DOCSLIB.ORG

L'alta Asia Buddhista (Tibet, Bhutan E Mongolia)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Università di Pisa Scuola di Dottorato in Scienze Politiche e Sociali Corso in Geopolitica L’Alta Asia buddhista (Tibet, Bhutan e Mongolia) tra il crepuscolo dell’Impero Ch’ing e la nascita della Repubblica cinese: aspetti geopolitici e diplomatici britannici Settore scientifico disciplinare: SPS/14 Storia e istituzioni dell’Asia Dottorando: Matteo Miele Tutor: Chiar.mo Prof. Maurizio Vernassa 2014 A mio fratello Alessandro, a Namkha, come un fratello e ai miei studenti in Bhutan 2 Gairīshchā afshtachinō yazamaide We praise the mountains from which the waters flow Haftan Yasht, Kardāh VIII (Khordeh Avestā, The Trustees of the Parsi Panchayat Funds and Properties, Bombay, 1993) 3 Sommario Ringraziamenti 7 Traslitterazione e trascrizione dei termini in lingue asiatiche 9 Date 10 Nota sui documenti d’archivio 10 Abbreviazioni 11 Introduzione 12 PROLOGO: IL DHARMA E IL RE 15 Capitolo 1 – Lo spazio politico del buddhismo tibetano: la dimensione religiosa del legame tra Tibet, Bhutan e Mongolia 16 Il buddhismo tibetano 21 Il Dalai Lama 23 PRIMA PARTE: L’AGONIA DELL’IMPERO 31 Capitolo 2 – Il Tibet alla fine del Grande gioco 32 La spedizione russa del 1899-1901 32 Un incontro 34 Alla fine del Grande gioco: Younghusband a Lhasa 37 Antiche paure 45 L’Accordo 53 Capitolo 3 – I Ch’ing, il Dalai Lama e gli inglesi (1906-1908) 57 La “Nuova Politica” in Tibet 62 Il Dalai Lama a Pechino (settembre-dicembre 1908) 63 Il Dalai Lama di nuovo a Lhasa 71 Capitolo 4 – Tra i due imperi: il Regno del Bhutan 73 Una premessa d’attualità geopolitica 74 Il nuovo Bhutan ed il Trattato di Punakha 77 Il Dalai Lama in India 84 4 Spie e minacce cinesi sul Bhutan 89 Il tributo mai pagato: il Nepal e la Cina 98 La Repubblica cinese 114 SECONDA PARTE: LA REPUBBLICA E IL FANTASMA MANCESE 118 Capitolo 5 – L’indipendenza tibetana 119 L’anno bufalo-acqua. La “Dichiarazione d’indipendenza” 120 Riflessioni sulla Dichiarazione d’indipendenza tibetana 123 Capitolo 6 – Londra e l’indipendenza mongola 128 I timori inglesi 128 L’indipendenza mongola 131 I russi 136 Azioni militari mongole (gennaio 1912) 139 L’accordo russo-mongolo del 3 novembre 1912 e la delegazione mongola a San Pietroburgo 142 Il mutuo riconoscimento tibeto-mongolo 145 Urga ai russi, Lhasa agli inglesi 153 L’accordo russo-cinese del 1913 158 La lettera della Missione mongola all’ambasciatore inglese 168 Capitolo 7 – L’Accordo di Simla: la trattativa parallela 172 I primi mesi del 1914 174 Le conversazioni tra Buchanan e Sazanov della primavera del 1914 182 Da Simla e da Londra 209 L’accordo sull’Afghanistan 216 Simla e Sarajevo 224 Capitolo 8 – Gli inglesi e gli Accordi di Kyakhta 227 L’accordo russo-mongolo del 1914 227 L’accordo del 1915 231 Il 1916 238 Conclusioni – Considerazioni e note geopolitiche novecentesche 243 Appendici 253 In Mongolia. Testimonianze conservate presso i National Archives 254 Mr. O. Mamen 254 La relazione dell’attaché militare dell’Ambasciata britannica a Pechino 255 La testimonianza di Frans August Larson 258 Il viaggio del luogotenente Binsteed 259 Appendice documentaria 266 Convenzione anglo-russa del 31 agosto 1907 266 5 Trattato tra la Mongolia ed il Tibet del 29 dicembre 1912 (11 gennaio 1913) 272 Foreign Office to India Office, March 29, 1913 275 Prince Ch’ing to Mr. Max Müller, April 18, 1910 276 Principali nomi in tibetano 277 Lista dei re del Bhutan 280 Fonti e bibliografia 281 6 RINGRAZIAMENTI Desidero ringraziare in primo luogo i miei genitori e mia nonna Maria Piccardo per avermi supportato in questo cammino e aver assecondato sempre i miei interessi culturali, fin da bambino. Grazie al mio tutor, il Prof. Maurizio Vernassa, per essere stato la mia guida nella ricerca di dottorato e nel mio percorso accademico. I suoi numerosi consigli hanno rappresentato per me importanti punti di riferimento in questo cammino fin da quando, non ancora ventenne, ebbi la fortuna di conoscerlo a Pisa. Con lui ringrazio anche tutti gli altri docenti del Consiglio di Dottorato, anche per avermi permesso di interrompere temporaneamente il corso per diventare lecturer in Bhutan. Per circa un anno, infatti, tra il 2011 e il 2012, ho insegnato presso lo Sherubtse College (Kanglung), dell’Università Reale del Bhutan. È chiaro che l’approccio e il risultato finale di questa tesi non sarebbe stato possibile se non ci fosse stata quest’esperienza. L’anno trascorso nel Regno del Bhutan, seppur non legato ufficialmente al percorso di studio del dottorato, è stato un periodo estremamente fruttuoso. Gli incontri con diverse personalità delle istituzioni e della religione, primo fra tutti Sua Maestà Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, quinto re del Bhutan, le lunghe ed interessanti conversazioni con il direttore Singye Namgyel, i colleghi, gli studenti e gli amici del College, le ore di studio passate nella Biblioteca dello Sherubtse College, una tra le più importanti per gli studi bhutanesi, la ricerca condotta presso lo dzong di Trashi Yangtse (Bkra-shis-gyang- tse) con Kawang Chhimi Dorji e Namkha Wangdi, sono stati enormemente proficui per la mia crescita umana ed intellettuale. Grazie dunque a tutti loro, al mio direttore presso lo Sherubtse, Singye Namgyel, a tutti i miei colleghi e amici, ed in particolare a Sarbajeet Mukherjee, del Dipartimento di Scienza Politica, e a sua moglie Madhuchhanda Chakraborty, che oltre a condividere con me la loro grande cultura, si sono presi cura di me come un fratello minore. Grazie all’amico fraterno Namkha Wangdi (di Rizor, Yurung, Pemagatshel) che mi ha aiutato nelle ricerche, nello studio e soprattutto, anche lui, assieme alla sua famiglia, nella vita quotidiana in Bhutan e mi ha permesso di conoscere appieno la dimensione della tradizionale ospitalità e gentilezza del paese. Naturalmente un grande ringraziamento va ai miei studenti. Ad alcuni ho avuto l’onore di insegnare anche Storia politica del Bhutan. Con loro ho potuto confrontarmi ed aprirmi così a nuove logiche di studio e ricerca in un campo ancora poco analizzato in Occidente. Un ringraziamento particolare, per l’aiuto nella comprensione dei testi dzongkha e tibetani, va, oltre che a Namkha, al mio maestro di dzongkha e tibetano classico, Singye Wangdi (di Tshangkha, Trongsa) e al mio studente, presso lo Sherubtse College, Rinchen Dawa (di Khomshar, Zhemgang), ora studente in Corea del Sud. Per i suggerimenti e l’aiuto nella complessa ricerca bibliografica un grazie di cuore a mio zio Armando Delicato (Beverly Hills, MI), al mio carissimo amico Xia Feng e al mio studente presso lo Sherubtse College Inchu Dorji (di Gelephu, Sarpang). 7 Grazie all’amico di lunga data Liu Leilei, per le tante conversazioni, seppure su punti di vista spesso diversi. Grazie a Maitrayee Deka (Università di Milano) per i numerosi e utili suggerimenti sulla stesura, a Roy Smith (Nottingham Trent University), a Erberto Lo Bue (Università di Bologna), a Pier Giorgio Borbone (Università di Pisa), a Bruno Mazzoni (Università di Pisa), a Rino Casella (Università di Pisa), Giuseppe Dell’Agata (Università di Pisa), a Giorgio Belli (Torino) e a Sumiyabazar Choimboroljav (Ulaanbaatar) per i loro preziosi consigli. Grazie alla Professoressa Carmela Sacco, mia insegnante di storia e filosofia al Liceo Classico “Giosuè Carducci” di Cassino. Ringrazio ovviamente il personale delle biblioteche dei diversi dipartimenti dell’Università di Pisa, de The National Archives britannici (Kew), del Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center (Cambridge, MA), in particolare Kelsang Lhamo (Senior Librarian), dell’ISIAO (Roma) e della Biblioteca della Scuola Normale Superiore (Pisa). Un ringraziamento, per aver scritto i libri sui quali ho iniziato a conoscere il Tibet, al Professor Giuseppe Tucci (1894-1984), che rimane un punto di riferimento negli studi buddhisti e di tibetologia, ed a Tiziano Terzani (1938-2004) per i suoi libri ed articoli sull’Asia. Infine grazie a Francesca Bianchini e ai miei cari amici e colleghi Mariangela Barbarito, Francesco Mancuso, Daria Zizzola, Rolando Dromundo, Mauro Vaiani, Eldina Pleho, Volodia Clemente e Andrea Chieffallo. 8 TRASLITTERAZIONE E TRASCRIZIONE DEI TERMINI IN LINGUE ASIATICHE Essendo questo lavoro non destinato esclusivamente alla lettura di tibetologi, linguisti ed orientalisti, ma anche ad asiatisti, storici contemporaneisti e delle relazioni internazionali, ho preferito utilizzare, al fine di rendere più agevole la lettura dei nomi di luogo e persone in tibetano, una trascrizione fonetica dei nomi tibetani e bhutanesi, inserendo tra parentesi anche la traslitterazione scientifica (che è comunque utilizzata per le note bibliografiche, le citazioni ed i termini tecnici). Per quest’ultima ho utilizzato il sistema di traslitterazione del tibetano proposto dal Prof. Turrell V. Wylie (1927- 1984)1: ཀ་ ka ཁ་ kha ག་ ga ང་ nga ཅ་ ca ཆ་ cha ཇ་ ja ཉ་ nya ཏ་ ta ཐ་ tha ད་ da ན་ na པ་ pa ཕ་ pha བ་ ba མ་ ma ཙ་ tsa ཚ་ tsha ཛ་ dza ཝ་ wa ཞ་ zha ཟ་ za འ་ 'a ཡ་ ya ར་ ra ལ་ la ཤ་ sha ས་ sa ha a ཧ་ ཨ་ ཨི་ i ꍴ་ u ཨེ་ e ཨོ་ o In questo modo, ad esempio, il monastero di 'Bras-spungs (traslitterazione scientifica) è trascritto foneticamente come Drepung. Per i principali nomi di persona e di luogo sarà inserita comunque in appendice una tabella con traslitterazione Wylie. Per i nomi di luogo bhutanesi ho utilizzato la trascrizione fonetica in uso nel Regno del Bhutan 2, inserendo tra parentesi la traslitterazione scientifica. Per il nome della dinastia regnante 1 Turrell, Wylie V., A Standard System of Tibetan Transcription, in “Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies”, Vol. 22, 1959, pp. 261-267. 2 Si veda van Driem, George, Guide to Official Dzongkha Romanization, Dzongkha Development Commission, Royal Government of Bhutan, 1991; 'Brug gi sa cha'i ming ro mAn shan sbyar / Samples for Geographical names of Bhutan in dzongkha and roman dzongkha with brief Guidelines, Dzongkha Development Commission, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu, 1997.
Recommended publications
  • Geographical and Historical Background of Education in Bhutan

    Geographical and Historical Background of Education in Bhutan

    Chapter 2 Geographical and Historical Background of Education in Bhutan Geographical Background There is a great debate regarding from where the name of „Bhutan‟ appears. In old Tibetan chronicles Bhutan was called Mon-Yul (Land of the Mon). Another theory explaining the origin of the name „Bhutan‟ is derived from Sanskrit „Bhotanta‟ where Tibet was referred to as „Bhota‟ and „anta‟ means end i. e. the geographical area at the end of Tibet.1 Another possible explanation again derived from Sanskrit could be Bhu-uttan standing for highland, which of course it is.2 Some scholars think that the name „Bhutan‟ has come from Bhota (Bod) which means Tibet and „tan‟, a corruption of stan as found in Indo-Persian names such as „Hindustan‟, „Baluchistan‟ and „Afganistan‟etc.3 Another explanation is that “It seems quite likely that the name „Bhutan‟ has come from the word „Bhotanam‟(Desah iti Sesah) i.e., the land of the Bhotas much the same way as the name „Iran‟ came from „Aryanam‟(Desah), Rajputana came from „Rajputanam‟, and „Gandoana‟ came from „Gandakanam‟. Thus literally „Bhutan‟ means the land of the „Bhotas‟-people speaking a Tibetan dialect.”4 But according to Bhutanese scholars like Lopen Nado and Lopen Pemala, Bhutan is called Lho Mon or land of the south i.e. south of Tibet.5 However, the Bhutanese themselves prefer to use the term Drukyul- the land of Thunder Dragon, a name originating from the word Druk meaning „thunder dragon‟, which in turn is derived from Drukpa school of Tibetan Buddhism. Bhutan presents a striking example of how the geographical setting of a country influences social, economic and political life of the people.
  • A Historical Background of the Chhoetse Penlop∗ Dorji Wangdi+

    A Historical Background of the Chhoetse Penlop∗ Dorji Wangdi+

    A Historical Background of the Chhoetse Penlop∗ Dorji Wangdi+ The institution of the Chhoetse Penlop (later called Trongsa Penlop) is more than 350 years. It was started by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal in 1647 after he appointed Chhogyel Minjur Tenpa as his representative in Trongsa. This royal institution with a unique blend of mythology and history represents Bhutan’s past. The Trongsa Dzong was founded by Yongzin Ngagi Wangchuk (1517-1554), the son of Lam Ngawang Chhoejay. According to the legend, Ngagi Wangchuk was guided in a vision by Palden Lhamo, the guardian deity of the Dragon Kingdom, to go to a place in central Bhutan which resembled a bow and which was abundant in food grains (mang-dru). The name Mangdey has its origin in this word. Accordingly, Pal Ngagi Wangchuk arrived at Trongsa in 1541 where he took residence in the village of Yueli which was located on the northern hill-slopes overlooking the then bare hillock upon which the Trongsa Dzong is presently located. One night when Pal Ngagi Wangchuk was meditating in Yueli, his attention was drawn by a flicker of light, resembling that of a butter-lamp burning in the open air, at the spot where the present day Goenkhang in the Trongsa Dzong is located. Upon visiting the spot, he was deeply overwhelmed by discovery of Lhamoi Latsho (a sacred lake of Palden Lhamo) and the hoof prints of Palden Lhamo’s steed. In 1543, Pal Ngagi Wangchuk established a small tshamkhang (meditation quarter) in the sacred spot brought ∗ This is a longer version of the paper printed in Kuensel, Vol XIX No.
  • Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics the History of Institutional Change in the Kingdom of Bhutan: a Tale O

    Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics the History of Institutional Change in the Kingdom of Bhutan: a Tale O

    Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics The History of Institutional Change in the Kingdom of Bhutan: A Tale of Vision, Resolve, and Power by Marian Gallenkamp Working Paper No. 61 April 2011 South Asia Institute Department of Political Science Heidelberg University HEIDELBERG PAPERS IN SOUTH ASIAN AND COMPARATIVE POLITICS ISSN: 1617-5069 About HPSACP This occasional paper series is run by the Department of Political Science of the South Asia Institute at the University of Heidelberg. The main objective of the series is to publicise ongoing research on South Asian politics in the form of research papers, made accessible to the international community, policy makers and the general public. HPSACP is published only on the Internet. The papers are available in the electronic pdf-format and are designed to be downloaded at no cost to the user. The series draws on the research projects being conducted at the South Asia Institute in Heidelberg, senior seminars by visiting scholars and the world-wide network of South Asia scholarship. The opinions expressed in the series are those of the authors, and do not represent the views of the University of Heidelberg or the Editorial Staff. Potential authors should consult the style sheet and list of already published papers at the end of this article before making a submission. Editor Subrata K. Mitra Deputy Editors Jivanta Schöttli Siegfried O. Wolf Managing Editor Radu Carciumaru Editorial Assistants Dominik Frommherz Kai Fabian Fürstenberg Editorial Advisory Board Mohammed Badrul Alam Barnita Bagchi Dan Banik Harihar Bhattacharyya Mike Enskat Alexander Fischer Karsten Frey Partha S.
  • In Pursuit of Happiness, Bhutan Opens to Globalization and Business

    In Pursuit of Happiness, Bhutan Opens to Globalization and Business

    In Pursuit of Happiness, Bhutan Opens to Globalization and Business Kimberly A. Freeman, Ph.D. Mercer University Katherine C. Jackson Mercer University ABSTRACT The Kingdom of Bhutan, a small country situated on the border between China and India, has in recent years become a constitutional democratic monarchy. As part of its 2008 constitution, Bhutan committed to promote conditions that would enable the pursuit of Gross National Happiness. The country thus initiated an effort to improve the quality of life and happiness for its citizens and has embraced globalization far more than previously through attracting business, tourism, and communications. The author’s herein address some of the initiatives provide the context within which these efforts have arisen. Keywords: Bhutan; Gross National Happiness (GNH); Globalization; Constitutional democratic monarchy 1. Introduction In 2006, the 4th King of Bhutan, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, decided he wanted to open Bhutan up to the world and usher in modernization. Forty years ago, in 1972, Bhutan’s fourth king stated that “Bhutan should pursue Gross National Happiness (GNH) rather than Gross National Product (GNP)…with an emphasis not only on economic growth, but also on culture, mental health, social values, compassion, and community” (Sachs, 2011, p. 2) He chose to abdicate the throne to his eldest son and announced Bhutan would hold its first general elections in 2008. His son, King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck, took the throne of the new democratic Bhutan on December 14, 2006. Jigme Yoser Thinley was elected prime minister in the election, and Bhutan’s constitution was ratified on July 18, 2008. The concept of GNH has a very long history in Bhutan.
  • Oral Construction of Exile Life and Times of Kunkhyen Longchen Rabjam in Bumthang*

    Oral Construction of Exile Life and Times of Kunkhyen Longchen Rabjam in Bumthang*

    Oral Construction of Exile Life and Times of Kunkhyen Longchen Rabjam in Bumthang* Dorji Penjore" Background Common people who have been often left out of monastic and modern education systems have their own rich literary traditions which serve similar socio-cultural, education and entertainment functions. Bhutanese oral literary genres like srung (folktale), glu gzhas (folksong), gab tshig (riddle), dpe gtam (proverb, saying, maxim, and adage), dgod bra (joke), gtam rgyud (legend, fable, tale), bio ze (ballad) are some ofthe rich oral traditions. Modern education was introduced only in the late 1950s, and before that the monastic education system, which provided Buddhist education, was accessible only to a few privileged families. Women were excluded, with exception of a few nuns. But folk composition, narration, acquisition, memorization, and the daily use of indigenous knowledge through oral mediums have been a continuous process. It is the today's equivalent of universal education. Children who could not avail either monastic or modern education for various reasons have always resorted to the traditional education system. This paper attempts to construct the exile life and times of Kunkhyen Longchen Rabjam in Bhutan through use our rich oral tradition (kha rgyun rtsom rig) and what people on the This paper, presented in the Fifth Colloquium on Tangible and Intangible Culture, National Museum of Bhutan, February 2005, is based on oral information provided by 73-year-old Meme Ngonjungla alias Sonam Tshering of Samling village. It was recorded from 5-7 November 2004 in Tharpaling and Samling. There may be different oral versions. Where available, I have referred some written sources to crosscheck oral sources.
  • The Kingdom of Bhutan

    The Kingdom of Bhutan

    Updated March 23, 2020 The Kingdom of Bhutan Background were best served by elected leaders. The first election went The Kingdom of Bhutan, also known as the Land of the smoothly in 2008, and the second, in 2013, brought a Thunder Dragon, is a small, landlocked Himalayan country situated between India and China. The mountainous Figure 1.Bhutan in Brief kingdom is about half the size of Indiana, with an estimated population of 782,000, approximately 115,000 of them in and around the capital city, Thimphu. Bhutan’s economy has grown primarily as a result of hydropower, agriculture, and forestry development. The United States has no significant trade relations with Bhutan, and its foreign aid mission and bilateral consular affairs are handled by the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi, India. Deputy Secretary of State John Sullivan visited Bhutan in August, 2019. Bhutan has participated in a U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) regional program for South Asia directed at developing power infrastructure, and it has implemented programs intended to help mitigate some of the effects of climate change. With 70% forest cover and extensive hydropower, Bhutan is a carbon negative country. The Constitution, Elections, and the King The constitution of Bhutan establishes three branches of Source: CIA World Factbook, Economist Intelligence Unit, Media government: legislative, executive, and judicial. The bicameral legislature, or Chi Tshog, includes the National Assembly (Tshogdu), with 47 elected representatives, and peaceful transition of power in which the opposition the National Council (Gyelyong Tshongde), with 25 People’s Democratic Party won 32 of the 42 elected members, 5 of which are selected by the king.
  • Flood History and River Flow Variability Recorded in Tree Rings on the Dhur River, Bhutan

    Flood History and River Flow Variability Recorded in Tree Rings on the Dhur River, Bhutan

    Accepted Manuscript Title: Flood History and River Flow Variability Recorded in Tree Rings on the Dhur River, Bhutan Authors: James H. Speer, Santosh K. Shah, Charles Truettner, Arturo Pacheco, Matthew F. Bekker, Dorji Dukpa, Edward R. Cook, Karma Tenzin PII: S1125-7865(19)30021-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2019.125605 Article Number: 125605 Reference: DENDRO 125605 To appear in: Received date: 21 January 2019 Revised date: 10 June 2019 Accepted date: 13 June 2019 Please cite this article as: Speer JH, Shah SK, Truettner C, Pacheco A, Bekker MF, Dukpa D, Cook ER, Tenzin K, Flood History and River Flow Variability Recorded in Tree Rings on the Dhur River, Bhutan, Dendrochronologia (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2019.125605 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Flood History and River Flow Variability Recorded in Tree Rings on the Dhur River, Bhutan James H. Speera*, Santosh K. Shahb, Charles Truettnerc, Arturo Pachecod, Matthew F. Bekkere, Dorji Dukpaf, Edward R. Cookg, and Karma Tenzinh In Preparation for Dendrochronologia as part of the special issue from the WorldDendro 2018 aDepartment of Earth and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana, 47809 USA bBirbal Sahni Institute of Palaeo Sciences, 53-University Road, Lucknow, India cDendroLab, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, USA dUniversitá degli Studi di Padova, Dip.
  • The 1St Marine Division and Its Regiments

    The 1St Marine Division and Its Regiments

    thHHarine division and its regiments HISTORY AND MUSEUMS DIVISION HEADQUARTERS, U.S. MARINE CORPS WASHINGTON, D.C. A Huey helicopter rapidly dispatches combat-ready members of Co C, 1st Bn, 1st Mar, in the tall-grass National Forest area southwest of Quang Tri in Viet- nam in October 1967. The 1st Marine Division and Its Regiments D.TSCTGB MARINE CORPS RESEARCH CENTER ATTN COLLECTION MANAGEMENT (C40RCL) MCCDC 2040 BROADWAY ST QUANTICOVA 22134-5107 HISTORY AND MUSEUMS DIVISION HEADQUARTERS, U.S. MARINE CORPS WASHINGTON, D.C. November 1981 Table of Contents The 1st Marine Division 1 The Leaders of the Division on Guadalcanal 6 1st Division Commanding Generals 7 1st Marine Division Lineage 9 1st Marine Division Honors 11 The 1st Division Patch 12 The 1st Marines 13 Commanding Officers, 1st Marines 15 1st Marines Lineage 18 1st Marines Honors 20 The 5th Marines 21 Commanding Officers, 5th Marines 23 5th Marines Lineage 26 5th Marines Honors 28 The 7th Marines 29 Commanding Officers, 7th Marines 31 7th Marines Lineage 33 7th Marines Honors 35 The 1 1th Marines 37 Commanding Officers, 11th Marines 39 1 1th Marines Lineage 41 1 1th Marines Honors 43 iii The 1st Marine Division The iST Marine Division is the direct descendant of the Marine Corps history and its eventual composition includ- Advance Base Brigade which was activated at Philadelphia ed the 1st, 5th, and 7th Marines, all infantry regiments, on 23 December 1913. During its early years the brigade and the 11th Marines artillery regiment. Following the was deployed to troubled areas in the Caribbean.
  • Pdf Banco Mundial

    Pdf Banco Mundial

    Estudios de Asia y África ISSN: 0185-0164 ISSN: 2448-654X El Colegio de México A.C. Rodríguez-Calles, Luis Breve historia de Bután. Una identidad y un horizonte común en torno a la felicidad como objetivo político Estudios de Asia y África, vol. 54, núm. 2, Mayo-Agosto, 2019, pp. 373-390 El Colegio de México A.C. DOI: 10.24201/eaa.v54i2.2434 Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=58660239007 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Redalyc Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto ESTUDIOS DE ASIA Y ÁFRICA, VOL. 54, NÚM. 2 (169), 2019, PP. 373-390 ISSN 0185-0164 e-ISSN 2448-654X CULTURA Y SOCIEDAD https://dx.doi.org/10.24201/eaa.v54i2.2434 Breve historia de Bután. Una identidad y un horizonte común en torno a la felicidad como objetivo político A brief history of Bhutan. An identity and a common horizon around happiness as a political objective LUIS RODRÍGUEZ-CALLES* Resumen: Se hace un repaso histórico de los acontecimientos más re- levantes ocurridos en el territorio que ahora pertenece a Bután, en el periodo que llega a la instauración de una monarquía hereditaria a principios de siglo XX. En un cuadro se resumen esos acontecimien- tos. Así se pretende dar luz al periodo histórico más desconocido del país con objeto de complementar otros análisis académicos sobre la felicidad, el budismo y las particularidades del modelo de desarrollo en Bután.
  • Ngoedrup-Tse Dzong: Chhukha

    Ngoedrup-Tse Dzong: Chhukha

    ༆ དཔལ་辡ན་འབྲུག་ག筴ང་། རྫོང་ཁག་བདག་སྐྱོང་། ད፼ས་གྲུབ་རྩེ་རྫོང་། ᭴་ཁ། ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN DZONGKHAG ADMINISTRATION Ngoedrup-Tse Dzong: Chhukha The Ngoedrup-Tse Bi-Annual Newsletter Volume I Issue I Inside Story > Ngoedrup-Tse “Ngoedrup-Tse” literally meaning the pinnacle of blessing, Ngoedrup-Tse >Page 1 Birth Day Celebration of His Majesty is the name given to the newest Chhukha Dzong during the Druk Gyalpo >Page 2 the consecration ceremony by His Holiness Trulku Jigme Chhukha People Elect their NC Choda, the 70th Je Khenpo of Bhutan. Magnificently and Member > Page2 Bayulkunza Gets Suspension Bridge >Page 2 architecturally built Dzong, the first of it kind in the country, Waste Management Program. >Page 3 was graciously unveiled the inauguration plaque by Her Lone Tsimalakha`s Barber. >Page3 Community Artificial Insemination Majesty the Gyaltsuen Jetsun Pema Wangchuck on March Training. >Page 4 9,2012. Farmers Cooperatives Study Tour >Page 4 An Organic Agriculture Project for Sustainable Livelihood >Page 4 White Button Mushroom Cultivation – An Initiation in Chhukha >Page 5 Pineapple Marketing–Pride of Shakhu Village >Page 5 Internet Connectivity in BHUs and Schools. >Page 5 Observation of Social Forestry Day >Page 6 Nipah Virus Screening Programme . >Page 6 Zepa- Chu -Nye Throngdrel at Dokhachu Goenpa >Page 6 Poultry Farming at Logchina Lower Secondary School. >Page 7 Wangdigatshel Primary School- the first in Bhtuan receive Earthquake resilient desk >Page 7 Popularly known for its Darla and Chhukha Hydro Power The Potluck Pogramme in Ngoedrup- Projects, the Dzongkhag is also the main entry point of Tse’s Campus >Page 8 Priority Sector Lending Programme all imports and commercial hub of the country.
  • Recent Bhutanese Scholarship in History and Anthropology

    Recent Bhutanese Scholarship in History and Anthropology

    Recent Bhutanese Scholarship in History and Anthropology Francoise Pommaret∗ This paper would like to present the recent scholarship on Bhutan by the Bhutanese themselves and to show that the studies of these scholars are the offsprings of a long tradition of Bhutanese scholarship but that they also demonstrate new trends, which are in tune with the socio-cultural changes in the country. My topic today is Bhutanese scholarship1 in what are generally called "the Human Sciences", that is history and anthropology, but will not deal with sociology, political studies, development studies or religious studies, fields in themselves. In brief reference to this last discipline, suffice it to mention here Khenpo Phuntsho Tashi, assistant director of the National Museum, Karma Wangchuk, who works at the National Library in Thimphu, and Karma Phuntsho in Oxford and Dorji Wangchuk in Hamburg, both doing their Ph. Ds. Largely bibliographical, this paper will also fully indicate the recent Bhutanese publications to interested researchers. The mentions of publications, which are often too unknown outside Bhutan because of problems of distribution, therefore aim at broadening the scientific knowledge of Bhutan on specific subjects. While ethno-history and anthropology,2 are still in their infancy in Bhutan - I will come back to that subject a little later - history has always been one of the subjects that has made Bhutanese scholars famous among academics working on the Himalayas and Tibet. Their contribution, not only to the history of Bhutan but to the history of the Himalayan region as well, is very important. Among the many scholars of past centuries, there are a number we can name more particularly: the 4th Je Khenpo, Ngawang Lhungrub3 who wrote the monumental biography of the 4th Desi, Tenzin Rabgye; the ∗ Centre for National Scientific Research, Paris 128 Recent Bhutanese Scholarship in History and Anthropology 13th Je Khenpo, Yonten Thaye, who wrote the biography of the 10th Je Khenpo Tenzin Chogyal and that of the 13th Desi, Sherab Wangchuk.
  • Sir Charles Bell, K.C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.G.S. by the Death of Sir Charles Alfred Bell We Have Lost a Leading Scholar of Current Tibetan

    Sir Charles Bell, K.C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.G.S. by the Death of Sir Charles Alfred Bell We Have Lost a Leading Scholar of Current Tibetan

    OBITUARY NOTICE Sir Charles Bell, K.C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.G.S. By the death of Sir Charles Alfred Bell we have lost a leading scholar of current Tibetan. His Grammar and his Dictionary of Colloquial Tibetan (1905) are standard works, and in his three works, Tibet Past and Present (1924), The People of Tibet (1928), and The Religion of Tibet (1931), he has given the most complete and authentic account of that country, its history, its people, and its religion, both from original Tibetan sources and from his own intimate knowledge of the country. Bell was the son of an Indian civilian. He was educated at Winchester, where he was a scholar, and at New College, Oxford. He entered the Indian Civil Service in Bengal in 1891, and in 1904 was appointed Assistant Political Officer in Sikkim, being promoted its Political Officer in 1908. He conducted a Political Mission to Bhutan in 1910, concluding a Treaty by which its foreign relations were placed under the British Government. He was employed at the Tibet Conference, in India, between Great Britain, China, and Tibet in 1913. He retired from the Indian Civil Service in 1919, but was recalled to conduct a Diplomatic Mission to Lhasa in 192D, remaining there for eleven months. Afterwards he travelled in Tibet, Mongolia, and Siberia. In 1937 he received the Lawrence Memorial Medal of the Royal Central Asian Society. Sir Charles Bell began his study of Tibetan in 1900, when he was Joint Magistrate at Darjeeling, and he compiled his Grammar and Dictionary of Colloquial Tibetan when he was Sub-Divisional Officer of Kalimpong in that District, both under the present writer.