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Genetic Diversity in Pareuchaetes Insulata and Its Implications for Biological Control of Chromolaena Odorata

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Genetic Diversity in Pareuchaetes Insulata and Its Implications for Biological Control of Chromolaena Odorata See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261722670 Genetic diversity in Pareuchaetes insulata and its implications for biological control of Chromolaena odorata Article in BioControl · December 2013 DOI: 10.1007/s10526-013-9558-3 CITATIONS READS 6 104 5 authors, including: Nontembeko Dube Yoseph Assefa Agricultural Research Council, South Africa University of Swaziland 7 PUBLICATIONS 84 CITATIONS 65 PUBLICATIONS 375 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Costas Zachariades Terence Olckers Agricultural Research Council, South Africa University of KwaZulu-Natal 56 PUBLICATIONS 1,083 CITATIONS 85 PUBLICATIONS 1,287 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Biological control of Chromolaena odorata View project Eldana cold tolerance View project All content following this page was uploaded by Terence Olckers on 05 August 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Genetic diversity in Pareuchaetes insulata and its implications for biological control of Chromolaena odorata Nontembeko Dube, Yoseph Assefa, Costas Zachariades, Terence Olckers & Des Conlong BioControl Journal of the International Organization for Biological Control ISSN 1386-6141 Volume 59 Number 2 BioControl (2014) 59:253-262 DOI 10.1007/s10526-013-9558-3 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC). This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy BioControl (2014) 59:253–262 DOI 10.1007/s10526-013-9558-3 Genetic diversity in Pareuchaetes insulata and its implications for biological control of Chromolaena odorata Nontembeko Dube • Yoseph Assefa • Costas Zachariades • Terence Olckers • Des Conlong Received: 12 October 2012 / Accepted: 9 December 2013 / Published online: 20 December 2013 Ó International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) 2013 Abstract Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & H.E. analyses and cross-mating experiments were conducted. Robins. (Asteraceae) threatens several economic and Mitochondrial DNA sequences revealed significant environmental activities in the eastern subtropical genetic similarity between them. Cross-mating trials regions of South Africa and is a target for biological between Floridian and Jamaican populations of P. control. Three populations of Pareuchaetes insulata insulata revealed no significant pre- and post-zygotic (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) originating from isolation, with no demonstrable differences in measured Florida (USA), Cuba and Jamaica were released at 30 parameters between the ‘parental’ populations, the F1 separate sites in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Sub- ‘hybrids’ and the backcrosses. These results suggest that sequent overlapping of two of these populations in the P. insulata populations released in South Africa are part field and the likelihood of interbreeding posed a of the same ‘parental’ population. Genetic incompati- potential risk of establishment failure. To explore bility is, therefore, relatively unlikely to be the cause of the genetic diversity of the different P. insulata any failure in establishment of P. insulata at any of the populations and test for the existence of pre- and post- release sites. zygotic reproductive isolation between them, molecular Keywords Asteraceae Á Backcross Á Fertility Á Fitness Á Lepidoptera: Erebidae Á Mitochondrial Handling Editor: John Scott. DNA Á South Africa N. Dube (&) Á C. Zachariades Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X6006, Hilton 3245, South Africa Introduction e-mail: [email protected] N. Dube Á C. Zachariades Á T. Olckers Á D. Conlong Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & H.E. Robins. School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae), is a perennial pioneering Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa shrub native to the tropical and subtropical Americas. It is one of the worst weeds in the humid tropics and Y. Assefa Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science and subtropics of the Old World and is highly invasive in Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, several parts of Africa, Asia and Oceania (Zachariades Alice 5700, South Africa et al. 2009). A biotype of C. odorata distinct from that invading other areas was first recorded as naturalized D. Conlong South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Private Bag in South Africa in the 1940s (Zachariades et al. 2011), X02, Mount Edgecombe 4300, South Africa and has since spread rapidly in the eastern subtropical 123 Author's personal copy 254 N. Dube et al. regions of South Africa, where it is considered one of due to ‘hybrid’ infertility and diminished fitness, in the the worst invasive alien plants (Goodall and Erasmus event that the two populations had significant genetic 1996). differentiation. In an attempt to biologically control C. odorata, Where species constitute geographically separated releases of three populations of Pareuchaetes insulata populations, as occurs with P. insulata, there is a high (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) collected from Florida possibility that genetic differences have evolved (USA), Cuba and Jamaica were conducted at 30 sites in between these populations (e.g. Assefa et al. 2006a). KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province between 2001 and 2009 Indeed, several hundred studies have reported the (Zachariades et al. 2011). The congeneric Pareuchaetes findings of gene 9 environment interactions in a variety pseudoinsulata Rego Barros, used previously as a of organisms (e.g. Futuyma and Peterson 1985). Genetic biological control agent on C. odorata in several regions variation in geographically isolated populations has in the paleotropics (Zachariades et al. 2009), failed to frequently been reported to cause the development of establish in South Africa, possibly due to poor climatic biotypes in both pests and natural enemies (e.g. Avise matching (Zachariades et al. 2011). A population of P. 2000;Assefaetal.2006a;Sezonlinetal.2006). Testing insulata from Florida was subsequently used in South for genetic divergence and/or pre- and post-mating Africa because of the closer climate match between the isolation in weed biological control agents from differ- two regions (Kluge and Caldwell 1993a). However, after ent provenances is either not practiced or practiced releases of about 781,000 insects at 17 sites around KZN infrequently, but see Mound et al. (2010). However, over a two-year period (Zachariades et al. 2011), initial given the high degree of specificity displayed by some monitoring indicated poor or no establishment. Having weed biocontrol agents to their host plants, and the eliminated all reasonable causes, apart from poor agent/ potential for disruption of this specificity through host-plant biotype matching—the C. odorata biotype interbreeding of different biotypes of an agent (Hoff- invading southern Africa differs morphologically from mann et al. 2002), it was considered important to take the C. odorata in Florida—two further P. insulata this possibility into consideration in the P. insulata cultures were imported, one each from Jamaica and release programme. Cuba, from where the southern African C. odorata The past two decades have witnessed an increasing biotype originates (Paterson and Zachariades 2013). interest in the process by which barriers to gene flow Insects from the Jamaican population were released at evolve between populations as a result of geographical seven sites in KZN between 2003 and 2008, and those and ecological divergent selections (Avise 2000). from the Cuban population at five sites between 2003 and Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has become the most 2006, but these either disappeared or persisted only at low commonly employed marker and has proven powerful numbers (Zachariades et al. 2011). In late 2004, the site at for genealogical and evolutionary studies of animal which the largest number (335,000) of Floridian P. populations and for determining genetic relationships insulata were released, on the KZN coast near the town of among populations (Sperling et al. 1999; Avise 2000; Umkomaas (Cannonbrae plantation, 30°13.2360S, Scheffer 2000; Simmons and Scheffer 2004). Due to 30°46.3920E), was found to have indeed supported maternal inheritance and a relatively faster rate of establishment. During the summer of 2005–2006, a evolution, mtDNA has been used to provide insights population outbreak occurred, causing extensive defoli- into population genetic structure, gene flow, biogeog- ation of C. odorata close to the release site (Zachariades raphy and intraspecific relationships (Sperling et al. et al. 2011). By 2009, eight years after the first release, the 1999; Simmons and Scheffer 2004). Such data are also Floridian population of P. insulata had spread for more capable of revealing cryptic lineages representing than
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