In Agada Tantra – a Review

Int J Ayu Pharm Chem REVIEW ARTICLE www.ijapc.com e-ISSN 2350-0204

Vasti Karma (Enema Therapy) in Agada Tantra – A Review

Perera K M S P1*, Chaitra H2 and Sharad Kumar M3

1,2Department of Agada Tantra , SDM college of Ayurveda , Hassan , Karnataka , India

3Department of Samhita Siddhartha, SDM college of Ayurveda, Hassan, Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT Agada tantra uses shodhana karma in management of all poisons. Shodhanakarma includes all panchakarma but in agada tantra usage of vasti karma is restricted or limited. Objective of this research work is to find out the causes for the restriction of vasti karma in management of poisoning in samhitas. Thorough review of literature was done on vastikarma, mode of action, relation with marma, indication, side effects, contraindication etc. All agada tantra references in vuddhatrayas were reviewed for any indication of vasti related to agada tantra. Possible mode of action was discussed in this article with the correlation of modern medical views and possible interaction of poisonous substances with vasti medicines are discussed in this article. Relation of marma and vasti is and effects of poison with vasti to marma especially sadyapranahara marma is elaborated in the discussion. Contraindications of anuvasana vasti and niruha vasti according to vuddhatrayas are analysed to probe the relation with poisonous substances. It was found that most of contraindicated symptoms are elicited in poisoning cases. After thorough review of literature in agada tantra sections of Charaka, Susruta and Ashtanga Hridayasamhitas, only one indication of vasti was found in relation to agada tantra. Which is indicated by vagbhata acharya in 36th chapter of uttara stana. With the analysis of all reference it is concluded that vasti is not indicated in agada tantra by acharyas with the knowledge of adverse reactions and interactions with poisons.

KEYWORDS Vasti Karma, Basti, Agada Tantra, Enema Therapy

Greentree Group Publishers Received 13/06/19 Accepted 05/07/19 Published 10/07/19 ______

Perera et al. 2019 Greentree Group Publishers © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2019 Vol. 11 Issue 1 www.ijapc.com 445 [e ISSN 2350-0204]

INTRODUCTION term vasti denotes niruha and anuvasana Agada tantra is the science which deals ,both as it do elimination of purisha and with jangama visha stavara visha and dosha. krithima or garavisha. 1. In treatment Importance of vasti modalities used in agada tantra include Relation of vasti and vata most of shodana therapies as well as Vata is said to be lord of Ayurveda because shamana therapies. Vastikarma (both it not only causes diseases but it is also the anuvasana and niruha) is indicated rarely one which destines the fate of pitta and Comparing with the other panchakarma kapha doshas. It has supreme powers to chikitsa indicated in agada tantra. Charaka assimilate things on the one hand and at the acharya has described twenty four same time disintegrate them too. treatment modalities in management of Considering dhatus, malas, poshana poison. In those chathurvinshathi karmas all are at the mercy of vata. As vata upakrama all other panchakarmas are is responsible in the various disease included apart from vasti karmas 2. Vasti pathogenesis (samprapti), we need to karma is designated as ardhachikitsa. Even pacify it. In classics there is no remedy though it is an important chikitsa, it is not other than vasti for pacification of diseases 4 indicated widely in agada tantra. Objective caused by aggravated vata . of this study is to find out the possible Marmas and vasti factors for the restriction or limitation of Marmas are chetanani bandha vaishyayath use of vasti in agada tantra. (seats of chetana in our body). The vital Vasti is the karma in which the medicine points are situated in skandha (middle prepared is administered through rectal body) and are more importance to us than canal. It has the action up to the shakas (extremities) due to two reasons nabhipradesha, kati, parshva and kukshi. 1. Middle body marmas provide nutrition (They are the anatomical landmarks on the to the extremity marmas. abdomen denoting intestines). Vasti churns 2. The marmas located in middle part of 5 the accumulated dosha and purisha (morbid body are sadyapranahara . humours and fecal matter). It spreads the Thus one should always protect marmas unctuousness (potency of drug) all over the from abhighata and vatadi doshas. Marmas body and easily comes out along with the need to be protected from aggravated by churned purisha and dosha (impurity)3. The means of doshic vitiation , injuries , mental anxiety, over exercise, etc. It is widely ______

Perera et al. 2019 Greentree Group Publishers © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2019 Vol. 11 Issue 1 www.ijapc.com 446 [e ISSN 2350-0204]

established that for vata, there is no other cleans out the toxins and accumulated treatment than vasti. Therefore, it is waste along the lining of its walls. Removal believed that vasti therapy alone can of waste improves colon function, digestion safeguard the vital points of our body 6. and nutrient absorption function. High Vasti and its relation to dhatus and doshas colonic irrigation kills harmful bacteria, Susruta has a different classification of parasites, yeast infections, and virus9. giving snehavastis for respective dathus . Indication of vasti karma in agada tantra The first vasti produces snigdhata In charaka Samhita (unctuousness) in vasti (urinary bladder) In Charaka samhita 23rd chapter of chikitsa and in vankshna pradesha. The second one stana is dedicated for agada tantra or visha wins over the shiroghata vata. Third vasti chikitsa. In this chapter twenty four gives varna (colour) and bala (strength) to therapeutic measures are given in order to the body. Fourth produces snigdatha in cure the patients afflicted with poison, vasti rasa dhatu; fifth to rakta (blood). Sixth to karma is not indicated among these 24 mamsa (muscle tissue). Seventh bestows therapeutic measures. Throughout the nourishment to medas (fat); eight to asthi whole chapter vasti is not indicated (bone tissue) and ninth to majja (bone anywhere. marrow) 7. In Ashtanga Hrdaya samhita Side effects of vasti Four chapters 35th, 36th, 37th & 38th of If niruhavasti is not administered properly, uttara stana are dedicated for agada tantra. it turns toxic8. In sarpa visha pratisheda adyaya while Modern view of vasti describing the treatment for pitta kopa after Doctors consider colon as the third lung elimination of visha vagbhata acharya because it has the ability to absorb 70% of indicate sneha vasti10. Usual indication of the oxygen. It strengthens the immune vasti is for mitigating vata, but here it is system to combat allergies. Prevents colon indicated for pitta rather than vata dosha. cancers, IBS and colitis and improve In the same reference for mitigating vata mineral absorption. Vasti is having dosha he stated “snehadibhir upachareth” cholesterol lowering effect with lowering which means vata mitigating therapies hypertension. Reduces inflammation and including vasti karma. Major vata prevents infections via harmful bacterial mitigation therapy is considered as vasti by growth. It is a detoxifying technique. It all acharyas therefore we can consider this irrigates the large intestine with water and reference as a indication of vasti. No other ______

Perera et al. 2019 Greentree Group Publishers © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2019 Vol. 11 Issue 1 www.ijapc.com 447 [e ISSN 2350-0204]

indication of vasti found in Ashtanga Vasti karma is have strong relation with hridya samhita related to agada tantra 10. marma (vital points).It stimulate vital In Susrutasamhita points. Administration of vasti in poisoning Entire Kalpastana of susrutasamhita with can stimulate the vital points, which eight chapters dedicated for agada tantra. increases the action of poisoning in vital In first chapter of Kalpastana“anna points specially situated in middle part of panarakshakalpa”while describing general the body which are sadyapranahara in treatments, he indicated all panchakarma nature. Augmented action of poison in except vasti karma. In all 8 chapters of these vital points can cause sudden death. kalpastana no any single indication of vasti Oil or thila thaila is a main ingredient in except in fifth chapter of kalpastana anuvasana vasti as well as in niruha (sarpadashta visha chikitsa kalpa). Same as vasti.Thaila is a main contraindication for in ashtanga hridaya , anuvasana and visha. Use of vasti can cause more niruha was indicated in conditions of poisonous effects due to thaila. aggravation of pitta dosha. Kashyapa Acharya in chikitsastana while describing the side effects of niruhavasti he DISCUSSION clearly stated that improper administration Major characteristic action of vasti is rapid of niruha vasti can be act as a toxic spreading over the body . In cases of substance. It may be a another cause for poisoning this is a disadvantage, because it limited use of vasti in poisoning. might spread poison over the body quickly Vamana or chardi (vomiting) is stated as a causing high morbidity and mortality. This contraindication for vasti by all three may be a one cause for not indicating vasti acharyas. On the other hand vomiting is a in agada tantra. one major symptom in poisoning specially Vasti is the main treatment for vata dosha vegetative poisoning. This may be one predominance. By vasti it mitigates the reason to prohibit vasti in poison cases. action of vata dosha specially apana vata. Nishtivana is also common symptom in In cases of acute poisoning treatment is poisoning. Charaka and Vagbhata both aimed at elimination of poison by excessive consider nishtivana as a contraindication action of vata. In this context vasti is a for vasti. Furthermore they stated that disadvantage for excessive elimination. complication of abdominal distention which can leads to death can be happen if vasti is given in condition of nishtivana. ______

Perera et al. 2019 Greentree Group Publishers © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2019 Vol. 11 Issue 1 www.ijapc.com 448 [e ISSN 2350-0204]

Charaka acharya contraindicated vasti in effects. These symptoms are considered as condition of bhita (fearful) .Fearfullness is contraindication for vasti. common in Almost all the cases of Kanthasosha (dry throat) is a common poisoning, therefore it also proves that vasti symptom of ingested poison, which is cannot be used in poisoning cases. contraindicated in vasti by Charaka Matta (intoxicated),murchita (unconscious) acharya. Shopa payu ( oedema in anus) are considered as contraindication for vasti may be present in cases when route of by both acharyas charaka and susruta. administration of poison is rectal . In that Samgnanasa and hrdyopagata are the condition also vasti is contraindicated by complications of vasti if it is used in Vagbhata acharya. foresaid contraindications. These two Considering the contraindications of symptoms are also considered as cardinal anuvasana vasti of Charaka and Vagbhata symptoms of poisoning. Therefore the acharyas It is clearly mentioned vishapita condition of the patient may be worsen by (poisoned) and Garapita (toxicosis) as using of vasti karma. contraindications. If vasti is given for patients with Summarising the contraindications of both svasapraskta (dyspnoea) ,hikkaprasakta niruha and anuvasana vasti it is understood (hiccup) death by distension may occur that most of contraindications are directly according to all acharyas. These symptoms related to poisoning conditions therefore all are very common with inhaled poison. acharyas very rarely indicated vasti in Dakodara (ascitis type) is a main agada tantra . On the other hand when we complication of most type of poisoning. consider the types of poisoning, ingested, charaka and vagbhata acharyas inhaled, contact, injected etc. most of contraindicate dakodara for vasti. If vasti is symptoms caused by all types of poisoning given to such patients death may occur by are contraindicated for niruha and distension. Charaka acharya stated bhrama anuvasana vasti 11-15. (giddiness) as a contraindication for vasti which is a main symptom of poisoning CONCLUSION cases. Anuvasana vasti is directly contraindicated Unamada (insanity) and shokagrasta in visha pita and gara pita (toxicosis). (sorrowful) are very common with Most of clinical conditions contraindicated poisoning conditions with psychological in vasti are related to poisoning. Therefore

______

Perera et al. 2019 Greentree Group Publishers © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2019 Vol. 11 Issue 1 www.ijapc.com 449 [e ISSN 2350-0204]

restriction of vasti in agada tantra by acharya was based on scientific basis of interaction of poison with vasti and considering the adverse effects of vasti. Non-indication of vasti in agada tantra can be considered as safety precaution to prevent complications.

______

Perera et al. 2019 Greentree Group Publishers © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2019 Vol. 11 Issue 1 www.ijapc.com 450 [e ISSN 2350-0204]

REFERENCES 7. Susruta ,Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji 1. Susruta ,Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya,Reprint 2008. Susruta Acharya,Reprint 2008. Susruta samhita,Chikitsa stana; samhita,kalpa stana; stavaravishavigneyam netrabastipramanapravibhaga chikitsitam adyaya: 2,3.Varanasi:Chaukhamba adyaya: 37,71-73.Varanasi:Chaukhamba Surbharati prakashan ,2008;564 Surbharati prakashan ,2008;535 2. Agnivesha, vaidya Jadavaji Trikamji 8. vrddha jeevaka, Pandith hemaraja Acharya,Reprint 2018. Charaka samhita Sharma , Sri Satyapala Bishagacharya, ,Chikitsa stana;vishachikithsitham adyaya: fourth edition 1994. Kashyapa Samhita, 23,35-37.New Delhi: chaukhamba chikitsa stanam; gulma chikitsitam adyaya: publications ,2018;573 8,54.Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit 3. Agnivesha, vaidya Jadavaji Trikamji sansthan,1994; rd Acharya,Reprint 2018. Charaka samhita 9. Radha Agraval,3 edition 2018.Vasti ,siddhi stana;kalpanasiddhi adyaya: 1,40- concept and current procedural Modelities , 41.New Delhi: chaukhamba publications chapter 5, medication by rectal route ,2018;684 :kottakal:Department of publications Arya 4. vrddha jeevaka, Pandith hemaraja Vaidya sala,2017;69 Sharma , Sri Satyapala Bishagacharya, 10. Vagbhata , Bishagacharya Harishastri th fourth edition 1994. Kashyapa Samhita, Paradakara Vaidya,Reprint 10 edition Siddi stanam; adyaya: 8,4.Varanasi: 2017 .Ashtanga Hrdayam, Uttara stanam; Chaukhamba Sanskrit sansthan,1994; 169 sarpaprathisheda adyaya:36 5. Agnivesha, vaidya Jadavaji Trikamji ,88.Varanasi:Chaukhamba Acharya,Reprint 2018. Charaka samhita orientalia,2017;917 ,siddhi stana;kalpanasiddhi adyaya: chapter 11. Agnivesha, vaidya Jadavaji Trikamji 9,verse 40-41.New Delhi: chaukhamba Acharya,Reprint 2018. Charaka samhita publications ,2018;719 ,siddhi stana;Panchakarmiyasiddhi adyaya: 6. Agnivesha, vaidya Jadavaji Trikamji 2,14.New Delhi: chaukhamba publications Acharya,Reprint 2018. Charaka samhita ,2018;688 ,siddhi stana;kalpanasiddhi adyaya: 12. Agnivesha, vaidya Jadavaji Trikamji 9,5.New Delhi: chaukhamba publications Acharya,Reprint 2018. Charaka samhita ,2018;716 ,siddhi stana;Panchakarmiyasiddhi adyaya: 2,17.New Delhi: chaukhamba publications, 2018;689 ______

Perera et al. 2019 Greentree Group Publishers © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2019 Vol. 11 Issue 1 www.ijapc.com 451 [e ISSN 2350-0204]

13. Susruta ,Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya,Reprint 2008. Susruta samhita,Chikitsa stana; netrabastipramanapravibhaga chikitsitam adyaya: 35,21.Varanasi:Chaukhamba Surbharati prakashan ,2008;527 14. Vagbhata, Bishagacharya Harishastri Paradakara Vaidya,Reprint 10th edition 2017 .Ashtanga Hrdayam, Sutra stanam; Bastividhi adyaya:19,4- 5.Varanasi:Chaukhamba orientalia, 2017; 271 15. Vagbhata, Bishagacharya Harishastri Paradakara Vaidya,Reprint 10th edition 2017 .Ashtanga Hrdayam,Sutra stanam; Bastividhi adyaya:19,7- 8.Varanasi:Chaukhamba orientalia, 2017; 272.

______

Perera et al. 2019 Greentree Group Publishers © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2019 Vol. 11 Issue 1 www.ijapc.com 452 [e ISSN 2350-0204]