The BRIDGE Linking Engin Ee Ring and Soci E T Y

Spring 2010 The Electricity Grid

The BRIDGE Linking Engin ee ring and Soci e t y

The Impact of Renewable Resources on the Performance and Reliability of the Electricity Grid Vijay Vittal Securing the Electricity Grid S. Massoud Amin New Products and Services for the Electric Power Industry Clark W. Gellings Energy Independence: Can the U.S. Finally Get It Right? John F. Caskey Educating the Workforce for the Modern Electric Power System: University–Industry Collaboration B. Don Russell The Smart Grid: A Bridge between Emerging Technologies, Society, and the Environment Richard E. Schuler

Promoting the technological welfare of the nation by marshalling the knowledge and insights of eminent members of the engineering profession. The BRIDGE

National Academy of Engineering

Irwin M. Jacobs, Chair Charles M. Vest, President Maxine L. Savitz, Vice President Thomas F. Budinger, Home Secretary George Bugliarello, Foreign Secretary C.D. (Dan) Mote Jr., Treasurer

Editor in Chief (interim): George Bugliarello Managing Editor: Carol R. Arenberg Production Assistant: Penelope Gibbs The Bridge (ISSN 0737-6278) is published quarterly by the National Aca demy of Engineering, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC

20418. Periodicals postage paid at Washington, DC. Vol. 40, No. 1, Spring 2010 Postmaster: Send address changes to The Bridge, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20418. Papers are presented in The Bridge on the basis of general interest and timeliness. They reflect the views of the authors and not necessarily the position of the National Academy of Engineering. The Bridge is printed on recycled paper. © 2010 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

A complete copy of The Bridge is available in PDF format at http://www.nae.edu/TheBridge. Some of the articles in this issue are also available as HTML documents and may contain links to related sources of information, multimedia files, or other content. The Volume 40, Number 1 • Spring 2010 BRIDGE Linking Engin ee ring and Soci e t y

Editor’s Note 3 Modernizing and Protecting the Electricity Grid Alan Crane

Features 5 The Impact of Renewable Resources on the Performance and Reliability of the Electricity Grid Vijay Vittal Renewable power sources will necessitate advances in the planning and operation of the electric grid. 13 Securing the Electricity Grid S. Massoud Amin The threat of terrorism and other attacks raises profound dilemmas for the electric power industry. 21 New Products and Services for the Electric Power Industry Clark W. Gellings The electricity network of the future will combine power systems, telecommunications, the Internet, and electronic commerce. 29 Energy Independence: Can the U.S. Finally Get It Right? John F. Caskey The United States may finally be moving toward greater energy independence. 35 Educating the Workforce for the Modern Electric Power System: University–Industry Collaboration B. Don Russell The shortage of engineers with experience in emerging technologies has reached crisis proportions. 42 The Smart Grid: A Bridge between Emerging Technologies, Society, and the Environment Richard E. Schuler Electricity networks bridge the gaps between the technological and biological networks on which societies depend.

NAE News and Notes 50 Class of 2010 Elected 55 NAE Newsmakers

(continued on next page)

The BRIDGE

58 NAE Website to Feature Ethics Column 58 Randy Atkins Wins IEEE-USA Award 59 2009 Japan-America Frontiers of Engineering Symposium 60 Mirzayan and CASEE Fellows 61 A Message from NAE Vice President Maxine L. Savitz 63 National Academy of Engineering 2009 Private Contributions 70 Calendar of Events 71 In Memoriam

72 Publications of Interest

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self- The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific Acadmy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the author- to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility ity of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional char- has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on ter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, The National Research Council was organized by the National under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its adminis- science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering tration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal gov- accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the ernment. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engi- Council has become the principal operating agency of both the neering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages edu- National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engi- cation and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of neering in providing services to the government, the public, and the engineers. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered of Engineering. jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Fall 2006 Editor’s Note

some cases, public opposition delays or stops the construction of new lines, which may stretch for hundreds of miles and cross many jurisdictions (NAS, NAE, and NRC, 2009). These issues can and are being addressed. Of greater concern for the future are problems associated with (1) the integration of intermittent renewable resources, such as wind and solar power, and (2) disruptions caused by terrorism or natural disasters. Serious problems will have to be overcome for wind Alan T. Crane and solar electric power to become a large part of the generating capacity of a region, because both provide Modernizing and Protecting the only intermittent power, that is, they operate only when conditions are favorable. Thus the power level Electricity Grid can ramp down rapidly when the wind dies down or the The United States is served by an extraordinarily sun disappears. complex and effective electric system. The three major But electricity has to be supplied continuously. parts of the system—generation, transmission, and dis- Therefore, not only must fast-reacting backup capacity tribution—work together to bring reliable and afford- be available, but the grid has to be able to adapt rap- able electricity to virtually everyone in America, thus idly to changing conditions. Vijay Vittal discusses the providing a service that is essential to the nation’s secu- impact of intermittent renewables on the grid and how rity and well-being. the grid can be modified to handle them. More than 40 percent of all energy consumed in this Terrorism or massive natural disasters could inflict country is used to generate electricity. Electric power considerable damage on critical components of the is generated from a variety of energy sources wherever grid. The physical damage they could do has long been it is convenient and economical and then transmitted understood. However, cyber attacks have received con- to users wherever they may be. The high-voltage trans- siderable attention only recently. The increasing sophis- mission system links generating stations with the lower- tication and ability of hackers and saboteurs to disrupt voltage distribution systems that deliver power to users. service is the subject of an article by S. Massoud Amin. The focus of the articles in this issue is on the trans- Modernizing the grid will go a long way toward mission and distribution (T&D) system, which has been addressing these concerns, as well as toward relieving called the world’s largest “machine” and is part of the congestion. Clark Gellings reviews the main candidates greatest engineering achievement of the 20th century for further development. He also explains how increas- (NAE, 2003). ing dependence on electricity could actually reduce Although the system as a whole has worked very well emissions of carbon dioxide. up to now, it could be even more economical and reli- Modernizing the grid will require installing modern able. Furthermore, strains on the system are increas- equipment. John Caskey asks where that equipment ing for several reasons, and evolving requirements will will be manufactured. If it is imported, as much electri- create even more pressure. As demand for transmis- cal equipment is these days, our vulnerability to foreign sion services increases, competition and the search disruptions could be increased. Large power transform- for cheaper power have led to independent power ers, which are all imported now, are a particular concern, generation far from load centers. At the same time, and the world’s production capacity is quite limited. investment in transmission has lagged, in part because Another potential constraint on modernizing the structural changes in the industry have failed to reward grid, or even just operating it efficiently, is the loom- new investments. For the same reason, aging equip- ing scarcity of electrical engineers who are educated and ment is not being replaced as rapidly as it should be. In have the experience to operate this massively complex The BRIDGE system. Many highly skilled engineers are nearing retire- The articles in this issue do not cover all of the issues ment, and engineering schools are graduating far too associated with the grid, but they touch on the impor- few new engineers to fill the replacement pipeline. Don tant ones. We hope they give readers a sense of the Russell of Texas A&M describes this problem, which magnitude of the problems we face and the necessity of may be approaching crisis levels. Fortunately, he sees solving them. some potentially favorable developments and suggests some steps we could take to alleviate the problem. Finally, Richard Schuler provides an overview on how the evolution of the T&D system into the smart grid can Alan T. Crane encourage innovation and new patterns of consumption Senior Program Officer in our modern society. He sees the smart grid as a bridge Board on Energy and Environmental Systems that can link people to technology and sustainability. National Research Council The information flow supported by the smart grid can help consumers make intelligent decisions and, perhaps, References avoid the resource depletion that led to the collapse of NAE (National Academy of Engineering). 2003. Greatest many past civilizations and facilitate the exploitation of Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century. Available renewable resources to reduce pollution. online at http://www.greatachievements.org/. Today, most people take reliable electricity for granted, NAS, NAE, and NRC (National Academy of Sciences, except when it isn’t available or when the monthly bill National Academy of Engineering, and National Research goes up. But continued reliability is not a given. Today’s Council). 2009. America’s Energy Future: Technology and T&D system, as massive and complex as it is, must and Transformation. National Academies Press. will change. Electricity is too important to modern society to risk letting it become unreliable. Renewable power sources will necessitate advances in the planning and operation of the electricity grid.

The Impact of Renewable Resources on the Performance and Reliability of the Electricity Grid

Vijay Vittal

Renewable energy resources, which are becoming integrated into electric power systems around the world, connect to existing transmission grids at a range of voltage levels. The changes brought about by these new power sources are certain to have a significant impact on system performance and efficiency and to necessitate advances in the planning and operation of electric grids. Vijay Vittal is Ira A. Fulton This article focuses on the impact of the penetration of renewable Chair Professor, Department of resources on the electric grid in terms of system performance and the tech- Electrical Engineering, Arizona nical challenges and opportunities for achieving higher levels of reliability and efficiency in grid performance. The specific focus is on wind and solar State University; director, Power energy, the renewable resources with the most potential for significant pen- Systems Engineering Research etration in the near term. Center; and an NAE member. The Current Grid The electricity delivery infrastructure can be broadly divided into two subsystems—the transmission subsystem and the distribution subsystem— which are predominantly distinguished by different voltage levels (Figure 1). The transmission subsystem, also called the bulk power system, primarily delivers electricity generated at central stations to locations close to load centers. In North America, the transmission system usually operates at voltage levels of 69 kilovolts (kV) to 765 kV, is highly meshed, and has significant levels of automation and control. The BRIDGE

FIGURE 1 Basic electricity system.

The distribution subsystem, which delivers electricity 4.5 MW. Newer generations of wind generators, which from load centers to customers, operates at voltage levels have permanent magnet synchronous generators and ranging from 26 kV to 120 V, is predominantly radial in fully rated converters, have a range of control over both structure, and does not have the same level of automa- real power and reactive power for varying wind speeds. tion as the transmission subsystem. The network infrastructure at 69 kV, which serves as the interface point Solar Energy between the transmission and distribution subsystems, The conversion of solar energy to electricity is cur- is usually referred to as the sub-transmission system. rently accomplished mostly in two ways—by direct conversion using photovoltaics (PVs) or by solar thermal Wind Energy conversion. These are briefly described below. Early versions of wind turbine generators consisted of fixed-speed wind turbines with conventional induction Photovoltaic Conversion generators. This class of machines was rugged but was In the direct-conversion method, PVs generate a limited to operation in a narrow wind-speed range. In direct current (DC) output that is converted to alter- addition, the conventional induction generator, which nating current (AC). This conversion is achieved by was directly connected to the electrical grid, required a power electronic device called an inverter. Most that reactive power support be provided locally to PVs are rooftop units, and PV-based solar energy pri- achieve the desired voltage level. marily has limited distribution and capacity. However, Advances in power electronics have revolutionized some large commercial PV-based solar facilities of up to wind turbine technology and led to the development of 60 MW have been built recently. the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) (Figure 2). The principal problems with the large-scale integra- The stator of the DFIG is directly connected to the grid, tion of PVs into the grid include limited capacity, high and the rotor winding is connected via slip rings to a cost, low energy-conversion efficiency, and deteriorat- converter, which only has to handle a fraction (20 to 30 ing performance as PV cells age. percent) of the total power. The highly efficient, variable speed DFIG is designed to extract maximum energy Solar Thermal Conversion from the wind, and it puts out electricity at a constant In solar thermal conversion, the sun’s rays are directed frequency no matter what the wind speed. by mirrors to heat a thermal exchange agent (e.g., min- Most modern wind farms have DFIGs and are avail- eral oil) to a sufficiently high temperature. This agent able in ratings that range from 1.5 megawatts (MW) to then exchanges the heat generated via a conventional Spring 2010

the desired level and connects the wind farm to the transmission system in the geographical vicinity.

Solar Resources Distributed PV resources with inverters produce AC output at the desired voltage. In residential neighborhoods, these would connect directly with the utility supply point to the residence. Utilities around the country have established standards for these connections to minimize FIGURE 2 Schematic drawing of a doubly fed induction generator wind turbine. the significant safety risks of the bi-directional flow steam cycle and runs a steam turbine that drives a syn- in electricity in existing residential supply circuits if the chronous generator. customer sells power back to the utility (e.g., http://www. The solar thermal method also has the capabil- srpnet.com/electric/pdfx/gen_guidelines.pdf). Commercial ity of storing energy using a thermal phase-transition PV units, which have similar interconnection require- approach. This is commonly achieved by using molten ments, would most likely interface with the distribution salt to store heat for up to six hours; the stored heat is system at slightly higher voltage levels than residential used to run a conventional steam cycle when energy PV units, depending on their ratings. from the sun is not available. Although solar thermal Central solar thermal resources have significantly facilities have plant capacities in the range of several higher ratings and would connect to the transmis- hundred MWs, they also require significant quantities sion grid at high voltage levels ranging from 230 kV of water for cooling and steam generation. Unfortu- to 345 kV. nately, water resources are limited in many parts of the United States where solar insolation is plentiful. Power System Planning The increasing penetration of renewable resources Grid Interface with Renewable Resources will have a significant impact on the performance Wind Resources and reliability of the electricity grid. This is largely Wind farms are typically located in areas where wind because of the variability of renewable resources and resources are plentiful and can satisfy certain require- the lack of large-scale economical storage capability. ments (for details, see http://www.nrel.gov/gis/wind.html). This impact will be discussed with respect to planning Most onshore wind farms are located in rural areas and operation, primary functions related to grid perfor- where the transmission system voltages are typically in mance and reliability. the range of 69 kV to 161 kV. The nominal terminal Traditional planning for a power system and for voltages at the wind turbines range in value from 575 V expanding transmission functions has been undertaken to 4,160 V, depending on the turbine ratings (Miller et in response to the needs of the transmission system based al., 2005). The unit transformer at each wind turbine mainly on past and projected loading levels, which have steps up the voltage and feeds power into a collector traditionally been estimates of future demand. In the system that operates at voltages ranging from 12.5 kV deregulated market, and in the present case of using dif- to 34.5 kV. The high side node of the collector system ferent renewables (i.e., different in source and in tem- is then connected to the main substation transformer poral characteristics, as well as in geographic location), for the wind farm, which again steps up the voltage to transmission planners must respond to the needs of The BRIDGE

energy storage, the storage components must be included in the integrated system plan. In the real- world environment, federal and state projections and long-term plans and portfolios may also strongly influence the expansion of the transmission system. The factors that must be considered in planning for increased renewable energy transmission are briefly described below.

Scalability of Network Topology Because a future power transmission and distribution network with a high percentage of renewables may have more generation sources than existing networks, scalability will be a significant factor. Plan- ners will have to determine (1) the network topology best suited for this new scenario and (2) the effects on system performance and reliability of having a large number of spatially distributed generation sources. Network topology will FIGURE 3 Integrated system planning for power systems with high penetration of renewable resources. significantly impact total transmission losses, as well power generators. In other words, planning to expand as performance of the overall network when subjected transmission may now be driven by the location and to disturbances. If the network has a very large num- type of generation, rather than by the needs of the ber of power sources, the range of possible power-flow transmission system. To compare, traditional transmis- configurations will be enormous (Hecker et al., 2009). sion planning processes are driven by loads and have Although this will make the performance and reli- a “bottom up” structure, whereas current transmission ability problems much more challenging, it will also planning is driven more by generation needs. provide opportunities for designing networks that can The term “integrated system planning” (see Figure 3) outperform traditional networks. refers to the inclusion of the temporal, stochastic, and voltage-level characteristics of generation sources in Transmission Architecture plans for system expansion. In addition, because renew- The main objective for legacy transmission sys- able resources have characteristics that favor large-scale tems was to transmit power from relatively local (e.g., Spring 2010

within a radius of about 500 kilometers [km]) genera- • type of storage (batteries; flywheels; superconduct- tion sources to load centers. Under deregulation, this ing magnetic energy storage systems; pumped hydro objective has migrated to much longer distances and storage systems; compressed-air, molten-salt, fuel much higher operating power levels (e.g., many hun- cells + hydrolyser; and other active and passive dreds of megawatts, perhaps > 1,000 MW, for 1,200 km innovative systems) or more). With the assumed renewable energy portfolio • voltage level and power level at the point of inter- and the degree of variability from wind and solar sources, connection it will be critical for planners to take advantage of the geographical diversity among renewable resources. To • energy-storage rating facilitate a balance, a large high-voltage backbone may • time duration and time profile of the charge/ be necessary. This backbone network could consist of discharge cycle an interconnected transmission grid at voltage levels of 765 kV or greater that would provide the capability • physical location of the storage device in the system of moving a large amount of power from where it is gen- (e.g., proximity to loads, sources) erated to the locations where it will be used. • control objectives Because distributed resources may be widely dispersed and have diverse temporal characteristics, their • ownership and operator of the storage elements operating level and transmission paths are a combina- • maintenance of the storage elements tion of high and low MW levels and long and short distances. At the 50 percent penetration level, one • cost and efficiency (energy recovered/energy stored) might expect transmission paths and transmission • availability and commercialization—including loading well into the hundreds of kilometers and hun- availability at a specific time in the future dreds of MW. These changes in transmission topology to account for distributed resources can be facilitated, at least in part, in the following ways (Osborn and Zhou, 2008): Renewable sources will • Voltage-level and power-level upgrades would be made to existing high-voltage DC (HVDC) systems require large-scale energy and/or new parallel HVDC systems to convert exist- storage capabilities. ing 12-pulse bipolar designs into 24-pulse bipolar designs. These changes could dramatically increase operational power levels and reliability and concom- itantly decrease the impact of HVDC converters on Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) power quality. A critical prerequisite for 50 percent penetration of renewable generation is dynamic control of power flow • Transmission routes would be determined after tak- along optimal corridors in the transmission and net- ing into account the intermittency of resources, load worked distribution systems. This can be achieved with patterns, and available rights-of-way. different types of high-power electronic controllers: • The performance of planned routes under varying • centralized, large FACTS devices (Hingorani, conditions would be evaluated, including the analy- 1993), especially unified power-flow controllers sis of adequacy and reliability. The stochastic nature (UPFCs), which can control power flow in high- of the renewable resources would also have to be voltage AC transmission systems accounted for. • distributed electronic power-flow controllers, which Optimal Storage are similar to FACTS devices but are highly distrib- For optimal use, many renewable resources require uted in the network and have high-frequency opera- energy storage. The following factors must be consid- tion, lower power rating, and extensive real-time ered in designing optimal storage systems: communication capability The 10 BRIDGE

• power-conversion devices for interfacing renewable through a real-time communication network and used resources (e.g., DFIGs for wind energy) that are to conduct online security assessments of the grid. The supplementary to power-flow controls PMU-based WAMS technologies, which effectively monitor the dynamic state of the grid, including volt- Communications and Monitoring age and angular stability and thermal limits, provide The electric power grid is becoming an increasingly early warnings to network operators of imminent fail- automated network and is expected to have increased ures, stress, or potential instability, thus enabling them functionality, higher efficiency, more programmabil- to take preventive action. ity, and more flexibility. A variety of communication networks are interconnected to the electric grid for sens- Interfaces between the Grid and Renewables ing, monitoring, and control. These communication net- In light of the very wide range of capacity ratings for works are closely associated with the supervisory control the renewable mix and the well diversified technolo- and data acquisition (SCADA) systems in the network. gies used to integrate them into power grids, renewable sources can be categorized into concentrated energy resources (CERs) and distributed energy resources (DERs). Early warnings can enable Concentrated Energy Resources. Among CERs, geothermal, biomass, and concentrated solar systems operators to take preventive have conventional synchronous generators and steam action to avoid network prime movers. As a result, integration of these CERs is expected to be less challenging than for DERs. How- instabilities or failures. ever, large-scale wind farms and large-scale PV systems present a spectrum of technical challenges that will require thorough investigation. The technical chal- The data provided by the SCADA systems are used lenges arise mostly from the expanding application of in the energy-management systems (EMS) for a wide electronic devices at high power ratings. range of systems-operation functions and real-time con- For instance, large wind turbines with power ratings trol of the power grid. The SCADA network and EMS of more than 1 MW nowadays commonly have DFIGs. are the main factors in the operation of the system under A wind generation system with DFIGs requires an AC- normal and emergency conditions. Any disturbance or DC-AC power converter rated at about 30 percent of dislocation in the network is sensed primarily by obser- the full power rating of the generator to achieve vari- vations and analysis of the behavior of the system based able operation frequency within the range of ±30 per- on data obtained by the SCADA network. cent of the nominal frequency of 60 Hz. The present method of securing the electric grid is In addition, emerging direct-drive wind generation real-time monitoring of the electrical behavior and systems that use permanent magnet synchronous gen- performance of transmission lines. Wide area monitor- erators (PMSGs) are expected to prevail at the power ing system (WAMS) technologies are key to increasing rating of 3 to 5 MW, which is suitable for offshore wind access to available maximum capacity of the transmis- farms. Systems with PMSGs require power converters sion lines. WAMS provide real-time monitoring, which that can handle the full power rating of the generator. enables grid operators to determine precisely the oper- For CERs with large-scale PV, the power electronic ating margins of transmission lines while maintaining interface is indispensable because of the necessity of stability limits. converting DC voltage generated by PV into the 60 Hz One WAMS technology that is increasingly being AC voltage of the grid. used is phasor measurement units (PMUs) (Phadke and Distributed Energy Resources. For DERs, namely dis- Thorp, 2008), which are GPS-enabled sensors that take tributed wind and PV generation systems, large numbers accurate measurements of grid conditions at strategic of small-scale generation sources are dispersed at the points in fine-grain time intervals (e.g., microseconds). distribution level. Facilitating the integration of DERs GPS—time-stamped measurements (e.g., voltage will require microgrid and power management systems and phase angle)—from multiple PMUs are gathered that transparently provide control and regulation. Spring 2010 11

2 – 4 Seconds Breaker/Switch SCADA Status Indications System Model Description 1 – 5 minutes Network Topology Updated System Program Electrical Model State Displays to Telemetry & Estimator Operator Substation Communications RTUs Equipment Analog Measurements Generation Raise/Lower Signals Generator Outputs Bad Measurement AGC 2 – 10 Seconds Alarms State Estimator Output

Economic Dispatch Calculation

OPF

Security Constrained Contingency Analysis Overloads & Potential Voltage Problems Overloads & Voltage

Display Alarms 1 – 2 minutes Other Applications

FIGURE 4 Main operational controls of an electric power system, with time frames.

Power System Operation minimize operating costs (including start-up and shut- Power systems operate in a range of time frames from down costs), and satisfy a range of constraints, such as nearly real time to “operational real time” (i.e., a few environmental impact mitigation, contractual limits, seconds). Economic dispatch, that is, determining the expected market power generation, and manpower most economical distribution of the committed genera- limitations). The operational functions most impacted tion outputs to meet a given pattern of load demand by the high penetration of renewable resources are unit while accounting for system losses (Wood and Wol- commitment and economic dispatch. lenberg, 1996), is performed in operational real time. The incorporation of renewable resources would sig- Figure 4 shows the main tools and controls for power nificantly alter the traditional approach to unit com- system operation. Note that in the figure, several time mitment. The variability of renewable resources would frames are called out: require measures to accommodate fast generation (e.g., a few seconds) changes. The inclusion of storage devices • SCADA: 2 to 4 seconds would also alter unit commitment. Both features of • economic dispatch and automatic generation con- renewable resources (i.e., variability and storage) would trol (AGC): 2 to 10 seconds also alter economic dispatch. No fuel costs would be associated with the renewable energy resources, but • security and contingency analysis: 1 to 2 minutes increased operational and maintenance costs would be • state estimation: 1 to 5 minutes incurred and must be accounted for. However, the most critical element would be the vari- Unit commitment, which has a time frame of one ability of renewable resources and accounting for suffi- week or longer, is not shown in the figure because it is cient commitment and dispatch of reserve generation to not usually considered an operational tool. The tra- guarantee the reliability of the system in the event that ditional unit commitment is the procedure by which the renewable resource suddenly becomes unavailable. the entire ensemble of generating units is examined For example, the wind might suddenly stop blowing, or to produce a subset of generators that satisfy the load, the weather might become cloudy. The 12 BRIDGE

Variability is also closely tied in with automatic gen- the planning and operation of the bulk power system. eration control to maintain system frequency. In power Increased penetration of renewable resources has the systems, electricity has to be produced to match the load potential to introduce major technological challenges on the system, and load patterns are highly variable. that would have to be met to satisfy existing planning For example, a customer may switch on the TV and air and reliability standards. conditioner and blend a smoothie almost simultaneously. The sudden increase in demand, however small, References must be met by a concomitant increase in generation. Hecker, L., Z. Zhou, D. Osborn, and J. Lawhorn. 2009. Value If it is not, the system frequency will change, which Based Transmission Planning Process for Joint Coordinated will have an adverse effect on expensive power system System Plan. Presented at the Power Systems Conference components, as well as on customer-owned appliances. and Exposition, 2009. PES ‘09. IEEE/PES March 15 –18, Hence, the system frequency has to be carefully con- 2009, Page(s):1–5 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ trolled within tight tolerances. PSCE.2009.4840181. Frequency control is achieved by providing control Hingorani, N.G. 1993. Flexible AC transmission. IEEE mechanisms that adjust the generation output to match Spectrum 30(4): 40 – 45. DOI 10.1109/6.206621. the load. With the high degree of variability of renew- Miller, N.W., W.W. Price, and J.J. Sanchez-Gasca. 2005. able resources, either sufficient conventional genera- Modeling of GE Wind Turbine-Generators for Grid Stud- tion would have to be maintained on active spinning ies, Version3.4b. Atlanta, Ga.: GE Energy. reserve (i.e., be readily available) or sufficient energy Osborn, D., and Z. Zhou. 2008. Transmission Plan Based on storage would have to be provided to guarantee that Economic Studies. Transmission and Distribution Confer- load and generation remain in balance. Overall, the ence and Exposition, 2008. T&D. IEEE/PES, April 21–24, increasing penetration of variable renewable resources 2008. Page(s):1– 4. DOI 10.1109/TDC.2008.4517276. will require a re-examination of the economic dispatch/ Phadke, A.G., and J.S. Thorp. 2008. Synchronized Phasor automatic generation control formulation and could Measurements and Their Applications. New York: Spring- require reevaluation of the limits of frequency variation er Science+Business Media, LLC. DOI: 10.1007/978-0- in the system. 387-76537-2_5. Wood, A.J., and B.F. Wollenberg 1996. Power Generation Conclusion Operation and Control, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley This article has highlighted the potential impact and Sons, Inc. of increased penetration of renewable resources on The threat of terrorism and other attacks raises profound dilemmas for the electric power industry.

Securing the Electricity Grid

S. Massoud Amin

In the aftermath of the tragic events of 9/11, I became responsible for research and development (R&D) on infrastructure security at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). At first, I was faced with many reports and files claiming either that “we were bullet proof” or that “the sky was falling.” It turned out that neither extreme was true of the entire electric-power sector. The truth depends on the specific preparedness and security measures at S. Massoud Amin holds the each organization for assessing threats and addressing vulnerabilities of the Honeywell/H.W. Sweatt Chair in cyber-physical infrastructure. No doubt, however, the existing power-delivery Technological Leadership, directs system is vulnerable to natural disasters and to intentional attacks. A successful terrorist attempt to disrupt the power-delivery system could seriously the Technological Leadership impact national security, the economy, and the life of every American. Institute (TLI), and is a University The importance and difficulty of protecting power systems have long been Distinguished Teaching Professor recognized. In 1990, the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) of the U.S. Congress issued a detailed report, Physical Vulnerability of the Electric and professor of electrical and com System to Natural Disasters and Sabotage. One of the conclusions was: “Ter- puter engineering at the University rorists could emulate acts of sabotage in several other countries and destroy of Minnesota. critical [power system] components, incapacitating large segments of a transmission network for months. Some of these components are vulnerable to saboteurs with explosives or just high-powered rifles.” The OTA report also documented the potential cost of widespread outages. Estimates ranged from $1/kilowatt hour (kWh) to $5/kWh of disrupted The 14 BRIDGE service, depending on the length of the outage, the types Enterprise Information Security (EIS) programs, put of customers affected, and a variety of other factors. In into place extensive information-sharing and vendor the New York City outage of 1977, for example, damage action groups so that the results would reach everyone from looting and arson alone totaled about $155 mil- “with a need to know” in the utilities community. We lion—roughly half of the total cost (OTA, 1990). conducted “red-team” studies of cyber attacks on multi- In the 20 years since the OTA report, the situation ple assets (including power plants, transmission and dis- has become even more complex. Accounting for and tribution systems, control centers, and communication protecting all critical assets of the electric-power system, systems). The focus of these exercises was on responses which include thousands of transformers, line reactors, to attacks (threat and vulnerability assessment, R&D series capacitors, and transmission lines dispersed across on prevention, mitigation, and restoration) and tech- the continent, has become impractical. In addition, nology development (secure communication systems, the cyber, communication, and control layers that have including protocols for communications between con- been added have created new challenges. The focus of trol centers, substations, and power plants, and cyber this article is on cyber security. security technologies specifically for control systems). Risk-management frameworks, vulnerability-reduction tools, information-sharing programs, and vendor action The spectrum of cyber threats groups were also important. Fortunately, although we found that parts of the system continues to evolve. were extremely vulnerable, we were able to put in place several simple programs to raise awareness of security issues and establish cyber-security programs and remedies. Recent media reports, in April 2009, for example, We worked with the industry and related organizations highlighted penetrations of the U.S. electricity sys- (e.g., Edison Electric Institute and the North American tem by hackers. In November 2009, 60 Minutes aired Electric Reliability Corporation) to gain the cooperation a piece confirming rumors of break-ins to the Brazilian and compliance of other stakeholders (EPRI, 2001, 2002, energy system in 2005 and 2007. The Nuclear Regula- 2003, 2004). Yet the spectrum of cyber threats continues tory Commission confirmed that in January 2003, the to evolve, and much remains to be done. Microsoft SQL Server worm known as “Slammer” infected a private computer network at the Davis-Besse Interdependencies in Electricity Infrastructure nuclear power plant in Oak Harbor, Ohio, and disabled Secure, reliable operation of the electricity system a safety monitoring system for nearly five hours. For- is fundamental to national and international econo- tunately the plant was off-line at the time. In January mies, security, and quality of life; and their intercon- 2008, the Central Intelligence Agency reported knowl- nectedness makes them increasingly vulnerable to edge of four disruptions, or threatened disruptions, by regional and global disruptions initiated locally by hackers of the power supplies for four cities. material failure, natural calamities, intentional attacks, At the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI),1 we or human error. had been working since 1999 on the modes of penetra- The North American power network, which under- tion and manipulation through intrusion that had been pins our economy and quality of life, connects nearly used in the cyber attacks in Brazil. We launched an 215,000 miles of transmission lines with all of the elec- Infrastructure Security Initiative (ISI), a two-year pro- tric generation and distribution facilities on the conti- gram funded by the electric power industry, to develop nent; it may be the largest, most complex “machine” in and apply key technologies that could improve over- the world. Utilities typically own and operate at least all system security in the face of such threats (EPRI, parts of their own telecommunications systems, which 2000a, b; 2001; 2002; 2003; 2004; 2005). often consist of backbone fiber-optic or microwave con- Before and after 9/11, utilities members of EPRI- nections with major substations and spurs to connect to related initiatives, including the ISI, Y2K, and smaller sites. The increasing use of electronic automation raises significant issues for operational security in systems where security provisions have not been built 1 A nonprofit energy research consortium organized for the benefit of utility members, their customers, and society at large. in as design criteria. Spring 2010 15

The security of cyber and communication networks these analyses provide an excellent reference point for is essential for the reliable operation of the grid. The a cyber-vulnerability analysis (Amin 2000a,b; 2003, more heavily power systems rely on computerized com- 2005a,b,c; 2007; Darby, 2006; DOE, 2002; EPRI, 2000a, munications and control, the more dependent system b; 2001, 2002; Ericsson, 2009). security becomes on protecting the integrity of associ- Like all complex, dynamic infrastructure systems, ated information systems. Unfortunately, existing con- the electric power grid has many layers and is vulner- trol systems, which were originally designed for use with able to many different types of disturbances. Strong proprietary, stand-alone communication networks, were centralized control, which is essential for reliable indirectly connected to the Internet without added operations, requires multiple, high-data-rate, two-way technologies to ensure their security. communication links, a powerful central computing Consider the following “sanitized” conversation facility, and an elaborate operation-control center, showing the lack of awareness of inadvertent connec- all of which are vulnerable, especially when they are tion to the Internet for a power plant (200–250MW, needed most—during serious system stresses or power gas-fired turbine, combined cycle, five years old, two disruptions. For greater protection, systems also need operators, and typical multi-screen layout). intelligent, distributed, secure control that enables parts of the network to remain operational, and even to A: Do you worry about cyber threats? automatically reconfigure, in the event of local failures Operator: No, we are completely disconnected from or threats of failure. the net. The specter of future sophisticated terrorist attacks raises a profound dilemma for the electric power indus- A: That’s great! This is a peaking unit, how do you try, which must make the electricity infrastructure more know how much power to make? secure, but must also be careful not to compromise pro- Operator: The office receives an order from the ISO, ductivity. Resolving this dilemma will require both then sends it over to us. We get the message here on short-term and long-term technology development and this screen. deployment that will affect fundamental power system characteristics. A: Is that message coming in over the Internet? Operator: Yes, we can see all the ISO to company traffic. Oh, that’s not good, is it? The security of cyber and In addition, as the number of documented attacks and intrusions and their level of sophistication con- communication networks tinue to rise (Albert, 2004; Amin, 2002a,b; 2005, 2010; Clemente, 2009; DOE, 2002; EPRI, 2000a,b, 2001, is essential to the reliable 2002, 2003, 2004; Kropp, 2006; Sandia National Labo- operation of the grid. ratory, 2003; Ten, 2008), human response has become inadequate for countering malicious code or denial-of- service attacks or other recent intrusions (Cleveland, Centralization and Decentralization of Control 2008; Ericsson, 2009; EPRI, 2000, 2001, 2002; Schain- For several years, there has been a trend toward ker et al., 2006). Any telecommunication link that centralizing control of electric power systems. The is even partly outside the control of the organization emergence of regional transmission organizations, for that owns and operates power plants, supervisory con- example, promises to greatly increase efficiency and trol and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, or energy improve customer service. But we also know that ter- management systems represents a potential pathway rorists can exploit the weaknesses of centralized con- into the business operations of the company and a trol. Therefore, smaller, local systems would seem to threat to the larger transmission grid. be the system configuration of choice. In fact, strength Interdependency analyses done by most companies and resilience in the face of attack will increasingly in the last 14 years (e.g., in preparation for Y2K and require the ability to bridge simultaneous top-down after the events of 9/11) have identified these pathways and bottom-up decision making in real time. and the system’s vulnerability to their failures. Thus The 16 BRIDGE

Increasing Complexity that individual utilities are already taking prudent steps System integration helps move power more effi- to improve their physical security, technology can help ciently over long distances and provides redundancy by increasing the inherent resilience and flexibility of to ensure reliable service, but it also makes the system power systems to withstand terrorist attacks, as well as more complex and harder to operate. We will need new natural disasters. mathematical approaches to simplify the operation of As part of our ongoing research at the University complex power systems and make them more robust in of Minnesota, we are designing and assessing control the face of natural or manmade interruptions. architectures that will enable the power grid to respond quickly to natural and intentional attacks on its cyber- Dependence on Internet Communications physical infrastructure. We are developing models Today’s power systems could not operate without using various software packages to simulate their effects tightly knit communications capabilities—ranging on system operations. Control architectures are evalu- from high-speed data transfer among control centers ated by simulations and testing on a microgrid, com- to the interpretation of intermittent signals from bined with a cost-benefit analysis of options, designs, remote sensors. However, because of the vulnerabil- and policies. ity of Internet-linked communications, protecting the In 2008, we launched a new interdisciplinary Master electricity supply system will require new technology to of Science in Security Technologies (MSST) Program improve the security of power-system command, con- that draws on systems risk analysis, engineering, emerg- trol, and communications, including both hardware ing technologies, economics, human factors, law, food and software. and bio-safety, and public health and policy to teach and investigate security technologies to meet growing Investments in Security demand in government and industry. Although hardening some key components, such as The electric power grid includes the entire appara- power plants and critical substations, is highly desir- tus of wires and machines that connects the sources of able, providing comprehensive physical protection for electricity, power plants, and customers. The operation all components is simply not feasible or economical. of a modern power system depends on complex systems Dynamic, probabilistic risk assessments have provided of sensors and automated and manual controls, all of strategic guidance on allocating security resources to the which are linked through communication systems. greatest advantage. Therefore, compromising the operation of sensors or communication and control systems by spoofing, jam- ming, or sending improper commands could disrupt the entire system, cause blackouts, and in some cases result Despite increasing in physical damage to key system components. That is why the increasing frequency of hacking and cyber automation, human operators attacks is of great concern. ultimately make the decisions Many elements of the distributed control systems used in power systems are also used in process control in that control operations. manufacturing, chemical process controls and refiner- ies, transportation, and other critical infrastructure sectors, which are vulnerable to similar modes of attack. Fortunately, the same core technologies that were Dozens of communication and cyber security intrusions developed to address the vulnerabilities of other sys- and penetration red-team attacks have revealed a vari- tems can also strategically improve electrical system ety of cyber vulnerabilities, such as unauthorized access, security. These technologies were developed for open penetration, or hijacking of control. access, exponential growth in power transactions and Despite increasing automation, human operators in to ensure the reliability necessary for an increasingly system control centers ultimately make decisions and digital society. take actions to control operations. Thus, in addition to However, the electricity infrastructure will also require physical threats and threats to the communication links power-system-specific advanced technology. Assuming that flow in and out of control centers, we must also Spring 2010 17

ensure (1) the reliability of operators of control centers impacts on the overall network and allow some areas to and (2) that insecure code has not been added to a pro- maintain service. gram in a control center computer. Local controllers guide their islands to operate inde- Since humans interact with the infrastructure as pendently while preparing them to rejoin the network, managers, operators, and users, human performance without creating unacceptable local conditions either plays an important role in their efficiency and security. during or after the restoration. A network of local con- In many complex networks, the human participants trollers acting as a parallel, distributed computer and themselves are both the most susceptible to failure communicating via microwaves, optical cables, or the and the most adaptable in the management of recov- power lines per se, can limit messages to information ery. Modeling and simulating these networks, espe- necessary to achieving global optimization and facilitat- cially their dynamic security, will require modeling the ing recovery after a failure. “insider threat” and the bounded rationality of actual human thinking. Threats from “insiders,” as well as the risk of a “Trojan horse” embedded in the software of one of more con- On any given day, trol center computers, can only be addressed by careful security measures on the part of commercial firms 500,000 customers in the that develop and supply software, embedded chips, and United States are without devices, and by security screening of utility and outside service personnel who perform software and hardware power for at least two hours. maintenance. Another problem today is that security patches are sometimes not supplied to end-users, or they are sup- Advanced technology now under development or plied but are not applied for fear of impacting system under consideration could meet the electricity needs performance. Current practice is to apply an upgrade/ of a robust digital economy. An architecture for this patch only after SCADA vendors have thoroughly new technology framework is evolving through early tested and validated it, which can sometimes take sev- research on concepts and enabling platforms to provide eral months. an integrated, self-healing, electronically controlled It is important to remember that the key elements electricity supply system that is extremely resilient and principles of operation for interconnected power and capable of responding in real time to the billions systems were established in the 1960s prior to the emer- of decisions made by consumers and their increasingly gence of extensive computer and communication net- sophisticated agents. We could potentially create an works. Even though computation is heavily used in all electricity system with the same efficiency, precision, levels of the power network today (e.g., for planning and and interconnectivity as the billions of microprocessors optimization, local control of equipment, processing of it will power. field data), coordination across the network happens at a slower pace. Some coordination is under computer Long-Term Research control, but much of it is still based on telephone calls The goals of our long-term research are to further our between system operators at utility control centers— understanding of adaptive, self-healing, self-organizing even or especially!—during emergencies. mechanisms that can be applied to the development of secure, resilient, robust overlaid/integrated energy, Responses to System Failures power, sensing, communication, and control net- If a large electric network is threatened with a cascad- works. Recent advances have been made in complex ing, widespread failure, it is highly desirable that it break dynamic systems; bio-inspired defense systems; adaptive into self-sustaining “islands” that can balance genera- and layered security systems; the design of self-healing tion with demand. With distributed intelligence and networks; self/non-self recognition; immunology mod- components acting as independent agents, each island els; trade-offs between optimization and robustness; has the ability to reorganize itself and make efficient dynamic risk assessment; and the stability of large-scale use of its remaining local resources to minimize adverse complex networks. The 18 BRIDGE

Costs and Benefits of a Secure Electricity stakeholders, who tend to limit R&D investments to Infrastructure those with immediate applications and short-term finan- The serious technological challenge facing us is to cial returns. Investor-owned utilities are also under pres- enable secure, very high-confidence sensing, communi- sure from Wall Street to increase dividends. In truth, cation, and control of a heterogeneous, widely dispersed, they have little incentive to invest in the longer term. globally interconnected system. The problem is even A balanced, cost-effective approach to investments more complex than it appears, because we also have to and to the use of technology could substantially miti- ensure optimal efficiency and maximum benefit to con- gate the risk of investing in R&D. Electricity shall sumers without infringing on the rights of all business prevail at the level of quality, efficiency, and reliabil- components to compete fairly and freely. ity that customers demand and are willing to pay for. In the past 25 years, grid congestion and atypical On the one hand, the question is who provides the power flows have been increasing, even as customer electricity. On the other hand, achieving grid perfor- expectations of reliability and cyber-physical security mance, security, and reliability should not be consid- have been rising. A major outage (i.e., an outage that ered a cost burden to taxpayers but a profitable national affects 7 million customers or more) occurs about once investment, because the payback will be three to seven every decade and costs more than $2 billion. Smaller times the money invested, and it will begin with the disturbances, which are commonplace, have very high completion of the first sequence of grid improvements costs for customers and for society as a whole. On any (EPRI, 2005). given day, 500,000 customers are without power for two The question is not who invests money, because that hours or more in the United States. Annual losses to the will ultimately be the public. The question is whether U.S. economy from power outages and disturbances total the money will be invested through taxes or raised $75 billion to $180 billion (Amin and Schewe, 2007). through consumer payments for electricity usage. Compare that to the cost of the programs described Considering the importance and “clout” of regula- above, about $170 million to $200 million per year for tory agencies, they should be able to induce electricity R&D and about $400 million per year for more than a producers to plan and fund the process. In my view, decade of fielding, testing, and integrating new technol- this may be the most efficient way to get us moving ogy into the system, with savings of 5- to 7-fold in the on the grid. prevention and mitigation of disturbances (Amin and The absence of a coordinated national decision- Schewe, 2007). making body is a major obstacle. States’ rights and Several reports and studies have estimated that a sus- state regulators of publicly owned utilities have tained annual investment of $10 billion to $13 billion removed the incentive for supporting a national plan. will be required for existing technologies to evolve and Thus investor-owned utilities will face either collabo- for innovative technologies to be realized (e.g., NRC, ration on a national level or the forced nationalization 2009). However, the current level of R&D funding of the industry. in the electric industry is at an all-time low. In fact, Given the economic, social, and quality-of-life issues investment rates for the electricity sector are the lowest and increasing interdependencies among infrastruc- of any major industrial sector, with the exception of the tures, the key question before us is whether the elec- pulp and paper industry. The electricity sector invests, tricity infrastructure will evolve to become the primary at most, a few tenths of 1 percent of sales in R&D (0.3 support for the 21st century digital society—a smart grid percent of revenues for 1995–2000 and 0.17 percent for with self-healing capabilities—or will be left behind as 2001–2006), whereas the electronics and pharmaceuti- a 20th century industrial relic! cal sectors invest 8 to 12 percent of net sales in R&D Conclusions (Amin and Schewe, 2007). Even though all industry sectors depend on reliable Cyber systems are the “weakest link” in the electric- electricity, our energy systems are clearly underfunded. ity system. Although vulnerability to attacks has been For utilities, funding and sustaining innovations, such reduced, much remains to be done. Technology and as the smart, self-healing grid, remain a challenge threats are both evolving quickly, which adds complexity because they must satisfy many competing demands on to the current cyber-physical system; in addition, there is precious resources while trying to be responsive to their often a lack of training and awareness by organizations Spring 2010 19

(e.g., forgetting/ignoring the human factor in the equa- Metering Infrastructure. Pp. 1–5 in IEEE T&D Confer- tion). Installing modern communications and control ence, April 2008. equipment (elements of the smart grid) can help, but Darby J., J. Phelan, P. Sholander, B. Smith, A. Walter, and G. security must be designed into the system from the start, Wyss. 2006. Evidence-Based Techniques for Evaluating not glued on as an afterthought. Cyber Protection Systems for Critical Infrastructure. Pp. 1–10 in IEEE Military Communications Conference. DOI Acknowledgments 10.1109/MILCOM.2006.302504. New York: IEEE. Support from the National Science Foundation and DOE (Department of Energy). 2002. Vulnerability Assess- Electric Power Research Institute for research by Ph.D. ment Methodology: Electric Power Infrastructure. students is gratefully acknowledged. September. Available online at http://www.esisac.com/ publicdocs/assessment_methods/VA.pdf. References EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute). 2000a. Communi- Albert, R., I. Albert, and G. Nakarado. 2004. “Structural Vul- cation Security Assessment for the United States Electric nerability of the North American Power Grid,” Physical Utility Infrastructure. Palo Alto, Calif.: EPRI. Review E, 69, 023103(R). EPRI. 2000b. Information Security Primer for the Power Amin, M. 2002a. Security Challenges for the Electricity Industry. Palo Alto, Calif.: EPRI. Infrastructure. Special issue of the IEEE Computer Maga- EPRI. 2001. Electricity Infrastructure Security Assessment, zine on Security and Privacy, April. Vol. I-II. Palo Alto, Calif.: EPRI. Amin, M. 2002b. Special issues of IEEE Control Systems EPRI. 2002. Security Vulnerability Self-Assessment Guide- Magazine on Control of Complex Networks 21(6) and lines for the Electric Power Industry. Palo Alto, Calif.: 22(1). EPRI. Amin, M. 2003. North American electricity infrastructure: EPRI. 2003. Infrastructure Security Initiative (ISI): Promot- are we ready for more perfect storms? IEEE Security and ing Security for the Electric Power Grid. Palo Alto, Calif.: Privacy 1(5): 19 –25. EPRI. Amin, M. 2005a. Powering the 21st century: we can—and EPRI. 2004. Complex Interactive Networks/Systems Ini- must—modernize the grid. IEEE Power and Energy Maga- tiative (CIN/SI): Final Summary Report. Overview and zine (March/April): 93 –95. Summary Final Report for Joint EPRI/U.S. Department of Amin, M. (guest editor). 2005b. Special issue of IEEE Secu- Defense University Research Initiative, 155 pp. Palo Alto, rity & Privacy Magazine on Infrastructure Security 3(3). Calif.: EPRI. Amin, M. (guest editor). 2005c. Special Issue of Proceed- EPRI. 2005. Strategic Insights into Security, Quality, Reli- ings of the IEEE on Energy Infrastructure Defense Systems ability, and Availability. EPRI Report 1008566, 128 pp. 93(5): 855 –1059. Palo Alto, Calif.: EPRI. Amin, M. 2007. Electricity Infrastructure Security. Pp. 9-41 Ericsson, G.N. 2009. Information security for electric power to 9-57 in CRC Handbook of Energy Conservation and utilities (EPUs)-CIGRE developments on frameworks, risk Renewable Energy, edited by Y.D. Goswami and F. Kreith. assessment, and technology. IEEE Transactions on Power New York: CRC Press. Delivery 24(3): 1174 –1181. Amin, M. 2010a. Countermeasures: Robustness, Resilience, Kropp, T. 2006. System threats and vulnerabilities. IEEE and Security. In Wiley Handbook of Science and Technol- Power & Energy Magazine 4(2): 46 –50. ogy for Homeland Security. New York: Wiley and Sons. NRC (National Research Council). 2009. America’s Energy Forthcoming. Future: Technology and Transformation. Washington, Amin, M. 2010b. Self-healing, Resilient, Robust and Smart D.C.: National Academies Press. Infrastructure Systems. In Handbook of Science and Tech- OTA (Office of Technology Assessment). 1990. Physical nology for Homeland Security. New York: Wiley and Sons. Vulnerability of the Electric System to Natural Disasters Forthcoming. and Sabotage. OTA-E-453. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Gov- Amin, M., and P. Schewe. 2007. Preventing blackouts. Sci- ernment Printing Office. entific American (May): 60 – 67. Sandia National Laboratory. 2003. Common Vulnerabilities Clemente, J. 2009. The security vulnerabilities of smart grid. in Critical Infrastructure Control Systems. Albuquerque, Journal of Energy Security (June): 3. N.M.: Sandia National Laboratory. Cleveland, F. 2008. Cyber Security Issues for Advanced Schainker, R., J. Douglas, and T. Kropp. 2006. Electric utility The 20 BRIDGE

responses to grid security issues. IEEE Power and Energy Helman, P., G. Liepins, and W. Richards. 1992. Foundations Magazine 4(2): 30 –37. of Intrusion Detection. Pp. 114 –120 in Computer Secu- Ten, C.-W., C.-C. Liu, and G. Manimaran. 2008. Vulnerabil- rity Foundations Workshop V, Franconia, New Hampshire, ity assessment of cybersecurity for SCADA systems. IEEE June 16–19, 1992. New York: IEEE. Transactions on Power Systems 23(4): 1836 –1846. Kotenko, I.V. 2007. Multi-agent modelling and simulation of cyber-attacks and cyber-defense for homeland security. Additional Readings Pp. 614 –619 in IEEE International Workshop on Intelli- Amin, M. 2000. National Infrastructures as Complex Inte- gent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: ractive Networks. Pp. 263–286 in Automation, Control, Technology and Applications, Dortmund, Germany. New and Complexity: An Integrated Approach, edited by York: IEEE. T. Samad and J. Weyrauch. New York: John Wiley and McDaniel, P., and S. McLaughlin. 2009. Security and privacy Sons Ltd. challenges in the smart grid. IEEE Security and Privacy Amin, M. 2008. For the good of the grid: toward increased 7(3): 75 –77. efficiencies and integration of renewable resources for NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). future electric power networks. IEEE Power & Energy 6(6): 2010. Smart Grid Cyber Security Strategy and Require- 48 –59. ments, The Smart Grid Interoperability Panel–Cyber Deconinck, G. 2008. An Evaluation of Two-Way Commu- Security Working Group, DRAFT NISTIR 7628, Feb- nication Means for Advanced Metering in Flanders (Bel- ruary 2010. Available online at http://collaborate.nist. gium). Pp. 900–905 in IEEE International Instrumentation gov/twiki-sggrid/pub/SmartGrid/NISTIR7628Feb2010/ and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings, draft-nistir-7628_2nd-public-draft.pdf. Victoria, Canada, May 12–15, 2008. New York: IEEE. Sommestad, T., M. Ekstedt, and P. Johnson. 2009. Cyber Defense Science Board. 2008. Report of the Defense Sci- Security Risks Assessment with Bayesian Defense Graphs ence Board Task Force on DOD Energy Strategy: “More and Architectural Models. Pp. 1–20 in 42nd Hawaii Inter- Fight—Less Fuel.” Available online at http://www.acq.osd. national Conference on System Sciences. New York: mil/dsb/reports/ADA477619.pdf. IEEE. FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission). 2009. Ten, C.-W., M. Govindarasu, and C.-C. Liu. 2007. Cyber Smart Grid Policy. Federal Energy Regulatory Commis- security for Electric Power Control and Automation Sys- sion, Policy Statement Docket No. PL09-4-000, July tems. Pp. 29 –34 in IEEE International Conference on 2009. Available online at http://www.ferc.gov/whats-new/ Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Montreal, 2007. New comm-meet/2009/071609/E-3.pdf. York: IEEE. GAO (U.S. Government Accountability Office). 2004. Ye, N., Y. Zhang, and C.M. Borror. 2004. Robustness of the Critical Infrastructure Protection Challenges and Efforts Markov-chain model for cyber-attack detection. IEEE to Secure Control Systems. Washington, D.C.: GAO. Transactions on Reliability 53(1): 116 –123. The electricity network of the future will combine power systems, telecommunications, the Internet, and electronic commerce.

New Products and Services for the Electric Power Industry

Clark W. Gellings

Meeting the nation’s future needs for low-carbon electricity in a secure, reliable, and environmentally friendly way will require integrating large, low-carbon, central-station generation with local energy networks, electric transportation, and smart grids. To realize this integration, new products and services will be needed to govern interactions among buildings, local energy networks, distribution systems, and the bulk power system, all components Clark W. Gellings is a fellow at the of the overall energy system that must function harmoniously to minimize Electric Power Research Institute environmental impacts, ensure system reliability and security, and optimize SM (EPRI) in Palo Alto, California. energy use and economic impact. Research is underway on ElectriNet , a high-level enabling architecture for monitoring, analyzing, controlling, and otherwise accommodating and taking advantage of the synergy of these components.

ElectriNetSM ElectriNetSM, the electricity network of the future, will be a highly interconnected, complex, interactive network of power systems, telecommunications, the Internet, and electronic commerce. ElectriNet will facilitate competitive electricity markets by supporting a myriad of informational, financial, and physical transactions among traditional utilities, independent power producers, third-party providers of electric energy services, consumers, and new participants in the electricity value chain. The 22 BRIDGE

The ElectriNet architecture will encourage and providers and energy users, of a power-delivery system accelerate the development of new products and ser- that includes the two-way communications capabilities vices—especially “hyper-efficient” end uses, electric of a smart grid. For example, meters with two-way com- transportation, and dynamic energy management (see munications provide consumers with feedback about Figure 1). ElectriNet will have four components (Gell- the cost of power, which changes with the time of day, ings and Zhang, forthcoming): thus encouraging them to reduce consumption during peak hours. With load-control technology in place, the • smart grid consumer or the utility can remotely adjust thermostats • local energy networks to maximize savings. The critical technological building blocks for improv- • low-carbon, central-station power generation ing the energy efficiency of the power-delivery system • electric transportation are (1) advanced communications and metering systems and (2) smart end-use devices, both of which require a Smart Grid smart-grid architecture. The existing North American power grid was designed and built primarily in the 1950s. This aging Local Energy Networks system, although largely reliable in the past, is inefficient Another key component of ElectriNet will be today and incapable of fully accommodating advances in local energy networks that include a combination technology that will save energy, reduce greenhouse gas of wholesale and retail power systems integrated emissions, and contain energy costs. To meet growing with distributed-generation power sources (e.g., solar demands more efficiently and pave the way for hyper- efficient and smart energy devices, many elements of the transmission and distribution system will have to be substantially changed. The new grid will intelligently connect all elements in the power-delivery network through a smart grid, a key component of which will be advanced electricity meters that can communi- cate with the distribution network. As a first step toward a nationwide smart grid, some local utilities have already installed tens of thousands of advanced meters in the United States, thus initiating two-way communications with all parts of local and regional power grids. These initial advanced- metering infrastructure projects have demonstrated the benefit, to both energy FIGURE 1 Components of the ElectriNetSM infrastructure. Spring 2010 23

panels), local energy storage, and integrated demand- low-cost, off-peak electricity to drive compressors that response functions at the building, neighborhood, cam- charge a (typically underground) storage reservoir at pus, or community level. The local energy network night. Then, during the day, when electricity prices are will facilitate the functionality of ElectriNet. much higher, air is discharged from the reservoir into The overall goal of ElectriNet is to enable the a fuel-fired expansion turbine connected to an electric operation of a power system with the following generator. CAES can be significantly more cost effec- characteristics: tive and emit less CO2 than their conventional, fossil- fueled counterparts, especially if off-peak renewable or • smart, self-sensing, secure, self-correcting, self- nuclear energy is used to charge the reservoir. healing capabilities • uninterrupted service, even in the event of failure of an individual component Products to support an • a focus on regional, area-specific needs intelligent power-delivery • reasonable cost, using minimal resources and with minimal environmental impact, to fully satisfy con- system are either already sumer needs here or in development. • improvement in quality of life and economic productivity Electric Transportation

• reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions Most industry analysts agree that there will be a large number of electric vehicles on U.S. roadways—the only Local energy networks will enable dynamic energy question is when. Because transportation plays such a management, a far-reaching strategy for remotely significant part in energy consumption, electric trans- controlling all equipment on the distribution system, portation—electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric including the use of electricity on consumers’ premises. vehicles (PHEVs)—will be a major supporting technol- New products and new product development to sup- ogy in the ElectriNet infrastructure. As PHEVs begin to port an intelligent power-delivery system—the smart proliferate, the availability of both distributed, control- grid and local energy networks—are either here or are lable electricity loads and electricity storage can have a evolving rapidly. profound impact on electrical systems. Low-Carbon, Central-Station Power Generation An infrastructure of plug-in stations, intelligently managed via two-way communications, can provide Another component of ElectriNet is low-carbon, off-peak power for recharging vehicles at the most cost- central-station power generation of solar, wind, and effective time of day. The vehicle meter will “shake nuclear power. We will need a wide variety of genera- hands” with a network-connected “socket” to identify, tion options to accommodate the economic and envi- locate, and provide vehicle and billing information. ronmental uncertainties of the future. When PHEVs and electric vehicles are not being used, Solar and wind power generation, which do not have the power stored in their batteries could be sold to the constant output, present added challenges to the power local energy network. system. Because wind doesn’t blow steadily and the sun doesn’t shine with the same intensity at each hour of the Consumer Portal day, we will need energy storage devices, such as pumped The consumer portal, the interface between consum- storage (hydroelectric systems that can be pumped up at ers and elements of the ElectriNet infrastructure, is a night and discharged during the day) and compressed air technology that will enable the full development and stored in underground caverns for future use, to power implementation of a wide variety of new, advanced- generators and banks of batteries. These storage devices energy services for consumers. Depending on the need can “smooth” the energy output of variable renewable and application, a consumer portal can help manage energy sources, such as wind and solar power. peak loads, optimize energy efficiency or performance, The most viable option for large-scale storage is and increase cost effectiveness (Gellings et al., 2004). compressed-air energy storage (CAES), which uses The 24 BRIDGE

Consumer portals will enable two-way communication Dynamic Energy Management between intelligent equipment and networks in consumer Once the ElectriNet architecture is in place and the facilities and remote systems throughout the smart grid. consumer portal begins to evolve, consumers will begin These portals will integrate and interface elements of an to enjoy the benefits of dynamic energy management integrated energy and communication system and pro- (DEM), an innovative approach by consumers and elec- vide suppliers with better information on how consum- tricity suppliers to managing electricity demand and ers use electricity at any point in time. The portal will usage. DEM will incorporate conventional energy-use enable communications between energy-management management principles, such as demand-side manage- systems and end-use subsystems and equipment. ment, demand response, and distributed-energy resource The electric meter is a logical choice for the location programs, and merge them into an integrated framework of the consumer portal, but it is not the only option. A that simultaneously addresses permanent energy savings, portal could be located in a home or business PC, a cable permanent reductions in demand, and temporary reduc- set-top box, a gas or water meter, a dedicated device, a tions in peak loads. telephone, or another device. In fact, a portal does not DEM will be a system comprised of smart end-use even have to be in one location; it could be a logical devices and distributed energy resources integrated with construct assembled of numerous software and hardware highly advanced controls and communications capa- entities distributed throughout a home or factory. bilities that enable dynamic management of the sys- Portals have many potential benefits. Most important, tem as a whole. The simultaneous implementation of the implementation of supply- and demand-responsive these measures will distinguish DEM from conventional pricing for electricity, for instance, could save consum- energy-use management and will eliminate the inherent ers billions of dollars. At present, real-time pricing is inefficiencies of a piecemeal strategy. DEM offers a so- not feasible because there are no real-time communica- called “no-regrets” alternative to program implement- tions among energy users and electric utilities. With ers by ensuring that future system modifications will be consumer portal technology, however, real-time com- immediately compatible with legacy systems in a kind of munication would become commonplace. “plug-and-play” scheme (EPRI, 2008). In addition, power quality could be improved to The DEM concept is based on four building blocks minimize equipment failures and power disturbances. (see Figure 2): Greater energy efficiency could be achieved by coor- dinating individual consumer programs with grid-wide • smart, energy-efficient, end-use devices operations. Daily load peaks could be leveled, thereby • distributed resources minimizing the need for constructing new power plants and power lines. Additional services are also expected • advanced whole-building control systems to be developed, such as automatic equipment moni- • integrated communications architecture toring and management (upgrading, diagnosing, or controlling equipment via the portal), tamper/theft detection, multi-utility services (water, gas, electricity, cable, etc.), and intrusion or damage alerts. Overall, the communications integration provided by the consumer portal will enable the power of existing intelligent controls and computer technology to be used for the benefit of the entire grid. FIGURE 2 Building blocks of dynamic energy management. Source: EPRI, 2008. Spring 2010 25

These components will build upon each other and interact with each other to enable a dynamic, fully integrated, highly energy efficient, automated, and learning-capable infrastructure. The four building blocks will work in unison to optimize the operation of the integrated system based on consumer requirements, utility constraints, available incentives, and other variables such as weather and building occupancy. Figure 3 shows DEM infrastructure applied to a generic building. In this FIGURE 3 The dynamic energy management infrastructure applied to a generic building. Source: EPRI, 2008. example, there are two-way communications via the Internet as well as via the demand signals and provide two-way communication. power line. The building is equipped with smart, energy- In both nonresidential and residential buildings, a host efficient end-use devices, an energy-management system, of intelligent controls and communication protocols automated controls with data-management capabil provide automated operation of lighting and informa- ities, and distributed energy resources such as solar tion and entertainment systems, as well as mechanical, photovoltaics, wind turbines, and other on-site gen- security, and ventilation systems. Smart home automa- eration and storage systems. PHEVs at the building tion systems that control lighting, comfort, and enter- provide a clean transportation option for consumers tainment systems are based on wireless radio frequency and a distributed storage device for use by utilities and and Zigbee protocols. system operators. Energy-efficient devices, controls, and demand- Hyper-Efficient Appliances response strategies coupled with on-site energy sources The easiest and most cost-effective way to meet future serve as an additional energy resource for the local util- consumer demand for electricity is to invest in reducing ity. All of these elements not only contribute to the demand. Investments in improving end-use energy effi- utility’s supply side by reducing building demand, but ciency, either by codes and standards, regulatory policy, the distributed energy resources also feed excess power or encouragement of consumers to use the best available back to the grid. energy-efficient technologies, can provide substantial To achieve effective DEM, a variety of R&D is under- returns to consumers, society, and utilities. way to provide smarter devices and appliances and dis- For a number of reasons, manufacturers of electri- tributed resources. The following are the main enabling cal appliances and devices in Japan, Korea, and Europe technologies for a DEM infrastructure. have outpaced U.S. manufacturers in developing high-efficiency electric end-use technologies. Current Smart End-Use Devices R&D in the United States demonstrating these “hyper- Smart devices will have embedded intelligence that efficient” technologies may lay the groundwork for their can adjust operation of the device within parameters commercialization in the United States, which could set by the end user. Many smart devices are already lead to a reduction of more than 10 percent in consumer in operation, and more are on the horizon. Digitally demand and consumption (EPRI, 2009a). addressable ballasts (e.g., digital addressable lighting Collectively, these technologies have the potential interface), can dim lighting fixtures in response to peak to reduce electricity consumption in residential and The 26 BRIDGE commercial applications by as much as 40 percent for solar power, which differentiates these two energy each application. Thus hyper-efficient appliances rep- sources from other renewable resources. Through the resent the single biggest opportunity for meeting con- ElectriNet, DEM will make the integration of variable sumer demand for electricity (EPRI, 2009a). energy sources into the power grid more feasible. Energy-saving technologies include variable refrig- Distributed Storage Systems. Distributed storage devices erant flow air conditioning, heat-pump water heating, can also help mitigate the variability of some renew- ductless residential heat pumps and air conditioning, able resources. Distributed storage includes personal hyper-efficient residential appliances, energy efficiency electric transportation and a variety of electric-energy for data centers, and light-emitting diode (LED) street storage systems (e.g., battery systems and uninterruptible and area lighting. power-supply systems primarily designed to improve power quality and reliability), thermal-energy storage, and ice storage systems in buildings.

Demand response has a Building Control Systems small impact on cumulative Highly advanced controls and communications capabilities will enable DEM not only at the building level, energy reduction, but a large but also at the neighborhood, business park, city, area, impact on system economics and regional level. For example, at the building level, a hierarchical control system can manage distributed gen- and reliability. eration and storage devices, as well as smart appliances and other systems in the building. Inputs to the control system may include user settings Distributed Resources or preferences, utility time-based prices, weather data and forecasts, the status of smart appliances, the status An intelligent, nationwide ElectriNet can seamlessly of generation and storage devices, and others. Based link disparate and distant sources of power generation on these inputs, control algorithms will initiate control and power consumption, including renewable genera- functions for building systems, appliances, generation tion sources, distributed storage systems, and electric devices, and storage devices to reduce energy costs and transportation. As a part of this DEM, the system CO emissions. can incorporate widely distributed and local sources 2 of both stored and generated power for use through- Integrated Communications Architecture out the nationwide grid. In fact, R&D is under way A critical element in the functionality of tomorrow’s to lower the cost of local power generation by incor- power system will be the development of a communi- porating solar and wind power-generation products for cations architecture overlaid on today’s transmission individual businesses and residences into the overall and distribution system. This integrated architecture system (Key, 2009). must be an open-standards-based systems architecture Distributed Renewable Power Generation. Renewable for data communications and distributed computing. energy resources, such as solar and wind energy, have Elements in the architecture must include: data storage a number of favorable characteristics: they are clean; and networking, communications over a wide variety of their supply is not depleted over time; and they are—at physical media, and computing technologies embedded least from a fuel standpoint—free. In response to high in devices (Gellings, 2004). global demand resulting from government mandates for renewable energy, wind and solar PV power generation Demand-Response Capability are growing by 20 to 30 percent a year worldwide. A key feature of DEM is demand response—rational- Nevertheless, integrating large-scale renewable ization of the pattern and amount of electricity use based power, particularly wind and solar energy, into the on the wholesale electricity market—for the purpose electric power infrastructure presents significant of reducing electricity prices and increasing available challenges. The major issue is the inherent variabil- capacity. Demand response, which shifts the pattern of ity (often referred to as intermittency) of wind and loading, is critically underused in the United States. Spring 2010 27

Demand response has only a small impact on cumula- planners, policy makers, and other electricity industry tive energy reduction, but it can have a large impact on stakeholders (EPRI, 2009b). improving system economics and reliability. In addi- Research has shown that many end-use applications of tion, demand response capability will become strategi- electricity can provide energy services much more effec- cally more important as carbon constraints and the cost tively than other technologies, such as those powered by of energy create more serious economic challenges to natural gas. In fact, they are so effective that they can energy companies and consumers. offset CO2 emissions from electricity production. Demand response programs have the capability of According to the Energy Information Administra- reducing peak demand by 5 percent thereby reducing tion (EIA) Annual Energy Outlook 2008, total annual the need for generation capacity. In addition, studies energy consumption in the United States for the resi- have shown that these systems also reduce overall energy dential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sec- consumption (e.g., King and Delurey, 2005.) tors is estimated at 102.3 quadrillion Btus (“Quads”). Demand response will be enabled by “dynamic sys- EIA’s reference case forecasts that this consumption will tems,” that is, networked, smart, end-use devices that increase by 15.3 to 118 Quads by 2030 (EIA, 2008). interact with the marketplace for electricity and other Recent research has identified 1.71 to 5.32 Quads consumer-based services. Market interactions include per year of energy savings by 2030 as the result of either sending direct “prices to devices”SM or making expanded end-use applications of electricity. In addi- price signals available to information-technology and tion, CO2 emissions could potentially be reduced by consumer-electronic devices. 114 to 320 million metric tons per year by 2030—of Demand response programs and systems may total projected emissions of 6,850 million metric tons have a substantial impact on system reliability, cus- (EPRI, 2009b). tomer value, energy savings, and CO2 emissions (Chuang and Gellings, 2007; EPRI, 2006). However, Summary there is very little in the way of demand response The Electric Power Research Institute is heavily in the field today. To support it, we will need one involved in supporting the research described in this or more of the following: a communications infra- paper, including research on hyper-efficient appliances structure, innovative markets, innovative regulation and the development of the consumer portal. Local and rates, or smart “demand-response-ready” end- and regional utilities have already made great progress use devices. Current R&D is focused on creating an in deploying the first elements of the smart grid that environment in which consumers can purchase end- will be essential for next-generation smart devices. In use devices that are demand-response-ready, either addition, innovative companies are delivering a host of directly or through embedded information technol- products that will be integrated into the smart grid. ogy in those devices. Low-carbon, central-station power generation, local energy networks, the smart grid, and the widespread Beneficial Uses of Electricity adoption of electric transportation will be the main ele- Electricity use is generally considered a contributing ments of ElectriNet, an intelligent, end-to-end energy factor to net CO2 emissions. In response to growing platform that will enable DEM. When fully deployed, concerns about greenhouse gas emissions, R&D and this infrastructure will support more intelligent devices, other resources are being directed toward low-carbon deliver more efficient energy use, and enable a signifi- power-generation technologies. cant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Forthcom- Recent R&D has revealed that expanding end-use ing products and services will not only improve the applications of electricity could save energy and reduce economy and raise living standards. They will also pro- CO2 emissions. The focus of this research is on con- tect the environment. verting residential, commercial, and industrial equipment and processes—existing or anticipated—from References traditional fossil-fueled technologies to more efficient Chuang, A., and C. Gellings. 2007. Demand-side Integration electric technologies. A key objective is to inform esti- for Customer Choice through Variable Service Subscrip- mates of the impacts of fuel-conversion programs being tion. Pp. 1–7 in Proceedings of Power & Energy Society developed by utilities, electric system operators and General Meeting 2009. New York: IEEE. The 28 BRIDGE

EIA (Energy Information Administration). 2008. U.S. Gellings, C. 2004. A consumer portal at the junction of Department of Energy, Energy Information Administra- electricity, communications, and consumer energy services. tion Annual Energy Outlook 2008. Available online at The Electricity Journal 17(9): 78 – 84. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/consumption.html. Gellings, C., M. Samotyj, and B. Howe. 2004. The future’s EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute). 2006. Advancing smart delivery system—meeting the demands for high the Efficiency of Electricity Utilization: “Prices to Devic- security, quality, reliability, and availability. IEEE Power & esSM.” Background Paper, 2006 EPRI Summer Seminar. Energy Magazine 2(5): 40 – 48. Palo Alto, Calif.: EPRI. Gellings, C., and P. Zhang. Forthcoming. The ElectriNetSM EPRI. 2008. Dynamic Energy Management. Kelly E. Par- concept. Electra. Paris: CIGRE. menter, Patricia Hurtado, Greg Wikler, Clark W. Gellings. Key, T. 2009. Finding a bright spot: utility experience, chal- TR-1016986. Palo Alto, Calif.: EPRI. lenges, and opportunities in photovoltaic power. IEEE EPRI. 2009a. Hyper Efficient Appliances. Clark W. Gell- Power and Energy Magazine 7(3): 34 – 44. ings and Marek Samotyj. TR-1018759. Palo Alto, Calif.: King, C., and D. Delurey. 2005. Twins, Siblings, or Cous- EPRI. ins—Analyzing the Conservation Effects of Demand

EPRI. 2009b. The Potential to Reduce CO2 Emissions by Response Programs. Public Utilities Fortnightly. March. Expanding End-Use Applications of Electricity. Execu- Available online at http://www.dramcoalition.org/efficiency_ tive Summary. TR-1018906. March. Palo Alto, Calif.: demand_response.htm. EPRI. The United States may finally be moving toward greater energy independence.

Energy Independence Can the U.S. Finally Get It Right?

John F. Caskey

Many Americans had not thought much about “energy independence” until the Arab Oil embargo of 1973 caused significant increases in gasoline prices and shortages in supply. Long lines at gas stations were a “wake up call” to people who suddenly had to plan family trips around the availability of gasoline. Fortunately the Carter administration got involved and promised to reduce our dependence on foreign oil by increasing fuel efficiency John F. Caskey is senior industry and reducing energy consumption. In 1977, the president, wearing a warm director at the National Elec sweater at the podium to make his point, promoted the idea of turning down trical Manufacturers Association, thermostats and turning off lights: “Because we are now running out of gas and oil, we must prepare quickly for … change, to strict conservation and to Washington, D.C. the use of coal and permanent renewable energy sources, like solar power.” Every president since Carter has promised to focus on energy independence, energy efficiency, and renewable resources, and we have made some gains. Take automobile fuel efficiency, for example. Since Congress established the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) to reduce energy consumption by increasing the fuel economy of cars and light trucks, efficiency has increased—from 18.0 miles per gallon in 1978 to 27.5 mpg in 2009.1 In addition, we have built more fuel-efficient power plants and homes, increased energy conservation, and demonstrated new energy and renewable

1 See http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/fueleconomy.jsp. The 30 BRIDGE technologies. At the same time, however, we have U.S. Oil Imports increased the size of our 6 homes, increased the num- 5 ber of cars in our driveways, s) added flat-screen TVs, and rrel 4 electrified everything from Ba pepper grinders to pic- 3 ture frames. As a result, illion after a decrease in energy (B 2 l l

consumption in the early Oi 1980s, oil imports steadily 1 increased from 1983 to 0 2006 (Figure 1). 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Manufactured Goods Year from Abroad FIGURE 1 U.S. oil imports, 1970 to 2006. Billions of barrels of oil are imported into the United States every year. Imports In addition to oil, the peaked in 2005 at slightly more than 5 billion barrels. Source: EIA, 2009b. United States has been importing more and more foreign manufactured prod- independence battle, but were also becoming dependent ucts, at first mostly from Japan, Korea, and Europe. on foreign countries for the parts and systems that run Americans fell in love with Toyotas, BMWs, and Dat- our energy and electricity companies. suns; cheap TVs, stereos, radios, and CD players; and Figure 2 shows a 10-fold increase in imported liquid- a host of new toys and electronic gadgets produced in filled transformers (more than 10,000 kilovolt amperes) other countries. People talked about “buying Ameri- between 1996 and 2008. As our dependence on foreign can,” but mostly they continued to buy cheap products transformers has increased, domestic capacity for man- from abroad. ufacturing them has decreased. This is not an insur- Buying foreign products has had two energy-related mountable problem for small transformers, which can impacts. First, as we imported more and more finished U.S. Liquid Dielectric Transformer (>10,000 kVA) Imports products, we needed less and less domestic manu- 1200 facturing. As a result, huge numbers of manufacturing 1000 jobs were shipped overseas, and many U.S. plants were 800 $ shuttered, particularly in n 600 the automobile and textile industries. Second, in Millio 400 addition to cars, appliances, and electronics, U.S. utili- 200 ties bought foreign-made transformers, motors, wire, 0 insulators, electronic com- 1996 2000 2004 2008 ponents, and many other Year products necessary to the generation and transmission FIGURE 2 Imports of liquid dielectric transformers (more than 10,000 kilovolt amperes). The United States spends millions of electricity. Thus, we were of dollars annually to import transformers to maintain its energy transmission capabilities. Source: U.S. International Trade not only losing the energy Commission, 2009. Spring 2010 31

be easily stockpiled. How- ever, because large power Wind Energy Generation as a Percentage of Total Electrical Energy transformers typically take 20 more than a year to build, 18 the United States has 16 almost lost the ability to 14 United States respond quickly to multiple 12 Denmark transformer failures. 10 Germany* Percent 8 Lagging Energy Policy Spain 6 During the 1990s, U.S. 4 energy policy lagged behind 2 the policies of several other 0 countries. Although a few 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 states established renewable Years portfolio standards, there was no consistent federal FIGURE 3 Wind energy generation as a percentage of total electricity generation for the United States and a few other countries. policy. The federal govern- Source: EIA, 2009a. NOTE: Prior to 1991, statistics were recorded separately for East and West Germany. These statistics have ment provided tax credits been combined under “Germany.” for renewable resources, but the Production Tax Credit (PTC) for wind energy independence. First, concerns about global warming lapsed in 2000, 2002, and again in 2004, creating finan- and carbon emissions have generated fresh interest in cial and planning headaches for wind developers. renewable resources, such as geothermal, wind, and Even after the government got serious about develop- solar. Second, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) ing renewable resources, we did not have a consistent will soon provide a real opportunity for the transporta- policy that could attract new domestic manufacturing. tion sector to move away from oil consumption to elec- From a global perspective, the United States was com- tricity. And, finally the passage of the Energy Policy peting with other countries for locating new manufac- Act of 2005 and the Energy Independence and Security turing facilities. International companies could invest Act of 2007 signaled movement toward a comprehen- capital in the United States to build new wind turbine sive, long-term energy policy. plants, or they could invest in countries with long-term According to Renewenergy (2008): energy policies that practically guaranteed a return on With just three short years of policy stability since their investment. The choice was obvious, and it was the production tax credit [PTC] was extended in the easy to track the growth of renewable resources around Energy Policy Act of 2005, the wind industry has man- the world. aged to turn the offshoring tides, bringing manufactur- Wind energy production for electric power generation ing activity back to the U.S. Historically, wind industry in the United States increased from 22 trillion BTUs in manufacturing has been dominated by such European 1990 to 57 trillion BTUs in 2000 to 514 trillion BTUs in countries as Germany, Denmark, and Spain, which 2008 (EIA, 2008). Thus most of the increase occurred export more than 50% of their manufacturing output. in just the last few years. Even with that growth, how- Prior to 2005 the U.S. drew minimal interest as a manu- ever, wind energy still represents less than 1 percent of facturing location from the global wind industry thanks U.S. electricity generation. During that same period, to policy instability, forcing the U.S. to import 70% or countries with more consistent energy policies have seen more of the major components for wind turbines des- enormous growth. Figure 3 shows the incredible increase tined for this market. in wind energy in Spain, Germany, and Denmark. After three uninterrupted years of the PTC, though, by The Situation Today the end of 2008, the U.S. will be approaching domestic The United States finally appears to be approach- manufacturing capacity for components of approximate- ing enough critical mass to move toward greater energy ly 50% of what’s needed to meet demand levels (Box 1). The 32 BRIDGE

Wind industry manufacturing facilities have surged from The smart grid will include every part of the electri- a very small base prior to 2005 to well over 100 facilities cal system, from the largest power plants to the trans- today. Other than U.S.-based General Electric, none of mission and distribution systems to the smallest home the seven largest global U.S. wind turbine manufacturers appliances. According to the U.S. Department of had plants in the U.S. prior to 2005. Today, six of the Energy (DOE), the smart grid will encompass consumer seven top global turbine producers now have at least one participation, power generation and storage, new prod- manufacturing facility located in the U.S. ucts and services, power quality, optimal asset utilization, the capability to anticipate and respond to system disturbances, and the ability to operate against physical BOX 1 and cyber attacks. Production Tax Credit-Related Jobs Jumpstarting Manufacturing Little Rock, Arkansas: Polymarin Composites and Wind Water Technologies (WWT) announced The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act October 8 that it will invest $20 million to transform (ARRA) of 2009 has provided the stimulus to jumpstart the former Levi Building into a combined wind turbine blade and nacelle manufacturing facility, creating new investments in the smart grid, renewable resources, 830 new jobs with an average wage of $15/hour. electric vehicles, energy storage, and energy efficiency.3 General Wesley Clark is a principal of WWT’s parent Stimulus funds are being used to build manufacturing company, EWT. facilities as well as to create jobs. Muncie, Indiana: Brevini USA, the U.S. subsidiary President Obama announced $2.3 billion in tax cred- of an Italian wind turbine manufacturer announced this week plans for a new facility to make gearboxes. its for 183 ventures to build advanced batteries, wind Brevini will invest more than $60 million to retrofit turbines, and other so-called “clean energy technolo- an existing 60,000-square-foot building and add gies” nationwide, including projects in New York, Texas, 150,000 square-feet of manufacturing space at the and California. The tax credits, which are funded by site in 2010. The facility will create about 450 permanent local jobs with annual pay averaging more the $787 billion economic stimulus package enacted in than $46,000. February 2009, are designed to defray up to 30 percent of Faribault, Minnesota: Moventas, a Finland-based the cost of new investments in manufacturing facilities gearbox manufacturer, will build a 75,000-square- to produce clean energy products. foot North American assembly and distribution facility using the Faribault-based Met-Con construction company. The plant, announced by Moventas in Septem- Solar Power ber, is set to open in October 2009 with 90 workers. The United States is also expanding its solar man- Employment is expected to rise to 335. ufacturing capabilities. “‘In fact, cell and solar panel Newton, Iowa: TPI Composites opened its manufacturing capacity is likely to grow roughly 50 316,000-square-foot wind turbine blade manufacturing facility in September. The newly-built plant replaces percent annually between 2008 and 2012,’ said Shyam a former Maytag facility that was closed in 2006, Mehta, senior analyst at GTM Research. The U.S. causing huge job losses in Newton. At full capacity, market demand for solar panels could grow from 342 TPI Iowa plans to employ 500. megawatts in 2008 to 2.13 gigawatts in 2012” (cited in Source: American Wind Energy Association, 2008. Wang, 2009). There are opportunities for solar jobs in many states. According to Pennsylvania Governor Edward Rendell, The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 “A thin-film solar panel producer will open a manu- devoted an entire section (Title XIII) to the smart grid, facturing facility in Philadelphia’s Navy Yard, creating which will add real-time monitoring, analysis, control, 400 jobs and leveraging hundreds of millions of dollars and communications to existing electricity generation of private investment.” Dr. Panos Ninios, president of and delivery systems.2 In addition, the smart grid will Heliosphera US, said that this “investment will allow improve electrical efficiency and reliability and enable the company to address what we believe will be the larg- consumers to decide when and how much electricity est solar market in the world” (Solarbuzz, 2009). they consume.

2 Available online at http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc. 3 Available online at http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc. cgi?dbname=110_cong_bills&docid=f:h6enr.txt.pdf. cgi?dbname=111_cong_bills&docid=f:h1enr.pdf. Spring 2010 33

FIGURE 4 Map of wind resources and population centers in the United States. Darker patches, with higher wind power density (measured in W/m2 at 50m [Watts per square meter at 50 meters elevation]), are concentrated in the central plains and along the coasts. However, major population centers, where black dots are clustered, are often hundreds of miles away. Source: Hagerman and Hart, 2010.

Similar projects are underway in other states, includ- new transmission lines will require significant investing Tennessee, where more than $2 billion in capital ment. Even T. Boone Pickens, a major proponent and investment has been made and more than a thousand investor in wind power, has indicated that his wind jobs have been created; Goodyear, Arizona (500 jobs); project in the Texas Panhandle will not be feasible Freemont, California; Albuquerque, New Mexico (500 until transmission issues have been addressed. jobs); Circleville, Ohio; and Williamsburg County, The chairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory Com- South Carolina (200 jobs) (Solarbuzz, 2010). According mission (FERC), Jon Wellinghoff, noted that “FERC is to Monique Hanis of the Solar Energy Industry Associa- taking action to encourage transmission investment” tion, “The U.S. solar industry added about 18,000 jobs via the Energy Policy Act of 2005, FERC Order No. 890 last year, almost doubling total employment to about in 2007, and FERC’s 2009 Strategic Plan. “. . . these 40,000” (Martin and Efstathiou, 2010). actions are important, but much more will be needed to achieve a significant expansion of renewable energy A Critical Gap in Transmission resources in our supply portfolio” (Hsieh, 2010). The expansion of the wind and solar industries, coupled with the prospect that consumers will have the The Need for Power Transformers capability of controlling their electric bills, have gener- A critical component of the transmission grid is ated optimism for energy independence. However, one power transformers, which are used to step-up the elec- of the most serious problems that must be overcome is the trical output voltages of generating plants (including lack of infrastructure (i.e., transmission lines) to deliver wind farms and solar generators) to very high volt- power from renewable resources (such as wind and solar ages (230 kilovolts [kV], 500 kV, and even higher), for farms) to population centers (i.e., load centers). transmission to distribution centers. In simple terms, As Figure 4 shows, the prime areas for wind as transmission voltage increases, efficiency also resources are located far from population centers, and increases, and the size of the conductor decreases. Once The 34 BRIDGE electrical energy has been transmitted to its destina- Jobs. White House Press Release January 8. Available tion, the power must be stepped-down through another online at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/president- power transformer to a lower voltage for distribution to obama-awards-23-billion-new-clean-tech-manufacturing-jobs. neighborhoods, industrial plants, office buildings, and EIA (Energy Information Administration). 2008. Annual other users. Energy Review 2008, Table 10.2c: Renewable Energy Con- Power transformers are critical to transmitting elec- sumption: Electric Power Sector. Available online at http:// trical energy over long distances, not only for U.S. www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec10_9.pdf. energy independence, but also for improving energy EIA. 2009a. International Energy Statistics: Total Net Elec- efficiency and reducing the nation’s carbon footprint. tricity Generation and Wind Electricity Generation. Avail- Unfortunately, as shown in Figure 2, the United States able online at http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/ has been importing more and more power transformers IEDIndex3.cfm. every year. EIA. 2009b. Table 5.1, Petroleum Overview, 1949–2008. The tide may now be turning, however, because Available online at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/ DOE has devoted a portion of ARRA funds to support- petro.html. ing the transformer industry. More than $1.3 million Hsieh, E. 2010. Interview with J. Wellinghoff. Electroindus- was awarded to Cooper Power Systems to produce high- try 15(1): 7–11. efficiency transformers in Texas and Wisconsin. In addi- Hagerman, G., and G. Hart. 2008. Pickens Plan Plus: “Add- tion, Waukesha Electric Systems, also in Wisconsin, ing Value to the Vision.” July 21. Available online at was awarded $12.4 million to “expand an existing plant http://www.oceanenergy.org/. to produce very large, high-voltage power transformers. Martin, C., and J. Efstathiou Jr. 2010. China’s Labor Edge The company anticipates that more than 80 percent of Overpowers Obama’s ‘Green’ Jobs Initiative. Business them will be used to help bring renewable energy to Week, Feb. 4, 2010. Available online at http://www. distant load centers” (DOE, 2010). businessweek.com/news/2010-02-04/china-s-labor-edge- overpowers-obama-s-green-jobs-initiatives.html. Conclusion Renewenergy. 2008. Rediscovery of U.S. Wind Manufac- In this author’s opinion, the United States can get turing. Available online at http://renewenergy.wordpress. energy independence right, if we can muster the politi- com/2008/06/11/rediscovery-of-us-wind-manufacturing/. cal will. Momentum is building in several important Solarbuzz. 2009. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Heliosphera to areas including: renewed interest in using solar and Open Thin Film Manufacturing Plant in Philadelphia. wind power to generate electricity, advances in batter- Available online at http://www.solarbuzz.com/news/ ies and PHEVs, leadership in smart grid standards and NewsNAMA198.htm. interoperability, and efforts to address global warming Solarbuzz. 2010. St. Louis, MO, USA: Confluence and carbon emissions. Solar Announces $200M Solar Manufacturing Facil- Energy independence will require continued financial ity. Available online at http://www.solarbuzz.com/news/ incentives for the development of renewable resources, NewsNAMA207.htm. federal intervention in transmission siting decisions, U.S. International Trade Commission. 2009. U.S. Imports leadership on smart grid architecture and standards, and for Consumption. Available online at http://dataweb.usitc. continued incentives to expand energy-related manu- gov/scripts/user_set.asp. facturing in the United States. Wang, U. 2009. Analyst: Boom Time Ahead for U.S. Solar Manufacturing. Available online at http://seekingalpha. References com/article/148969-analyst-boom-time-ahead-for-u-s-solar- American Wind Energy Association. 2008. Wind Energy manufacturing. Industry Creates Jobs, Shines As Growing Bright Spot In The Midst Of Faltering Economy. Available online at http://www.awea.org/newsroom/releases/Wind_Industry_ Creates_Jobs_10Oct08.html. DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). 2010. President Obama Awards $2.3 Billion for New Clean-Tech Manufacturing The shortage of engineers with experience in emerging technologies has reached crisis proportions.

Educating the Workforce for the Modern Electric Power System University–Industry Collaboration

B. Don Russell

Electric power delivery throughout the United States was designated by the National Academy of Engineering as the leading engineering development of the 20th century.1 Since electricity was first delivered to private citizens in the late 19th century, the value of reliable electric power to our economy has been obvious. Our world has been transformed by countless technologies enabled by the widespread delivery of secure, high-quality elec- B. Don Russell is a Distinguished tric power. However, the transmission and distribution infrastructure in the Professor, Regents Professor, and United States is aging, and the need for modernization has become urgent. Harry E. Bovay Chair, Department One need only glance at a recent professional journal or TV program or the front page of a newspaper to realize the forces pushing for the modern- of Electrical and Computer Engi ization of the grid—the penetration of renewable and alternative energy neering, Texas A&M University; an technologies, the infrastructure for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and the NAE member; and chair of the “smart grid.” The need for new technologies and ideas for updating the grid are topics of daily conversation in the electric power industry, as is the need NAE Electric Power/Energy Systems to improve energy efficiency on all fronts, including all aspects of the deliv- Engineering Section. ery and uses of electricity. Even in the best of times, the drive to develop and use renewable energy sources and to automate the transmission and distribution of electricity would stretch the limits of available manpower. However, these are not the best of

1 See http://www.greatachievements.org/. The 36 BRIDGE

the electric utility system for the last three decades. Because they may not necessarily be conversant with many of the new technologies that will be predominant in the next decade, their value in these new technical areas as “consultants” is limited. Never theless they will leave a staggering void in industry experience. Many of them have no “replacements” or apprentices to train, and their expertise will go with them when they walk out FIGURE 1 Undergraduate enrollment in electrical/computer engineering, 1999–2008. Source: ASEE, 2009. the door. The Workforce Collab- times. Financial strategies for the last two decades during orative (2009) projects that at least 7,000 electric power the deregulation of the electric utility industry, includ- engineers will be needed by electric utilities alone (a ed reductions in force by utilities and manufacturers in number the author believes might be as high as 10,000) response to economic pressures coupled with the sched- and that another 14,000 power engineers will likely be uled retirement of experienced engineers, has already needed to meet the needs of the broader electric power caused a workforce crisis. Finding enough engineers is a industry, which includes manufacturers. The full pro- major challenge, and solutions will not be easy. duction of all academic institutions in the United States under the current faculty staffing and student recruiting The Workforce Crisis regime cannot possibly meet this demand. The problem This week I received an e-mail from a midsized is real, and change is needed! engineering firm with a “desperate” appeal for “elec- The projected shortage of replacement power and tric power engineers,” specifically, experienced engi- energy engineers in the current market will be difficult neers with backgrounds in the smart grid, modeling, to fill with our existing educational structure. In addi- and automation. The firm provides consulting services tion, there is an appalling shortage of experienced engi- on all aspects of the smart grid and modernization of neers in the new technology areas that will define the the power system. That e-mail is typical of the mes- future of our electric power system. sages being received daily by engineering educators. When the demand for engineers is overlaid on the The message is: WE NEED ENGINEERS, NOW! long-term trend of declining enrollments in relevant After World War II, industrial America underwent technical disciplines, including electrical engineering, a huge surge and a corresponding expansion of the the “problem” truly looks like a crisis. Figure 1 shows electric utility infrastructure. As the economy and that in the last 10 years, the national enrollment in industry grew, the workforce increased, and many college- electrical/computer engineering has dropped by 29 educated engineers found jobs in the electric power percent since peak enrollment in 2002. Total enroll- industry. But those “baby boomers” are now retiring ment for the last decade has dropped by 18,500 students and leaving the workforce. (ASEE, 2009). The U.S. Workforce Collaborative projects that approximately 50 percent of power engineers may The Way It Was retire in the next five years (U.S. Power and Engineer- In the decades before deregulation and corporate ing Workforce Collaborative, 2009). These are the consolidation, locally run, regulated utilities served engineers who supervised the growth and expansion of defined geographic areas, and the relationships between Spring 2010 37

educational institutions that produced engineers and universities with electric power programs has changed the “local” utilities were defined and stable. Past rela- dramatically. Many forces caused these changes. tionships between universities and electric utilities had A period of declining growth in the electric utility the following characteristics: industry initiated certain changes. Utilities merged, and so did manufacturers. Severe competition for stu- • Utilities regularly hired new engineers who fully dents from the developing electronics and computer expected to work for the same electric company industries caused changes in the dynamics of student until retirement. recruitment and a decrease in the number of students • New engineers were “apprenticed” in the company. studying electric power. Then came deregulation! They worked beside experienced engineers, fre Consolidation of electric utilities changed the emphasis quently for years, to master the technology and to from local, community-oriented companies to nation- become intimately familiar with the operations, elec- wide businesses competing to sell power. trical characteristics, and geography of their utility. • Utility companies were primarily focused on reliability, and manpower was relatively abundant. Many universities have Frequently, a utility staff did its own planning, construction, maintenance, and other necessary downsized or eliminated functions, with vertically integrated resources and electric power programs responsibility. • “Keeping the lights on” was the charge of the day. and no longer replace Other considerations were considered secondary. retiring faculty. • Upon retirement, senior and experienced utility engineers frequently worked as consultants, thereby keep- The environment circa 2000 between universities ing their experience in the industry and providing an with electric power programs and the electric power additional resource accessible to utility companies. industry might be characterized as follows: • Most electrical engineering departments had elec- • Utilities have imposed long-lasting hiring freezes, tric power instruction, and many top-tier universi- and many utilities have had large reductions in force ties had large power programs. as a result of deregulation and economic conditions. • Electric utilities had long-term, broad-based rela- • With reductions in engineering staff, few new tionships with local universities. Companies pro- engineers have been hired in the last decade. As a vided scholarships for local students, internships, result, many utilities have a substantial gap or void general support funds for electric power programs, between their mid-career engineers and their retir- and so on. Some large utilities had their own ing engineers. research laboratories with collaborative relationships with local universities. • Utility companies are no longer solely focused on “keeping the lights on,” although they do this well! • Many utilities had a “personal” view of relations They must also emphasize financial practices consis- with their universities, and their universities’ power tent with a deregulated, competitive industry. programs had to prosper! • Most universities with large electric power programs In this “Camelot” environment, many large universities have experienced a dramatic decrease in general and developed excellent electric power programs and pro- direct support from the electric power industry for duced the engineers who are now retiring from industry. students and research programs. The Way It Is • As a result of reductions in hiring and competi- In the last 25 years, with accelerated changes in tion from high-tech industries, many universities the last decade, the relationship between electric have significantly curtailed or eliminated electric utilities, the supporting power industry in general, and power programs, and retiring faculty have not been The 38 BRIDGE

replaced in kind. Today, there are many fewer Funding for Research and Development electric power programs supported by four or more One measure of the systemic problem of electric full-time engineering faculty than there were in the power programs in major universities in relationship 1970s, as documented by periodic studies by the to the electric power industry can be documented by Power and Energy Society (McCalley et al., 2008). tracking support for research and development (R&D) Obviously, by 2000, the university/power industry funding. The lifeblood of a tier-one research university dynamic had changed markedly. is research support, and research is inseparable from, and synergistically connected to, education. Knowledge is generated and disseminated to the next generation enabled by research funding. A faculty By the late 1990s, member cannot have a successful career, and a power program cannot compete for students and university R&D funding for electric resources, unless external research funds are regularly power programs was and systematically available to faculty. From the 1960s through much of the 1980s, industry no longer competitive with research funds were generally available for faculty in electric power programs. Power blackouts in the 1960s funding for R&D in underscored the need for “modernization,” a better computers and electronics. understanding, and modeling of electric power systems. The creation of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in the mid-1970s generated millions of dollars Here is a specific case, without naming names. One in funding, with significant amounts spent in universi- large utility was known to support two specific tier- ties on problems of concern to the electric power indus- one universities at a very substantial level through the try. The growth of many university programs in the 1980s. This support included numerous scholarships, 1970s and 1980s was based mainly on research funds funding for faculty, general support funds for electric from EPRI. power programs, significant cooperative and intern- The creation of programs at the National Science ship opportunities, and direct research interactions. Foundation (NSF) that provided funding for electric Today that same utility offers no student scholarships, power engineering research enabled basic research. no cooperative programs, no undesignated support Although the level of NSF funding has never been funds, no funding for professorships, and virtually no high and its power and energy research budgets are research funding. That utility is larger, more “high-tech,” measured in only a few million dollars per year, NSF and deregulated than it was in the 1980s. However, its funding has been an important component of univer- relationship with the universities that traditionally edu- sity research funding. cated its power engineers is virtually nonexistent. In addition, from the 1960s on, many utilities funded Despite a recent resurgence of interest, and some research at universities directly. Several large electric recruitment of faculty, the status of electric power utilities had research laboratories that collaborated engineering programs has not improved dramatically with universities, and research funds flowed directly or in the last decade. The Workforce Collaborative has indirectly through EPRI to universities, supporting both estimated that there are fewer than five very strong near-term and basic research. university power engineering programs in the United In the last 15 years, there has been a dramatic States, as measured by the following metrics: decrease in the availability of research funds. By 2000, direct funding of research by utilities at most universi- • four or more full-time power engineering faculty ties had all but disappeared. Funding through EPRI to • adequate research funding for each faculty member universities, which peaked in the 1990s, has also been to support acceptable numbers of graduate students reduced to very low levels for electric power engineering, corresponding to major reductions in the EPRI • broad undergraduate/graduate course offerings budget. The probability of receiving significant NSF • sizable student enrollments. funding for an unsolicited proposal is very low; even Spring 2010 39

for successful projects, net funding is generally mea- because intelligent systems will identify deteriorating sured in a few tens of thousands of dollars per year per power-delivery apparatus and dispatch crews for repair faculty member. before outages occur. When a major fault or accident By the late 1990s, R&D funding for electric power does happen, the electricity system will automatically programs in universities was no longer competitive with reconfigure itself and restore power with a barely notice- the huge funding provided by the computer and elec- able blink of the lights. tronic industries. As a consequence, department heads Widespread deployment of these advanced technolo- have reduced faculty and, in some cases, eliminated gies is within our grasp. But to make these systems eco- power programs because they had little funding to sup- nomical, dependable, maintainable, and operationally port faculty R&D, and the power industry was simply independent of excessive human oversight will require “not interested.” additional research and much good engineering. A It is estimated that current non-equipment research plentiful, educated, and experienced workforce is the funding in university electric power programs, including key to our electric-power future. considerable funding for power electronics (which are unrelated to electric power and energy production and The Good News! delivery), is approximately $50 million per year (NSF, The electric power and energy industries are back in 2007). That amount is not nearly enough to maintain the news! The need to improve and expand the aging an adequate number of vibrant power and energy facul- electric grid is now obvious to everyone, and political ties at first-tier research universities. and industry support are widespread. Politicians have The author believes that research funding, currently recognized that an essential component of our future about 60 percent from government sources (NSF, economic development and energy independence is 2007), is unhealthy, unsustainable, and undepend- a rigorous and expanded electric utility system that able. Of course, government support is important and incorporates the best automation practices, enables the should be increased, but industry must “step up to the incorporation of new energy sources and new transpor- plate” and shift the balance so that most research funds tation technologies based on electricity, and promotes flow from industry consortia and research organiza- energy efficiency—all enabled by smart systems. These tions, as they once did from EPRI. I suggest a goal of improvements will require many more engineers trained $100,000 per year per graduate student and $50,000 in the newest technologies. per year per undergraduate student in cumulative support to ensure the viability of an adequate number of quality programs. A plentiful, educated, and 2020, a Different Kind of Power System The deterioration of the university/electric power experienced workforce industry relationship over the last three decades can be is the key to our electric- viewed with cynicism, if not downright depression. But recent progress reveals a light at the end of the tunnel. power future. By 2020 we anticipate that wind, water, and solar energy (WWS) will be dependably integrated with efficient, conventional-fuel power plants that are cleaner The good news today is that there is a high demand than ever (Jacobson and Delucchi, 2009). In addi- for electric power engineers and plentiful jobs for those tion, the transmission grid will be greatly expanded, trained in new power and energy technologies. In fact, and new monitoring and control systems will help the demand for power and energy engineers greatly out- keep it reliable. paces the supply, which should translate to increases in In individual homes, dishwashers and clothes wash- student enrollment, more hiring, higher salaries, and a ers, more efficient than ever, will turn on to take advan- positive feedback loop that increases the rate of pro- tage of low-cost power that the utility has signaled is duction of power engineers by universities. So, we can available; hybrid electric cars will also be recharged justifiably look to the future with some enthusiasm, but in off-peak hours. Electric outages will be very rare there is much, much more to be done. The 40 BRIDGE

The Right Model decreasing talent pool in the United Kingdom (UK), Several years ago when I was working in engineering which expects to have 16 percent fewer graduates by administration, a company came to us and said, “I want 2019. The country is also facing a 30 percent decrease 500 engineers NOW! What will it take?” The urgency in the number of lecturers in engineering and manu- of that request was problematic for a university! How- facturing and a 17 percent decrease in the number of ever, the company was serious and took appropriate college-level students entering selected engineering action. programs (Engineering UK, 2009). First, it funded an endowed chair and several profes- The handwriting is on the wall for the UK, and the sorships to support new faculty in its area of interest. country is taking action—first to document the problem The company also funded research programs and the and then to find solutions. Here in the United States start up of a new research laboratory. The company pro- we have already documented the problem. But are we vided graduate assistantships for new graduate students going to take action to help meet the growing demand and offered internships with the company. Faculty vis- for engineering talent worldwide and to take on the ited in the summer and collaborated with the company’s international competition? engineers to get a better understanding of the problems Taking Action facing the entire industry. In addition, new research was initiated. Here is what we must do to meet this grand challenge: With this close industry/university collaboration • Fill the Pipeline. By exposing pre-college students and external support from the company, the univer- to the excitement and benefits of engineering sity made a major commitment to this technical area, careers, we can reverse the decline in engineering which has since been sustained and expanded. As a enrollments. result of this real partnership, the company has a steady stream of engineers, and the university is now known • Motivate College Students. We must challenge stu- for its excellence in this area. The educational/research dents to take on the critical problems that face our program has grown far beyond the initiatives of the nation to ensure that we have ample, reliable, and original company. clean power and energy. The lesson to be learned is simple. If you are a com- • Call on Industry. Scholarships and meaningful pany that needs engineers, do not ask for graduates internships will excite students and attract future without first establishing a relationship with a univer- employees. Consistent hiring practices will help to sity. Industry must “seed the field” and “salt the mine” if stabilize student recruitment and placement. it expects universities to provide graduates on demand. • Strengthen Existing Academic Programs and Estab- We Are Not Alone lish New Ones. Dynamic electric power programs The current need for technical manpower, specifi in major universities must be cultivated with an cally engineering manpower, is not limited to the emphasis on hiring new power and energy engineer- United States. The large and growing economies of ing faculty. the world, especially India, China, and countries in • Renew Industry-University R&D Collaborations South America, are employing more of their engineers (with appropriate government support). Adequate “at home” and even recruiting on our shores. It is a research funding for university faculty will create an compliment that engineers educated in the United environment that motivates students by presenting States are highly valued worldwide, but the implica- them with challenging short-term and long-term tions for the workforce shortage in the United States R&D problems that will meet industry’s needs. are significant. In its annual report, Engineering UK (formerly the Conclusion Engineering and Technology Board of the United King- The shortage of engineers is real, and the pipeline dom) noted that more than 587,000 engineering and is leaky! But if we have the will, we can overcome manufacturing workers with “state of the art skills” will these problems. But this cannot happen overnight. be needed by 2017. The report goes on to discuss the We must take the right steps now to rebuild our univer- difficulty of achieving this number with the rapidly sity electric power and energy research and educational Spring 2010 41

infrastructure and then commit to sustaining them over 2009. Preparing the U.S. Foundation for Future Electric the long haul. If we don’t, history will repeat itself. Energy Systems: A Strong Power Engineering Workforce. The solution is within our grasp! April. New York: IEEE. Available online at http://www. ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_pes/pes/subpages/pescareers-folder/ References workforce/US_Power-Energy_Collaborative_Action_Plan_ ASEE (American Society for Engineering Education). 2009. April_2009_Adobe7.pdf. Profiles of Engineering and Engineering Technology Col- leges. Washington, D.C.: ASEE. Available online at asee. Additional Reading org/colleges. APPA (American Public Power Association). 2005. Work- Engineering UK. 2009. Engineering UK 2009/10 Annual force Planning for Public Power Utilities: Ensuring Report. London, England: Engineering UK. Available Resources to Meet Projected Needs. Washington, D.C.: online at http://www.engineeringuk.com/what_we_do/ APPA. Available online at http://www.appanet.org/files/ education_&_research/engineering_uk_2009/10.cfm. PDFs/WorkForcePlanningforPublicPowerUtilities.pdf. Jacobson, M., and M. Delucchi. 2009. A path to sustainable CEWD (Center for Energy Workforce Development). 2008. energy by 2030. Scientific American 301(5): 58 – 65. Gaps in the Energy Workforce Pipeline: 2008 CEWD Sur- McCalley, J., L. Bohmann, K. Miu, and N. Schulz. 2008. vey Results. Washington, D.C.: CEWD. Available online Electric power engineering education resources 2005 –2006. at http://www.cewd.org/documents/CEWD_08Results.pdf. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 23(1): 1–24. DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). 2006. Workforce Trends NSF (National Science Foundation). 2007. National Sci- in the Electric Utility Industry. Available online at http:// ence Foundation Workshop on the Future Power Engineer- www.oe.energy.gov/DocumentsandMedia/Workforce_Trends_ ing Workforce. Report ECCS-0704063. Arlington, Va., Report_090706_FINAL.pdf. November 29 –30, 2007. National Science Foundation, NCEP (National Commission on Energy Policy). 2009. Task September 5, 2008. Available online at http://ecpe.ece. Force on America’s Future Energy Jobs. Available online at iastate.edu/nsfws/. http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/NCEP. Ray, D., and G. Reed. 2008. IEEE-PES Works to Meet Power NERC (North American Electric Reliability Corporation). and Engineering Education & Workforce Needs. IEEE. 2007. 2007 Long-Term reliability Assessment: 2007–2016. USA Today’s Engineer. Available online at http://www. Princeton, N.J.: NERC. Available online at http://www. todaysengineer.org/2008/Jul/PES.asp. pserc.org/cgi-pserc/getbig/publicatio/specialepr/workforcec/ U.S. Power and Energy Engineering Workforce Collaborative. ltra2007.pdf. Electricity networks bridge the gaps between the technological and biological networks on which societies depend.

The Smart Grid A Bridge between Emerging Technologies, Society, and the Environment

Richard E. Schuler

Combine two popular fuzzy concepts, the “smart grid” and “sustainability,” and you may find a pathway to human progress that is flexible, adaptable, and inspirational for technological innovation and evolving consumption patterns. Many of the complex networks at the heart of modern societies are taken for granted, but modern electricity networks when combined with wholesale markets to provide local public goods, such Richard E. Schuler, Ph.D., P.E., as system reliability and environmental compliance, efficiently bridge the is Graduate School Professor of gaps between underlying support networks (both technological and bio- Economics and of Civil and Envi logical) and human awareness. Realizing the full potential of the smart grid will require widespread, real- ronmental Engineering at Cornell time pricing for all customers, which means overcoming some institutional University and a board member of and political barriers. The advantage of a smart grid, with smart custom- the New York Independent System ers, is that it may provide incentives for a diverse array of technological (and environmental) innovations if it connects the customers’ wants and Operator. payments with supplier rewards. And the initial investment by society is small since no new energy distribution network is required when electricity is used as a medium to translate primary conversion sources into human needs. But the smart grid would be only a first step in developing links between the support networks of a modern society. Its greatest value may be the innovations and further bridges it inspires us to build. Spring 2010 43

Introduction budgets through the things they do care about, family The electric power industry has been serving the pub- and friends, buying goods and services, or making travel lic for more than 100 years, and most of the underlying and entertainment plans. Wouldn’t that send imagina- science on which it is based has been known since its tions soaring? inception. Throughout its history, most of the supply- Or suppose customers could connect their individual side technological innovations in the electric industry actions with “sustainability” through the smart grid? have been evolutionary, with the exceptions of nuclear Today the terms “smart grid” and “sustainability” mean power and modern tele-information systems. something different to nearly everyone who talks about Revolutionary, transformational changes have them. But, if end-use customers were brought into the occurred mostly on the user’s end of the system in the smart-grid mix in real-time electricity markets, then ways people work, think, connect, dream, and enter- these terms would have to be quickly clarified because tain. Tele-information/computerized society could not of their impact on people’s pocketbooks. have emerged without the support of a widespread, reli- My hypothesis is that if customers have the neces- able electricity supply system. sary smarts, the smart grid can be a pathway toward a Today the electricity system itself may be trans- sustainable society. formed, in turn, by these innovations. The marvel of electrified society is not how utterly dependent people are on it, but how easily they take it for granted. Most The marvel of our people think about it only when it fails or when the bills are too high. Otherwise, individuals and businesses electrified society is how dream about new user-friendly gadgets, more luxurious cars, homes, and boats, and more exotic entertainment easily we take it for granted. and getaways, whether real or virtual. Even scientists and academics are occupied with seeking fundamental, Networks and Sustainability underlying truths and tend to skip over areas of science that are fairly well understood on a macro-level. Entre- The smart grid will superimpose tele-information preneurs, hoping to capitalize on novel scientific inno- networks on the electricity network. Like the smart vations to capture their customers’ fancy, tend not to grid, sustainability implies adequate flows of goods and focus on improving efficiency or doing existing things services to members of spatially distributed human soci- better, unless it means hiring fewer workers. eties, which are embedded in a complex web of natural Although improving efficiency is a primary objective ecological systems (i.e., support networks). of the smart grid, the media hasn’t paid much attention I see the smart grid as the first step down a path that to energy efficiency. The attitude seems to be that the may open up unimagined opportunities, leading soci- smart grid is just the latest twist in the same old industry ety to explore multiple routes but keeping the goal of story, an attempt to attract attention (and government sustainability in mind. I think of the smart grid as the funding) by hitching a ride on headlines about recent first step in a dynamic process with antennae searching advances in tele-information. But at some point the multiple networks that provide feedback and allow for electricity industry will have to reach out and connect timely course corrections. with every customer for the “smartening” of the grid to We have some idea of where human societies are today, deliver its full promise. and each of us has a notion of where society might (or The standard industry and political line is that cus- should) be in the future. But we have little idea about tomers do not care about energy efficiency. But they do which paths to take or which production technologies to care about their I-phones/mobile information/entertain- pursue to get there. The space between here (now) and ment devices and programs that track the value of their there (then) will evolve depending on the choices we assets. They just don’t think much about the underlying make, and the choices we have already made. electricity system that powers them. That’s why I characterize the smart grid as a “bridge,” What if we could connect the two? What if we actually a flexible, switchable system of bridges linking could enable customers to monitor, in real time (or people with technology and natural systems. Accord- plug into an automated computer “app”), their energy ing to many cultural anthropologists and archaeologists, The 44 BRIDGE those three components—people, technology, and nat- everyone. When innovations create negative exter- ural systems—are always linked, and the nature of that nalities (i.e., adverse impacts on people and/or the linkage determines the rise, and eventual fall, of human biosphere that are not captured in the prices of goods societies (e.g., Diamond, 2005; Harris, 1977; Tainter, and services), society as a whole may be harmed. The 1988). In simple terms, human-engineered systems, outcome depends on the nature and reparability of frequently related to water supply, have historically led the insult and the speed of recognition and response. to the affluence and expansion of some societies. When Furthermore, undoing or avoiding a negative techni- they reached a level that was unsustainable in the face cal externality requires collective (i.e., government) of the inevitable shock(s) that impact the natural bio- action to ensure that everyone shares in the cost, as sphere, these societies precipitously declined. well as the benefit, of the public good. The difference between earlier societies and mod- The same principle applies to the care and improve- ern societies is the interconnectedness of all people on ment of a complex natural or human-engineered net- Earth and the rapidity of both the physical transport of work. Most engineered networks start as a way to goods and services and the flow of information about expand markets for a particular type of business. But their remote availability, which can provide a hedge when enough people become dependent on the service against localized failures. Unfortunately, they also cre- provided by the network (e.g., roads and highways, the ate interdependencies that may eventually precipitate air traffic system and airports, telecommunications net- collapse on a global scale. works and the Internet, financial liquidity networks), So what does this have to do with the smart grid? government usually steps in to support its repair and To a large extent, the doomsday just described has to maintenance. do with the way networks are linked and the differen- tials between the types and speed of feedback within Electricity Networks, an Essential Step and among society, technology, and natural systems. The link I have suggested between electricity and It also has to do with the immediate and potential sustainability is important, because modern societ- responses and the pace of innovation (i.e., adaptation ies no longer depend on horses, water, or steam to and change), through which the smart grid may become provide energy. Instead, they depend on non-human an enabler of a sustainable society. energy, electricity instead of human or animal physical effort. For example, increased agricultural productivity improved human nutrition, which greatly increased the intensity of human effort (Fogel, 1994). Electrification The smart grid is a flexible, compounded these improvements in per capita productivity, even though it is less efficient when measured switchable system of bridges in terms of energy conversion on a BTU-in/BTU-out linking people with technology basis. What matters is that electricity is an extraordinarily efficient substitute for human energy (Weinberg and natural systems. and Burwell, 1982). Because electricity can be transported via thin, flexible wires and delivered precisely where and Markets for the exchange of goods and services can when it is wanted, production processes no longer also be both enablers and impediments to the ecologi- have to be aligned to meet the physical requirements cal collapse of societies. Markets are loosely coupled of metal shafts, gears, and belt drives. Instead, they networks that bring together, through piecemeal infor- can be arranged to satisfy the needs of their human mation flows, the efforts of hundreds, even thousands, overseers. Electricity, which powers a myriad of labor- of people performing highly specialized functions that saving devices, has unleashed the electronic, tele- result in the delivery of coordinated products to indi- information, and computer era. vidual customers. Although fossil-fuel-fired power plants are today An even greater benefit of markets is that their considered a blight on the environment, they facili- rewards encourage technological innovation that tated an important step toward improving urban envi- adds to economic productivity in ways that benefit ronments. Imagine how filthy New York City would Spring 2010 45

be if all of its energy had to be converted (i.e., burned) Smart Networks, Smart Markets within its boundaries. Instead, much of that combus- The flow of goods and services over networks, which tion has been concentrated at distant locations and by definition can improve reliability in many ways, is the energy shipped by wire. And because of the scal- often governed by the laws of physics, chemistry, and ing laws of large chemical/combustion processes, these biology, rather than the rules of commerce. In the processes are more efficient and less polluting than past, this hard fact interfered with efforts to establish when combustion took place in every home or build- electricity markets in the United States because cus- ing. In addition, filtering and scrubbing remove resid- tomary market transactions frequently have to be over- ual effluents leading to less pollution per unit of human ruled to maintain system reliability. Because electricity energy saved. supplied over a network provides the same protection But that is just the beginning. Energy by wire means against unannounced outages to all customers in a par- we can get energy from a variety of fuels and deliver ticular neighborhood, reliability is a public good, and its it at the speed of light. Less-polluting energy sources, level must be determined and enforced by a regulatory like natural gas, might be located closer to people, but authority (e.g., Mount et al., 2003). renewable resources must be sited where the resources are predominant (e.g., hydroelectric plants, wind farms, and geothermal plants). The point is that with electricity as the energy inter- Energy by wire means mediary, a wide range of existing and emerging technologies for energy generation can be tapped using the we can get energy from a same delivery system and powering the same end-use variety of fuels and deliver it appliances. The electricity network is an extraordinary hedging mechanism for future developments, at the speed of light. even as it continues to support the most effective end- use appliances. There are some major hitches, however. Electricity Therefore, providing low-cost reliable electric service cannot be stored economically in large quantities (e.g., requires a “smart-market”—one that begins with bids pumping water uphill, an indirect storage method, is and offers from buyers and sellers but accepts them only limited to particular locations), and peoples’ use of elec- after taking into account the laws of physics that govern tricity varies widely over the course of a day, a week, or feasible flows over the multiple paths of an electricity a year. Whereas fossil fuels can be stored, renewable network (Rassenti et al., 2003). The overall objec- sources can be tapped only when nature cooperates. tive is to maximize the efficiency of the system, while Thus the supply doesn’t always match human-usage maintaining a specified level of reliability. Today’s even patterns. smarter markets also take into account dynamic con- Fortunately, many electronic advances in the past straints on the network (e.g., the designation of operat- half-century have already helped to smooth out the ing reserves and unit ramp rates), even as they continue ebbs and flows of demand and supply while maintain- to ship energy. ing the reliability of the grid. A more widespread elec- But smart markets can also provide feedback that leads tricity network may be able to tap a larger variety of to improvements in the design and use of the electricity generating sources and thereby take advantage of the network. If flow constraints on transmission lines can be non-coincidence of peak demands in different geo- priced, congestion (a negative technical externality) can graphic regions. also be priced, thereby improving the matchup between Another downside to electricity as our source of supply and demand both geographically and over time. energy is that it leads to a second disconnect in the Feedback can also signal when, where, and how much minds of most people. Because the primary conversion customers are willing to pay for network improvements. of energy takes place in distant, out-of-sight locations, In fact, this concept is beginning to be applied to other most people don’t think about the adverse environ- networks (e.g., congestion tolls on roads). mental consequences of flipping on their computers or The other big negative technical externality for the charging their cell phones. electricity network is pollution, primarily from power The 46 BRIDGE generation. Fortunately, because different types of gen- limited success until the ultimate “deciders” (i.e., con- eration in different locations result in different adverse sumers) speak up. impacts, the use of price mechanisms by the environmental community, either through cap-and-trade markets or Smart Meters for All the levy of effluent fees, nicely complements existing To some, the smart grid implies using the latest sen- market-based, wholesale exchanges of electricity. sors and computerized algorithms for all aspects of the Even in areas where electricity allocations and costs operation so that everything is on autopilot. To others are determined by a regulatory process, environmen- (so far in only a few urban areas), the change extends tal add-ons, based on estimated damage to society, can to the local distribution system, which will be designed reflect the external (non-marketed) environmental costs and operated with the same sophistication and redun- of supplying power from different sources; in this way the dancy as the bulk power network. externalities can be internalized! Thus for power plants Another local extension of automated systems is the that burn high-sulfur coal without scrubbing, the social micro-grid, which involves distributed, small genera- costs of pollution can be added to fuel costs, which will tion sites that combine lighting, heat, air conditioning, affect the determination of whether or not the fuel is and power managed by their own optimization routines, economical compared to, say, wind-generated power. while accounting for the economic interface with the A distinction should be made between the emission external network. In those locations, the existing bulk of greenhouse gases and the emission of particulates and power system must anticipate and account for the sophis- the oxides of sulfur (SOX) and nitrogen (NOX). Even- ticated actions and responses of these micro-grids. tually, the adverse effects of greenhouse gas emissions Evolving technologies may increase the value of a will affect everyone on the planet. Thus, reducing them smart grid that encompasses all of these perspectives. is a pure public good. Emissions from each source add For example, combine wind power, solar power, and the up to what is received collectively by everyone, and car- plug-in-hybrid vehicle (PHEV). The latter, for the first bon emissions everywhere can be assessed with the same time, would enable the economical distributed storage incremental fee. of electricity at the local level. Although battery technology has been around for a century, it is becoming economical now because of the high price of gasoline. This is an example of the fuel-price hedging advantage Add-on costs for estimated of electricity and the technological adaptations it may damage to society can facilitate. As more small-scale generating and storage technolo- internalize externalities. gies become part of the distribution system, economical coordination with the customer’s use of electricity will become even more important. This cannot hap- By comparison, particulates, SOX, NOX, and other pen, however, until nearly every customer has a sensor pollutants affect people in different locations differently, that measures energy usage in real time and is charged depending on atmospheric conditions, topography, and for that usage based on time-differentiated costs that geography. The reduction of these “criteria” pollutants include external environmental costs. is a local public good, because, even though everyone in Yet we have been reluctant to install smart meters a neighborhood receives the same benefit, the adverse that can instantaneously sense and record electricity impacts vary in different places and at different times. usage based on the presumption that customers do not The problem is that the atmospheric network is dif- want to be bothered, and might even rebel, at real- ferent from the electricity supply network, and today, time pricing. However, experiments suggest otherwise the rules and regulations for each are governed by dif- (Adilov et al., 2004). In studies at Cornell, for example, ferent government agencies. It is easy to imagine the we paid customers (students) real money for what they tugging and pulling between these oversight bodies saved in their simulated electricity purchases in a com- (Mitarotonda, 2008). Using prices to manage the twin puterized market. public goods of electricity reliability and environmental In the first scenario, customers had traditional, quality in wholesale electricity markets can only have constant-price tariffs in a variety of weather conditions Spring 2010 47

and simulated day-night differences. Next, they ran Before After through the same sequence Participant Preferences Before Participant Preferences After of purchase conditions but Experiencing DRP and RTP Experiencing DRP and RTP paid real-time market- clearing prices. In a third scenario, predetermined credits were provided for RTP reduced consumption in a 36% DRP traditional, constant-price DRP 34% exchange, only when sys- 64% RTP tem stress was anticipated, 66% similar to demand-response programs available today. The results overwhelmingly favored real-time pricing Note: Statistically Significant Reversal of Preferences (Figure 1). In addition, price spikes were reduced in most peak periods, as were FIGURE 1 Preferences for electricity pricing system, before and after actual experience in paid-for performance exercises. Note: suppliers’ profits. In eco- RTP=real-time pricing. DRP=demand-response pricing. Source: Schuler, 2004. nomic jargon, the industry operated more efficiently. Before the experiments began, participants were asked which pricing system they thought they would prefer, and two-thirds chose Imp Gen constant, fixed prices with Out Gen Line 15 traditional demand-response incentives. After trying all three systems, however, two-thirds chose real-time pricing! This reversal is statistically significant by any criteria and refutes the popular wisdom that customers will not accept the change. Line 30 Further experiments confirmed other benefits to letting all customers into the electricity markets. In simulations of the effects of alternative pricing systems on a 30-bus electrical system with six generators, it was estimated that maximum transmission-line capacities could be reduced by an FIGURE 2 Schematic diagram of 30 bus IEEE test electricity network used for capacity and line flow simulations. Source: average of 7 percent and Schuler, 2004. The 48 BRIDGE that peak-generation requirements would be reduced which starts with the smart grid, will be dynamic and by 5 to 10 percent (Adilov et al., 2005). In fact, total will continue to evolve. Whether it will eventually electricity consumption increased slightly with real-time work through large-scale centralized or small decen- pricing, because nighttime usage increased (because of tralized loosely coupled systems will depend on future much lower prices) more than daytime usage declined. developments and the paths that are chosen. Whatever In the long run, this would translate into lower capital those paths may be, they will reflect human creativity in costs per megawatt hour sold (Figure 2). ways that were not possible before. However, these benefits were not included in estimates of overall customer value. In addition, the largest Acknowledgment benefits to society can only be imagined. These ben- Research for the experiments and simulations con- efits would result from the realization of technological ducted at Cornell University was supported by the advances, such as wind and solar generation, micro- Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC), grids, and PHEVs. a National Science Foundation/industry consortium, and the Consortium for Electricity Reliability Technol- Conclusion ogy Solutions and funded by the U.S. Department of Imagine the economic benefits of storing electric- Energy through PSERC. ity in your PHEV generated by low-cost, base load and wind units at night, rather than recharging the vehicle References during the day with electricity produced by expensive Adilov, N., T. Light, R. Schuler, W. Schulze, D. Toomey, and gas-fired generation during peak hours. With real-time R. Zimmerman. 2004. Self-Regulating Electricity Mar- pricing, customers will have a greater incentive to make kets? Presented at the 17th Annual Western Conference, the extra investment in, for example, PHEVs. In addi- Rutgers Center for Research in Regulated Industries, San tion, an entrepreneur might begin to market an “app” Diego, California, June 24, 2004. for a smart phone that would enable the PHEV driver Adilov, N., T. Light, R. Schuler. W. Schulze, D. Toomey, and to punch in the origin and destination of a trip and the R. Zimmerman. 2005. Differences in Capacity Require- desired departure and maximum tolerable travel time. ments, Line Flows and System Operability under Alterna- The program would then respond with a route, as well tive Deregulated Market Structures: Simulations Derived as refueling (and dining) spots that minimize combined from Experimental Trials. Pp. 635 – 641 in Proceedings of time and cost while accounting for traffic congestion. IEEE Power Systems Conference and Exposition, San Fran- This would be just the beginning, however. For the cisco, Calif., June 12–16, 2005. first time in years, most urban dwellers would once Diamond, J.M. 2005. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail again be connected consciously with the broader envi- or Succeed. New York: Viking Books. ronment that sustains them, even as they could now Fogel, R. 1994. Economic growth, population theory, and manage their own comfort and convenience. The physiology: the bearing of long-term processes on the mechanism of this connection would be the inclusion making of economic policy. American Economic Review of widely varying environmental costs in the prices of 84(3): 369 –395. consumption alternatives. Harris, M. 1977. Cannibals and Kings: The Origins of Cul- The smart grid will provide instantaneous access to tures. New York: Random House. a wide variety of energy sources with modest additional Mitarotonda, D.C. 2008. When the Transport Paths of Com- investments in pipes, concrete, and wires. Unlike many modities and the Externalities They Generate Diverge: other proposed energy futures, this one would not require Electricity as an Example. Paper presented at the 55th a massive nationwide investment at the outset. Mak- North American Meetings of the Regional Science Asso- ing the electricity grid (and us) smart in terms of cost ciation International, Brooklyn, New York, November will provide powerful incentives for innovators to devise 20 –22, 2008. environmentally benign versions of goods and services Mount, T.D., R.E. Schuler, and W.D. Schulze. 2003. Markets that satisfy customers’ desires. for Reliability and Financial Options in Electricity: Theory What I have just described is a bridging mechanism to Support the Practice. Pp. 53 – 62 in Proceedings of the that will link technology, engineered support networks, 36th Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sci- the biosphere, and human society. The energy network, ence, Waikaloa, Hawaii, January 6 –9, 2003. Spring 2010 49

Rassenti, S.J., V.L. Smith, and B.J. Wilson. 2003. Control- schuler_demand_response_final_report.pdf. ling market power and price spikes in electricity networks: Tainter, J.A. 1988. The Collapse of Complex Societies. demand-side bidding. Proceedings of the National Acad- Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. emy of Sciences 100(5): 2998 –3003. Weinberg, A.M., and C.C. Burwell. 1982. The Rediscovery Schuler, R.E. 2004. Structuring Electricity Markets for Demand of Electricity. Pp. 12–18 in Proceedings of the American Responsiveness: Experiments on Efficiency and Operational Power Conference 44. Washington, D.C.: American Soci- Consequences. PSERC Report M-7. Available online at ety of Mechanical Engineers. http://www.pserc.org/ecow/get/publication/reports/2004report/ The 50 BRIDGE NAE News and Notes Class of 2010 Elected

In February, NAE elected 68 new Montgomery M. Alger, vice presi- professional leadership, and members and 9 new foreign associ- dent and chief technology officer, for contributions to optimization ates, bringing the number of U.S. Air Products and Chemicals Inc., and transportation models, algo- members to 2,267 and the number Allentown, Pennsylvania. For the rithms, and applications. of foreign associates to 196. Elec- innovative fusion of business and tion to NAE, one of the highest process engineering models to Rebecca M. Bergman, vice presi- professional distinctions accorded advance engineering applications dent, New Therapies and Diagnos- to an engineer, honors individuals and analysis. tics, Medtronic Inc., Mounds View, who have made outstanding con- Minnesota. For technical leader- tributions to “engineering research, Lisa Alvarez-Cohen, Fred and ship in the development of inter- practice, or education, including Claire Sauer Professor and chair of ventional vascular devices and drug . . . significant contributions to the Civil and Environmental Engineer- delivery systems. engineering literature” and to “new ing Department, University of Cali- and developing fields of technol- fornia, Berkeley. For discovery and Jacobo Bielak, University Profes- ogy, . . . major advancements in application of novel microorganisms sor of Civil and Environmental traditional fields of engineering, or and biochemical pathways for Engineering and director, Com- . . . innovative approaches to engi- microbial degradation of environ- putational Seismology Laboratory, neering education.” A list of newly mental contaminants. Carnegie Mellon University, Pitts- elected members and foreign asso- burgh, Pennsylvania. For advancing ciates follows, with primary affili- John David Anderson Jr., cura- knowledge and methods in earth- ations at the time of their election tor of aerodynamics, National Air quake engineering and in regional- and brief descriptions of principal and Space Museum, Smithsonian scale seismic motion simulation. accomplishments. Institution, Washington, D.C. For aerospace engineering and history Clyde L. Briant, vice president for New Members textbooks and for contributions to research and Otis E. Randall Uni- Joseph A. “Bud” Ahearn, senior hypersonic gas dynamics. versity Professor, Brown University, vice president (retired), CH2M Providence, Rhode Island. For elu- Hill, Ltd., Englewood, Colorado. Daniel N. Baker, director, Labora cidation of microstructural effects For contributions to improving the tory for Atmospheric and Space on high-temperature mechanical environment and transportation Physics, University of Colorado, performance of metals. infrastructure through engineering Boulder. For leadership in stud- and construction projects. ies, measurements, and predictive Andrei Z. Broder, Fellow and vice tools for the Earth’s radiation envi- president, Search and Computa Ilhan A. Aksay, professor, Depart- ronment and its impact on U.S. tional Advertising, Yahoo! Research, ment of Chemical Engineering, security. Sunnyvale, California. For contri- Princeton University, Princeton, butions to the science and engineer- New Jersey. For advances in cer Cynthia Barnhart, associate dean ing of the World Wide Web. amic processing methods, biologi- for academic affairs and professor cally inspired materials processing, of civil and environmental engi- James W. Burns, senior vice presi- and field-induced layering of col- neering and engineering sys- dent, Drug and Biomaterial R&D, loidal crystals. tems, Massachusetts Institute Genzyme Corporation, Waltham, of Technology, Cambridge. For Massachusetts. For pioneering the Spring 2010 51

development and commercializa- Stores Inc., Bentonville, Arkansas. C. Randy Giles, director, Optical tion of hyaluronan-based products For leadership and contributions Subsystems and Advanced Photon- and therapeutics to prevent surgi- to the design and implementation ics Research Department, Bell Labs, cal adhesions. of innovative logistics and retail Alcatel-Lucent, Holmdel, New Jer- technologies. sey. For contributions to advanced Gang Chen, Carl Richard Soderberg lightwave communication networks Professor, Department of Mechani- Heinz Erzberger, Ames Fellow and including erbium-doped fiber ampli- cal Engineering, Massachusetts Senior Scientist (retired), NASA fiers, fiber Bragg grating-based sub- Institute of Technology, Cambridge. Ames Research Center, Moffett systems, and MEMs crossconnects. For contributions to heat transfer at Field, California. For automation the nanoscale and to thermoelectric of air traffic management systems Irene Greif, IBM Fellow and direc- energy conversion technology. that increases capacity and reduces tor, Collaborative User Experience, delays and fuel consumption. IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Brian Clark, Schlumberger Fellow, Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Schlumberger Technology Center, Richard C. Flagan, Irma and Ross For founding the field of computer- Schlumberger Companies, Sugar McCollum-William H. Corcoran supported cooperative work, and for Land, Texas. For contributions Professor of Chemical Engineering, leading research teams to shape and and leadership in development and professor of environmental sci- commercialize the field. and worldwide implementation ence and engineering, and execu- of measurement-while-drilling tive officer of chemical engineering, William D. Gropp, Paul and Cyn- technology. California Institute of Technology, thia Saylor Professor of Computer Pasadena. For leadership in inven- Science, University of Illinois, Robert E. Cohen, St. Laurent Pro- tion, measurement, production, and Urbana-Champaign. For contri- fessor of Chemical Engineering, technology of aerosols. butions to numerical software in Massachusetts Institute of Technol- the area of linear algebra and high- ogy, Cambridge. For research on Paul G. Gaffney II, Vice Admiral, performance parallel and distrib- polymer morphology and surfaces, U.S. Navy (retired); and president, uted computation. commercial products and processes, Monmouth University, West Long successful entrepreneurship, and Branch, New Jersey. For techni- Laura M. Haas, IBM Fellow and novel educational programs. cal leadership in naval research director, Computer Science, IBM and development and its impact on Almaden Research Center, San John P. Connolly, Senior Techni- U.S. defense, ocean policy, and the Jose, California. For innovations in cal Advisor and Principal Engineer, Arctic. the design and implementation of Anchor QEA, LLC, Montvale, New systems for information integration. Jersey. For development of inte- Arthur Gelb, president, Four grated water-quality models used for Sigma Corporation, Belmont, Mas- Eugene E. Haller, professor of mate- remediation and management plan- sachusetts. For leadership in apply- rials science and Liao-Cho Innova- ning for large, contaminated bodies ing Kalman filtering techniques to tion Endowed Chair, Department of of water. the solution of critical national Materials Science and Engineering, aerospace problems. University of California, Berkeley. Martin Cooper, chairman, Dyna, For improvements in semiconductor LLC, Del Mar, California. For Maryellen Giger, professor of radiol- performance through contributions leadership in the creation and ogy and medical physics, University to synthesis of ultrapure and doped deployment of the cellular portable of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. For crystals. hand-held telephone. contributions to digital signal analysis for improved cancer detection Jeffrey A. Hubbell, professor and Michael T. Duke, president and and treatment and for innovations director, Institute of Bioengineer- chief executive officer, Wal-Mart in interdisciplinary training. ing, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale The 52 BRIDGE de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzer- California, Berkeley. For developing new vortex methods of flow simu- land. For contributions to the sci- synthetic biology tools to engineer lation, and understanding of flow- ence, engineering, and technology the antimalarial drug artemisinin. induced vibration. of bioactive materials for the benefit of patients. Jon Khachaturian, founder, presi- Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Robert and dent, and chief executive officer, Irene Sylvester Professor of Civil and Michael R. Johnson, Rear Admiral, Versabar, Inc., Houston, Texas. Environmental Engineering, Uni- U.S. Navy (retired) and associate For developing innovative, safe, versity of Washington, Seattle. For vice chancellor for facilities, Uni- reusable, and economical heavy- contributions to hydrologic mod- versity of Arkansas, Fayetteville. lifting systems to advance the inter- eling for stream water quality and For leadership and achievements national marine industry. hydro-climate trends and models for in U.S. Naval construction man- improved water management. agement and projects throughout Thomas F. Kuech, Milton J. and A. the world. Maude Shoemaker Professor and past Robert A. Lindeman, vice presi- chair, Department of Chemical and dent and chief engineer (retired), Michael I. Jordan, Pehong Chen Biological Engineering, University Northrop Grumman Corporation, Distinguished Professor, Depart- of Wisconsin, Madison. For contri- Castle Rock, Colorado. For contri- ment of Electrical Engineering and butions to chemical vapor deposi- butions to U.S. signals intelligence Computer Science and Department tion of compound semiconductors. processing, algorithms, and archi- of Statistics, University of Califor- tecture, and implementation of nia, Berkeley. For contributions to Derrick M. Kuzak, group vice presi- innovative near real-time systems the foundations and applications of dent, Global Product Development, operations. machine learning. Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan. For leadership in the John O. Marsden, president, John Brewster Kahle, digital librarian, design and development of automo- O. Marsden, LLC, Phoenix, Arizona. director, and co-founder, Internet tive vehicles. For contributions to the technology Archive, San Francisco, California. of processing copper and gold ores. For archiving and making available Einar V. Larsen, director, Energy all forms of digital information. Application and Systems Engineer- David A.B. Miller, W.M. Keck ing, GE, Schenectady, New York. Foundation Professor of Electri- Eric W. Kaler, provost and senior For the invention and application cal Engineering, and professor of vice president for academic affairs, of flexible AC transmission systems applied physics, Ginzton Labora- Stony Brook University, Stony devices leading to enhanced perfor- tory, Stanford University, Stanford, Brook, New York. For elucidation mance of the electric power grid. California. For contributions to of structure-function relationships the physics and application of semi in surfactant systems that has led to Hau L. Lee, Thoma Professor conductor nanostructures, includ- novel formulations of complex, self- of Operations, Information, and ing the discovery of the quantum assembled media. Technology, Graduate School of confined Stark effect. Business, Stanford University, Abraham E. Karem, president and Stanford, California. For contri- Tom M. Mitchell, E. Fredkin Uni- founder, Karem Aircraft Inc., Lake butions demonstrating the impact versity Professor and chair, Machine Forest, California. For development of information-sharing on supply Learning Department, School of of long-endurance unmanned aerial chain design and management. Computer Science, Carnegie Mel- vehicles and variable rotor speed lon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- VTOL aircraft systems. Anthony Leonard, Theodore von vania. For pioneering contributions Kármán Professor of Aeronautics and leadership in the methods and Jay D. Keasling, Hubbard Howe Emeritus, California Institute of applications of machine learning. Jr. Distinguished Professor of Bio- Technology, Pasadena. For contri- chemical Engineering, University of butions to simulation of turbulence, Spring 2010 53

David J. Mooney, dean for chemical/ Gregory H. Olsen, principal, GHO Mark R. Pinto, executive vice pres- biological sciences and engineering, Ventures, LLC, Princeton, New Jer- ident, Applied Materials Inc., Santa and Robert P. Pinkas Family Pro- sey. For research and commercial- Clara, California. For contributions fessor of Bioengineering, School of ization of optical components for to modeling and manufacturing Engineering and Applied Sciences, fiber communications and national technologies for semiconductor Harvard University, Cambridge, defense. devices. Massachusetts. For contributions to the fields of tissue engineering and Gregory B. Olson, Walter P. Murphy Stephen B. Pope, Sibley College Pro- regeneration. Professor, Department of Materials fessor of Engineering, Sibley School Science and Engineering, North- of Mechanical and Aerospace Engi- David L. Morse, senior vice presi- western University, Evanston, Illi- neering, Cornell University, Ithaca, dent and director of corporate nois. For contributions to research, New York. For contributions to the research, Corning Inc., Corning, development, implementation, and modeling of turbulent flow, includ- New York. For contributions to teaching of science-based design of ing the development of probability photochromic materials and leader- materials. distribution function methodologies ship in fiber-optic technology. for turbulent combustion. Thomas W. Parks, Professor Emeri- Ali Mosleh, professor, Department tus, Cornell University, Ithaca, New William R. Pulleyblank, vice presi- of Mechanical Engineering, Uni- York. For contributions to digital dent, Center for Business Optimi- versity of Maryland, College Park. filter design, fast computation of zation, IBM Business Consulting For contributions to the develop- Fourier transforms, and education. Services, Somers, New York. For ment of Bayesian methods and contributions to the theory and computational tools in probabilis- Larry L. Peterson, Robert E. Kahn methods of optimization and leader- tic risk assessment and reliability Professor of Computer Science, ship in their application to business engineering. Department of Computer Science, problems. Princeton University, Princeton, William New Jr., chairman and New Jersey. For contributions to Arthur H. Rosenfeld, commis- chief executive officer, The Novent the design, implementation, and sioner, California Energy Commis- Group, Palo Alto, California. For deployment of networked software sion, Sacramento. For leadership in developing applications of pulse systems. energy efficiency research, develop- oximetry technology to clinical ment, and technology deployment problems of blood oxygen monitor- Roderic I. Pettigrew, director, through the development of appli- ing, and for innovations in neonatal National Institute of Biomedi- ance and building standards and audiology. cal Imaging and Bioengineering, public policy. National Institutes of Health, Paul D. Nielsen, Major General, Bethesda, Maryland. For the use Richard C. Scherrer, retired aircraft U.S. Air Force (retired) and direc- of MRI in human blood-flow stud- design consultant, Port Townsend, tor and chief executive officer, ies and for leading advancements Washington. For his pioneering Software Engineering Institute, in bioengineering research and work on revolutionary aircraft Carnegie Mellon University, Pitts- education as the initial director of designs with extremely low radar burgh, Pennsylvania. For leader- NIBIB. cross sections that led to the F117A ship of the systems engineering and stealth fighter. design of advanced national satellite George F. Pinder, professor, and programs, including restructuring director, Research Center for Ben Shneiderman, professor of and upgrades of MILSTAR. Groundwater Remediation Design, computer science, Department University of Vermont, Burlington. of Computer Science, University For leadership in groundwater mod- of Maryland, College Park. For eling applied to diverse problems in research, software development, water resources. and scholarly texts concerning The 54 BRIDGE human-computer interaction and Engineering Center, Department of sand during earthquakes and its information visualization. of Mechanical Engineering, Uni- application to practice. versity of California, Berkeley. For John C. Wall, vice president and pioneering contributions in meta- Danie G. Krige, independent con- chief technical officer, Cummins materials and creation of the first sultant, Florida Hills, South Africa. Inc., Columbus, Indiana. For lead- optical superlens with resolutions For development of statistical meth- ership and management of research, beyond the fundamental diffraction ods and their application to resource design, development, and produc- limit. valuation. tion of low-emission, fuel-efficient, heavy-duty diesel engines. New Foreign Associates Sang Yup Lee, Distinguished Pro- José M. Aguilera, professor, Depart- fessor, dean, and director, KAIST, Mark N. Wegman, IBM Fel- ment of Chemical Engineering and Daejeon, Republic of South Korea. low and Chief Scientist, Software Bioprocesses, Pontificia Universidad For leadership in bacterial biotech- Technology, IBM Thomas J. Wat- Católica de Chile, Santiago. For nology and metabolic engineering, son Research Center, Hawthorne, advancing food material technology including development of fermen- New York. For contributions to and the understanding of structure tation processes for biodegradable computer algorithms and complier functions in foods. polymers and organic acids. optimization that have influenced many areas of computer science Edward J. Davison, University Pro- N.R. Narayana Murthy, chairman theory and practice. fessor Emeritus of Electrical and of the board and chief mentor, Info- Computer Engineering, University sys Technologies Ltd., Bangalore, Andrew J. Whittle, head, Depart- of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. For India. For contributions to the ment of Civil and Environmental contributions to control system development of global information Engineering and SMART Research methodology for model reduc- technology services. Professor, Massachusetts Institute of tion, robust servomechanisms, and Technology, Cambridge. For devel- decentralized control. Jens Nielsen, professor in systems opment of soil models and numeri- biology, Department of Chemi- cal analyses that advance the design L.K. Doraiswamy, Anson Marston cal and Biological Engineering, of braced excavations and offshore Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Chalmers University of Technology, structures. Department of Chemical and Bio- Göteborg, Sweden. For contribu- logical Engineering, Iowa State tions to the development of fungal Alan S. Willsky, Edwin S. Webster University, Ames. For outstanding biotechnology for pharmaceutical Professor of Electrical Engineering leadership in the development of intermediates and neutraceuticals. and Computer Science and direc- the Indian chemical industry and tor, Laboratory for Information and contributions to organic synthesis Jun-ichi Nishizawa, advisor and Decision Systems, Massachusetts engineering, heterogeneous reac- University Professor (special Institute of Technology, Cambridge. tions, and reactors. appointment), Sophia School For contributions to model-based Corporation, Tokyo, Japan. For signal processing and statistical Kenji Ishihara, professor of contributions to static induction inference. research and development initia- devices, dislocation-free semi- tive, Department of Civil Engi- conductor processing, and optical Xiang Zhang, Ernest S. Kuh neering, Chuo University, Tokyo, device technologies. Endowed Chair Professor and direc- Japan. For advancing understand- tor, NSF Nano-scale Science and ing of the fundamental behavior Spring 2010 55

NAE Newsmakers

The Chinese Academy of Engi- several academic-industry consortia, distinguished leadership in materi- neering (CAE) recently elected a and advocating the broader role of als science and engineering.” At the class of six new foreign members, materials science and engineering in Awards/American Welding Society five of whom are NAE members: solving global human challenges.” (AWS) Foundation Recognition Liang-Shih Fan, Distinguished Uni- Roger W. Brockett, An Wang Luncheon on November 17, 2009, versity Professor and C. John Easton Professor of Electrical Engineering held in Chicago, Illinois, in con- Professor in Engineering, Ohio State and Computer Science, School of junction with the 2009 FABTECH University; Raj Reddy, Mozah Bint Engineering and Applied Sciences, International and AWS Exhibition, Nasser University Professor of Com- Harvard University, received the Dr. Chang and his colleague Prof. puter Science and Robotics, Car IEEE 2009 Leon K. Kirchmayer Sindo Kou received the 2009 War- negie Mellon University; Surendra Graduate Teaching Award on ren F. Savage Memorial Award P. Shah, Walter P. Murphy Professor, December 17, 2009. Dr. Brockett for a paper titled “Liquation of Mg Northwestern University; Charles was recognized for his inspirational Alloys in Friction Stir Spot Weld- M. Vest, president, National Acad- mentoring of generations of graduate ing” published in the Welding Journal emy of Engineering; and Henry students who have gone on to define in 2008. This paper was selected by T. Yang, chancellor, University of the field of control engineering. their peers “to best represent inno- California, Santa Barbara. Estab- Y. Austin Chang, Wisconsin vative research resulting in better lished in 1994, CAE is a national, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of understanding of the metallurgical independent organization of elected the Department of Materials Sci- principles related to welding.” Dr. members who have made significant ence and Engineering, University of Chang was recently notified he has and creative contributions in engi- Wisconsin, Madison, received four been selected to be an Honorary neering and technological sciences. awards in 2009 and one in 2010. Dr. Member of AIME for “outstanding Diran Apelian, Howmet Profes- Chang delivered a lecture, “Synthe- life-long contributions to research, sor of Mechanical Engineering, and sis and Characterization of AlOx- technology, materials science and director, Metal Processing Institute, based Magnetic Tunnel Junctions,” engineering education, and sus- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, at the Acta Materialia Gold Medal tained leadership.” The honor was received the 2010 Robert Earll Celebration on February 15, 2009, formally announced on February McConnell Award from the Ameri- at the 2009 Annual TMS Meeting 16, 2010, at the 2010 Annual TMS can Institute of Mining, Metal- in San Francisco, California. At Meeting in Seattle, Washington. lurgical, and Petroleum Engineers the end of the lecture, he officially Joseph M. Colucci, president (AIME). The award was presented accepted the 2009 Acta Materialia of Automotive Fuels Consulting during the AIME annual banquet Gold Medal in recognition of his Inc. and retired executive director, and awards ceremony in Seattle, demonstrated ability and leader- materials research, General Motors Washington, on February 16, 2010. ship in materials research. At the Research and Development, is the Dr. Apelian was honored “for ASM International Awards Dinner recipient of the 2010 SAE Inter- working tirelessly for over 40 years on October 27, 2009, at the Annual national Medal of Honor, the orga- dedicated to teaching, mentoring 2009 ASM International Meet- nization’s most prestigious award. future engineering leaders, advancing in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he A member of SAE International ing the science and technology of first received the 2009 J. Willard for nearly 50 years, Colucci has materials science and engineer- Gibbs Award for “seminal contri- consistently strived to make SAE ing by conducting and supervising butions to phase equilibria and alloy International a better organization fundamental and applied research, thermodynamics both theoreti- for its members and constituencies. publishing and presenting many cally and experimentally” and the Toward that goal, he has improved technical papers, books, and patents, 2009 Gold Medal for “outstanding the quality of papers delivered at applying fundamental knowledge to accomplishment as an exemplary the SAE International Technical industrial applications, establishing world-class teacher/researcher and Meeting and the environmental The 56 BRIDGE quality and organization of meet- 2010 Founders Medal in recog- will receive the Katayanagi Prize ing sessions; strongly endorsed and nition of his “exemplary career of for Research Excellence, and Jon encouraged participation in techni- leadership in education, research M. Kleinberg, professor, Depart- cal sessions and committee activi- and public policy.” The Founders ment of Computer Science, Cornell ties; increased funding for the SAE Medal is given “for outstanding con- University, will receive the Katay- Foundation, and originated objec- tributions in the leadership, plan- anagi Emerging Leadership Prize. tive measures for determining the ning, and administration of affairs The prizes are presented annually success of A World In Motion® proof great value to the electrical and by Carnegie Mellon University in grams. The medal will be presented electronics engineering profession.” cooperation with the Tokyo Univer- during the SAE 2010 World Con- Thomas Kailath, Hitachi America sity of Technology (TUT). Tohru gress in Detroit, Michigan, April 13 Professor of Engineering, Emeritus, Hoshi, dean of the TUT School of to 15, 2010. Department of Electrical Engineer- Computer Science, said, “Dr. Knuth John Bannister Goodenough, ing, Stanford University, received a is widely known as one of the great- Centennial Professor of Engineer- number of awards and recognitions est scientists in programming algo- ing, Texas Materials Institute, in 2009. He was elected a Foreign rithms and also as the designer of University of Texas, Austin, and Member of the Royal Society, one TeX. Dr. Kleinberg is famous for Siegfried S. Hecker, co-director, of only eight foreign members from developing the HITS algorithm Center for International Security around the world. The Royal Soci- for Web network analysis as well as and Cooperation, and professor ety was established in 1660, and the analyzing the small-world phenom- (research), Department of Man- induction ceremony includes using enon.” agement Science and Engineering, a quill pen to sign a book of parch- Henry McDonald, Distinguished Stanford University, are the winners ment leaves dating back to 1660. In Professor, Sim Center, University of of the 2009 Enrico Fermi Award. April, he received a Padma Bhushan Tennessee at Chattanooga, was pre- In announcing the winners, U.S. Award from the president of India. sented with the Royal Aeronautical Secretary of Energy Steven Chu The award is the third highest civil- Society Gold Medal for 2009. Dr. stated: “The 2009 Enrico Fermi ian honor of the government of McDonald was honored for his aero- Award will go to two scientists who India. On November 6, in Bologna, space contributions and his leader- have selflessly devoted themselves Italy, the European Academy of Sci- ship of the NASA Ames Research to our nation’s energy and national ences awarded Professor Kailath the Center. The award was presented security challenges. These two indi- Blaise Pascal Medal for Computer on December 10, 2009, in London. viduals are pioneers in innovative and Information Sciences. The Royal Aeronautical Society is research, and I want to thank them Ahsan Kareem, Robert Moran the foremost international orga- for their work and congratulate Professor of Engineering, Depart- nization promoting the aerospace them on this award.” The award, ment of Civil Engineering and profession. The first Gold Medal administered on behalf of the White Geological Sciences, University was awarded to Wilbur and Orville House by the U.S. Department of of Notre Dame, has been elected Wright in 1909. Energy, will be presented at a date a foreign fellow of the Indian Edward I. Moses, principal to be announced. One of the old- National Academy of Engineering. associate director, Lawrence Liver- est and most prestigious science Dr. Kareem has long been involved more National Laboratory (LLNL), and technology awards given by the in research and education initiatives received the 2009 Edward Teller U.S. government, the Enrico Fermi in India, including working at the Medal, sponsored by the Ameri- Award includes an honorarium of Structural Engineering Research can Nuclear Society. The medal $375,000, which will be shared Center in Chennai (Madras) as a was presented at the Sixth Inter- equally, and a gold medal. consultant to the United Nations national Conference on Inertial Paul E. Gray, Professor of Elec- Development Program. Fusion Sciences and Applications trical Engineering Emeritus and Donald E. Knuth, Professor in San Francisco on September 10, President Emeritus, Massachusetts Emeritus of The Art of Computer 2009. Dr. Moses was cited for his Institute of Technology, has been Programming, Computer Science “leadership in the development and named the recipient of the IEEE Department, Stanford University, completion of the National Ignition Spring 2010 57

Facility” (NIF). As principal asso- National Academy of Engineering, or managerial directions.” Dr Wong ciate director of NIF and Photon was awarded honorary member- was recognized for his untiring pas- Science at LLNL, he is leading an ship in the American Society of sion and dedication to the IEEE and international effort to perform the Mechanical Engineers in recogni- CPMT Society, in which he has first ignition experiments on NIF. tion of his distinguished achieve- held leadership positions for the last Ekkehard Ramm, professor, ments in technology management, 22 years. Institute of Structural Mechanics, his service to society and commu- Edgar S. Woolard Jr., former University of Stuttgart, received the nity, and his lifetime of service to chairman, E.I. du Pont de Nemours 2009 Eduardo Torroja Medal from the engineering profession. Dr. Vest & Company, received the 2010 the International Association for also delivered the keynote address Josiah Marvel Cup Award, the Shell and Spatial Structures. The at the DC Council of Engineering highest honor presented by the Del- prestigious Torroja Medal is given and Architectural Societies Awards aware State Chamber of Commerce. in recognition of outstanding and Banquet on February 27, 2010, in Active in professional and business distinguished contributions to the Silver Spring, Maryland. affairs, Mr. Woolard remains an development of the field of shell Andrew J. Viterbi, president, advocate for corporate ethics. He and spatial structures. Viterbi Group LLC, has been is former director of the New York Ponisseril Somasundaran, direc- named the recipient of the 2010 Stock Exchange Inc.; Citigroup Inc; tor, NSF/IUCR Center for Surfac- IEEE Medal of Honor. The Medal IBM; Apple Computer Inc.; Telex tants, and La Von Duddleson Krumb of Honor, IEEE’s highest award, will Communications; and Bell Atlan- Professor, School of Engineering and be presented on June 26, 2010, in tic, Delaware. Mr. Woolard serves Applied Science, Columbia Univer- Montreal, Quebec, Canada, as part on the Board of Trustees of the sity, has been awarded the Padma of IEEE’s annual Honors Ceremony. Christiana Care Health System and Shri by the Indian government. Dr. Viterbi has been selected for his the North Carolina Textile Founda- The Padma Shri is usually awarded “seminal contributions to commu- tion Inc. to Indian citizens to recognize their nications technology and theory.” Roe-Hoan Yoon, Nicholas T. distinguished contributions in the In the mid-1960s, while a professor Camicia Professor, Department of arts, education, industry, literature, at UCLA, he developed the Vit- Mining and Minerals Engineering, science, sports, medicine, social ser- erbi algorithm, a breakthrough in Virginia Polytechnic Institute and vice, or public life. On November wireless technology that separated State University, was awarded the 11, 2009, Dr. Somasundaran was information (voice and data) from 2009 Stephen McCann Memorial inducted as a fellow of the American background noise. Award for Educational Excellence Institute of Chemical Engineers C.P. Wong, Regents’ Professor of from the Pittsburgh Coal Mining (AIChE). The ceremony took place Materials Science and Engineering Institute of America. Dr. Yoon was during the AIChE annual meeting and the Charles Smithgall Institute recognized for his “international at the Gaylord Opryland Hotel in Endowed Chair, School of Materi- record of teaching and researching Nashville. Only a small percentage als Science and Engineering, Geor- in mineral processing science and of AIChE members are inducted as gia Institute of Technology, received technologies.” fellows. Candidates for the award the David Feldman Award in recog- must have been in the chemical nition of “his outstanding contribu- Send submissions for Newsmakers to engineering practice for at least tions to the fields encompassed by [email protected] or mail to Dennis 25 years and must have extraordi- the IEEE Components, Packaging, Thorp, NAE Membership Office, 500 nary accomplishments in the field. and Manufacturing Technology Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC Charles M. Vest, president, (CPMT) Society through executive 20001. The 58 BRIDGE

NAE Website to Feature Ethics Column

To highlight work by NAE mem- ideas or feedback. The first col- Section has established a group to bers and other prominent engineers umn focuses on accessibility to the study these issues headed by Ross in the area of engineering ethics, results of failure investigations and Corotis, professor, Department of the Center for Engineering, Ethics, highlights the experiences of NAE Civil, Environmental and Archi- and Society has launched an ethics member Zdenek Bazant, professor tectural Engineering, University column on the NAE website. The of civil and environmental engi- of Colorado, Boulder. The column column features a “Comments” sec- neering at Northwestern Univer- can be found at http://www.nae. tion where readers can enter their sity. The NAE Civil Engineering edu/17098.aspx.

Randy Atkins Wins IEEE-USA Award

Literary Contributions Furthering ing journalistic or other efforts that Public Understanding of the Profes- lead to a better public understanding sion” for his radio series, “Engineer- of the contributions of engineering ing Innovation.” Since 2003, Randy professionals to the enhancement has recorded hundreds of 40-second and expansion of the social, eco- pieces, which are broadcast many nomic, and cultural aspects of life.” times on WTOP-FM, a commer- The award, which includes a $1,500 cial, all-news station and the most honorarium, was presented at the listened-to station in the Washing- IEEE annual meeting in Nashville, ton, D.C., region. Slightly longer Tennessee, on March 6, 2010. Pre- Randy Atkins versions are broadcast on Federal vious awardees include journalists News Radio. The reports are also from National Public Radio, the Randy Atkins, NAE Senior available via podcast on the NAE Chicago Tribune, the Wall Street Program Officer for Media/Public website at www.nae.edu/radio. Journal, and the NOVA television Relations, has been awarded the The IEEE-USA journalism award series. IEEE-USA “Award for Distinguished is given in recognition of “outstand- Spring 2010 59

2009 Japan-America Frontiers of Engineering Symposium

Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Ichiro Kanaya, associate professor in the Frontier Research Center of the Graduate School of Engineer- ing at Osaka University, co-chaired the organizing committee and the symposium. Funding was provided by The Grainger Foundation, the Arnold O. and Mabel Beck- man Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and the Japan Science and Technology Agency. The next JAFOE Symposium will Poster sessions provide an opportunity for all participants to share their research and technical work. be held in June 2011 in Japan. NAE has hosted annual U.S. Fron- On November 9 to 11, 2009, the signal processing, an industrial per- tiers of Engineering symposia since ninth Japan-America Frontiers of spective on nanomanufacturing, 1995 and JAFOE symposia since 2000. Engineering (JAFOE) Symposium and challenges of modeling aerosols Other bilateral Frontiers programs, was held at the Beckman Center in and their interactions with clouds in with Germany, India, China, and the Irvine, California. Approximately Earth-system models. European Union, bring together out- 60 engineers—30 from each coun- The dinner speech on the first standing mid-career engineers (ages try—attended, with additional rep- evening was given by Fred Kavli, 30 to 45) from industry, academe, and resentation from NAE’s partners in chairman of the Kavli Founda- government to learn about develop- this program, the Japan Science and tion, who described his entrepre- ments, techniques, and approaches at Technology Corporation and the neurial and scientific career and the forefront of many fields of engi- Engineering Academy of Japan. the work of the Kavli Foundation. neering. Frontiers symposia facilitate The topics for the four symposium Other highlights of the sympo- interdisciplinary contacts and collab- sessions were: State-of-the-Art Tech- sium included a poster session on orations among the next generation nologies for Knowledge Manage- the first afternoon, which gave all of engineering leaders. ment; Breakthrough Technologies participants an opportunity to For more information about in Brain Science; Novel Materials describe their technical work or Frontiers symposia or to nominate for Industrial Applications; and research, and tours of the National an outstanding engineer to partici- Modeling Global Climate Change. Fuel Cell Research Center and the pate in a future Frontiers meeting, Presentations by two Japanese and Beckman Laser Institute on the contact Janet Hunziker at the NAE two American researchers in each UC-Irvine campus. Program Office at (202) 334-1571 area covered Wikipedia mining, Arup Chakraborty, Robert T. or by e-mail at [email protected]. engineering approaches to brain- Haslam Professor of Chemical The 60 BRIDGE

Mirzayan and CASEE Fellows

Erica Clites Valerie Henderson Summet Rocío Chavela Guerra Katherine Meza

On January 25, 2010, two new for a government or nonprofit agency she enjoys cooking, reading, sewing, Mirzayan Science and Technology Pol- engaged in conservation. In her free and traveling. icy Fellows joined the NAE Program time, Erica enjoys playing cards, run- Office for a 12-week term. ning, hiking, and cheering for the The Center for the Advancement of Michigan Wolverines. Scholarship in Engineering Education Erica Clites recently graduated (CASEE) welcomes two new fellows, from the University of California, Valerie Henderson Summet Rocío Chavela Guerra and Katherine Riverside, with a master’s degree in (Center for Engineering Ethics and Meza. geological sciences. For her master’s Society) is currently completing her research, she traveled to South Aus- Ph.D. in computer science at the Rocío Chavela Guerra is a doc- tralia to describe fossils of an early Georgia Institute of Technology, toral candidate in the School of animal that resembled a pincushion. where her research focused on how Engineering Education at Purdue Since July 2009, Erica has been mobile technologies can be used for University. In her research, she is working as a paleontologist evaluat- learning (“m-learning”) and algo- investigating faculty development ing fossil sites for the National Park rithms for adaptive instruction. She practices at engineering degree- Service in Washington, D.C. This also occasionally teaches a course, granting institutions in Mexico. project afforded her the opportunity “Computing and Society,” at Georgia Rocío received her bachelor and to learn about resource manage- Tech. Valerie’s graduate studies were master’s degrees in chemical engi- ment, which she found fascinating. supported by a National Science neering from Universidad de las Erica also loves to teach; she spent a Foundation Graduate Fellowship Américas, Puebla (México), where year teaching English in northeast- and a National Science Foundation she was an instructor for five years ern Germany as a Fulbright Scholar. East Asia Pacific Summer Institute and developed a passion for helping She received her bachelor’s degree Fellowship. During her Mirzayan others to learn. in geology, with a minor in Ger- Fellowship, she hopes to learn more At CASEE, Rocío will help man studies, from the College of about the ethical dilemmas facing develop workshops to promote put- Wooster. engineers and scientists. ting the results of engineering edu- During her fellowship working In the long term, Valerie would cation research into practice. Rocío with the media relations office at like to remain in academia and work aspires to become an agent of change NAE, Erica hopes to learn how at an undergraduate-focused univer- in engineering education, with an research findings shape national sity where she can incorporate what emphasis on countries with Spanish- policies and how scientific and tech- she learns at NAE into her teach- speaking populations. In her free nical information can be communi- ing. Valerie graduated from Duke time, she enjoys spending time with cated effectively. Her career goal is University and loves to watch col- her family and friends, cooking, and to work as a science communicator lege basketball. In her free time, playing piano and guitar. Spring 2010 61

Katherine Meza holds a Ph.D. assisted in the development of new hopes to gain insight into how in industrial engineering from programs and research centers, such research findings shape national the University of Central Florida as the Center for e-Design and the policies, how the dissemination of (UCF), where her doctoral research Center for Engineering Leadership research findings can have a positive was focused on developing tools and and Learning (CELL) in the Indus- impact in the engineering commu- models to characterize and quantify trial Engineering Department at nity, and how she can help promote user-centered design in product UCF. Dr. Meza received the Modern- engineering nationwide. Her career and system development. She also Day Technology Leader Award goal is to work for a government or holds a B.S. and M.S. in industrial in 2007 and is a member of the nonprofit agency on improving engi- engineering, a Six-Sigma Green- National Scholars Honor Society neering policies in the United States Belt Certification, and a Project and the Delta Epsilon Iota Aca- and abroad. In her free time, she Engineering Certificate from UCF. demic Honor Society. enjoys visiting museums, going to During her doctoral research, she During her fellowship, Dr. Meza the theater, traveling, and dancing.

A Message from NAE Vice President Maxine L. Savitz

energized our fundraising by call- • A. James Clark, Robert and ing on the NAE community to Florence Deutsch, and a increase its giving in 2009. Thanks member who wishes to remain to their generosity and the gener- anonymous made significant osity of donors who responded to commitments to ensure that their Challenge, we are pleased to we would meet our goal for the announce that we exceeded our Jacobs Challenge. goal of raising $500,000 for the • Gordon and Betty Moore made NAE Independent Fund by more a very generous gift to be used at than $200,000! the president’s discretion. Maxine L. Savitz The impetus for the increase can also be attributed to the NAE • Robert Pritzker established a I am very pleased to report a Development Committee and NAE fund to recruit a fellow to work healthy and robust 2009 fundraising Council members who personally on improving innovation and year for NAE. Despite the overall supported the Jacobs Challenge manufacturing in the United economic climate, NAE enjoyed initiative and encouraged their States. a significant increase in philan peers to do the same. We gratefully thropic support from our members Your philanthropic support acknowledge their efforts. Our suc- and friends. Thanks to your gen- continues to be vital to NAE’s cess would not have been possible erosity, we raised more than $4.8 independence and a significant without their participation and the million in new gifts and pledges, contributor to the quality of our overwhelming participation of all including more than $1.4 million work. Although the government members and friends who helped us for the NAE Independent Fund, our provides much of the funding to leverage the Challenge. unrestricted fund that gives us the support the fulfillment of our mis- I also call your attention to some flexibility to take on high-priority sion, your private donations give us recent extraordinary commitments special activities for which funding the strategic flexibility to address from our members: is not immediately available. long-range challenges that are criti- We extend a special thanks to • Stephen D. Bechtel Jr.’s foun- cal to securing our nation’s future. Irwin and Joan Jacobs for issu- dation provided funding to Your contributions allow us to ing the Jacobs Challenge this past establish a President’s Discretion- address urgent, complex issues that September, which catalyzed and ary Fund. affect our nation’s safety, long-term The 62 BRIDGE economic strength, and quality of and development, public policy. committee. In particular, we will life. Some key initiatives from 2009 Follow-up efforts to this founda- try to engage these young faculty are highlighted below: tional study will provide analyses members more intensely in the of the relative strengths and weak- “formal presentation” phase of the • America’s Energy Future (AEF). nesses of energy policy options. meeting. From May 2009 through the end of the year a series of five reports • Frontiers of Engineering Educa- For 2010, NAE will focus on associated with America’s Energy tion. Thanks to generous support building our endowment to ensure Future: Technology Opportunities, from the O’Donnell Founda- our long-term economic strength Risks and Tradeoffs, was delivered tion, the inaugural Frontiers of and to increase the NAEF endow- to the Obama administration Engineering Education (FOEE) ment to $100 million by our 50th and Congress. The reports were Symposium was held November anniversary in 2014. We also plan subsequently released publicly. 15–18, 2009, in a retreat-like to provide more opportunities for The AEF project was initiated in setting in suburban Washington, learning about deferred giving and 2007 jointly by NAE and NAS D.C. Forty-seven young faculty estate planning by hosting estate to inform the national dialogue members attended. Discussions planning seminars in conjunction on the nation’s energy future by covered innovative engineer- with some NAE Regional Meetings providing authoritative charac- ing programs, findings based on in addition to the Estate Planning terizations of technology options education research that per- Brunch traditionally held during the for meeting the nation’s energy tain to engineering and science, NAE Annual Meeting. challenges. These options are and instructional practices that On behalf of the NAE Council, either currently available or could are both innovative and practi- I thank all of our members and the make a substantial contribution cal. The conference itself was a corporations, foundations, govern- to improving energy supply or learning experience. Although ment sponsors, organizations, and managing energy use in the next the planning committee had friends who support NAE for your two decades. The NAE Council originally assigned attendees to continued involvement and gener- Development Committee was “affinity groups” to facilitate infor- osity. Your commitment this past instrumental in securing a signifi- mation sharing, the attendees “self- year was a vote of confidence for cant portion of funding for the organized” into new groups that NAE’s work and encourages us to project. Through scores of brief- they thought would help them work even harder to justify your ings and broad dissemination of the achieve their goals. According continued support. Please know AEF reports among policy makers to a post-conference survey, the that we are deeply appreciative and (see www.nationalacademies.org/ flexibility to make this change that we look forward to working energy), the results are being enhanced the symposium expe- together to address the engineering widely used by Congress as it rience for 90 percent of attend- challenges that lie ahead. considers energy and climate ees. In the spirit of continuous legislation and by government improvement, we plan to modify departments and agencies consid- FOEE for 2010 based on feedback Maxine L. Savitz ering options for energy research from attendees and the planning NAE Vice President Spring 2010 63

National Elwyn and Jennifer Anita K. Jones Anne and Walt Robb Berlekamp Thomas V. Jones Henry M. Rowan Academy of Diane and Norman Trevor O. Jones George Rowe Engineering Bernstein Kenneth A. Jonsson Jack W. and Valerie Rowe Mrs. Elkan R. Blout Yuet Wai and Alvera Kan Mrs. Joseph E. Rowe 2009 Private Contributions Harry E. Bovay, Jr. Fred Kavli William J. Rutter The National Academy David G. Bradley Cindy and Jeong Kim Stephen and Anne Ryan * of Engineering gratefully Donald L. Bren Olga Kirchmayer Jillian Sackler acknowledges the following Sydney Brenner Frederick A. Klingenstein Raymond and Beverly * members and friends who Fletcher and Peg Byrom William I. Koch Sackler made charitable contribu- Russell L. Carson Jill H. Kramer Henry and Susan Samueli tions during 2009. Their Ralph J. and Carol M. John W. Landis Bernard G. and Rhoda collective, private philan- Cicerone William W. Lang Sarnat thropy helps to enhance the A. James Clark Gerald and Doris Laubach Leonard D. Schaeffer impact of NAE as advisor to James McConnell Clark Whitney and Betty Wendy and Eric Schmidt the nation. Dale and Jeanne Compton MacMillan Sara Lee and Axel Schupf Roman W. DeSanctis William W. McGuire Shep and Carol Ruth Einstein Society Robert and Florence Burton and DeeDee Shepherd In recognition of members Deutsch McMurtry Melvin I. Simon and friends who have made George and Maggie Eads Richard and Ronay Georges C. St. Laurent, Jr. lifetime contributions of Robert and Cornelia Menschel Charlotte and Morry $100,000 or more to the Eaton Dane and Mary Louise Tanenbaum National Academies as per- Richard Evans Miller Ted Turner sonal gifts or as gifts facili- Harvey V. Fineberg and Mrs. G. William Miller Leslie L. Vadasz * tated by the donor through a Mary E. Wilson George and Cynthia Roy and Diana Vagelos donor advised fund, match- Tobie and Dan Fink Mitchell Charles M. and ing gift program, or family George and Ann Fisher Gordon and Betty Moore Rebecca M. Vest foundation. Harold K. and Betty A. Joe and Glenna Moore John C. Whitehead Forsen David and Lindsay Wm. A. Wulf Anonymous William L. and Mary Kay Morgenthaler Alejandro Zaffaroni John Abelson Friend Richard M. Morrow Janet and Jerry Zucker Bruce and Betty Alberts Eugene Garfield Philip and Sima Rose-Marie and Jack R. William H. Gates, III Needleman Heritage Society Anderson T. H. Geballe Gerda K. Nelson* In recognition of members John and Lise Armstrong Penny and Bill George Ralph S. O’Connor and friends who have con- Richard C. and Rita Nan and Chuck Geschke Peter O’Donnell, Jr. tributed to the future of the Atkinson Bernard M. Gordon Kenneth H. Olsen National Academies through Norman R. Augustine Barbara N. Grossman Doris Pankow life income, bequests, and William F. Ballhaus, Sr. Corbin Gwaltney Lawrence and Carol Papay other estate and planned Craig and Barbara Barrett Margaret A. Hamburg and Jack S. Parker gifts. Jordan and Rhoda Baruch Peter F. Brown Shela and Kumar Patel Andreas Acrivos Warren L. Batts William M. Haney, III Percy Pollard Gene M. Amdahl Stephen D . Bechtel, Jr. Michael and Sheila Held Robert A. Pritzker John C. Angus Kenneth E. Behring Jane Hirsh Dr. and Mrs. Allen E. John and Lise Armstrong C. Gordon Bell M. Blakeman Ingle Puckett Norman R. Augustine Joan and Irwin Mark Ann and Michael Ramage Jack D. Barchas Key: Jacobs Simon Ramo Stanley Baum *Recently deceased Robert L. and Anne K. Carol and David Richards §Emeritus Stephen D. Bechtel, Jr. ◊Giving matched by James the Jacobs Challenge The 64 BRIDGE

Clyde J. Behney Norman F. Ness through a donor advised David and Susan Hodges Paul Berg Ronald and Joan fund, matching gift program, Kenneth F. Holtby Franklin H. Blecher Nordgren or family foundation. Edward E. Hood, Jr. Daniel Branton Gilbert S. Omenn Robert E. Kahn Andreas Acrivos Robert and Lillian Brent Wm. R. Opie Thomas Kailath William F. Allen, Jr. John A. Clements Dr. and Mrs. Bradford Dr. and Mrs. Paul G. Gene M. Amdahl D. Walter Cohen Parkinson Kaminski William A. Anders Morrel H. Cohen Zack T. Pate John and Wilma Bishnu S. Atal Colleen Conway-Welch Daniel W. Pettengill* Kassakian William F. Ballhaus, Jr. Ellis and Bettsy Cowling Frank and Billie* Press Theodore C. Kennedy William F. Banholzer Barbara J. Culliton Simon Ramo James Krebs Paul Baran Malcolm R. Currie Alexander Rich Kent Kresa Thomas D. Barrow Ruth M. Davis Frederic M. Richards* Lester C. Krogh Franklin H. Blecher Robert A. Derzon* Henry W. Riecken David M. Lederman Erich Bloch Peter N. Devreotes Emanuel P. Rivers Bonnie Berger and Frank Barry W. Boehm Paul M. Doty Richard J. and Bonnie B. Thomson Leighton Lewis M. Branscomb Mildred S. Dresselhaus Robbins Johanna Levelt Sengers Harold Brown Gerard W. Elverum James F. Roth Norman N. Li George Bugliarello Emanuel Epstein Sheila A. Ryan Frank W. Luerssen William Cavanaugh, III William K. Estes Paul R. Schimmel James F. Mathis Robert A. Charpie Richard Evans Stuart F. Schlossman Kenneth G. McKay Joseph V. Charyk Robert C. Forney Kenneth I. Shine John L. Moll John M. Cioffi Paul H. Gilbert Robert L. Sinsheimer Dan and Patsy Mote Stephen H. Crandall Martin E. Glicksman Arnold and Constance Van C. Mow Malcolm R. Currie George Gloeckler Stancell George E. Mueller Ruth A. David Chushiro Hayashi H. Eugene Stanley Dale and Marge Myers Lance A. Davis Michael and Sheila Held Dale F. Stein Cynthia J. and Norman A. Ruth M. Davis Richard B. Johnston, Jr. Rosemary A. Stevens Nadel Gerald P. Dinneen Anita K. Jones John A. Swets John Neerhout, Jr. E. Linn Draper Jerome Kagan Esther S. Takeuchi Robert M. Nerem Mildred S. Dresselhaus John W. Landis Paul Talalay Ronald P. Nordgren Thomas E. Everhart Norma M. Lang Ivan M. Viest Franklin M. Orr, Jr. Samuel C. Florman William W. Lang Willis H. Ware Simon Ostrach Robert C. Forney R. Duncan Luce Robert H. Wertheim Zack T. Pate Donald N. Frey Thomas S. Maddock Maw-Kuen Wu Donald E. Petersen Richard L. Garwin Artur Mager Wm. A. Wulf Dennis J. Picard Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Jane Menken Charles Yanofsky Richard F. Rashid Martin E. Glicksman G. Lewis* and Ingrid Michael Zubkoff George B. Rathmann Joseph W. Goodman Meyer Ronald L. Rivest William E. Gordon* Gordon and Betty Moore Golden Bridge Society George A. Roberts Robert W. Gore Arno G. Motulsky In recognition of members Jonathan J. Rubinstein Paul E. Gray Van C. Mow of the National Academy of Maxine L. Savitz Paul R. Gray Guido Munch Engineering who have made Warren G. Schlinger John O. Hallquist Mary O. Mundinger lifetime contributions of Roland W. Schmitt Delon Hampton Gerda K. Nelson* $20,000 to $99,999 to Donald R. Scifres Martin C. Hemsworth* the National Academies as Robert F. Sproull John L. Hennessy Key: personal gifts or as gifts Arnold and Constance Robert and Darlene *Recently deceased facilitated by the donor Stancell §Emeritus Hermann ◊Giving matched by the Jacobs Challenge Spring 2010 65

Raymond S. Stata E. Cabell Brand§ Jack S. Parker§ NAE Members H. Guyford Stever Malin Burnham Robert A. Pritzker Anonymous *§ Stanley D. Stookey Fletcher L. Byrom John S. Reed Alice M. Agogino◊ § § Peter B. Teets Louis W. Cabot Charles W. Robinson William F. Ballhaus, Jr.◊ § § Daniel M. Tellep Wiley N. Caldwell Neil R. Rolde Paul Baran § Leo J. and Joanne J. M. Blouke Carus Jillian Sackler Craig and Barbara Barrett § Thomas Ralph J. Cicerone Harvey S. Sadow Stephen D. Bechtel, Jr.◊ § Gary and Diane Tooker James McConnell Clark Axel Schupf Harry E. Bovay, Jr.◊ § Ivan M. Viest Dollie Cole Sara Lee Schupf George Bugliarello § § Andrew J. Viterbi Nancy E. Conrad H.R. Shepherd Robert A. Charpie◊ § Daniel I.C. Wang Howard E. Cox Susan E. Siegel John M. Cioffi § Willis H. Ware Charles R. Denham Georges C. St. Laurent, Jr. A. James Clark◊ William L. Wearly Ralph C. Derrickson Thomas C. Sutton G. Wayne Clough◊ Johannes Weertman Meredith L. Dreiss Judy Swanson Ruth A. David◊ § § Julia R. Weertman Charles W. Duncan, Jr. Deborah Szekely Lance A. Davis◊ Robert H. Wertheim George C. Eads Charles M. Vest Robert H. Dennard◊ § Albert R. C. Westwood Harvey V. Fineberg Robert H. Waterman Robert and Florence § Robert M. White Richard N. Foster Margaret S. Wilson Deutsch◊ § Sheila E. Widnall Raymond E. Galvin Carole S. Young Robert and Cornelia § John J. Wise Eugene Garfield James F. Young Eaton Edward Woll Jack M. Gill Stephen N. and Sharon § A. Thomas Young Samuel F. Heffner The 2009 Irwin and Joan Finger◊ Jane Hirsh Jacobs NAE Matching Tobie and Dan Fink◊ The Presidents’ Circle Charles O. Holliday, Jr. Gift Challenge matched, William L. and Mary Kay § The Presidents’ Circle is an M. Blakeman Ingle dollar for dollar, any Friend◊ advisory and philanthropic Christopher Ireland increase over a donor’s Nan and Chuck Geschke support group of the National Irwin Mark Jacobs 2008 contribution to the Paul R. Gray◊ § Academies. Donations by Robert L. James NAE Independent Fund. John O. Hallquist◊ § members of the Presidents’ Scott A. Jones Donors are recognized in John L. Hennessy◊ § Circle help promote greater Kenneth A. Jonsson the NAE’s annual giving Charles O. Holliday, Jr.◊ § awareness of science, tech- William F. Kieschnick societies, listed below, Joan and Irwin Mark nology, and medicine in our William I. Koch according to the com- Jacobs society and a better under- Jill H. Kramer bined impact of their Thomas Kailath◊ § standing of the work of the Gerald D. Laubach 2009 contributions and Theodore C. Kennedy § National Academies. Richard J. Mahoney the matched amount. Cindy and Jeong Kim Robert H. Malott§ Drew E. Altman John W. Landis Davis L. Masten Catalyst Society Jack R. Anderson§ David M. Lederman John F. McDonnell In recognition of NAE mem- Norman R. Augustine Bonnie Berger and Frank Burton J. McMurtry§ bers and friends of NAE ◊ Thomas D. Barrow§ Thomson Leighton Charles H. McTier who contributed $10,000 Ernest A. Bates§ Gordon and Betty Moore Kamal K. Midha§ or more in collective support ◊ Warren L. Batts§ Dan and Patsy Mote George P. Mitchell§ for the National Academies Donald R. Beall Ronald and Joan Joe F. Moore§ in 2009. We acknowledge ◊ Berkley Bedell§ Nordgren Robert W. Morey§ those contributions made as ◊ Diane Bernstein§ Roberto Padovani David T. Morgenthaler personal gifts or as gifts facil- Lawrence and Carol Darla Mueller itated by the donor through a Papay◊ § Key: Patricia S. Nettleship donor advised fund, match- Jack S. Parker◊ *Recently deceased Peter O’Donnell, Jr. ing gift program, or family §Emeritus Robert A. Pritzker ◊Giving matched by foundation. the Jacobs Challenge The 66 BRIDGE

Ann and Michael Ramage Joseph V. Charyk donor advised fund, match- Willis S. White, Jr.◊ Richard F. Rashid◊ Sunlin Chou◊ ing gift program, or family Wm. A. Wulf ◊ Ronald L. Rivest◊ Paul Citron◊ foundation. Anne and Walt Robb◊ Robert P. and Ellen M. Friends Jonathan J. Rubinstein◊ Colwell◊ NAE Members Jim and Cindy Hinchman◊ Maxine L. Savitz◊ Robert C. Forney Anonymous◊ Donald R. Scifres◊ Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.◊ Rodney C. Adkins Charter Society Arnold and Constance Richard D. Gitlin◊ Ken Austin◊ In recognition of NAE Stancell◊ William E. Gordon*◊ Clyde and Jeanette Baker◊ members and friends of Dale F. Stein◊ Michael W. Hunkapiller R. Byron Bird◊ NAE who contributed Peter B. Teets Robert E. Kahn Thomas F. Budinger◊ between $1,000 and $2,499 Charles M. and Dr. and Mrs. Paul G. Jeffrey P. Buzen◊ in collective support for Rebecca M. Vest◊ Kaminski Corbett Caudill the National Academies in Raymond Viskanta◊ James R. Katzer Selim A. Chacour◊ 2009. We acknowledge Andrew J. Viterbi◊ Pradman P. Kaul◊ Joseph M. Colucci◊ those contributions made as Robert H. Wertheim◊ Oliver D. Kingsley, Jr.◊ Harry M. Conger personal gifts or as gifts facil- Sheila E. Widnall◊ Gerald and Doris Laubach Robert W. Conn◊ itated by the donor through a Paul G. Yock◊ Frank W. Luerssen Ross B. Corotis◊ donor advised fund, match- A. Thomas Young◊ John C. Martin◊ Malcolm R. Currie◊ ing gift program, or family George E. Mueller Lee L. Davenport◊ foundation. Friends Cynthia J. and Norman A. James J. Duderstadt◊ Jane C. Brown◊ Nadel Charles Elachi◊ NAE Members Barbara N. Grossman Dennis J. Picard Harold K. and Betty A. Andreas Acrivos Peter O’Donnell, Jr. Simon Ramo Forsen◊ Ronald J. Adrian◊ Henry M. Rowan Howard L. Frank Harl P. Aldrich, Jr. Rosette Society Henry and Susan Samueli Paul E. Gray Edward C. Aldridge, Jr. In recognition of NAE Joel S. Spira◊ Wesley L. Harris◊ Clarence R. Allen members and friends of Dr. and Mrs. Leo J. Siegfried S. Hecker◊ Lew Allen, Jr. * NAE who contributed Thomas Chenming Hu◊ John L. Anderson between $5,000 and $9,999 Gary and Diane Tooker Anita K. Jones◊ John C. Angus◊ in collective support for Daniel I.C. Wang◊ John and Wilma Minoru S. Araki the National Academies in Edgar S. Woolard, Jr.◊ Kassakian Neil A. Armstrong 2009. We acknowledge Adrian Zaccaria Anthony D. Kurtz Wm. Howard Arnold those contributions made as Richard A. Meserve◊ Arthur B. Baggeroer personal gifts or as gifts facil- Friends James K. Mitchell◊ Daniel Berg◊ itated by the donor through a Anonymous◊ Cherry A. Murray◊ Philip A. Bernstein◊ donor advised fund, match- Stuart O. Nelson◊ Rudolph Bonaparte◊ ing gift program, or family Challenge Society Matthew O’Donnell◊ Seth Bonder foundation. In recognition of NAE Percy A. Pierre◊ George H. Born◊ members and friends of George A. Roberts H. Kent Bowen NAE Members NAE who contributed Mendel Rosenblum◊ Willard S. Boyle◊ Thomas D. Barrow between $2,500 and $4,999 Andrew P. Sage◊ Corale L. Brierley◊ Barry W. Boehm in collective support for Jerry Sanders◊ James A. Brierley◊ Lewis M. Branscomb the National Academies in Linda S. Sanford◊ William R. Brody 2009. We acknowledge Ronald V. Schmidt◊ Alan C. Brown those contributions made as Maurice E. Shank◊ Andrew Brown, Jr. ◊ Key: personal gifts or as gifts facil- John A. Swanson Harold and Colene Brown *Recently deceased itated by the donor through a Thomas H. Vonder Haar◊ John H. Bruning◊ §Emeritus ◊ ◊Giving matched by Robert H. Wagoner James R. Burnett the Jacobs Challenge Spring 2010 67

Robert P. Caren◊ Edward E. Hagenlocker◊ Dan Maydan Roland W. Schmitt Moustafa T. Chahine◊ George A. Harter◊ Walter J. McCarthy, Jr.◊ William R. Schowalter◊ A. Ray Chamberlain◊ George N. Hatsopoulos Sanford N. McDonnell Soroosh Sorooshian◊ Jean-Lou A. Chameau◊ Alan J. Heeger◊ James C. McGroddy◊ James F. Stahl◊ Chau-Chyun Chen◊ David and Susan Hodges◊ Terence P. McNulty◊ Raymond S. Stata Stephen Z. Cheng Thom J. Hodgson Kishor C. Mehta◊ Richard J. Stegemeier Aaron Cohen◊ Edward E. Hood, Jr.◊ James D. Meindl◊ Kenneth E. Stinson Esther M. Conwell John R. Howell James J. Mikulski Stanley D. Stookey◊ Avelino Corma◊ Mary Jane Irwin◊ William F. Miller◊ Richard M. Swanson◊ Richard W. Couch, Jr.◊ Andrew Jackson and Duncan T. Moore Charlotte and Morry Arthur Coury◊ Lillian A. Rankel◊ Edward I. Moses◊ Tanenbaum Gary L. Cowger Stephen B. Jaffe◊ Albert F. Myers◊ Charles E. Taylor◊ Henry Cox Leah H. Jamieson◊ Dale and Marge Myers George Tchobanoglous Natalie W. Crawford George W. Jeffs Albert Narath◊ James M. Tien◊ Glen T. Daigger Marvin E. Jensen◊ Venkatesh Matthew V. Tirrell Ernest L. Daman Barry C. Johnson Narayanamurti◊ Hardy W. Trolander David E. Daniel◊ G. Frank Joklik John Neerhout, Jr.◊ James J. Truchard◊ L. Berkley Davis◊ Evelyn S. Jones Chrysostomos L. Nikias R. Rhodes Trussell◊ Carl de Boor Aravind K. Joshi◊ Robert B. Ormsby, Jr. James E. Turner, Jr. Pablo G. Debenedetti M. Frans Kaashoek◊ Franklin M. Orr, Jr. A. Galip Ulsoy Raymond F. Decker Melvin F. Kanninen◊ Dr. and Mrs. Bradford David Walt and Michele Thomas and Bettie Deen Chaitan Khosla◊ Parkinson◊ May◊ Ralph L. Disney◊ Sung W. Kim◊ Shela and Kumar Patel Darsh T. Wasan◊ Nicholas M. Donofrio◊ James L. Kirtley Arogyaswami J. Paulraj◊ William L. Wearly E. Linn Draper, Jr.◊ Albert S. Kobayashi Stanford S. Penner◊ Johannes Weertman George J. Dvorak◊ Paul C. Kocher◊ Donald E. Petersen Julia R. Weertman Gerard W. Elverum◊ U. Fred Kocks◊ Kurt E. Petersen◊ Albert R. C. Westwood◊ Lawrence B. Evans◊ Lester C. and Joan M. William P. Pierskalla◊ David A. Whelan◊ Thomas E. Everhart Krogh Chris D. Poland◊ Ward O. Winer◊ Thomas V. Falkie Doris Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf William F. Powers Jack K. Wolf ◊ Leroy M. Fingerson◊ Way Kuo◊ Donald E. Procknow◊ Eugene Wong Anthony E. Fiorato◊ Charles C. Ladd Henry H. Rachford, Jr.◊ Herbert H. Woodson◊ George and Ann Fisher Fred J. Leonberger Prabhakar Raghavan◊ Richard N. Wright Peter T. Flawn◊ Frances S. and George T. Joy and George Rathmann Israel J. Wygnanski Samuel C. Florman Ligler◊ Buddy D. Ratner◊ Alfred A. Yee◊ Gordon E. Forward Burn-Jeng Lin◊ Joseph B. Reagan William W-G. Yeh◊ Mauricio Futran◊ Kuo-Nan Liou◊ Kenneth L. Reifsnider◊ Yannis C. Yortsos◊ Elsa M. Garmire Jack E. Little Richard J. and Bonnie B. Donald P. Gaver◊ Robert G. Loewy Robbins Friends Joseph G. Gavin, Jr. J. David Lowell Bernard I. Robertson Kristine L. Bueche Alexander F. Giacco Dr. and Mrs. J. Ross Warren M. Rohsenow◊ Eric C. Johnson and Eduardo D. Glandt◊ Macdonald Alton D. Romig, Jr.◊ Kathleen Minadeo Arthur L. Goldstein◊ William J. MacKnight◊ Anatol Roshko Johnson Mary L. Good◊ Thomas S. Maddock William B. Rouse◊ Hermann K. Gummel Artur Mager◊ William B. Russel◊ Other Individual Hans Mark◊ Allen S. Russell◊ Donors ◊ ◊ Key: Edward A. Mason B. Don and Becky Russell In recognition of NAE *Recently deceased James F. Mathis Vinod K. Sahney members and friends of §Emeritus ◊ ◊Giving matched by Robert D. Maurer Steven B. Sample NAE who contributed up to the Jacobs Challenge The 68 BRIDGE

$999 in collective support Anne and John Cahn Robert M. Fano Ira* and Tina Hedrick◊ for the National Academies James D. Callen Richard G. Farmer Adam Heller in 2009. We acknowledge John M. Campbell, Sr. James A. Fay Martin E. Hellman those contributions made as Federico Capasso Joseph Feinstein Robert W. Hellwarth personal gifts or as gifts facil- E. Dean Carlson◊ Robert E. Fenton◊ Arthur H. Heuer itated by the donor through a William Cavanaugh, III Michael J. Fetkovich John P. Hirth donor advised fund, match- Don B. Chaffin Morris E. Fine William C. Hittinger◊ ing gift program, or family Morris Chang◊ Bruce A. Finlayson◊ David G. Hoag◊ foundation. Vernon L. Chartier Essex E. Finney, Jr. Allan S. Hoffman◊ Anil K. Chopra◊ RADM and Mrs. Millard Stanley H. Horowitz NAE Members Andrew Chraplyvy Firebaugh◊ Evelyn L. Hu◊ H. Norman Abramson◊ Richard C. Chu◊ Robert E. Fischell Thomas J. Hughes Linda M. Abriola◊ David R. Clarke◊ Nancy D. Fitzroy◊ Sheldon E. Isakoff Hadi Abu-Akeel Edmund M. Clarke◊ Merton C. Flemings◊ Robert B. Jansen Mihran S. Agbabian John L. Cleasby G. David Forney, Jr. Donald L. Johnson William G. Agnew Ray W. Clough◊ John S. Foster, Jr.◊ Marshall G. Jones◊ Paul A. Allaire Seymour B. Cohn◊ Charles A. Fowler Angel G. Jordan Charles A. Amann Richard A. Conway Eli Fromm John W. Kalb◊ John E. Anderson Fernando J. Corbato◊ Shun Chong Fung Ivan P. Kaminow John G. Anderson◊ Dale R. Corson Dr. and Mrs. Elmer L. Ahsan Kareem◊ Paul M. Anderson◊ Eugene E. Covert Gaden◊ Kenneth H. Keller◊ Frank F. Aplan◊ Douglass D. Crombie Theodore V. Galambos Pradeep K. Khosla Kenneth E. Arnold David E. Crow Gerald E. Galloway, Jr.◊ Timothy L. Killeen R. Lyndon Arscott◊ Lawrence B. Curtis Edwin A. Gee◊ Judson and Jeanne King James R. Asay◊ Edward E. David, Jr.◊ Ronald L. Geer Robert M. Koerner Donald W. Bahr Delbert E. Day Don P. Giddens◊ Bernard L. Koff ◊ Ruzena K. Bajcsy◊ Anthony J. DeMaria◊ Virginia P. Gidley◊ Max A. Kohler Grigory I. Barenblatt◊ Joseph M. DeSimone◊ Paul H. Gilbert Bill and Ann Koros Robert W. Bartlett◊ Charles A. Desoer◊ George J. Gleghorn Demetrious Koutsoftas◊ Howard and Alice Baum Robert C. DeVries Earnest F. Gloyna Herbert Kroemer◊ Zdenek P. Bazant George E. Dieter Alan J. Goldman Richard T. Lahey, Jr.◊ Georges and Marlene Robert H. Dodds Richard J. Goldstein◊ Larry W. Lake◊ Belfort Albert A. Dorman Steve and Nancy James L. Lammie Leo L. Beranek Irwin Dorros Goldstein William W. Lang Arthur E. Bergles◊ Earl H. Dowell Solomon W. Golomb Carl G. Langner◊ James R. Biard Elisabeth M. Drake Joseph W. Goodman Robert C. Lanphier, III Paul N. Blumberg◊ Floyd Dunn Roy W. Gould◊ Louis J. Lanzerotti Jack L. Blumenthal Ira Dyer Thomas E. Graedel Ronald G. Larson◊ F. Peter Boer David A. Dzombak◊ Gary S. Grest Chung K. Law Geoffrey Boothroyd Peter S. Eagleson William and Sharon Alan Lawley◊ Lillian C. Borrone Robert C. Earlougher, Jr. Gross◊ Edward D. Lazowska P. L. Thibaut Brian Lewis S. Edelheit Barbara J. Grosz◊ Margaret A. LeMone Yvonne C. Brill◊ Helen T. Edwards Karl A. Gschneidner◊ Johanna Levelt Sengers Howard J. Bruschi Farouk El-Baz Jerrier A. Haddad Mark J. Levin◊ Jack E. Buffington◊ Bruce R. Ellingwood Carl W. Hall◊ Herbert S. Levinson◊ Joel S. Engel Carol K. Hall◊ Salomon Levy ◊ ◊ Key: Deborah L. Estrin William J. Hall Paul A. Libby *Recently deceased John V. Evans Thomas L. Hampton Peter W. Likins §Emeritus ◊ ◊Giving matched by James R. Fair Julius J. Harwood Barbara H. Liskov the Jacobs Challenge Spring 2010 69

Joseph C. Logue◊ Athanassios Z. Anthony E. Siegman Eli Yablonovitch Mark S. Lundstrom◊ Panagiotopoulos◊ Arnold H. Silver Les Youd Larry Lynn Stavros S. Papadopulos◊ Peter G. Simpkins Laurence R. Young◊ Albert Macovski Frank L. Parker Kumares C. Sinha◊ Ben T. Zinn◊ Subhash Mahajan Claire L. Parkinson◊ Jack M. Sipress William F. Marcuson, III◊ Alan W. Pense Ernest T. Smerdon Friends Robert C. Marini◊ Nicholas A. Peppas◊ Henry I. Smith◊ Anonymous James J. Markowsky◊ John H. Perepezko◊ Gurindar S. Sohi◊ Mary Lee Berger-Hughes◊ David K. Matlock Thomas K. Perkins Alfred Z. Spector◊ Roger and Dolores Kiel Fujio Matsuda◊ Julia M. Phillips◊ Gunter Stein Radka Z. Nebesky◊ Walter G. May◊ Karl S. Pister Dean E. Stephan Kenneth Phillips William J. McCroskey◊ William R. Prindle Gregory Stephanopoulos William McGuire Ronald F. Probstein Thomas G. Stephens Foundations, Kenneth G. McKay Charles W. Pryor, Jr. Kenneth H. Stokoe, II◊ Corporations, and Ross E. McKinney Edwin P. Przybylowicz Richard G. Strauch◊ Other Organizations Robert M. McMeeking◊ Robert H. Rediker◊ G. B. Stringfellow In recognition of founda- Alan L. McWhorter Cordell Reed◊ Stanley C. Suboleski tions, corporations, and other Eugene S. Meieran Gintaras V. Reklaitis◊ James M. Symons organizations that contrib- Angelo Miele Eli Reshotko◊ Rodney J. Tabaczynski uted to NAE in 2009. James A. Miller Jerome G. Rivard R. Bruce Thompson Analytic Services Inc. Robert D. Miller◊ Leslie E. Robertson and David A. Tirrell◊ Avid Solutions Industrial Warren F. Miller, Jr.◊ Sawteen See Neil E. Todreas◊ Process Control Keith K. Millheim Lloyd M. Robeson◊ Charles H. Townes◊ AYCO Charitable Joan L. Mitchell Theodore Rockwell◊ Charles E. Treanor Foundation Sanjit K. Mitra Robert K. Roney Alvin W. Trivelpiece◊ Baltimore Community Dade W. Moeller Arye Rosen Richard H. Truly Foundation Francis C. Moon Howard B. Rosen◊ Howard S. Turner Stephen Bechtel Fund Richard K. Moore Ken Rosen Stephen D. Umans◊ Bechtel Group A. Stephen Morse◊ Hans T. Rossby◊ Moshe Y. Vardi Foundation Joel Moses Alfred Saffer Anestis S. Veletsos Bechtel Group Inc. E. Phillip Muntz William S. Saric◊ Walter G. Vincenti Bell Family Foundation Earll M. Murman Peter W. Sauer◊ John Vithayathil Boeing PAC Match Haydn H. Murray◊ Thorndike Saville, Jr. Irv Waaland Program Gerald Nadler George W. Scherer C. Michael Walton BP America Inc. Devaraysamudram R. Jerald L. Schnoor◊ Warren M. Washington◊ Bristol-Myers Squibb Nagaraj Walter J. Schrenk◊ John T. Watson Foundation David J. Nash Albert B. Schultz Lawrence M. Wein◊ Combined Jewish Alan Needleman◊ Henry G. Schwartz, Jr. Shelly Weinbaum◊ Philanthropies Joseph H. Newman Lyle H. Schwartz Irwin Welber◊ Community Foundation Wesley L. Nyborg◊ Mischa Schwartz Jasper A. Welch, Jr. for Southeastern James G. O’Connor Hratch G. Semerjian Edward Wenk, Jr.◊ Michigan Charles R. O’Melia Robert J. Serafin David C. White◊ Cummins Inc. Robert S. O’Neil◊ F. Stan Settles Robert Marshal White Dow Chemical Company David H. Pai Don W. Shaw Robert Mayer White Foundation Hilliard W. Paige Freeman D. Shepherd Robert V. Whitman Charles Stark Draper Thomas B. Sheridan John J. Wise Laboratory Key: Martin B. Sherwin M. Gordon and Elaine E.I. du Pont de Nemours *Recently deceased Reuel Shinnar◊ Wolman §Emeritus & Company ◊Giving matched by Neil G. Siegel Beverly and Loring Wyllie the Jacobs Challenge The 70 BRIDGE

ExxonMobil Foundation Jewish Federation The Omaha Community The Teagle Foundation Fidelity Charitable Gift of Silicon Valley Foundation Inc. Fund Philanthropic Funds Qualcomm Inc. TIAA-CREF Ford Motor Company Medtronic Foundation The Rathmann Family Triangle Community GE Energy Microsoft Corporation Foundation Foundation Inc. GE Foundation Microsoft Matching Brian and Jill Rowe United Way of Central General Motors Gift Program/Giving Foundation New Mexico Corporation Campaign Samueli Foundation Vanguard Charitable Geosynthetic Institute Gordon and Betty Moore The San Diego Endowment Program GivingExpress Online Foundation Foundation WGBH Educational from American Express NACCO Industries Inc. Schwab Charitable Fund Foundation Google Inc. Network For Good Shell Oil Company Zarem Foundation The Grainger Foundation Northrop Grumman Siemens Product Lifecycle We have made every effort to Houston Jewish Corporation Management Inc. list donors accurately. If we Community Foundation Employees Charity Silicon Valley Community have made an error, please Indo-US Science and Organization of Foundation accept our apologies and con- Technology Forum Northrop Grumman Strategic Worldwide LLC tact the Development Office Ingersoll-Rand Company O’Donnell Foundation The T. Rowe Price at (202) 334-3517 so we can Intel Corporation The Ohio University Program for Charitable correct our records. Jewish Community Foundation Giving Foundation San Diego

NAE Calendar of Events

March 1–31 Election of NAE officers and April 15 NAE Regional Meeting May 13 NAE Regional Meeting councillors University of California, University of Michigan, March 11–13 Indo-America Frontiers of San Diego, California Ann Arbor, Michigan Engineering Symposium April 19–20 Annual Convocation of May 19 NAE Regional Meeting Agra, India Professional Engineering University of Colorado, March 23 NAE Regional Meeting Societies Boulder, Colorado Tucson, Arizona (canceled) April 22–25 German-American Frontiers of June 4 Deadline for Reference Forms for March 29–April 14 Election of NAE section officers Engineering Symposium new nominations for members Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and foreign associates April 1 Deadline for nominations for Oak Ridge, Tennessee NAE awards All meetings are held in Academies’ facilities April 30 Deadline for Nomination April 2 Deadline for Nomination/ in Washington, D.C., unless otherwise noted. Forms for new 2011 election For information about regional meetings, please Reference Forms for candidates renominating candidates contact Sonja Atkinson at [email protected] or for 2011 May 6–7 NAE Council Meeting (202) 334-3677. Spring 2010 71

In Memoriam

LEW ALLEN JR., 84, retired Gen was elected a foreign associate of NAE in 1972 “for creative research eral, U.S. Air Force, and retired direc- NAE in 1979 “for contributions in and development in liquefaction, tor, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, died research and education leading to ocean transport and storage of natu- on January 4, 2010. Dr. Allen was the development of improved super- ral gas, fundamental behavior of elected to NAE in 1978 “for pioneer- sonic aircraft.” flames, and combustion.” ing work in combining technologies of space and information processing WILLIAM H. PHILLIPS, 91, RONG-YU WAN, 77, indepen- to strengthen the nation.” retired Distinguished Research dent consultant and retired chief Associate, NASA Langley Research research scientist-hydrometallurgy, KERMIT E. BROWN, 86, consul- Center, died on June 27, 2009. Mr. Newmont Mining Corporation, tant, died on December 10, 2009. Phillips was elected to NAE in 1991 died on September 22, 2009. Dr. Dr. Brown was elected to NAE in “for theoretical and practical contri- Wan was elected to NAE in 2000 1987 “for exceptional teaching butions that have advanced under- “for accomplishments in metallurgi- of university and industry courses standing of aircraft stability, control, cal research and industrial practice, and the promotion of cooperative guidance, flying qualities, and simu- and for teaching, supervising, and oil and gas drilling and production lation technology.” inspiring students, researchers, and research.” industrial colleagues.” AMIR PNUELI, 67, professor of ANTHONY G. EVANS, 66, pro- computer science, Department of RICHARD T. WHITCOMB, 88, fessor, Department of Materials, Computer Science, Courant Insti- retired Distinguished Research University of California, Santa Bar- tute of Mathematical Sciences, New Associate, NASA Langley bara, died on September 9, 2009. York University, died on Novem Research Center, died on Octo- Dr. Evans was elected to NAE ber 2, 2009. Dr. Pnueli was elected ber 13, 2009. Dr. Whitcomb was in 1997 “for contributions in the a foreign associate of NAE in 1999 elected to NAE in 1976 “for pio- development and understanding of “for the invention of temporal logic neering research and application structural materials.” and other tools for designing and in the aerodynamic design of high verifying software and systems.” performance aircraft.” IRENE K. FISCHER, 102, retired research geodesist, Defense Mapping ROBERT W. RUMMEL, 94, avia- RICHARD N. WHITE, 75, James Agency, died on October 22, 2009. tion consultant, died on October 17, A. Friend Family Distinguished Dr. Fischer was elected to NAE in 2009. Mr. Rummel was elected to Professor of Civil and Environmen- 1979 “for pioneering in geoid stud- NAE in 1973 “for contributions to tal Engineering, Emeritus, Cornell ies for application to defense and the integration of design and airline University, died on October 4, 2009. space programs in connection with operational considerations in the Dr. White was elected to NAE in development of a unified world geo- development of economic transport 1992 “for advancing understand- detic system.” aircraft.” ing of the behavior of structures, for innovations in engineering educa- PAUL GERMAIN, 88, Honorary CEDOMIR M. SLIEPCEVICH, tion, and for leadership in concrete Permanent Secretary, Academy of 89, Professor Emeritus, University technology.” Sciences of France, died on Febru- of Oklahoma, died on October 22, ary 26, 2009. Professor Germain 2009. Dr. Sliepcevich was elected to The 72 BRIDGE

Publications of Interest

The following reports have been computer engineering, Drexel Uni- Executive Director Emeritus, Sigma published recently by the National versity, and Woodie C. Flowers, Xi, The Scientific Research Soci- Academy of Engineering or the Pappalardo Professor of Mechanical ety; Douglas M. Chapin, principal, National Research Council. Unless Engineering, Massachusetts Institute MPR Associates Inc.; Christine otherwise noted, all publications are of Technology. Paper, $15.00. A. Ehlig-Economides, professor for sale (prepaid) from the National and Albert B. Stevens Endowed Academies Press (NAP), 500 Fifth America’s Energy Future: Technology Chair, Harold Vance Department Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Wash- and Transformation. Energy consump- of Petroleum Engineering, Texas ington, DC 20055. For more infor- tion has short-term costs (e.g., for A&M University-College Station; mation or to place an order, contact gasoline, home heating, and running John B. Heywood, professor of NAP online at businesses), long-term environmen- mechanical engineering, Massachu- or by phone at (888) 624-8373. tal effects (e.g., the depletion of nat- setts Institute of Technology; James (Note: Prices quoted are subject to ural resources, pollution, and climate J. Markowsky, retired executive change without notice. Online orders change), and national security effects vice president, power generation, receive a 20 percent discount. Please (e.g., the concentration of energy American Electric Power Service add $4.50 for shipping and handling for sources in geopolitically unstable Corporation; Richard A. Meserve, the first book and $0.95 for each addi- regions). The National Academies president, Carnegie Institution tional book. Add applicable sales tax or established the America’s Energy for Science; Warren F. Miller Jr., GST if you live in CA, DC, FL, MD, Future Project (AEF) to develop an retired senior advisor to the labora- MO, TX, or Canada.) energy portfolio that addresses these tory director, Los Alamos National concerns and provides for sufficient, Laboratory, and research professor, Engineering Curricula: Understanding affordable energy reserves for the nuclear engineering, and associate the Design Space and Exploiting the nation. Although the United States director, Nuclear Security Science Opportunities: Summary of a Workshop. has the resources to support solu- and Policy Institute, Texas A&M During a workshop in April 2009, tions to the energy challenge, before University-College Station; Frank- representatives of industry, aca- we decide which technologies to lin M. Orr Jr., professor of energy demia, government agencies, and develop, and on what timeline, we resources engineering and director, professional societies came together must first have a better understand- Global Climate and Energy Project, to address (1) the restructuring of ing of each of them. In this report, Stanford University; Lawrence T. engineering curricula to focus on an AEF committee of independent, Papay, CEO and principal, PQR inductive learning through inquiry- nationally recognized experts ana- LLC, and retired sector vice presi- based activities and learning expe- lyzes the potential of a wide range of dent for integrated solutions, Sci- riences grounded in the real world, technologies for generating, distrib- ence Applications International (2) the integrated, just-in-time uting, and conserving energy. The Corporation; Michael P. Ramage, learning of relevant topics in STEM committee considers the impacts and retired executive vice president, Exx- fields, and (3) the creative use and projected costs of (1) technologies to onMobil Research and Engineering implementation of learning tech- increase energy efficiency, (2) coal- Company; Maxine L. Savitz, retired nologies. Additional topics arose fired power generation, (3) nuclear general manager, technology/part- during breakout discussions, includ- power, (4) renewable energy, (5) oil nerships, Honeywell Inc.; and C. ing many suggestions for facilitating and natural gas, and (6) alternative Michael Walton. Ernest H. Cock- curricular innovation. transportation fuels. The alterna- rell Centennial Chair in Engineer- NAE members on the organizing tives are categorized into three time ing, University of Texas at Austin. committee were Eli Fromm (chair), frames for implementation. Paper, $69.95. Summary Edition Roy A. Brothers University Profes- NAE members on the study also available. Paper, $24.95. sor and professor of electrical and committee were John F. Ahearne, Spring 2010 73

Ensuring the Integrity, Accessibility, technology forecasting, the Office of is imperative. Attractive candi- and Stewardship of Research Data in the Director, Defense Research and dates include abundant domestic the Digital Age. Digital technologies Engineering and the Defense Intel- coal and biomass that can be con- have made it difficult to ensure the ligence Agency, asked the National verted to non-oil-based liquid fuels validity of research data, ensure Research Council Committee appropriate for existing and future that standards keep pace with for Forecasting Future Disruptive vehicles. Many questions remain innovation, deal with restrictions Technologies to provide guidance to be answered, however, about on data sharing that make it diffi- on developing a forecasting system their economic viability, carbon cult for researchers to verify results to predict, analyze, and reduce the impact, and technological status. and build on previous research, and impact of disruptive technologies This report, part of the America’s manage the enormous amounts (i.e., technological innovations that Energy Future Project, provides an of data generated to ensure acces- surprise and disrupt the status quo). overview of the potential costs of sibility. In this report, the study In this report, the first of two, the (1) liquid fuels produced from committee examines the conse- committee analyzes existing forecast- biomass by biochemical conver- quences of changes in the accessi- ing methods and processes and out- sion and (2) liquid fuels from coal bility and stewardship of research lines the essential characteristics of produced by thermochemical con- data and calls for a new approach a comprehensive forecasting system version. The study committee con- to the design and management of that (1) integrates data from diverse cludes that, with immediate action research projects. The committee sources to identify potentially game- and sustained effort, alternative recommends that all researchers changing technological innovations liquid fuels could be available by be given training in the manage- and (2) facilitates informed decision about 2020. This report provides a ment of research data and calls on making. This report will be useful road map to independence from for- researchers to make all of their data, for the U.S. Department of Defense, eign oil for policy makers, investors, methods, and pertinent information the U.S. Department of Homeland leaders in industry, the transporta- publicly accessible within a reason- Security, the intelligence commu- tion sector, and others. able time. This report is an essen- nity, and other defense agencies. NAE members on the study com- tial guide for individual researchers, NAE members on the study committee were Michael P. Ramage research institutions and sponsors, mittee were Ruth A. David, presi- (chair), retired executive vice presi- professional societies, and scientific, dent and chief executive officer, dent, ExxonMobil Research and engineering, and medical research ANSER (Analytic Services Inc.); Engineering Co.; Edward A. Hiler, journals. Stephen W. Drew, Drew Solutions Ellison Chair in International Flo- NAE members on the study LLC; and Jennie S. Hwang, Board riculture, Texas A&M University committee were Anita K. Jones, Trustee and Distinguished Adjunct (retired); W.S. Winston Ho, Univer- Lawrence R. Quarles Professor of Professor, Case Western Reserve sity Scholar Professor, Department Engineering and Applied Sciences, University, and president and CEO, of Chemical and Biomolecular Engi- University of Virginia, and Linda H-Technologies Group, Inc. Paper, neering and Department of Materi- P.B. Katehi, provost and vice chan- $33.75. als Science and Engineering, Ohio cellor for academic affairs, Univer- State University; James R. Katzer, sity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Liquid Transportation Fuels from Coal independent consultant, Visiting Paper, $29.95. and Biomass: Technological Status, Scholar, Massachusetts Institute of Costs, and Environmental Impacts. Technology, and manager, strategic Persistent Forecasting of Disruptive Volatile oil prices threaten the U.S. planning and performance analysis, Technologies. Recently, the U.S. mil- economy; large imports of foreign ExxonMobil Research and Engi- itary has encountered unexpected oil threaten U.S. energy security; neering Co. (retired); Michael R. challenges on the battlefield due, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emis- Ladisch, Distinguished Professor in part, to the adversary’s use of sions threaten the environment. and director, Laboratory of Renew- technologies not traditionally asso- Thus the development of domestic able Resources Engineering Depart- ciated with weapons. Recognizing sources of alternative transportation ment, Purdue University, and chief the need to broaden the range of its fuels with lower GHG emissions technology officer, Mascoma Corp.; The 74 BRIDGE

Ronald F. Probstein, Ford Professor BioWatch and Public Health Surveil- Bioengineering, University of Cali- of Engineering Emeritus, Massachu- lance: Evaluating Systems for the fornia, Riverside. Free PDF. setts Institute of Technology; and Early Detection of Biological Threats: Gregory Stephanopoulos, Willard Abbreviated Version: Summary. In the Strengthening Forensic Science in Henry Dow Professor of Biotech- aftermath of September 11 and the the United States: A Path Forward. nology and Chemical Engineering, anthrax letters, in 2003 the U.S. Forensic investigations are often Massachusetts Institute of Technol- Department of Homeland Security constrained by a lack of adequate ogy. Paper, $49.95. (DHS) introduced BioWatch, a fed- resources, unsound policies, and a eral monitoring system intended to lack of national support. Clearly, Enhancing the Effectiveness of Sustain- detect specific biological agents that systemic changes and scientific ability Partnerships: Summary of a could be released in aerosolized form advancements will be necessary to Workshop. Sustainable development during a biological attack. In 2008, ensure the reliability of forensic will require continuous innovation, at the direction of Congress, DHS results, establish enforceable stan- new knowledge, and—according asked the Institute of Medicine and dards, and promote best practices. to some—collaborative approaches National Research Council to form This National Research Council (e.g., partnerships among stake- a committee to (1) evaluate the report provides a detailed plan for holders), to overcome obstacles to costs and merits of the current pro- addressing these needs and suggests the implementation of technologies gram and plans for a new generation the creation of a new government and policies and achieve positive of BioWatch devices, (2) review the entity, the National Institute of results. Advocates of the collabora- surveillance of infectious diseases by Forensic Science, to establish and tive approach argue that experience hospitals and public health agencies, enforce standards. The benefits of has shown that government regula- and (3) determine if BioWatch and the proposed plan would include pro- tions, international commitments, traditional surveillance measures are viding assistance to law enforcement and business-as-usual do not lead redundant or complementary. The and homeland security officials and to sustainable outcomes. Skeptics study committee concludes that the reducing the risk of wrongful convic- of this approach argue that, in the current program needs more test- tion or exoneration. The plan would absence of demonstrated results, it is ing to demonstrate its effective- require the upgrading of systems and questionable whether partnerships ness and more collaboration with organizational structures; improve- will lead to projects that achieve public health systems to improve ments in training; the widespread sustainable development goals. At its usefulness. The committee also adoption of uniform, enforceable the symposium summarized in this recommends that infectious disease best practices; and mandatory certi- volume, participants attempted to surveillance and disease detection fication and accreditation programs. advance the dialogue by sharing resources in both public and private This call-to-action for Congress and knowledge and ideas to help leaders health care systems be re-evaluated policy makers is also a vital tool for in government, the private sector, and improved as necessary. This law enforcement agencies, crimi- foundations and non-governmental volume provides an abbreviated nal prosecutors and attorneys, and organizations, and universities, both summary of the full report. forensic-science educators. in the United States and abroad. NAE members on the study com- NAE member Sheldon M. Wie- NAE members on the roundtable mittee were Joseph M. DeSimone derhorn, Senior NIST Fellow, were Glen T. Daigger, senior vice (vice chair), W.R. Kenan Jr. Dis- National Institute of Standards and president and chief technology offi- tinguished Professor of Chemistry Technology, was a member of the cer, CH2M Hill Inc., and Lawrence and Chemical Engineering, Uni- study committee. Paper, $35.95. T. Papay, CEO and principal, PQR versity of North Carolina at Chapel LLC, and retired sector vice presi- Hill; Stephen M. Pollock, Herrick Advancing the Competitiveness and Effi- dent for integrated solutions, Sci- Emeritus Professor of Manufactur- ciency of the U.S. Construction Industry. ence Applications International ing, University of Michigan; and The productivity of the construction Corporation. Paper, $21.00. Jerome S. Schultz, Distinguished industry—how well, how quickly, Professor and chair, Department of and at what cost buildings and Spring 2010 75

infrastructure can be built—directly they can also be used by the intel- technology and systems. The pur- affects the prices of homes and con- ligence community for covert pose of this report is to advise the sumer goods. Industry analysts differ actions, domestic law enforcement, nation on key goals and critical on whether productivity is improv- and, according to some analysts, issues in civil space policy in the ing or declining, but advances in private-sector entities that are under national and international context technologies may offer opportunities cyberattack. This report focuses on of the 21st century. for substantial improvements in effi- cyberattack as an instrument of U.S. NAE members on the study com- ciency and in meeting requirements national policy. The study committee were Wanda M. Austin. for environmental sustainability and mittee describes how the current president and chief executive offi- other national challenges. In this international and domestic legal cer, Aerospace Corporation, and report, five interrelated goals are structure might apply to cyberattack Thomas H. Vonder Haar, Director identified for improving the quality, and draws analogies with other Emeritus of CIRA, College of Engi- timeliness, cost-effectiveness, and domains of conflict. This integrated neering, Colorado State University. sustainability of construction proj- look at technology, policy, law, and Paper, $29.75. ects: (1) increased use of interop- ethics will be of interest to the mili- erable technology applications; tary, intelligence, law enforcement, Final Report from the NRC Committee (2) improved job-site efficiency and homeland security communities on the Review of the Louisiana Coastal through more effective interfacing of and an essential point of departure Protection and Restoration (LACPR) people, processes, materials, equip- for non-government researchers. Program. The U.S. Army Corps of ment, and information; (3) improved NAE members on the study com- Engineers (USACE) released the prefabrication, preassembly, modu- mittee were David D. Clark, senior draft of the Louisiana Coastal Pro- larization, and off-site fabrication research scientist, Computer Sci- tection and Restoration (LACPR) techniques and processes; (4) more, ence and Artificial Intelligence final technical report in March 2009. and more extensive, innovative, Lab, Massachusetts Institute of In response to federal legislation, widespread demonstration instal- Technology; Richard L. Garwin, USACE had analyzed hurricane pro- lations; and (5) the development IBM Fellow Emeritus, IBM Thomas tection, designed and presented a full of effective performance metrics to J. Watson Research Center; and range of measures to protect against a encourage efficiency and innova- Jerome H. Saltzer, Professor of storm equivalent to a category 5 hur- tion. The study committee recom- Computer Science and Engineering ricane (including measures for flood mends that the National Institute of Emeritus, Massachusetts Institute of control, coastal restoration, and hur- Standards and Technology work with Technology. Paper, $49.00. ricane protection), and stipulated industry leaders to develop a strategy close coordination with the state of for pursuing these five goals. America’s Future in Space: Aligning Louisiana and its appropriate agen- NAE members on the study com- the Civil Space Program with National cies. For this second and final report mittee were Theodore C. Kennedy Needs. The U.S. space program was by the National Research Council (chair), retired co-founder, BE&K originally driven in large part by (NRC) Committee on the Review Inc.; and James O. Jirsa, Janet S. competition with the Soviet Union. of the Louisiana Coastal Protection Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engi- Today, however, many nations have and Restoration (LACPR) Program, neering, University of Texas at Aus- established, or aspire to develop, the committee was asked to review tin. Paper, $41.00. independent space capabilities. In two draft reports from the LACPR addition, discoveries during the first team and to assess the hurricane Technology, Policy, Law, and Ethics 50 years of the space age have led risk-reduction framework and alter- Regarding U.S. Acquisition and Use to an explosion of scientific and natives for flood control, storm proof Cyberattack Capabilities. Cyber engineering knowledge and practi- tection, coastal restoration, and risk attacks—actions intended to dam- cal applications of space technol- analysis. This volume includes the age an adversary’s computer systems ogy, and the private sector has been committee’s review and suggested or networks—can be used for a developing, fielding, and expanding improvements to the final technical variety of military purposes. But the commercial use of space-based report. The 76 BRIDGE

NAE members on the study com- Fostering Visions for the Future: A Review of Engineering, Department of Aero- mittee were Robert A. Dalrymple of the NASA Institute for Advanced space and Mechanical Engineering, (chair), Willard and Lillian Hack- Concepts. The National Aeronautics University of Southern California; erman Professor of Civil Engineer- and Space Administration (NASA) and Laurence R. Young, Apollo ing, Johns Hopkins University, and Institute for Advanced Concepts Program Professor of Astronautics John T. Christian, consulting engi- (NIAC) was created in 1998 to and professor of health sciences and neer, Waban, Massachusetts. Paper, provide an independent source of technology, Massachusetts Institute $21.00. advanced aeronautical and space of Technology. Paper, $21.00. concepts that could dramatically Frontiers in Crystalline Matter: From impact how NASA develops and Improving State Voter Registration Discovery to Technology. For much of conducts its missions. Until NIAC Databases Final Report. Since 2002, the past 60 years, the U.S. research was terminated in 2007, it provided when the Help America Vote Act community was predominant in the an independent, open forum, high- mandated the nationwide adop- discovery of new crystalline mate- level point of entry to NASA for a tion of statewide voter registration rials and the growth of large single large community of innovators and databases (VRDs), many states have crystals, putting the country in the a capability for independent analysis successfully created initial VRDs. forefront of condensed-matter sci- and definition of advanced aeronau- These databases can be improved ences and fueling the development tics and space concepts to comple- in a number of ways in the short of new technologies at the heart of ment in-house NASA activities. term. However, addressing long- U.S. economic growth. Although Throughout its nine-year history, term issues will require coordinated, future developments in this field NIAC inspired an atmosphere that concerted, sustained support on the are as promising as past achieve- encouraged innovation and creativ- part of state election officials, non- ments, the United States’ capability ity and stretched the limits of imagi- election state and local agencies, to pursue those opportunities has nation. As requested by Congress, state legislatures, voter advocacy deteriorated, and several European the review committee explores and groups, and the federal government. and Asian countries have made sig- defines the proper role of NASA In this report, the study committee nificant investments in their own and the federal government in explores how VRDs can be used capacities. This report identifies encouraging scientific innovation to share information among state challenges and opportunities for the and in developing advanced con- agencies and across state lines. Rec- discovery of new crystalline materi- cepts for future systems. The com- ommendations include short-term als and the growing of large crystals mittee concludes that for NASA changes to improve voter education, and charts a way for the United to fulfill its mission it must have, the dissemination of information, States to reinvigorate its efforts and and is currently lacking, a mecha- and administrative processes and return to a position of leadership. nism for investigating visionary, long-term changes to improve data NAE member Paul S. Peercy, far-reaching advanced concepts collection and entry and matching dean, College of Engineering, and recommends that a NIAC-like procedures and to ensure the privacy University of Wisconsin-Madison, entity be reestablished. and security of personal data. chaired the study committee. Paper, NAE members on the study com- NAE member Rakesh Agrawal, $43.25. mittee were Marshall G. Jones, Microsoft Technical Fellow, Micro- Coolidge Fellow, GE Corporate soft Search Labs, was a member Research and Development; E. Phil- of the study committee. Paper, lip Muntz, A.B. Freeman Professor $32.50. Why make a planned gift to support the National Academy of Engineering? “We liked the idea of making a commitment to NAE “now,” but at the same time retaining some retirement income for our future.”

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