of Kandanad! He assumed the Seminary went back praising charge of the diocese just two weeks before the demise of Valiya Thirumeni! In Valiya Thirumeni’s hospitality 1974 Mor Philoxenos was enthroned as the Catholicos of the East and the head There are many incidences of the Malankara Syrians in 1974 by name Mor Baselios Paulose-II! that describe the divinity in Demise of Valiya Thirumeni Thirumeni After four decades of devoted service as high priest, Our Lord called His Eminence Mor Athanasius Valiya Thirumeni to his eternal rest in heaven on 25th January 1953! He was then 84 years! News of his death spread like wild fire and faithful from different parts of Malankara streamed into Thrikkunnathu to see once for ever their beloved shepherd and to pay their last respects! The very next day on 26th evening, the mortal remains of the Holy Father were interred at the northern side of the madbho of the St! Mary’s church at Thrikkunnathu, Alwaye, confirming to his last wish! All the metropolitans of the Church, priests, and large number of people participated in the last rites! Mor Athanasious Valiya Thirumeni, the Saintly Father of the Malankara Church Simplicity and hospitality were the hallmarks of Thirumeni! Whoever visited Alwaye Seminary went back praising Valiya Thirumeni’s hospitality! There are many incidences that describe the divinity in Thirumeni! Once a lady who was suffering from haemorrhage for several years and had spent a lot of money on medical treatments, approached Thirumeni who prayed for her and she was

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healed of the disease! Another known event is that of the miraculous recovery of a man called Varkey who was suffering from evil spirit for twenty years! This mentally ill fellow was cured immediately after our Saintly Thirumeni placed his Sleeba (Cross) on his forehead and prayed! Many such blessed events are recalled by the elders! Thirumeni’s divine life of prayer and meditation was always an inspiration for all! Each and everyone who had met Valiya Thirumeni even once acclaim his prayerful life and courage he showed to protect the apostolic faith! He was also a well known Syriac scholar of Malankara! Mor Athanasious College of Engineering at Kothamangalam, Mor Athanasious High School at Nedumbassery, Mor Athanasious English Medium School at Puthencuriz, are some of the major institutions erected to his memory; Valiya Thirumeni continues to live among us! The sandalwood cot presented to Thirumeni by his uncle is kept in a separate room of the office of his home parish, the Mor Sabor Mor Aphroth Church at Akaparambu! Many devotees visit the church, paying homage to the late lamented Thirumeni and pray for his intercession! In 2006 the first church in the name of blessed Athanasious, the St! Athanasious Cathedral, was founded at the church headquarters in Puthencuriz! Five years later, on 18th Beatification of Mor Athanasious Paulose September 2009, the Patriarch (Valiya Thirumeni) & the inclusion of the holy father’s name has signed the historic bull in 5th TUBDEN Conferring to the wishes of the multitude of faithful, the Malankara Episcopal permitting to recite the name Synod in 2001 requested His Holiness the Patriarch, to beatify Mor Athanasious of ST ATHANASIUS PAULOSE in Paulose and to remember the Saintly Metropolitan’s name in the 5th TUBDEN the 5th Tubden and (diptych) along with that of his mentor Chathuruthy Mor Gregorios Geevarghese (Parumala Thirumeni), Patriarch Moran Mor Ignatius Elias III (Manjinikkara) and henceforth the name of our Maphryono Mor Baselios Yeldho (Kothamangalam)! holy father is remembered in On 19th August 2004, the Supreme head of the Universal Syrian Orthodox the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church, H!H! Patriarch Ignatius Zakka-I Iwas issued the bull, canonizing Mor churches worldwide after the Athanasious Paulose, a Saint! The announcement was made at the Patriarchal Cathedral, Damascus, Syria! The very next day, at a solemn function held under names of St Gregorios Abdul the auspices of Catholicos Aboon Mor Baselios Thomas I at the Akaparambu Jaleel and St Osthatheos Mor Sabor Afroth Church (the home parish of St! Athanasius), the Patriarchal Sleeba Bull conferring sainthood to Valiya Thirumeni was announced by H!E! Mor Julius Kuriakose, the then first secretary to H!H! Patriarch & the Metropolitan in charge of the Indian affairs! The Metropolitans of Malankara, several Priests and a great number of faithful from all over Malankara were present at the Church to hear the historic proclamation! Prior to the announcement of Beatification ceremony, the Holy Episcopal Synod of the Malankara Church met at the St! Mary’s Soonoro Church at Ernakulam! Five years later, on 18th September 2009, the Patriarch has signed the historic bull permitting to recite the name of ST! ATHANASIOUS PAULOSE in the 5th Tubden and henceforth the name of our holy father is remembered in the Malankara Jacobite Syrian churches worldwide after the names of St! Gregorios Abdul Jaleel and St! Osthatheos Sleeba! The concerned bull No!152/2009, dt! 18th September 2009, was read at the Kothamangalam Mar Thoma Church 0n 2nd October 2009 during the 324th memorial feast of Maphryono St! Baselios Yeldho in the presence of His Beatitude the Catholicos, the visiting Archbishop Mor Timotheos Mousa Al Shamani of Nineveh & the abbot of Mor Mattai Dayro, Mosul, Iraq and all the Metropolitans of Malankara Syrian Church! Source: www'SyrianChurch'org & www'SaintAthanasious'org

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] henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \maw Xp_vtZ-\n tNÀ¯p-sIm-­pÅ ] ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _mhm-bpsS Iev¸\

SYRIAN ORTHODOX PATRIARCHATE OF ANTIOCH & ALL THE EAST BAB TOUMA, P!O, BOX 22260 DAMASCUS - SYRIA BY THE GRACE OF GOD No' E 152/09 18 - September - 2009 Ignatius Zakka I Iwas Patriarch of Antioch and All the East Supreme Head of the Universal Syrian Orthodox Church

Apostolic Benediction to our beloved Brother - in - Christ, His Beatitude Catholicos Mor Baselios Thomas - I and their Graces all our beloved Metropolitans in charge of our Malankara Syrian Churches in India and Abroad! Inquiring your welfare we inform you the following! During the visit of our beloved Brother - in - Christ His Beatitude Catholicos Mor Baselios Thomas -I to us on 22 nd August -2009, we were informed about the request of our Holy Regional Episcopal Synod of India, held from 25 th to 27 th May - 2009, for our sanction, to include the name of Saint Athanasius Paulose of Aluva,in the fifth Thubden of the Order of the Holy Qurbono, in all our Malankara Syrian Churches! Earlier, through our Apostolie bull No! E 218/04, dated 19-August -2004, we had declared Mor Athanasius Paulose - also know as ‘Valiya Thirumeni’ a saint and had permitted you to recite the ‘Kukliyon’ for the saints - ‘Sadiko’ whenever you remember him and beseech his intercession! Now we are pleased to sanction the request of our holy regional synod and hereby permit you to include the name of Mor Athanasius Paulose in the Fifth Thubden (diuftheke), after the names of Mor Gregorios Abdul Jaleel and Mor Osthatheos Sleeba, in all our Malankara Syrian Churches all over the world! Accordingly, His Beatitude may inform all our diocesan churches in India, Australia and New Zealand, and the others by the respective Metropolitans! We extend our Apostolic blessings to you! May the grace of God be with you all!

137 henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS iÂaqtkm (ae-bmf ]cn-`m-j)

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ssZhs¯ {]mÀ°n¡p¶p* Xncpta\nbpsS {]mÀ°\ F\n¡p tIm«bpw Imhepambpw Ccn¸m³ At]£n¡p¶p* F¶v, s]utemkv Zbtdmtbm (d¼m³) (H¸v) km£n 1 aqÆmäp]pg cmaawKew taapdn Icbn ]m¼m¡pS henb]ffn hnImcn ae¦cbpsS tIm\m«v tImc am¯³ aev]m³ (H¸v) 2 ta¡mhv Icbn N¡c¸d¼n Aco¡Â XcnbXv hÀ¡n I¯\mcv (H¸v) I­¯n ho«n am[h³ ssI¸S (H¸v) kºv cPnkv{SmÀ sI kpº¿³ (H¸v) Be§mSv kºv Unkv{SnIvän sN§a\mSv {]hÀ¯nbn ta¡mhv Icbn AI¸d¼v henb ]ffnbn h¨v Xmsg Is¿m¸n«ncn¡p¶ Bfm 1085 CShw 25\p ]I 430\p lmPcm¡s¸«p sXt¡¡c F¶p IqSn t]cpff ss]\mS¯v a¯mbn aI³ s]utemkv Zbtdmtbm (d¼m³) (H¸v) 1085 FShw 25\v kºv cPnkv{SmÀ the 1þmw KpakvX³ (H¸v) Snbn h¨v Xmsg ssIsbm¸n«ncn¡p¶ BÄ FgpXn sImSp¯Xns\ k½Xn¨ncn¡p¶p sXt¡¡c F¶pIqSn t]cpff ss]\mS¯v a¯mbn aI³ s]utemkv Zbtdmtbm (d¼m³) (H¸v) \{kmWn k¶ymkhr¯n Beph a¯mbnbpsS aI³ s]utemkv Zbtdmtbm d¼ms\ Rm³ t\cn«dnbpw 1085 FShw 25\v kºv cPnkv{SmÀ the 1þmw KpakvX³ A\´IrjvW¿À (H¸v) 3þmw ]pkvXIw 1þmw hmeyw 95 apX 98 hsc hi§fn 43þmw \¼dmbn cPnkv{SÀ sNbXp 1085 FShw 26\v Be§mSv kºv cPnkv{SmÀ sI kpº¿³ (H¸v) A[nIrX³ C«oc sNdnbXn\v CShw 26\v Xnscy sImSp¯p ] At´ymJym ]m{XnbÀ¡o- km- bn- cp¶- Cám¯n- tbmkv- A_vZpÅ c­ma³- _mh A`n ]utemkv amÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbm- kn\p- (hen- b- Xn- cp- ta- \n)- sa{Xm³ Øm\m`n- tj- I- ¯n- t\m- S- \p- _- Ôn¨v- \evInb "kpkvXm¯n- t¡m³'- (A[n- Im- c- ]- {Xw)- sâ aebmf- ]cn`mj-

kÀÆià\pw kmcmwi kw]qÀ®\pw A\mZy´\pamb \nXysâ Xncp\ma¯n X\n¡p kvXpXn bmt¡m_mb kpdnbm\n P\¯nt·Â (A[nImcs¸«) At´ymJymbpsSbpw Ings¡m s¡bpsSbpw ssÇlnI knwlmk\¯nse _elo\\mb A_vtZ Zmtemslm c­ma³ F¶ CámtXymkv ]m{XnbÀ¡okv (ap{Z) ssZhhN\a\pkcn¨v alm {][m\mNmcy ]Zhnbn ssZhcmPy¯nsâ Xmt¡mepIÄ ssIIfn hln¨p sIm­ncn¡p¶ BNmcyXz¯nsâ A[nImcn¡v CSb·mÀ¡p th­ t_m[Úm\hpw D]tZjvSm¡Ä¡pth­ ]cnÚm\hpw {]Zm\w sNbvXp sIm­ncn¡p¶ kIe¯nsâbpw aqetlXp Xncp\ma¯n \evIs¸Sp¶Xmb kpkvXm¯nt¡m³ (A[nImc]{Xw) (ap{Z) sIm«¡mhv AXmbXv A¦amen sa{Xmk\¯nepff A\pKrloXcpw hmgv¯s¸«hcpamb kvt\lhmÕey`mP\§fpw \½psS Bßob a¡fpamb ]«¡mcpsSbpw si½mi·mcpsSbpw t\Xm¡·mcpsSbpw ssIØm\¡mcpsSbpw hmgv¯s¸« P\w apgphsâbpw \ndpIIfn ssZhnI Ir]bpw kzÀ¤ob hmgvhpIfpw Cd§n h¶mhkn¡p amdmIs«* {]kvXpX sa{Xmk\¯nse Xe¸ffn A¦amenbnepff ssZhamXmhv aÀ¯adnbmansâ tZhmebamIp¶p* AXn\p Npäpapff ]ffnIfpw Cu sa{Xmk\¯nÂs]Sp¶p* Ah Ghsb¶mÂ, amÀimt_mÀ amÀ At{^m¯pamcpsS AI¸d¼p ]ffn, amÀ tXmamÇolmbpsS hS¡³ ]dhqÀ ]ffn, aÀ¯adnbmansâ Ipdp¸w]Sn ]ffn, aÀ¯adnbmansâ ]ffn¡c ]ffn, amÀ tXmambpsS tImXawKew sNdnb ]ffn, aÀ¯adnbmansâ tImXawKew henb]ffn, amÀ KohdpKokv klZmbpsS Ip¶ ¡pcpSn ]ffn, aÀ¯adnbansâ dm¡mSv ]ffn, aÀ¯adnbmansâ amdmSn ]ffn, amÀ ]t{Xmknsâbpw ]ueqknsâbpw ISmXn ]ffn, amÀ KohdpKokp klZmbpsS tIm«¸Sn ]ffn, amÀ IuambpsS th§qÀ ]ffn, aÀ¯adnbmansâ Imc¡p¶w ]ffn, aÀ¯adnbmansâ t]m¯m\n¡mSv ]ffn, amÀ kvtX^mt\mknsâ tNemSv _kv A\nb ]ffn, amÀ Ipcymt¡mknsâ tNemSv Xr¡p¶w ]ffn, amÀ KohdpKoÊp klZmbpsS aª{] ]ffn, amÀ ]t{Xmknsâbpw ]ueqknsâbpw ]o¨m\n¡mSv Ings¡¸ffn, amÀ KohdpKokv klZmbpsS ]o¨m\n¡mSv Xmt_mÀ ]ffn, ssZhamXmhv aÀ¯adnbmansâ BgI¯v slÀt½m³ ]ffn, amÀ _l\mansâ s]mbv¡m«ptÈcn ]ffn, amÀ kvtX^mt\mknsâ s]cp¼S¶ ]ffn, ssZhamXmhv aÀ¯adnbmansâ Xmac¨m ]ffn, amÀ ]t{Xmknsâbpw ]ueqknsâbpw Ing¡¼ew ]ffn, amÀ KohdpKokv klZmbpsS Xr¡f¯qÀ ]ffn, aÀ¯adnbmansâ s\Ãntamf¯v sklntbm³ ]ffn, aÀ¯adnbmansâ Xpcp¯n¸nffn ]ffn, amÀ _l\mansâ sht§me ]ffn, amÀ bmt¡m_v ÇolmbpsS AÃ{] ]ffn, amÀ KohdpKokv klZmbpsS sNdptXm«pIpt¶Â ]ffn, aÀ¯adnbmansâ Im¡\mSv ]ffn, amÀ tXmamÇolmbpsS s]cp¼mhqÀ t_tY kptemt¡m ]ffn, amÀ tXmam ÇolmbpsS agph¶qÀ ]ffn, A¦amen `{Zmk\ sa{Xmt¸meo¯mbpsS BØm\amb aÀ¯adnbmansâ Bephm ]ffnbpw s]mXp kn½\mcnbpw* ChbpsS ta IÀ¯mhnsâ ImcpWyw h¶phkn¡pamdmIs«* BbXv ssZhamXmhmb aÀ¯adnbmansâbpw kIe ]cnip²·mcpsSbpw ip²naXnIfpsSbpw {]mÀ°\bm Xs¶, Bao³* \n§fpsS bYmÀ° kvt\lt¯mSv CXn\m \mw Adnbn¡p¶Xv ssZhamb IÀ¯mhv kIe \·Ifmepw \n§sf Adnbn¡p¶XmIp¶p* Cu A\p{KlhN\§Ä FgpXp¶Xnsâ ImcWw, kXy CSb\pw \½psS aX¯nsâ {][m\mNmcy\pamb \½psS IÀ¯mth ipaninlmbpsS A\pKrloX B«n³ Iq«¯nepff ]camÀ°nIfmb IpªmSpIfpw kvt\ln¡s¸« hmÕeya¡fpamb \n§sf DNnXhpw tbmKyhpamb \nebn kµÀin¡phm³ \ap¡pff B{KlamIp¶p* Xsâ `b¦chpw D¶Xhpamb knwlmk\¯n ap¼msI \ap¡pw \n§Ä¡pw apJ{]k¶X \evIphm\mbn Xsâ IcpWtbmSv \mw At]£n¡pIbpw {]mÀ°n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p* ho­pw Bßob hmÕeya¡tf! \mw \n§tfmSv Adnbn¡p¶Xv þ \mw C³Uybn AYhm ae¦cbn h¶t¸mÄ \n§fpsS sa{Xmk\ CShIbpsS sa{Xmt¸men¯m Imew sNbvXn«v \mfpIÄ Gsd Bbn F¶pw, \n§fpsS `{Zmk\s¯ ssh[hy¯n XpScphm³ hnSp¶Xv \ymbaà F¶pw, \n§Ä¡p Hcp CSb³ AXy´mt]£nXambncn¡p¶p F¶pw \mw I­p* BIbm hnip²nbp ffh\pw ]cnÚm\apffh\pw ssZhmßmhpffh\pw kXyhnizmkw ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw {]kwKn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶h\pw Bb Hcp sa{Xmt¸men¯mbv¡p ]«w sImSp¡Wsa¶pw \mw \ncq]n¨p* \ÃXpw XnIhpffXpamb kIe Zm\hpw D¶X§fn {]Imi¯nsâ ]nXmhn \n¶paÃtbm Cd§p¶Xv? \½psS XmXv]cyhpw [rXnbpw {]ImcaÃ; ]ns¶tbm, kÀÆià\mb ssZh¯nsâ A\p{Klw hgnbmbn, \n§fpsS sa{Xmk\¯nsâ am\yXbv¡p tNcp¶hn[w \n§fpsS ]cnip² ]ffnIsf tbmKyamwh®w {IaoIcn¡p¶Xn\v Bßob ZrjvSnsIm­v \mw I­Xv A¦amen ]ffnbn \n¶p sXt¡¡c F¶p IqSn t]cpff ss]\mS¯v a¯mbnbpsS aI\pw \½psS Bßob ]p{X\pamb ]ueqkv d¼ms\bmWv* C¿mfn ssZhmßmhp­v* Bßob Adnhpff Hcp]tZjvSmhmWv C¿mÄ* kIet¯bpw ssZhnIam¡n¯oÀ¡p¶ ZnhyXzw aqew ssZhIr] e`n¨hcn h¨v ZnhyZm\¯n\p AÀlXbpffh\mb C¿mÄ XoÀ¨bmbpw ssZhiànbmes{X Øm\hpw ]Zhnbpw {]m]n¡p¶Xv* \mw C¿msf XncsªSp¡pIbpw aninlmImew 1910 CtbmÀ amkw 27þmw XobXn \½psS IÀ¯mhnsâ kzÀ¤mtcmlW Zn\¯n C¿mÄ¡p sa{Xmt¸meo¯m]«w \ÂIpIbpw "A¯m\mtkymkv' F¶p t]À hnfn¡pIbpw sNbvXn cn¡p¶p* ]«w sImSp¡Â ip{iqjbn ssIsh¸nsâ kab¯v \½psS Cu Bßob ]p{Xsâta ssZhmßmhv ]ckyambn Cd§n hkn¡pIbpw, \mapw, sshZnIcpw P\§fpw "þ HmIvkntbmkv, HmIvkntbmkv, HmIvkntbmkv þ ]nXmhmb amÀ A¯m\mtkymkv ]ueqkv sa{Xmt¸men¯m ae¦cbnse ]ffnIÄ¡v CSb\pw {][m\mNmcy\pw Bßob ]nXmhpambncn¸m³ tbmKy\pw AÀl\pamIp¶p' F¶v Dss¨kvXcw DXvtLmjn¡pIbpw sNbvXp* \n§fpsS A\p{Kln¡s¸« sa{Xmk\¯nse ]ffnIÄ¡p sa{Xmt¸men¯mbpw kXyCSb\pambncn¸m³ \mw Ct±ls¯ XncsªSp¯ncn¡p¶p* ssZh¯nsâbpw ]nXm¡·mcpsSbpw Iev]\Isf A\pkcn¸m³ Ct±lw \n§sf DWÀ¯pIbpw DZvt_m[n¸n¡pIbpw D]tZin¡pIbpw \n§Ä¡nSbn kvt\lhpw sFIaXyhpw hnXbv¡pIbpw \n§Ä¡pth­n kZm {]mÀ°n¡pIbpw \n§fpsS \S¸v t\ÀhgnIfn IqSn XSÊw IqSmsX Bbncn¸m³ hm©n¡pIbpw sN¿pw* Hcp CSb³ ]nXmhn\p Xpey\pw a¡fpsS \·bn kZm XÂ]c\pw Hcn¡epw AhÀ¡p ZpxJap­mIphm³ CjvSs¸Sm¯h\pw BIp¶p* "aI³ A¸t\mSv A¸w tNmZn¨m Ah\p IÃv sImSp¡ptam? ao³ tNmZn ¨m ]m¼ns\ sImSp¡ptam? ap« tNmZn¨m tXfns\ sImSp¡ptam? Hcn¡epanÃ* Bßob ]nXmhpw C{]ImcamIp¶p* Xsâ a¡Ä kzÀ¤Ø]nXmhnsâ a¡fmbncn¸m\pw Xm\pw Ahcpw Hcpan¨v kzÀ¤cmPy¯n kt´mjn¸m\pw Ah³ B{Kln¡p¶p*' F¶n{]Imcw hnip² Gh³tKentbm\n ]dªn«pffXv \n§Ä tI«n«nÃtbm? \½psS Bßob ]p{X³ A¯m\mtkymkv sa{Xmt¸men¯m ssZh¯nsâ Bßmhv Dffh\pw Bßob Imcy§fn ]cnÚm\apff Kpcp t{ijvT\pw BsW¶v \mw I­ncn¡p¶p* ta ]dªn«pff ]ffnIÄ DÄs¸Sp¶ \n§fpsS sa{Xmk\¯nt·Â bYmÀ° CSb\mbn Ct±ls¯ \mw XncsªSp¯ncn¡p¶p* sI«phm\pw Agn¡phm\pw {]amW§fpw hn[nIfpw t\m¡n \ymbw hn[n¡phm\pw, Bßob \nba§Ä t{ImUoIcn ¡phm\pw, ]ffnIsfbpw aZv_lmIsfbpw X_vsse ¯mItfbpw IqZmi sN¿phm\pw, ]«¡mscbpw si½mi·mscbpw d¼m·mscbpw tImsd¸nkvt¡m¸mamscbpw apJ]£w IqSmsX ]«w sI«phm\pw ]cnip²mßmhn \n¶pff A[nImcw \mw Ct±l¯n\p \evInbncn¡p¶p* Ct±lw ]«w sImSp¡ent\m ssIsh¸nt\m {]Xn^ew ]äpItbm, ]«w sImSp¡phm³ X{Xs¸«v ssI\o«pItbm Imt\m³ A\pkcn¨v ap¸Xp hbÊn Xmsgbpff AhnhmlnX\p P\¯n\p th­n ]«w sImSp¡tbm sNbvXp IqSm¯XmIp¶p* ho­pw ]ffnIfnt·epw AhbpsS hkvXphIIfnt·epw tXm«§fpsStaepw t\À¨ Zimwi§fnt·epw Ct±l¯n\p \mw A[nImcw \evInbncn¡p¶p* Ct±l¯nsâ Iev]\b\pkcn¨v AhsbÃmw tiJcn¡s¸SpIbpw hnXcWw sN¿s¸SpIbpw thWw* hkvXphIIfn \n¶pw tXm«§fn \n¶papff BZmbhpw t\À¨Zimwi§fpw ]ffnbpsS apXÂIq«¯nÂs]Sp¯n B­dpXnbn IW¡p tIĸn¡m³ th­n t\cØcmb ssI¡mc·msc Ct±lw \nÝbn¡pIbpw kXykÔXbnÃmsXbpw ssIØm\¡W¡pIÄ \ÂImsXbpw adpXen¨p \n¡p¶hs\ ]pdwXffn Ah\p]Icw ]ffnbpsS apX \m\mhn[s¸Sp¯m¯ t\cØ\mb asämcmsf Ct±lw \nÝbn¡pIbpw thWw* Ct±lw Xffn¡fbp¶h³ Xffs¸«h\pw Ct±lw ssIs¡mffp¶h³ kzoImcy\p ambncn¡pw* Ct±l¯nsâ hmbn \½psS \mhv \mw sh¨ncn¡p¶p* BIbmÂ, tImsd¸n kvtIm¸sbm, ]«¡mcs\m, ssI¡mcs\m, {]amWnsbm, AÂamb¡mcs\m, ]pcpj·mscm, kv{XoIsfm buÆ\¡mcs\m, _mey¡mscm, AhnhmlnXscm, hnhmlnXscm, Bcpambns¡mffs« Ct±lw i]n¨m i]n¡s¸«h\mbncn¡pw* ]cnip²mßmhn\m Ct±l¯n\p `ctaev]n¡s¸«ncn¡p¶ sa{Xmk\ AXncphn«v Cu ip{iqjIÄ H¶pw \nÀÆln¸m³ ssZh¯n¦Â \n¶pw A[nImc anÃm¯XmIp¶p* Ct±lw Al¦cn¨v ]nXm¡·mcpsS \nba§sfbpw kXyhnizmks¯bpw ewLn¨m Ct±lw i]n¡s¸« h\pw Xffs¸«h\pambncn¡pw* Øm\taä kab¯v Ct±lw kzbw AÀ¸n¨ iÂaqskmbn (k½X]{X¯nÂ) FgpXnbn«pffXpw euInIamb dPnÌÀ DS¼Snbn FgpXnbn«pffXpw taÂ{]Imcw Ct±lw hn[n¡s¸«v Xffs¸Spsa¶mIp¶p* Ct±lw hmKvZ¯w ewLn¡pIbnsöp \mw ssZh¯n {]Xymin¡p¶p* ]cnip² aq¶p kp¶ltZmkpIfpsS \nba§Ä A\pkcn¨v k`m ]camb FÃm ]XnhpIfpw (hnlnX§fpw) \n§fn \n¶pw FSp¡phm\pw ssI¸äphm\pw \mw Ct±ls¯ A\phZn¨n«p­v* AXmbXv t\À¨, Zimwiw, amtamZok, IpÀºm\, hnhmlw, hnhml\nÝbw, ihkwkvImcw, `h\kµÀi\hpw hmgv¯epw F¶nhbv¡pff Cu AhImi§Ä Xs¶* hgnhn«pff hnhml\nÝbtam ip{iqjsbm Ct±l¯nsâ Iev]\ IqSmsX \S¯phm³ Hcp ]«¡mc\pw A[nImcanÃm¯XmIp¶p* ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ Iev]\ A\pkcn¸m³ \mw Ct±lt¯msS BÚm ]n¨n«p­v* \n§fpsS Ipªp§fpsS hnZym`ymkImcy¯n AXy´w XmXv]cysaSp¡Wsa¶pw ]ffnIfnt·Â `mchpw IS¸mSpIfpw D­m¡cpsX¶pw, ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw D]tZin¡pIbpw {]t_m[n¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp sIm­ncn¡Wsa¶pw, \½psS ]cnip²k`bpsS \nbahpw ]mc¼cyhpa\pkcn¨v ]m{XnbÀ¡okn\pff doioi hÀjwtXmdpw tiJcn¨v \n§fpsSbpw \n§fpsS ]tcXcpsSbpw kvacWbv¡mbn knwlmk\¯n¦Â F¯nbv¡Wsa¶pw Ct±lt¯mSv \mw I¸n¨n«p­v* \½psS Bßob ]p{X\pw \n§fpsS Bßob ]nXmhpamb A¯m\mtkymkv sa{Xmt¸meo¯ \n§sf kµÀin¡pt¼mÄ kt´mjt¯mSpw DÃmkt¯mSpw IqSn Duim\s¡m¼pIÄ hln¨psIm­v Ct±ls¯ FXntcäv A`nhmZyw sN¿phn³* Ct±lw \mw \«ncn¡p¶ Hcp Ffnb \SpXebmIp¶p* \n§Ä Ct±l¯nsâ Bßob Iev]\Isf A\pkcn¨p sImffWw* Ct±ls¯ ssIs¡mffp¶h³ \s½ ssIs¡mffp¶p* Ct±ls¯ Bt£]n¡p¶h³ \s½ At£]n¡p¶p* Ct±ls¯ tZzjn¡p¶h³ \s½ tZzjn¡p¶p* \s½ tZzjn¡p¶h\mIs« \½psS k`bpsS Xeh\mb IÀ¯mthip aninlmsbbmIp¶p tZzjn¡p¶Xv* \n§Ä¡v Hcn¡epw C{]Imcw `hn¡mXncn¡s«* \n§Ä ]nXm¡·mcpsS Iev]\IÄ A\pkcn¡p¶hcpw, kXyhnizmk¯n \n¶v het¯mt«m, CSt¯mt«m hyXnNen¡m¯ hcpamIp¶phtÃm? \n§fpsS Úm\¯n\v CXp aXn* ho­pw, kÀÆià\pw ImcpWyhm\pamb ssZhw X¼pcmt\mSv \mw At]£n¡p¶p* IcpWm ZrjvSntbmsS t\m¡n \n§tfmSpw \n§fpsS k´m\§tfmSpw \nc¸mbncn¸m\pw, \n§fpsS {]mÀ°\Ifpw, bmN\Ifpw, t\m¼p Ifpw, Zm\[À½§fpw, hgn]mSpIfpw, t\À¨Ifpw Zimwi§fpw doiokIfpw (BZy^e§fpw) ssIs¡mffphm\pw, \n§Ä¡p IS§fpsS ]cnlmchpw ]m]§fpsS tamN\hpw \evIphm\pw, Bßm¡fpsS c£bv¡mbn \n§fpsS heXpIcw {Kln¨v \n§sf klmbn¡phm\pw XpWbv¡phm\pw, \n§fpsS lrZb§fnepw \n§fpsS at²ybpw kvt\l¯nsâ hn¯v hnXbv¡phm\pw, \n§fpsS i{Xphnsâ iàn l\n¨p Ifbphm\pw, Xsâ IcpWbpsS hmXn \n§fpsS ap¼msI Xpd¶p Xcphm\pw, Xsâ B{Kl§fpw, Ir]Ifpw \evIn \n§tfbpw \n§fpsS `h\§tfbpw \n§fpsS a¡tfbpw, \n§fpsS ssIhiapff kIet¯bpw, Øe§tfbpw, hnfhpItfbpw, BZmb§tfbpw, ap´ncnt¯m¸pItfbpw hbepItfbpw, \n§fpsS kIehn[ k¼mZy§tfbpw hmgv¯phm\pw, \n§Ä¡p im´amb PohnXhpw kt´mjapff amk§fpw sFizcyapff kwhÕc§fpw {]Zm\w sN¿phm\pw th­n \mw Xsâ Zbhnt\mSv bmNn¡p¶p* \n§fn \n¶p kIe in£Itfbpw tIm]hSnItfbpw XSp¯v \n§fpsS BbpjvImew apgph\pw Xsâ kXyhmKvZm\{]Imcw \n§tfmSp IqsSbpw \n§fpsS a²y¯nepw ØnXnsNbvXpsIm­v Xsâ D¶Xhpw _eapffXpamb `pP¯m \n§fpsS hr²·msc Xm§pIbpw bphm¡sf Im¡pIbpw ss]X§sf hfÀ¯pIbpw IcpWbpsS adsIm­v \n§fpsS kv{XoIsf kwc£n¡pIbpw, \n§fpsS acn¨pt]mbhcpsS Bßm¡sf Bizkn¸n¡pIbpw AhÀ¡v Xsâ aWhd \ÂIn ]nXmhmb A{_lmansâbpw Cklm¡nsâbpw bmt¡m_nsâbpw aSnbn kIe \oXnam·mtcmSpw ]pWyhm·mtcmSpwIqSn ]´n¡ncp¯pIbpw "Fsâ ]nXmhn\m A\p{Kln¡s¸«htc! temImcw`¯n\p ap¼mbn \n§Ä¡pth­n Hcp¡nbncn¡p¶ cmPy¯n {]thin¨v AXns\ AhImin¨p sImffphn³' F¶p heXp `mK¯pffhtcmSv Acpfns¨¿p¶ kt´mji_vZw \n§sf tIĸn¡pIbpw sN¿pamdmIs«* BbXp \nXyI\yIbpw ]cnip² ssZhamXmhpamb adnbmansâbpw C³UybpsS Imh¡mc\pw kphntijI\pambamÀ tXmamÇolmbpsSbpw kIe ]cnip²·mcpsSbpw ip²naXnIfpsSbpw {]mÀ°\bm Xs¶* ainlm¡mew Hcmbnc¯n sXmffmbnc¯n ]¯v Cueq amkw Ccp]¯nc­mw XobXn Beph kn½\mcnbnÂh¨v Cu kpkvXm¯nt¡m³ FgpXs¸«p* At´ymJymbpsS Çolmbv¡Sp¯ knwlm k\¯nse _elo\\mb A_vtZZm temslm c­ma³ CámtXymkv ]m{XnbÀ¡okv {InkvXm_vZw 1911 Cueq amkw 22þmw XobXn kz´w ssI¸Sþ(kpdnbm\n) I­\mSv CShIbpsS sa{Xmt¸meo¯bmb Rm³ km£ys¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p* kz´w ssI¸S (kpdnbm\n) (ap{Z) Xncphà tImSnbm«v Ipcymt¡mkv tImsd¸nkvtIm¸ þ Xncphà ]ffnIfpsS hnImcn kz´w ssI¸S þ aebmfw H¸v (kpdnbm\n) 1087 I¶n 20þmw XobXn Be§mSv k_v Unkv{SnIvän Beph {]hr¯nbn Beph Icbn Xr¡p¶¯v kn½\mcn¸ffnbÂh¨v Fsâ ap¼msI h¨v Sn kn½\mcn¸ffnbn Fgps¶ffnbncn¡pw At´ymJymbpsS Çolmbv¡Sp¯ knwlmk\¯nt·Â hmgp¶ tamdm³ amÀ CámtXymkv ]m{XnbÀ¡okp _mhmbm CXn H¸nSs¸«ncn¡p¶p* taev]Sn CámtXymkv ]m{XnbÀ¡okns\ Rm³ t\cn«v Adnbpw* CXn sh«p Xncp¯pIÄ bmsXm¶panÃ* Be§mSp k_v cPnÌdm^okv cPnÌÀ B^okv H¸pw ap{Zbpw taÂt]cp tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶ kÀÆt{ijvT alm]ptcmlnX³ ]cnip²amÀ Cám¯ntbmkv ]m{XnbÀ¡oknsâ ip{iqjbn kZm GÀs¸«ncn¡p¶ Bfpw, At´ymJymbpsS ]t{Xmknsâ knwlmk\amb amÀ lm\\obmbpsS Zbdmbnse Zbdm¡mc\pamb aÀ±o³Imc³ tImsdmbpsS hwi¯nÂs]« acn¨ aÂs¡bpsS aI³ _elo\\mb Cuenbm F¶ Hcphsâ ssIIfm Cu A[nImc]{Xw FgpXs¸«p* {InkvXm_vZw 1911 Cueq 22 C³Uybnse ae¦cbn Beph kn½ \mcnbnÂh¨v tbiphnsâ kvt\l¯n Ch\pth­n {]mÀ°nt¡tW Cu kpkvXm¯nt¡m³ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXXv Icn§m¨nd Idpt¯S¯v dh ^m ]n]n tPmk^v (\Sm¸pg) BIp¶p ]cp-ip-²-\mb henb Xncp-ta\n ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn¨ A´yI¸\-

ssZh-Ir-]-bm ae-¦-c-bp-tSbpw {]tXy-Im A¦-amen `{Zm-k\ CS-h-I-bp-tSbpw ]utemkv amÀ A¯m-\m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯m-bn \n¶pw \½psS (((((((((((((((((( ]Ån-bnse hnIm-cnbpw tZi¯v ]«-¡m-cpw, ssI¡mcpw tijw P\- §fpw IqSn-¡-s­-¶m \n§Ä¡v hmgvhv {]nb a¡tf, \½psS IÀ¯mhmb (tb-ip-an-in-lm-bpsS hmÕ-ey-in-jy-\mb C³Uy-bpsS At¸m-kvX-e- \mb ]cn-ip² amÀtXmam Çolm-bm ae-¦c h¶v hnip² k` Øm]n-¨-Xnsâ 19-þmw iXm_vZn ASp¯ \mfp-I-fn ]qÀ¯n-bm-Ip-¶-Xns\ \mw kvacn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-W-tÃm( C³Uym cmjv{So-b- ambn kzmX{´yw {]m]n-¨-tijw GXm­v 5 kwh-Õcw Ign-ªn-cp¶ C¡m-e¯v \½psS At¸m-kvX-enI k`-bpsS hfÀ¨-bpsS km²y-X-IÄ \mw ]cn-]qÀ® {]Xym-itbmSp IqSn [cn- ¨p-I-gn-ªn-«p-ap-­v( \ap¡v e`y-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ Ah-kcw btYm-NnXw th­ ]²-Xn-I-fnepw amÀ¤- §-fnepw IqSn {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm³ \mw AXn-bmbn BImw-£n-¡p-¶p( F¶m AXn- \pff \½psS hr²-X-bpsS Ign-hp-IÄ hfsc ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ hnhcw \n§sf Adn-bn-¡p- ¶-tXm-sSm¸w Xs¶ k`m-a-¡-fmb \n§Ä¡p Hmtcm-cp-¯À¡p-apÅ IÀ¯-hy-§-sfbpw Ign- hp-I-tfbpw ]än \n§Ä kv{Xo ]pcpj t`Z-sat\y Nn´n-t¡-­-Xm-sW¶v \mw BZy-ambn A\p- kva-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-Åp-¶p( \½psS hr²-X-bn \n¶pÅ £oWhpw ico-cm-kzm-Øyhpw ]qÀÆm-[nIw hÀ²n-¨n-cn-¡p- ¶p( C¶v \½psS 85-þmw P·-Zn-\-am-Wv( Ignª 84 kwh-Õ-c-§Ä¡p-Ån \mw t\cn«p ImWp- Ibpw Adn-bn-¡p-I-bpw, CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-«pÅ \½psS ]qÀÆn-Icpw ka-Im-eo-\-cp-am-bn- cp¶ At\-Icpw Cl-temIw ]ncnªp Ign-ªp( ssZh-\n-tbm-K-¯m \mw C¶p-hsc F¯n- bn-cp-¶p( k`m tkh-\-¯n\p th­n \½psS 10-þ-m-as¯ hb-Ên tImdptbm ]«-hpw, 30-þ-m- as¯ hb-Ên IÈoim ]«hpw Zb-tdm-bq-tdmbpw 41-þm-as¯ hb-Ên sa{Xm³ Øm\hpw 1093-þ-am­p XpS§n ae-¦c sa{Xm-t¸m-eo¯ Øm\hpw \s½ `c-ta¸n-¡p-hm³ ssZh-hnfn Xncphn- jvS- am- bn(- Cu Hmtcm ]Zhn- bnepw- ØmÀ°\tbm kzm{ibtam- tkzOtbm \½n {]_- es¸- SmsX- ssZh\- S- ¯n- ¸n\v- hnt[b- ambn- hÀ¯n¡- W- sa- ¶pÅ- e£yw sh¨p \mw BßmÀ°- ambn s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v hcn-Inepw a\pjy kl-P-amb ]e Ipd-hp-Ifpw \½n h¶p-t]m- bn-«p-s­¶pÅXv hnkva-cn-¡m-hp-¶-X-Ã( ssZhw Xncp-hn-jvS-ambn \s½ G¸n-¨n-«pÅ Xme´v \½psS k`m-a-¡-fmb \n§-fm-sW¶v \mw hniz-kn-¡p-¶p( \n§-sf-¸än ssZh-Xn-cp-ap-¼msI IW¡p ]d-tb-­-Xmb Ah-k-c-¯n \n§Ä {]mb-t`-Z-sat\y kv{Xo]p-cpj hyXym-ktam IqSmsX H¶n\p ap¸-Xm-bpw, Adp-]-Xm-bpw, \qdmbpw ^ew ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn¨v ImWp-am-dm-I-W-sa- ¶p-amWv \mw Ct¸mÄ {]mÀ°n-¡p-¶-Xv( a\p-jym-bpÊv km[m-cW 70 F¶pw, {]bm-k-t¯mSp IqSn 80 F¶pw k¦oÀ¯-\-¡m-c³ ]d-bp-t¼mÄ \½psS hr²-X-bn \mw kwXr-]vX-\m-Ip- Ibpw AXp \nan¯w \mw Imcp-Wy-hm-\mb kÀÆ-i-às\ al-Xz-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p( \½psS Xncpk- `- bpsS- hfÀ¨bv¡v k`ma- ¡- fmb- Hmtcm hyànbpw Bßob- ambn- hftc­Xv A\nhm- cy- am- Ip- ¶p(- hyànIÄ- ssZhnI shfn¨w {]hmin- ¸n- t¡- ­Xpw- B {]Imi- ¯mÂ- A\yÀ {]Imiw {]m]n-¸m-\p-Å-Xp-am-Ip-¶p( Zo]-¯n \n¶v Zo]w sImfp-¯m-sa-¶-ÃmsX AÔ-Im-c- ¯n \n¶v {]Imiw DZn-¡p-hm³ km²y-a-Ã-tÃm( BI-bm \mw ]e-t¸m-gmbn {]kw-K-§-fmepw kw`m-j-W-§-fmepw Iev]-\-I-fmepw ap¼v \n§sf {]t_m-[n-¸n-¨n-«p-Å-Xns\ XpSÀ¶pw BhÀ¯n¨pw Dd-¸n¨pw Cu Ah-k-c-¯n \n§Ä¡p \ÂIp¶ ktµiw CXm-Ip¶p( \½p-sS hn( k`-bpsS hnizm-km-Nm-c-§fpw IqZm-i- Ifpw Ipäa- ä- hbpw- \nXyc- £bv¡v- D]bp- à- amb- amÀ¤§fpw- BIp¶p(- Ahsb \n§Ä apdpsI ]nSn-¡p-Ibpw AN-©-e-ambn Dd¨p \n¡p-Ibpw sN¿-Ww( {]hr¯n IqSm¯ hnizmkw N¯Xm- Ip¶p- F¶dn- bp- Ibpw- \n§fpsS kXyhn- izmkw- FÃmbvt¸mgpw- PohnX- ¯nÂ- {]mtbm- Kn-I-am-¡p-Ibpw sNt¿­Xpw AXym-h-iy-am-Ip-¶p( incÊp IqSm¯ ico-c-¯n\v Poh-\p-­m-I-bn-Ã-tÃm( ainlm aW-hm-f\pw Xe-bpw, Xncp-k` aW-hm-«nbpw ico-c-hp-a-t{X( \½psS Zriy-amb {InkvXob k`-bpsS Zriy-amb Xe-bm-bn-cn-¡p- ¶Xv ]( ]t{Xmkv At¸m-kvtXm-esâ ]n³Km-an-bmbn hn( At´ymJym knwlm-k-\-¯n hmW- cp-fp¶ hn( ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _mhm Xncp-a-\-Êp-sIm­p am{X-am-Wv( ssÇln-I-hpw, ImtXm-en-I- hp-amb GI hnip² k` \½p-sSXp Xs¶( inc-Êm-Ip¶ k`m Xe-hs\ \ncm-I-cn-¨p-sIm­v ico-c-am-Ip¶ Xe-bn AwKXzw ]men-¡p-¶-Xn\v {]Ir-Xn-tbm, \nb-a-tam, kz`mh \oXntbm A\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶-X-Ã( CXp \½psS Hcp hnizmk kXyw Xs¶ BIp-¶p( CXns\ ]cn-c-£n-¡p-¶- Xn\v \½psS `cW Imehpw Bbp-Ênsâ \à `mKhpw sNe-hn-tS-­-Xmbn h¶n-«p-­v( A§-s\- bpÅ \oXnbpsS- t]mcm«- ¯nÂ- C¶phsc- ssZhIr]- \½psS IqsSbp- ­m- bn- cp- ¶p- sh¶v- \n§Ä HmÀ¯p-sIm-Å-Ww( B kwcw`w C¶v C´y-bpsS _lp-am-\-s¸« kp{]ow tImSXn ap¼m-sI-bn- cn-¡p-I-bm-W-tÃm( Ahn-sSbpw kXyw Xs¶ {]Xy-£-am-Ip-sa¶v \ap¡v kam-iz-kn-¡mw( sXän- t¸m-bn-cn-¡p¶ \½psS ktlm-Z-c-§Ä¡v ]nXm-hmb ssZhw t\Àhgn shfn-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-Sp- ¡p-sa¶pw k`-bn ]p\-sscIyw D­m-Ip-sa¶pw \ap¡v {]Xym-in-¡mw( ss]X \S-t¡-­p¶ hgn-bn Ahs\ A`y-kn-¸n-¡-W-sa-¶pw, ssZh-`bw Úm\-¯nsâ Bcw-`-am-Ip-¶p-sh-¶pw, hniz-kn-¨p-sIm­v \½psS CS-h-I-I-fn \S-¯n-s¡m-­n-cp¶ kt­- kvIqÄ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn \n§Ä kZm PmK-cq-K-cmbn XpS-c-W-sa¶v \mw {]tXyIw {]t_m-[n- ¸n¡p- ¶p(- \½psS bph-P-\-§-fpsS D]-cn-hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n\v DX-Ip¶ Hcp tImtf-Pnsâ A`mhw ]cn-l- cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v \½psS CS-h-I-bnÂs¸« tImX-aw-K-e¯v Hcp H¶mw t{KUv tImtfPv A\p-h-Zn-¨p In«p-¶-Xn\p th­n c­p sImÃw ap¼v \mw Xncp-hn-Xm-IqÀ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bn Hc-t]£ kaÀ¸n¨ {]Imcw CubnsS bqWn-th-gvknän knân-t¡äv A\p-h-Zn-¨n-«p-Å-Xmbn \ap¡v Adnhp In«n-bn-«p-­v( AXn-te¡p th­ 50 G¡À Øew Xncp-þ-sIm¨n Kh¬saâ v A\p-h-Zn¨p X¶n- «p-ap-­v( Cu Imcy-§Ä \½psS hr²-X-bnse ]cn-{i-a-^-e-am-Wv( AXv ]qÀ®-ambn \nd-th-äp-¶- Xn\v \½psS CSh- I- bnepw- Ab CSh- I- bnepw- DÅ FÃm ]Ån¡mcpw- hyànIfpw- kulmÀ±- ambpw, ipjvIm-´n-tbmSp IqSnbpw Hs¯m-cp-an¨v kl-I-cn¨v ]cn-{i-an-¡-W-sa¶v \mw {]tXyIw B{K-ln-¡p-Ibpw A`yÀ°n-¡p-Ibpw BÚm-]n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p( {]nb-tc, C¡mew temI-N-cn-{X-¯n Hcp hn¹-h-L-«-am-Wv( temI-k-am-[m\w Hcp Xpem-kn- se-¶-t]mse Xq§n BSp-¶p( ka-Xz-¯n-tâbpw, kzmX-{´y-¯n-tâbpw t]cn I½yq-Wnkw XpS-§nb hn¹-h-ZÀi-]qÀ®-§-fmb {]Øm-\-§Ä aptJ\ `c-W-Iq-S-§Ä Xs¶ tNmZyw sN¿- s¸-Sp-¶-h-bmbn XoÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p( DÅ-h\pw CÃm-¯-h\pw X½nepw, sXmgn-em-fnbpw apX-em- fnbpw X½nepw, ka-Xz-kzm-X-{´y-hm-Z-§fpw aÕ-c-§fpw Ifn-bm-Sp-¶p( Cu kzmX-{´y-hmZw IpSpw-_-§-fn On{Zw P\n-¸n-¡p-¶p( {InkvXp-\m-Y³ Iev]n-¨-cp-fn-bn-«pÅ kvt\l ktµiw C¡q-«À ad¶p If-bp-¶p( \à Ab¡mÀ Bsc¶pw sNdn-b-h-tcmSv s]cp-am-td-­Xv F§-s\- bm-sW¶pw D]-a-IÄ hgn aninlm X¼p-cm³ Iev]n-¨n-«p-Å-Xns\ \n§Ä Cu Ime-L-«-¯n {]tXyIw kvacn-¡-Ww( ssZh-amb IÀ¯m-hn-s\bpw \n§-fpsS Ab¡m-c-t\bpw ]qÀ®- ambn kvt\ln-¡-W-sa-¶p-Å-Xm-WtÃm FÃm Iev]-\-I-fp-sSbpw kmcw( kvt\lhpw XymKhpw F{X AKmXhpw- \njvIf- ¦- hp- am- bn- cn- ¡- W- sa¶v- tbip{InkvXp- Xsâ {Iqipa- c- W- am- Ip¶- {]hr- ¯n-sIm­p Xs¶ \ap¡v ImWn¨p X¶n-cn-¡p-¶p( {InkvXob kvt\lw sIm­-ÃmsX temI- ¯n kam[m\w- \ne\nÀ¯p- hm³- km[n¡p- ¶- X- Ã(- \nÀhymP- amb- ]ckv]c- kvt\lw \ndª Bßm-thmSp IqSn \n§Ä Pohn-¡-Ww( B kvt\l-Po-hnXw \n§Ä¡pw AbÂhm-kn-IÄ¡pw k´p-jvSnbpw kam-[m-\hpw ssIh-cp-¯p-¶-Xm-Ip-¶p( A§s\ `qtem-I¯v FÃm-bn-S¯pw {InkvXp amÀ¤w Adn-b-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿s«! hmÕ-ey-ap-Å-h-tc, \½psS IpSpw-_-§sf \n§Ä kvt\l-t¯msS ]cn-]m-e-n-¡Ww( IpSpw- _mw-K-§Ä Hcp-an¨p IqSn, Iev]n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ {]mÀ°-\-IÄ Znh-khpw \S-¯p-I-bpw, k` \nÝ-bn-¨n-«pÅ t\mb-¼p-IÄ \nÀhnLv\w BN-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-Å-Ww( IpSpw_ \nb- {´W- ¯n- epw,- ss]X§sf- A`ykn- ¸n- ¡p- ¶- Xn- epw,- kv{XoIÄ¡pÅ {]tXyI NpaX- ebpw- kuI- cy-§fpw HmÀ¯v FÃm kv{XoIfpw s]cp-am-d-Ww( kv{Xo IpSpw-_-¯nsâ Dd-hpw, D¸p-am-sW¶v {]tXyIw [cn-¨n-cn-¡-Ww( sIm¯t\ \K-c-¯nse Ieym-W-hn-cp-¶n \½psS IÀ¯m-hnsâ A½ hln¨ Øm\w \nan¯w hncp-¶p-ImÀ¡pw ho«p-ImÀ¡pw e`n¨ kar-²nbpw kt´m- jhpw \n§Ä¡pw amXr-I-bm-bn-cn-¡-s«( a\p-jy³ hnbÀt¸m-Sp-IqSn A¸w `£n-¡-W-sa-¶p- ÅXv ssZhI- ev]- \- bm- Ip- ¶p(- bmsXmcp sXmgnepw lo\a- Ã(- tkh\hpw- kvt\lhpw ap³\nÀ¯n BßmÀ°-ambn A²zm-\n-¡p¶ Gh\pw, sXmgn F´p-X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶mepw Xsâ sXmgn- ensâ amlm-ß-yhpw t{ijvT-Xbpw A\p-`-h-t_m-[y-am-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv( \½psS ]«-¡mÀ Xncp-k-`-bnse the-¡mcpw Imh¡m-cp-am-sW-¶-dn-b-Ww( Ah-cpsS k¼mZyw IÀ¯m-hnsâ Xncp-k-`mw-K-§-fpsS ]pjvSna Bbn-cn-¡-s«( sshZnI hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\v ASp-¯-Im-e¯v \½psS Cu Bephm skan-\m-cn-bn \½psS klm-b-I-\mb ktlm-Z-c³ KohÀKokv amÀ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯m-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯n Hc-²y-b-\-im-e, hn`- Kv²Xbpw- ]cn]m- I- X- bp- apÅ- aev]m·msc- \nban¨v- \mw Bcw`n- ¨n- «p- ­v(- ssZhhn- fn- bpÅ- hnZymÀ°n- IÄ AXn [mcm-f-ambn h¶p-Iq-Sp-am-dm-I-s«( ae-¦c k`bv¡v Hcp `c-W-L-S-\-bp-­m-¡p-¶-Xn- \pÅ \S-]-Sn-IÄ Btem-N-\-bn-en-¡p-I-bm-Wv( AsXÃmw X¿m-dm-Ip-t¼mÄ k`m-hn-I-k-\-¯n- \pÅ ]²-Xn-IÄ AXn DÄs¸-Sp-sa¶p {]Xo-£n-¡mw( a\p-jym, \o a®m-Ip-¶p( \o a®n-te¡p XncnsI tNcpw F¶ IÀ¯r-h-N\w FÃm a\p-jy- \nepw \nhr¯n- bm- tI- ­- Xm- Ip- ¶p(- acWw,- DbnÀ¸v, \ymbhn[n- F¶nh- sb- ¸- än- bpÅ- Nn´ \ap¡v Ft¸mgpw th­-Xm-W-tÃm( Ah-km\ \ymb-hn-[n-bpsS \mfn sImÅmw D¯-a\pw hniz-kvX- \p-amb Zmkm((((( Hcp-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ ku`m-Ky-§-fn-te¡v {]th-in¨p sImÄI F¶ \½psS {kjvSm-hnsâ B\-µ-I-c-amb kt´m-j-i_vZw tIĸm³ \mapw \n§fpw kZm Hcp-§n-bn-cn- ¡p-¶-h-cm-bn-cn-¡-Ww( \½psS _e-lo-\-X-bv¡p-th­n \n§Ä {]tXyIw {]mÀ°n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvho³( hmÕey a¡tf,- hnip²- cmb- A{_lmw Ckvlm¡v,- bmt¡m_v XpS§nb- \½psS ]qÀÆnI ]nXm-¡-·mcpw, kÀÆ Kpcp-P-\-§-fpw, t{]jnX kwL-hpw, kIe ]cn-ip-²-·m-cpw, ip²n-a-Xn-I- fpw, {]tXy-Im amÀ tXm½m Çolm-bpw, amÀ KohÀ¤okv kl-Zm-bpw, Xobv¡-Sp¯ amÀ Cám- ¯n-tbm-kpw, ssZh-am-Xm-hmb hnip² I\y-I-a-dn-bmapw acn-¨-t]m-b-hcpw Poh-\p-Å-hcpw hcp- hm-\n-cn-¡p-¶-h-cp-amb Gh-cp-apÄs¸-Sp¶ \½psS hn( k`-sb-¡p-dn¨v A`n-hm-RvO-bp-Å-h-cm- sW¶v \mw hniz-kn-¡-Ww( ssZh-amb IÀ¯mhv Xsâ Xncp-c-à-¯m hos­-Sp-¯n-«pÅ k`-bpsS c£-bv¡pw, \ne-\n-ev]n-\pw, hfÀ¨bv¡pw, Ah-sc-Ãm-h-cp-tSbpw a²y-Ø-{]mÀ°\ tIm«-bm-bn-cn-¡s«! \½psS ktlm-Z-c-·m-cpw, hmÕ-ey-ap-Å-h-cpta \n§Ä FÃm-h-cpw, F¶m- fpw, \ap-¡p-th­n {]mÀ°n-¸n³( IÀ¯m-hmb tbip-an-inlm Xsâ he¯p Xrss¡ \o«n \n§sf Hmtcm-cp-¯-tcbpw, \n§-fpsS IpSpw-_-§-tf-bpw, \n§Ä¡pÅ kÀÆ-t¯bpw A\p- {Kln- ¡p- am- dm- Is«!- hnip²nbpw- alXz- hp- apÅ- {XntbI kXyssZ- h- am- Ip¶- ]nXmhnsâ- kvt\l- hpw, ]p{Xsâ Ir]-bpw, ]cn-ip² dqlm-bpsS kw_-Ôhpw kl-hm-khpw \n§-sf-Ãm-h-tcm-Spw- IqsS kZm D­mbn- cn- ¡s«!- BImi- §- fn- en- cn- ¡p¶- R§fpsS- _mhm(((((( \·\n- dª- adnb- ta(((((((- Imew sNbvX A`n-hµy IS-hn ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m-\m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯m-bp-sS hnÂ]{Xw

ssZh¯n\p- kvXpXn {InkvXm_vZw 1902 sX{io³ t{lmbn 9þmw XobXnbv¡v sImÃw 1078 hrÝnIw 7þmw XobXn ]nXr]p{X- ]cnip- ²m- - ßmhmw {XnssI ssZh¯nsâ- Xncp\m- a- ¯nÂ- At´ymJym- bpsS- Çolmbv¡- Sp¯- knwlmk- \- ¯n- t·Â- hmgp¶ c­m- as¯ At_Zv aninlm F¶ tamtdm³ tamÀ Cám¯n- tbmkv- ]m{XnbÀ¡okv- _mhmbpsS- A[nIm- c- ¯n- epÄs¸«- ae- ¦c A¦-amen þ tIm«bw CS-h-I-I-fpsS 71 hbÊpw ]utemkv F¶v {]tXyI \ma-hp-apÅ amÀ A¯m-\m-tkymkv sat{Xmt¸m- eo¯- ]qÀ®amb- kpt_m[- t¯mSpw- kza\- Êm- sebpw- FgpXn- h¨- hnÂ]{XwG- 1G \½psS ssiihw apX BN-cn-¨p-h-cp-¶-Xmb bmt¡m-_mb kpdn-bm\n hnizm-k-¯n³{]-Imcw \½psS Bßi- co- c- §sf- ssZhXn- cp- k- ¶n- [n- bnÂ- ]cam- \- µ- ¯n\pw- ]ns¶ DbnÀ¸nsâ icW- ¯nÂ- ]cnip- ²- ·m- cpsS- kwkÀ¤- ¯ntebv¡pw- `cta- ev]n- ¡p¶pG- 2G \ap¡v {]mbw A[nI- cn- ¡p- Ibpw- tZlkuJyw- Ipdªp- h- cn- Ibpw- sN¿p¶- Xp- sIm­v- kz´{]- b- Xv\- ¯mÂ- k¼mZn- ¨n- «p- ÅXpw- \½psS kzmX{´amb- A[nIm- c- ¯n\v- `cta¸n- ¡- s¸«v- c£n¨p- t]m- cp- ¶- Xp- amb- kz¯p¡- fpsS- `c-Whpw D]-tbm-Khpw \½psS Ime-tijw C¶-{]-Imcw thW-sa¶v hyà-s¸-Sp¯n Hcp hn¸{Xw Fgp-tX-­Xv bpàsa¶p- ssZhw Ct¸mÄ \s½ HmÀ½s¸- Sp- ¯n- bn- cn- ¡p- ¶- Xn- \mÂ- CXn\p ImcW- am- b- Xm- Ip- ¶pG- 3G Xmsg tNÀ¯ncn- ¡p¶- F ]«nI {]Imc- apÅ- Ømhc kz¯p¡- fnÂ- 5 apX 20 hsc \¼cp- Ifpw- _n ]«nI {]Im-c-apÅ PwKa kz¯p-I fpw \½psS kz´hpw ]Xn-\m-bncw cq]m hne-h-cp-¶Xpw F ]«n-I-bn-epÅ Bdm-bncw cq]m hne-h-cp¶ H¶v apX \mep hsc kz¯p-¡Ä A¦-amen CS-h-I-I-fpsS tae-²y-£-\m-bn-cp¶v Imew sNbvX \½psS ktlmZ- c³- _G KohdpKokv- amÀ Iqdntemkv- sa{Xmt¸m- eo- ¯mbpsS- kz´hpw sa{Xmt¸m- eo- ¯m- bmÂ- \½psS {]tXyI `cW- ¯n- \mbn- Fev]n¡- s¸- «n- «p- ÅXpw- tijw c­mbncw- cq]mbpsS- kz¯v \½psS kz´w {Zhyw sNehv sNbvXv AXn-t\mSv tNÀ¯v ]Wn-bn-¨n-«p-ÅXpw Ch-I-sfÃmw Ct¸mÄ \½psS {]tXyI ssIh-i-¯nepw kzmX-{´y- ¯nepw `cW- ¯nepw- Ccn¡p- ¶- Xm- Ip- ¶pG- 4G _n ]«nI- bnÂ- H¶p apX aq¶p hsc \¼cp- I- fmbn- tNÀ¯n«p- ÅXpw- \½psS Imetijw- hnG At´ymJym knwlmk- \- ¯n- te¡v- Ab¨p- sIm- Sp- ¡p- ¶- Xn- te- ¡mbn- \½psS ]n³Kmansb- G¸n¡m³- CXn ]dbp¶- A[nIm- cn- - ItfmSp- BRvPm]n- ¨n- «p- Å- Xp- amb- hIIÄ¡v- ]pdsa _n ]«nI- bnÂ- \memw \¼cmbn- tNÀ¯n«pÅ- kz¯v \mw aev]m- \n-cp¶p ]Tn-¸n-¨n-cp¶ tIm«-bs¯ kpdn-bm\n kn½-\m-cnbv¡pw F ]«n-I-bn F«mw \¼-cmbn tNÀ¯n-«p-ÅXv ]p¯³]pcbv¡Â- ]pcbnSw- \½psS P· CSh- I- bmb- ]dhqÀ- sNdnb ]ÅnbnÂ- \½psS HmÀ½ \ne\n¡p- ¶- Xn- - \mbn B ]Ån¡m- cy- ¯n- te¡v- \mw Zm\w sNbvXncn- ¡p- ¶pG- 5G F ]«nI- bnÂ- H¶mw \¼cv Xr¡p¶¯v- ]pcbn- S- ¯n- en- cn- ¡p¶- AtXmSv tNÀ¶v tZhcm- [- \bv¡pw- hnZym`ym- k- - ¯n\p- ambn- D­m¡- s¸- «n- «pÅ- sI«nS- §fpw- Hcp {]tXyIX- {SÌnsâ aqeØm- \- am- bn- cn- ¡- W- sa¶v- \mw Xocpam- \n- ¨n- cn- - ¡p¶Xpw- B {Skvänsâ D]tbm- K- ¯n\pw- {]tbmP- \- ¯n- \p- ambn- \memw hIp¸nÂ- hnhcn- ¡p¶- hIIÄ- HgnsI- bpÅ- FÃm Ømhc PwKa kz¯p¡fpw- \mw hn«psIm- Sp- ¯n- cn- ¡p- ¶- Xp- am- Ip- ¶pG- 6G {SÌnsâ `cW- IÀ¯m- ¡- ·mcpw- Øes¯ `mchm- ln- I- fp- ambn- Zbdm- ¡m- cmb- c­v t]À thWsa¶v- \ap¡v B{Klw DÅXn- \mÂ- AXnte¡v- hniz- kvX- ·m- sc¶v- \ap¡v t_m²ys¸- «n- cn- ¡p¶- hmI¯m\¯v- ]Ån CSh- I- bnÂ- ImcpNnd- ]p¶qknsâ- aI³ Kohdp- Kokv- d¼ms\- Cu Zbdm- bnÂ- Ønchmkw- sNbvX Imcy`- cWw- \S¯n- s¡mÅmsa¶v- \½psS ap³]msI k½Xn- ¨n- cn- ¡p- ¶pG- AI¸- d¼v- ]Ån CSh- I- bnÂ- ss]\me«v- Ipcysâ aI³ butk^v si½mi- - s\ \nban- ¡p- Ibpw- A[nImcw- sImSp¡p- Ibpw- sNbvXncp- ¶pG- 7G Cu Zbdmbv¡v- th­Xmb Nne ]WnIÄ- \S¯p- Ibpw- aäpw sNbvXn«p- ÅXv- ss]\mS¯v- ]utemkv d¼m³ Cu Zbdm- bnÂ- Xma- kn- ¡p- ¶- Xn\mbn- hcp¶p F¦n AbmfpsS- \ymbamb- Nnehp- IÄ- ap³ `mchm- ln- I- fp- tS- Xp- t]mse- Xs¶ {SÌn \n¶pw \S-t¯­Xpw `mc-hm-ln-I-fmb ap³ Bdmw-h-Ip-¸n ]d-ª-hÀ X½n `c-W-Im-cy-s¯-¸än A`n{]mb- t`Zw- D­mbmÂ- Cu ]utemkv d¼m³ DÄs¸sS- bpÅ- aq¶pt]- cnÂ- `qan]- £- ¡m- cpsS- A`n{]m- b- {]- Imcw- Imcy§Ä- \St¯- ­- Xp- am- Ip- ¶pG- 8G Ch-cpsS Ime-ti-jtam Cu Npa-X-e-bn \n¶pw AhÀ kzb-ambn amd-p-Itbm Ahsc amtä­n hcn-Itbm sN¿pt¼mtgm- Øes¯ `mchm- ln- IÄ- taenepw hnizkvX- ·m- cmb- Zbdm- ¡m- cmbn- Ccn¡- W- sa¶v- \ap¡v B{Kl- ap- - ÅXn- \mÂ- Aªqdv cq]bnÂ- Ipdbm¯- {SÌntebv¡v- Zm\w sN¿p¶ Zbdm- ¡m- cnÂ- tbmKy·m- cmb- aäv c­v Zbdm- ¡m- - tctbm Bdmw hIp¸nÂ- ]dbp¶hcpsS- ]n³Kman- I- fmbn- \nban- ¡p- ¶- Xn\v- ]¯mw hIp¸nÂ- ]dbp¶- BÄ¡v kzmX- {´yhpw _m²yXbpw- DÅXm- Ip- ¶pG- 9G ap³ hIp¸nÂ- ]dbp¶- ]utemkv d¼m³ Øe¯v h¶v Xmakn- bv¡m¯- ]£w aäv `mchm- ln- IÄ- X½n `n¶m- `n{]mbw- D­mbmÂ- AXmXp- Im- es¯- A¦amen- alm CSh- I- bpsS- sa{Xmt¸m- eo¯m- AhÀIsf Adnbn¨v- At±l- ¯nsâ- A`n{]mbw- t]mse Imcy§Ä- \St¯­XmIp- ¶pG- 10G Bdmw hIp¸nÂ- ]dbp¶- `cW- IÀ¯m- ¡- ·msc- A[nIm- c¯nÂ- \n¶pw amäp¶- Xn\pw- Ggmw hIp¸nÂ- ]d- bp¶ ]utemkv d¼m\v CXn\mÂ- sImSp¯n- cn- ¡p¶- AhImiw- CÃmXm- ¡p- ¶- Xn\pw- hnizmk hn]co- X- amtbm- Øm\ `rjvSn\v ImcW- amb- aäv hà kwKXn- I- fptam- ASnØm- \- am¡n- A¦amen- CSh- I- bpsS- sa{Xmt¸m- eo- ¯mbv¡v- A[nIm- - cap- ­m- bn- cn- bv¡p- ¶Xpw- ta ]dª hn[¯n- epÅ- aXnbmb- ImcWw IqSmsX At±l- ¯nt\m- aämÀs¡¦n- eptam- Cu A[nImcw- D]tbm- Kn- ¸m³- ]mSnÃm- ¯- Xp- am- Ip- ¶pG- 11G Cu {SÌnsâ Dt±-i-{]-Imcw icn-bmbn \S-¯p-¶pt­m F¶v ]cn-tim-[n-bv¡p-¶-Xn\pw s]mXpth tae-t\z- jWw sN¿p¶- Xn\pw- A¦amen-- alm CSh- I- bpsS- AXmXp Imes¯ sa{Xmt¸m- eo- ¯mbv¡pw- s]mXptbm- K- ¯n\pw- A[nIm- chpw- NpaX- ebpw- DÅXm- Ip- ¶pG- 12G Cu {SÌnsâ Dt±iw {][m\- ambn- Zbdm- ¡m- cpsS- t]mjW- ¯n\pw- Cu kapZm- b- ¯n- epÄs¸«- hnZym`ym- k- ¯n- - \mbn Du Zbdm- bnÂ- Xmakn- bv¡p- Ibpw- `mchm- ln- I- fpsS- A\pk- c- W- ¯nÂ- Iogn Ccnbv¡p- Ibpw- sN¿p¶ si½m- i³amÀ¡v aXkw- _- Ô- amb- Adnhv hÀ²n¸n- bv¡p- ¶- Xn\pw- BIp¶pG- 13G {SÌv apXen- sâ- A`nhr- ²nbpw- AXmXp Imes¯ `mchm- ln- I- fpsS- A`n{]m- bhpw- A\pk- cn¨v- si½mi- ·m- c- - ÃmsX Cu kapZm- b- ¯n- epÄs¸«- hnZymÀ°nI- fpsS- aXkw- _- Ôhpw- AÃmsXbpapÅ Bhiy- ¯n- tebv¡v- IqSn {SÌv apXensâ- BZmbw D]tbm- Kn- ¡p- ¶- Xn\v- ]{´­mw hIp¸v XSÊ- am- bn- ¯o- cp- ¶- X- ÃG- 14G {SÌnsâ Dt±i \nhr¯n¡pw- ap³]d- ª- h- cpsS- D]Po- h- \- ¯n\pw- Nnehm- Ip- ¶Xv- Ign¨p- ­m- Im- hp¶- _m¡n BZmbhpw- Cu {SÌnsâ [\ti- J- c- W- ¯n- te- bv¡mbn- Bsc¦nepw- hà kw`mh- \- IÄ- sN¿p¶- Xm- bn- cp- ¶mÂ- Ahbpw {SÌnsâ {]tbmP- \- ¯n- \mbn- Ømhc- kz- ¯p- ¡- fn- t·Â- Dd¸n- t¡- ­- Xm- Ip- ¶pG- 15G taen Bsc¦nepw- \qdp cq]bnÂ- IpdbmsX- {SÌnte¡v- Zm\w sNbvXm Ahsc hntijmÂ- ]ÅnbnÂ- HmÀ¡p¶Xp- IqSmsX hmÀjnI dnt¸mÀ«nsâ Hcp {]Xn hoXw AhÀ¡pw tbmKyamb- hn[¯nÂ- B {SÌnte¡v- [\k- - lmbw sN¿p¶ ]Ån¡mÀ¡pw- Ab¨p- sIm- Sp- t¡- ­- Xm- WvG- 16G Cu ip²apÅ- At´ymJym- bpsS- aq¶mas¯- ]t{Xmsk¶- tamtdm³ tamÀ Cám¯n- tbmkv- ]m{XnbÀ¡okv- _mhmbpsS- HmÀ½ I¶n 25þmw- XobXn¡pw- \½psSw Kpcp`q- X- \mb- bpbm¡ow amÀ Iqdntemkv- sa{Xmt¸m- eo- ¯m- bpsS- HmÀ½ Nn§w 20þmw- XobXnbpw- Zbdm Øm]I- \mb- Kohdp- Kokv- Iqdntemkv- sa{Xmt¸m- eo- ¯m- bpsS- HmÀ½ Ip`w 25þmw- XobXnbpw- \½psS Kpcp¡- ·mÀ- Cucmfn A{_lmw Iioim- bpsS- HmÀ½ Xpemw 22þmw- XobXnbpw ]mdbv¡Â- a¯mbn Iioim- bpsS- HmÀ½ Xpemw 22þmw- XobXnbpw- ]mdbv¡Â- a¯mbn Iioim- bpsS- HmÀ½ [\p 23þmw- XobXnbpw- Aco¡Â- ZmhoZv Iioim- bpsS- HmÀ½ Nn§w 30þmw- XobXnbpw- \½psS ]nXmhv KohdpKo- knsâ- HmÀ½ - aIcw- 20þmw- XobXnbpw- \½psS amXmhv A¶¯nsâ- HmÀ½ anYp\w 27þmw- XobXnbpw- Zbdm- bnÂ- IpÀºm\bv¡v- ]Ww GÂ]n¨n- «p- Å- h- cmb- ss]\mS¯v- butk^v Iioim- bpsS- HmÀ½ I¶n 9þmw XobXnbpw- Cucmfn hÀ¡nbpsS- HmÀ½ ao\w 25þmw- XobXnbpw BIbmÂ- B­ptXmdpw- ta¸dª- XobXn- I- fnÂ- `mchm- ln- IÄ- IpÀºm\ \St¯- ­- Xm- Ip- ¶pG- amÀ ]utemkv A¯m\m- tkymkv- sa{Xmt¸m- eo¯m- H¸v km£nIÄ:- 1G ]dhqÀ- sNdnb ]ÅnbnÂ- hnImcn N¡c- h- ¯qäv- XcnbXv- sIm¨phÀ¡n- I¯\mÀ- 2G Ipf§c- C«nb- ¨³- am¯p, 3G ap«s¯m«n- Ipamcn ]utem hdoXv, 4G A¼q¡³- a¯mbn hÀ¡n Ceªn- ¡Â- Hutk^v hÀ¡n ssI¸S kºv cPnkv{SmÀ- IrjvW]nÅ- Xmsg ssIsbm¸n- «n- cn- ¡p¶- BÄ h¶p Xmakn- bv¡p- ¶- Xmb- ]dhqÀ- kºv Unkv{SnIvSnÂ- tNÀ¶ ]dhqÀ- {]hr- ¯n-bn ]d-hq-¯d apdn-bn sNdn-b-]-Ån-bn sh¨v 1078þmw am­v hrÝn-I-amkw 7þmw XobXn ]I 9 aWn ka- b¯v lmPcm- ¡- s¸- «pG- ]utemkv F¶v \mat[- b- apÅ- amÀ A¯m\m- tkymkv- sa{Xmt¸m- eo¯- 1078þmw- am­v hrÝnI- amkw- 7þ\p IrjvW]n- Å,- ]dhqÀ- kºv cPnkv{SmÀ- Xmsg ssIs¿m-¸n-«n-cn-¡p¶ BÄ FgpXns¡mSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ ta¸Sn ]Ån-bn sh¨v k½-Xn-¨n-cn-¡-¶pG ]utemkv F¶v \mat[- b- apÅ- amÀ A¯m\m- tkymkv- sa{Xmt¸m- eo¯m- H¸v 1078þ- m- am­v- hrÝnI- ambw- 7þmw XobXn ]dhqÀ- kºv cPnkv{SmÀ,- Bdmw ]pkvXIw H¶mw hmeyw H¶v apX 7 hsc hi¯v H¶mw \¼cmbn- cPnkv{SÀ- sNbvXp ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI hb-en-¸-d-¼n Koh-dp-Kokv amÀ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯m-bpsS hnÂ]{Xw

]n Xmhn\pw- ]p{X\pw,- ]cnip- ²m- ßm- hn\pw- kvXpXn, A¦amen- `{Zmk\- CSh- I- bpsS- klmb sa{Xm\mb- Ip¶¯p- \mSv- Xmeq¡v,- Beph ]IpXn,- Beph IcbnÂ- Beph Xr¡p¶¯p- skan\m- cn- bnÂ- Ccn¡pw hben- ¸- d- ¼nÂ- ss]\mS¯v- bmt¡m_mb- kndnb³- {InkvXy³ sshZnI- hr¯n \mev]¯n- sb«p- hbkmb- Kohdp- Kokv- amÀ {KotKmdn- tbmkv- sa{Xmt¸m- eo¯- Bb \mw Bbnc¯n Hcp \qän Ccp]- ¯n- aq- ¶m- am­v- anYp\- amkw- GgmwXo- bXn- FgpXn- h¨- hnÂ]{Xw.- \mw I¯\mÀ- Bbncn- ¡p- t¼mÄ- hben- ¸- d- - ¼n ss]\mS¯v- tXmakv hÀKokv I¯\mÀ- F¶ t]cn Xmsg ]«nI- bnÂ- H¶mw \¼cmbn- hnhcn- ¡p¶- hkvXp 1114þse- A¦amen- cPnkv{Sm- ^okphI- 2289þmw- \¼À B[mc- ¯mÂ- kuP\yw kn²n¨n- «p- ÅXpw- c­mw \¼À hkvXph- - IIÄ- 1118þse- A¦amen- cPnkv{Sm- ^o- kp- hI- 1942; 11þmw- XobXn- bnse- Sn hI 3771þDw- 3772þDw- \¼À B[mc- §- fmÂ- Xodp- IÄ kn²n¨pw ]m«¡m- c- \nÂ\n¶v- 1118þÂ- Sn cPnkv{Sm- ^o- kp- hI- 2855þmw- \¼cmbn- Hgnhp- Ipdn- hm§nbpw \ap¡p ssIhi- s¸- «n- cn- ¡p- ¶- Xp- am- Ip- ¶p.- ]«nI H¶mw \¼À hkvXphnÂ- \½psS DSa- Ø- X- bnepw- amt\Pvsaânepw- amÀ A¯- t\jykv- Cw¥ojv sslkvIqÄ ]WnI- gn¨p- \S¯n- h- cp- ¶Xpw- ]«nI c­mw \¼À hkvXphnÂ- tZlWvU- §Ä- sN¿n- ¡pIbpw- s]mXpP- t\m- ]- Im- c- ¯n- \p- th­n- Nne ]pXnb Øm]\- §Ä- D­m¡p- hm³- {iaw sNbvXp hcp¶- Xp- am- Wv.- ]«nI c­p \¼À hkvXp¡- fnepw- \mw kamcw- `n- ¨n- «pÅ- sslkvIqÄ sI«nS- §Ä- apXembn- taen D­mIp¶- FÃm Øm]\- §fpw- CXnsâ BhiymÀ°w- Sn t]cn \mw k¼mZn- ¡p¶- aäp kz¯p¡fpw- ]«nI hkvXphI- Ifpw- \½psS Imetijw- AXnsâ ssIhiw,- `cWw apXem- b- hsb- kw_Ôn¨v- Hcp hyhØ sNbvXph- bv¡- W- sa¶v- \ap¡v A`n- {]mb- am- b- Xn- \mÂ- Cu hnÂ]{Xw FgpXp- ¶Xpw- CXnse hyhØm- \p- k- cWw- \½psS Imem\- ´cw- apX {]hÀ¯n- ¸m\p- Å- Xp- am- Wv.- \½psS Ime¯n- \p- tijw- ]«nI hkvXph- I- Ifpw- Sn sslkv¡qÄ sI«nS§Ä- apXem- bXpw- Sn t]cn \mw k¼mZn- ¨n- «p- Å- Xmbn- ImWp¶ kIe kz¯p¡fpw- AXmXp Ime¯v hn. At´ymJym knwlmk- \¯nÂ- hmW- cpfp¶- ]. ]m{XnbÀ¡okv- _mhmbmÂ- hmgn¡- s¸Sp¶Xpw- kzoIcn- ¡- s¸- Sp- ¶Xpw- Bb A¦amen- `{Zmk\- CSh- I- - bpsS sa{Xmt¸m- eo- ¯m- am- cpsS- DSa Sn sslkvIqÄ apXemb- Øm]\- §- fpsS- AXmXp- Imew- `cWm- [n- ]- ·m- cmbn- hcp¶ sa{Xm·mÀ- Sn {SÌnsâ Dt±i§sf ap³\ndp- ¯nbpw- \nbam- \p- k- c- Whpw- s]mXpPt\m]Im- c- ¯n\v- A\pcq- ]- ambpw- `cWw \nÀhnLv\w \nÀÆln- ¡p- hm- \p- ÅXpw- ]«nI hkvXp¡- fnÂ\n¶pw- e`n¡p¶- BZmb- §- fnÂ- Sn hkvXp¡- - Ä¡pth­n hcp¶ sNehv Bhiy- §fpw- kÀ¡mÀ Ichpw \o¡n _m¡n hcp¶ kwJybpw Sn Øm]\- §- fpsS- A`nhr- ²n- I- c- amb- {]hÀ¯\- §Ä¡v- D]tbm- Kn- ¸m- \p- Å- Xp- am- Wv.- ta hnhc- {]- Imcw- AXmXv Ime¯v `cW- `m- c- ta- - ev¡p¶ sa{Xmt¸m- eo- ¯m- amÀ¡v- ]«nI hkvXp¡- fnepw- Sn Øm]\- §- fnepw- CXnse BhiymÀ°w- Rm³ hà kz¯p- ¡fpw BÀÖn¨n- cp- ¶mÂ- AXpI- fnepw- Øm]n¨v bmsXmcp ImcW- §fpw- DÂ`hn- ¸n- ¡p- ¶- Xnt\m- hà IS_m- ²y- X- - Ifpw DÄs¸Sp- ¯p- ¶- Xnt\m- AhIm- itam- kzmX{´ytam- CÃm¯Xpw- Sn sa{Xmt¸m- eo- ¯m- am- cp- tS- tbm,- kapZm- b- ¯n- tâ- - tbm, CSh- I- bp- tStbm- bmsXmcp- hn- [- amb- IS_m- ²y- X- Ifpw- Sn hkvXph- I- I- fntem- Øm]\- §- fntem- Hcp hn[¯nepw- _m[n¡p- ¶- X- Ãm- ¯Xpw- BIp¶p.- Cu _nÃn\mÂ- NpaX- s¸- Sp- ¯p¶- sa{Xmt¸m- eo- ¯m- aÀ¡- ÃmsX- Cu \m«pImÀt¡m- \½psS IpSpw_- ¡mÀt¡mSn- kz¯p¡- fn- t·Â- bmsXmcp- hn- [- amb- AhIm- im- [n- Im- c- §fpw- D­mbn- cn- ¡p- ¶- X- Ã.- ta hnhcn¨- hyhØ- IÄ¡pÄs¸«v- G¡pIbpw- {]hÀ¯n¡p- IbpwsN¿- W- sa¶v- \½psS ]n³Kman- I- fmbn- hcp¶ Sn sa{Xmt¸m- eo- ¯- am- tcmSpw- \mw At]£n- ¨p- sIm­v- \½psS ]qÀ® a\tÊmSpw- B{Kl- t¯mSpw- IqSn Cu hnÂ]{Xw FgpXp- ¶Xpw- CXnse GXm\ptam- apgph- \ptam- hyhØ- IÄ- amäp¶- Xn\pw- AØnc- s¸- Sp- ¯p- ¶- Xn\pw- \ap¡v ]qÀ® A[nIm- c- ap- ÅXpw- A{]Im- c- sam- ¶pw- {]hÀ¯n¡msX- \mw acW- a- S- bp- ¶- Xm- bmÂ- Cu hnÂ]{X- ¯nse- hyhØ- IÄ- DuÀÖnX- ¯nÂ- hcp¶- Xp- am- Ip- ¶p.- F¶v Sn Kohdp- Kokv- amÀ {KotKmdn- tbmkv- sa{Xmt¸m- eo¯H¸v- km£nIÄ:- 1 \mbt¯mSv- Ic ss]\mS¯v- ]utem ]utemkv I¯\mÀ- H¸v 2 tabv¡m«p- Ic- a§m«- ¼nÅn- ]dh«n- tXmam AeIvk- {´- tbmkv- I¯\mÀ- H¸v Ibv]S: sN§a- \m- «p- Ic- Adbv¡Â- ho«n IrjvW³ tKm]n\m- Y³- \mbÀ H¸v Sn Kohdp- Kokv- amÀ {KotKmdn- tbmkv- sa{Xmt¸m- eo- ¯sb- Rm³ t\cn«- dnbpw- H¸v A¦amen- k_v cPnkv{SmÀ- BÀ.cma³]nÅH¸v A¦amen- bmt¡m_mb- ]Ånta- S- bnÂh¨v- 1123 anYp\w 7þmw XobXn- ]I 31þ5\v- Sn sa{Xmt¸m- eo¯- lmPcmbn- k½Xn- ¨p.- 1123þmw- B­v hI c­mw ]pkvXIw H¶mw hmeyw 75 aXp 77 hsc hi§- fnÂ- 19þmw- \¼cmbn- cPnÌÀ- sNbvXncn- ¡p- ¶p.-

149 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

] henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-¯nse kp{]-[m\ \mgn-I-¡-Ãp-IÄ

1869 P\p-hcn 23 :AI-¸-d¼v CS-h-I-bn \mb-t¯mSv Ic-bn sXt¡-¡c F¶p IqSn t]cp-ff ss]\m-S¯v Ipän-¡m-«n a¯m-bn-bp-tSbpw Ipª-¶- ¯n-tâbpw aq¶mas¯- ]p{X\mbn- P\\w- 1879 G{]n 21 :A¦-amen `{Zm-k-\-¯nsâ {]Ya sa{X-ms¸m-en¯ Koh-dp-Kokv tamÀ Iqdntemkv (A¼m«v)- Xncpta- \n- bnÂ- \n¶v "tImdqtbm']«w kzoIcn- ¨p(- 1891 amÀ¨v 9 {]Ya Kpcp-hmb A¼m«p tamÀ Iqdn-temkv Xncp-ta\n Imew-sNbvXp( 1898 \hw-_À 25 :]( ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n- ]utemkv si½m-i\vv ]cp-a-e-¸-f-fn-bn h¨v "IÈo-i'-¸«w \ÂIn( 1898 \hw-_À 28 :]( ]cpae- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- Xrss¡bmÂ- ]cpa- e- ¸- f- fn- bnÂ- h¨v "d¼m³' Øm\m`n- jn- à- \mbn(- 1902 \hw-_À 2 : {]nb Kpcp\mY³ ](]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvXp( 1910 Pq¬ 9 :AI¸- d¼v- ]ffn- bnÂ- h¨v ]( A_vZpff- ]m{XnbÀ¡nkv- _mh ]utemkv d¼ms\ A¦amen- `{Zmk- \- ¯n\p- th­n sa{Xms¸m- en- ¯- - bmbn hmgn¨p(- 1911 HmKÌv 19 : ]( A_vZp-ff ]m{Xn-bÀ¡nkv _mh apf-´p-cp¯n amÀt¯ma³ ]ffn- bnÂ- h¨v \S¯nb hn(aqtdm³ IqZm-i-bn kw_-Ôn-¡p-hm³ henb Xncp-ta-\n¡p`mKy-ap-­m-bn( 1915 Unkw-_À 11 :]( A_vZp-ff ]m{Xn-bÀ¡nkv _mh Imew-sN-bvXp( 1918 P\p-hcn 31 : Bephm Xr¡p-¶¯v skan-\mcnbn IqSnb ]ffn {]Xn-]p-cp-j- tbmK- ¯nÂ- sh¨v ae¦c- sa{Xs¸m- en- ¯- bmbn- sXcsª- Sp- ¡- s¸- «p(-

150 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

1919 sk]vXw-_À 15 :h«n-¸-W-t¡-kn Xncp-ta-\n¡v FXn-cmbn tImSXn hn[n( 1919 sk]vXw-_À 26 :ae¦c- kndnb³- kt­kvIqÄ- AtÊmkn- tb- j³- (MSSA) cq]oI- cWw ](( henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A²y-£-X-bn ]ndhw ]f-fn-bn h¨v( 1920 amÀ¨v 9 :A¦-amen, sIm¨n `{Zm-k-\-§Ä¡p ]pdta I­-\m-Sv, tIm«-bw, sImÃw, \nc-Ww, Xp¼-a¬ F¶o `{Zmk- \- §- fp- tSbpw- sa{Xms¸m- en- - ¯bmbn- \nban- ¡- s¸- «p(- 1923 amÀ¨v 23 :Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ sslt¡m-SXn Xncp-ta-\n¡v A\p-Iq-e-ambn hn[n {]kvXm-hn-¨p( 1927 :k`bnÂ- ]pXnb sa{Xms¸m- en- ¯m- amÀ- hmgn¡- s¸- «- t¸mÄ- IqSpX- embn- NpaX- e- tbä- `{Zmk- \- §- fpsS- `cW- ¯nÂ- \n¶pw hnSÀ¯s¸- «p(- 1928 Pqssebv 4 :dnhyq-lÀPn-bn Xncp-ta-\n-s¡-Xn-cmbn hn[n {]kvXm-hn-¡-s¸-«p( 1931 amÀ¨v 21 :]( Gen-bmkv XrXo-b³ ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _mhm ae-¦-c- kµÀi-\-¯n-\mbn Bep-hm-bn-se-¯n( 1932 s^{_p-hcn 13 :]( Genbmkv- XrXob³- ]m{XnbÀ¡nkv- _mh aª\n¡- c- bnÂ- h¨p Imew sNbvXp(- Xncpta- \n- bpsS- {][m\ ImÀ½nI- Xz- ¯nÂ- I_- d-S¡w \S-¯n( 1935 HmKÌv 22 :Icn-§m-¨nd ]f-fn-bnÂh¨p \S-¯-s¸« ]ffn {]Xn-]p-cp-j-tbm-K- ¯nÂh¨v Xncpta\n- ho­pw ae¦c- sa{Xms¸m- en- ¯- bmbn- sXcsª- - Sp¡- s¸- «p(- 1938 amÀ¨v 10 :kap-Zm-b-kz¯v Hgn-¸n-¨v In«m³ tIm«bw PnÃmtImS-Xn-bn tIÊv ^b sNbvXp( 1939 : Iv\m\mb `{Zm-k-\m-[n-]³ tamÀ Zob-kvt¡m-tdmkv ae-¦c do¯n tNÀ¶p( 1941 amÀ¨v : k`m kam-[m-\-¯n-\p-th­n Beph h«tai kt½-f-\w( 1942 : HutK³ tamÀ Xotam-¯n-tbmkv sa{Xm-s¸m-en¯ ImtXm-en-¡m-]- £¯p tNÀ¶p( BbXv ]( hen-b- Xn-cp-ta-\nsb ZpxJn¸n¨p( 1942 P\p-hcn 18 : tIm«bw tImSXn- bnÂ\n¶v- Xncpta- \n¡v- FXncmbn- hn[n {]kvXmhn- ¨p(- 1944 :Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ sslt¡m-S-Xn-bn A¸o ^b sNbvXp( 1946 :A¦amen- `{Zmk- \- k- lmb- sa{Xms¸m- en- ¯- bmbn- Kohdp- Kokv- tamÀ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpw, sIm¨n- `-{Zm-k-\-¯n\v ]utemkv tamÀ tkth-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nbpw hmgn-¡-s¸-«p( 1946 HmKÌv 8 : ]( henb Xncp-ta-\n¡v A\p-Iq-e-ambn Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ sslt¡m- SXnhn[n {]kvXmhn- ¨p(- 1950 :Nn§-h\w h«-tai kt½-f-\w( 1951 Unkw-_À 21 : ]( henb Xncp-ta-\n-¡-\p-Iq-e-ambn ho­pw sslt¡m-SXn hn[n( 1952 HIvtSm-_À 19 :I­-\mSv `{Zm-k-\m-[n-]-\mbn tamÀ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv Xncp-ta\n hmgn-¡-s¸-«p(

151 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

1953 P\p-hcn 25 : ]( henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS 84þmw hb-Ên shfp-¸n\v 3(55 \v A`n- h-µy-]n-Xmhv Imew sNbvXp( 2004 HmKÌv 14 : henb Xncp-ta-\nsb ]( ]m{Xn-bÀ¡okv _mh hnip-²-\mbn {]Jym]n- ¨p(- 2007 P\p-hcn 1 : ](henb Xncp-ta-\nbpsS \ma-t[-b-¯n hnizm-k-kw-c-£W kan- Xn-¡p-th­n A`n( Gen-bmkv tamÀ A¯m-\m-kn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t¸m- eo¯ hmgn¡- s¸- «p(- 2008 HIvtSm_À 17 : ]( henb Xncpta- \nbpsS- \ma¯nÂ- ]p¯³Ipcn- inÂ- Øm]nX- amb- skâ v A¯m\mkn- tbmkv- I¯o{U- ensâ- IqZmi ]( ]m{XnbÀ¡okv- _mh \nÀÆ-ln-¨p( 2009 sk]väw-_À 18 : ]( henb Xncpta- \n- bpsS- \maw A©mw Xp_vtZ\nÂ- HmÀ½n¡p- hm³- ]( ]m{XnbÀ¡okv- _mh Iev]\- bm- bn(- k¼m-Z-I³ : _nPp Ipcy³ amXyq, ]pXp-¸Ån

]henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ae-bmfw ssI¸-Sbpw kpdn-bm\n H¸pw

152 ] henb Xncp-ta-\n- Imew sNbvX Znhks¯- ae-bmf at\m-ca ]{Xw ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

]$ ]nXmhnsâ I_-d-S¡ ip{iqj kw_-Ô-¨p-ff hmÀ¯ ae-bmf at\m-ca Zn\]{X¯nsâ dnt¸mÀ«v

IS¸mSv:- ae-bmf at\m-ca ]{Xm-[n] kanXn

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] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

156 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

157 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

158 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

159 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

160 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

161 ] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- kvt\lmZc§tfmsS \µnsa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI ae¦c bmt¡m_mb kpdnbm\n k`bpsS Ncn{X¯n kphÀ®en]nIfn BteJ\w sN¿s¸tS­ [\y PohnX¯nsâ HmÀ½ ]pXp¡ensâ AhnkvacWo bamb Cu \nanj¯nÂ, ]cnanXamb kab¯n\pffn Cu kvacWnI X¿mdm¡p ¶Xnte¡mbn klIcn¨ FÃmhÀ¡pw \µn: ]cky§Ä \evIn t{]mÕmln¸n¨ FÃm k`mkvt\lnIÄ¡pw kplr¯p¡Ä¡pw lrZbmwKamb \µn {]Imin¸n ¡p¶p: FÃm \Ãkwc`§fnepw F¶t]mse CXnepw kvt\lt¯msS ]n³XpW \evInb k`msk{I«dn {io: X¼p tPmÀPv XpIes\ Hcn¡epw hnkvacn¡m\mhnÃ: IÀ½\nc[bpw {]tNm[\hpw sIm­v awKfam¡nb aqebn Ipdnbmt¡mkv tImÀF¸nkvtIm¸mtbmSpw, AeIvkv tXmakv tImÀF¸nkvtIm¸mtbmSpw, tkh\ \nc[\mb at\mPv amXyp BcymS³]m¡ent\mSpw, _nPp Ipcy³ amXyqkv If¼p Im«nent\mSpw, tPm¬ ^nen¸v tIm«¸d¼nent\mSpw FÃm]n³XpWbpw \evInb tkmhn\obÀ I½nän AwK§tfmSpw \µn Adnbn¡s«: kvacWnIbpsS IhÀ Unssk³ sNbvX at\mPv ImcmgvabpsS \nkvXpe amb {]hÀ¯\§Ä F{X Çmln¨mepw aXnbmhnÃ: Cu DZyaw `wKnbm¡m³ A£oWw ]cn{ian¨v teJ\§Ä Ab¨p X¶ FÃm klrZbÀ¡pw \µn: Unän: ]n: tPmenIÄ \nÀhln¨ hnizmkkwc£I³ {]hÀ¯IÀ t{Kkn, _nµp F¶nhÀ¡pw lrZbwKamb \µn: A¨Sn `wKnbmbn \nÀÆln¨ tIm«bw \mjW knän {]Ên\v \µn Adnbn¡p¶p: No^v FUnäÀ sjh _n_n G{_-lmw, IS-hpw-`mKw

162

] ]utemkv tamÀ A¯m\m- kn- tbmkv- henbXncpta- \n- bpsS- sa{Xm-`n-tjI iXm_vZn kvac-WnI

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