Novas Coisas Da China – «Mudo, Logo Existo» Autor: António Caeiro Capa: Joana Tordo

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Novas Coisas Da China – «Mudo, Logo Existo» Autor: António Caeiro Capa: Joana Tordo Ficha Técnica Título: Novas Coisas da China – «Mudo, logo existo» Autor: António Caeiro Capa: Joana Tordo Os dois caracteres chineses da capa – Ju e Bian – significam «mudanças enormes» Revisão: Rita Bento ISBN: 9789722052320 Publicações Dom Quixote uma editora do grupo Leya Rua Cidade de Córdova, n.º 2 2610-038 Alfragide – Portugal Tel. (+351) 21 427 22 00 Fax. (+351) 21 427 22 01 © 2013, António Caeiro e Publicações Dom Quixote Todos os direitos reservados de acordo com a legislação em vigor www.dquixote.leya.com www.leya.pt Sumário «Só na China!» Um condomínio em Pequim O «espaço mais livre da China» A emergência da classe média O Ano do Dragão Ren tai duo! O «Partido Imperador» O XVIII Congresso A mudança «Um casal, um filho» e muitos problemas A difícil «harmonia étnica» A «Revolução sexual» e a «Deusa da Virgindade» O «belo país» O «Reino das Bicicletas» começou a acelerar O império da poupança A «Utopia» Pequim, Nova Iorque As novas aventuras de Confúcio O novo «number one» Xangai, Wall Street Arranha-céus e jardins A «bofetada» do Comité Nobel norueguês Dominar o mundo?! O poeta milionário A tradição acabou mesmo? Obrigado, Bob Dylan Um casal, um cão «Pei Suo A» A hora do português Macau – «um país, dois sistemas» Os novos-ricos da Ásia África, a nova fronteira Os protestos populares Um egoísmo novo e traumas antigos O «Príncipe Vermelho» e a «Jackie Kennedy da China» Um «doente» chamado futebol Alta velocidade, grande corrupção «Camponeses Da Vinci» e urbanização a todo o vapor 35 de maio de 1989 «Reeducação através do trabalho» nunca mais! O enigma chinês O Estádio dos Trabalhadores Poluição e democracia «Honrar a frugalidade, repudiar a extravagância» Eleições no Grande Palácio do Povo No dia 16 de junho de 2012 – o ano em que o Partido Comunista Chinês escolheu a liderança do país até 2022 – a China enviou para o espaço a sua primeira astronauta. Antiga piloto da Força Aérea, a major Liu Yang integrou a tripulação da primeira nave chinesa a acoplar com o protótipo de uma estação espacial, demonstrando o domínio de uma tecnologia que só os Estados Unidos e a Rússia possuíam. A proeza foi transmitida em direto pela televisão, com um fervor patriótico que fez lembrar a cobertura dos Jogos Olímpicos de Pequim, em 2008. «Um dia de glória», proclamou um jornal. «Quando nos dedicamos a uma coisa e trabalhamos arduamente, podemos resolver os problemas mais complexos», escreveu o diretor do diário nacionalista Global Times. Liu Yang e os outros dois protagonistas da missão, Jing Haipeng e Liu Wang, são membros do Partido Comunista, assinalou a agência noticiosa oficial. Duas semanas antes, numa vila da província de Shaanxi, uma mulher grávida de sete meses, Feng Jianmei, foi conduzida à força a um hospital onde lhe deram uma injeção letal. Feng Jianmei já tinha um filho, uma rapariga de cinco anos, e pela política de controlo da natalidade em vigor não poderia ter mais nenhum. Ou melhor: podia, se pagasse uma multa de 40 000 yuans (cerca de 5000 euros). Imagens de Feng Jianmei deitada com o bebé morto ao lado, captadas pelo telemóvel de um familiar, incendiaram a internet. «Isto é o que eles dizem que os demónios japoneses e os nazis fizeram, mas isto está acontecer e não é, de modo nenhum, caso único», escreveu um bloguer. A Comissão Provincial de Planeamento Familiar acabou por ordenar um inquérito e, num gesto ainda mais raro, no dia 14 de junho – dois dias antes de Liu Yang se estrear no espaço – o governo local pediu desculpa a Feng Jianmei e ao marido. Três funcionários envolvidos no caso foram suspensos. O que eles fizeram «violou seriamente as regras nacionais e provinciais e manchou a imagem do Planeamento Familiar», disse a comissão. * Nas últimas três décadas, a economia chinesa cresceu em média 10% ao ano. Cerca de 500 milhões de pessoas saíram da pobreza. A maioria da população já vive nas cidades. Milhões de famílias estão a comprar a primeira casa e o primeiro automóvel. Atraídas pelo preço e abundância da mão-de-obra, milhares de empresas europeias e americanas transferiram a produção para a China, fazendo do país «a fábrica do mundo». Dos smartphones à simples chave de parafusos, grande parte dos produtos que utilizamos diariamente – os originais, as cópias e as imitações – são «made in China». (No verão de 2012, o uniforme dos atletas norte-americanos que competiram nos Jogos Olímpicos de Londres, desenhado por Ralph Lauren, também foi confecionado na China). «Se a versão mais barata do iPhone 5 fosse feita nos Estados Unidos, em vez de 199 dólares, custaria 499», argumentam os adeptos da globalização.1 Os operários chineses já ganham muito mais do que os vietnamitas ou os indonésios, mas para muitas multinacionais a qualidade das indústrias e das infraestruturas da China mantém o país «competitivo». Apesar da crise na Europa e nos Estados Unidos – os dois maiores mercados da China e a sua principal fonte de importação tecnológica – a economia chinesa continuou a crescer acima dos 7,5% ao ano. Mais cedo do que se esperava, a China tornou-se a segunda economia mundial, ultrapassando a Alemanha e o Japão, e já é a primeira quanto ao consumo de energia. Em 2012, as suas reservas cambiais aumentaram em média 360 milhões de dólares por dia. No fim do ano somavam 3,31 biliões de dólares. Outrora pobre e isolada, a China é hoje o primeiro parceiro comercial de países geograficamente tão distantes como o Brasil, a África do Sul e a Austrália. Cerca de 260 000 chineses trabalhavam em Angola: eram a maior comunidade estrangeira do país. A China está cada vez mais integrada na economia global, mas, em muitos aspetos, o país ainda parece um mundo à parte, evoluindo a um ritmo diferente dos outros. Os contrastes são enormes, as contradições parecem impossíveis de harmonizar. «Só na China!» Da janela do meu quarto, na zona oriental de Pequim, vê-se o Estádio dos Trabalhadores, construído na década de 1950, e um degradado quarteirão de casas de tijolo cinzento. Restos de plástico e de cartão reforçam os telhados, dezenas de famílias usam a mesma casa de banho. Vê-se parte do passado proletário de Pequim e, ao fundo, uma torre de 74 andares, inaugurada no verão de 2010. Via-se também a nova sede da Televisão Central da China, desenhada pelo arquiteto holandês Rem Koolhaas, mas um alto bloco de apartamentos tapou essa vista. Dia e noite, domingos e feriados, incluindo o 1.º de Maio, a construção não para. A construção e as demolições. «Às vezes nem se percebe se estão a construir ou a destruir», diz uma residente europeia. Por toda a parte, há uma obra em construção ou em reconstrução. Ou as duas coisas ao mesmo tempo. O antigo e o novo confundem-se. Áreas «históricas» são reconstruídas de raiz, «novos edifícios antigos» substituem os velhos. Em vez de preservar, destrói-se e a seguir faz-se igual. «Tudo o que é antigo é outra vez novo», disse um jornal acerca da réplica de Yongdingmen, uma das antigas portas de Pequim demolidas na década de 1950 para construir a 2.ª Circular e restaurada meio século depois.2 Erguida junto a várias vias rápidas, a nova Yongdingmen parece totalmente deslocada, mas ocupa o mesmo lugar onde há quatro séculos terminava – ou começava – o eixo que atravessa a cidade de norte a sul e cujo centro é, ainda hoje, a mítica Porta da Paz Celestial (Tiananmen). Como a revolução nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, a modernização «avança a todo o vapor». O objetivo é transformar Pequim numa «moderna metrópole internacional» até 2020 e depois numa «World City» (cidade mundial), «como Nova Iorque, Londres e Tóquio». Entretanto, a enorme torre que se vê do meu quarto deixará de ser o edifício mais alto. Na mesma zona, chamada «Ci Bi Di» – Central Business District, em inglês –, está a ser construído um arranha-céus com 122 andares e 500 metros de altura. Debaixo do chão o ritmo é idêntico. Em cerca de dez anos, a rede do metropolitano passou de 42 para 442 quilómetros, tornando-se a mais extensa do mundo. Num dia, 30 de dezembro de 2010, abriram cinco novas linhas e, dois anos depois, mais quatro. O metro avançava em média três quilómetros por mês. Em 2015 chegará aos 560 quilómetros – mais 150 do que o de Londres ou o de Nova Iorque. No cinema, na aviação, na internet, nas artes plásticas, na indústria ou na banca, todos os dias há relatos de recordes. «O maior», «o mais rápido», «o mais concorrido», «o mais caro» … A imprensa é uma overdose de superlativos. Yao Defen, «a mulher mais alta do mundo», com 2,36 metros, também era chinesa. «O que levou 200 anos a urbanizar na Europa, leva 20 anos aqui na China», constatou Norman Foster, o arquiteto do terminal 3 do Aeroporto Internacional de Pequim, aberto na primavera de 2008. (Era «o maior do mundo», claro, com 986 000 metros quadrados, mas no Dubai já fizeram um maior). «Nada tão rápido ou em tão larga escala foi feito em qualquer outro país», diz o guia da Lonely Planet sobre Pequim. «Só uma ditadura com os recursos humanos e industriais da China conseguiria isto.» A linha férrea de alta velocidade Pequim-Xangai, com 1318 quilómetros, foi construída em três anos. O orçamento (cerca de 24 500 milhões de euros) e a mão-de-obra (113 000 trabalhadores) são outros recordes, difíceis de igualar. Durante um ano e meio, até dezembro de 2012, foi a mais longa do mundo.
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