' r H 8 Volume XXV. Number \ |
Summer Sweethearts MAY, 1913 —
AN OPPORTUNITY FOR EDUCATION
Which should interest all ambitious young men from the farm. Obtain a college education by attending the
Ontario Agricultural College Guelph, Ontario
Some points you should know
A college course at the 0. A. C. is much less expensive than at most other institutions. We admit as students young men of ordinary public school education. Matriculation standing is not required.
The college closes April loth, allowing students five months during the spring and summer months for work on their own farms. During this period many students earn sufficient money to defray a large part of the ex- pense of the following year.
The Associate Diploma is granted to students who successfully complete the two-year course. The degree of B.S.A. is conferred upon graduates at the end of four years by the University of Toronto.
The two-year course efficiently prepares young men for a practical and profitable life on the farm. The four- year course prepares them for various positions in the Government service as investigators, inspectors, etc. PLAN NOW TO ATTEND COLLEGE NEXT FALL COURSES BEGIN SEPTEMBER 19TH, 1913.
Write for a college calendar.
G. C. CREELMAN, B.S.A., LL.D, President.
Please mention the O. A. C. REVIEW when answering advertisements. THE O. A. C. REVIEW i.
If You Have Two or More Cows
It will pay you to use the Standard Cream Separator in- stead of skimming cream by the old method. By using the Standard
you will get $15 more profit from each cow per year—and this is a low figure. Most dairymen do much better than this with the Standard. You can thus readily see that it takes but a short time for the Standard cream separator to pay for itself. And by taking advantage of our EASY PAYMENT PLAN you can pay for your Standard out of the extra profits it earns for you. You’ve heard a lot about the Standard. It’s the separator that has made new world’s records for close skimming at experimental farms, cheese and butter factories, and on the farm. Write for folder, entitled “Skimming Results.” It gives the proofs. Also ask for our catalog. The RENFREW MACHINERY CO., Ltd. Head Office and Works, Renfrew, Canada
Agencies Everywhere in Canada.
The Spramotor Co. is the only Canadian firm in its line hav- ing an American branch, manu- facturing in the United States, where they have been established for twelve years. A Brass Spramotor costs little more than an iron machine. With 16 years’ experience in making Spramotors exclusively it would he a wonder if we did not make them better, as well as cheaper, than any other manufac- turers who make sprayers as a side line. Our business life depends upon the success of the Spramotor. Our eggs are all in one basket, and you may be sure we watch that basket. Having specialized on Spramotors and having a larger trade than all others combined, we make them better and cheaper than others. They are built to endure. There are some Canadians who prefer American machines and buy them, while the Spramotor is being bought by the best people in the United States. Agents Wanted. Spramotor Co. 1090 ERIE ST., BUFFALO, N.Y. 1270 KING ST., LONDON, ONT.
Please mention the O. A. C. REVIEW when answering advertisements. 11 . BUTTERMAKERSTHE O. A. C. REVIEW Even expert buttermakers are “creatures of circumstances’’ if they must work with milk or cream of inferior quality. In order to protect his milk quality, or cream quality, every buttermaker finds it profitable to use
and it also is profitable for him to advise the use of “Wyandotte” to his milk patrons for they too profit by its protection which in turn benefits the buttermaker. Wyandotte Dairyman’s Cleaner and Cleanser enables buttermakers to accomplish the best their efforts can produce. Sufficient evidence to this effect can be had from eighty-five per cent, of the buttermakers who now use “Wyandotte”, or from any State Dairy College whether they teach the principles of buttermaking or not, or from any State Dairy Inspector who knows the kind of cleanliness under which the best butter is made, or from any one of the thousand of milk producers who year in and year out use Wyandotte Dairyman’s Cleaner & Cleanser. Indian in Circle They all say it is the best. You may order a sack from your dealer or a barrel from your supply house. If you do not think it is as claimed it costs nothing.
The J. B. Ford Company, Sole Mfrs., Wyandotte, Mich., U.S.A.
in Every Package This Cleaner has been awarded the highest prize wherever exhibited.
Two Well-Known Wlllfllicnn Trade-Marked Lines 11 mUIWUH And Sod or IRONACE General Purpose Tools Plough. Farm, Garden and Orchard
’ - * The latter are made now in the same factory as the Wilkinson The Wilkinson goods in - lines and are handled by local dealers elude Ploughs for every throughout the territory. use—general, pick, rooter, contractor’s, side hill, They include 100 per cent. Potato ditching and disc ploughs— Uanters’ Steel Frame Riding Cultivators, “Climax” Ensilage and Traction Sprayers, Potato Diggers—full Straw Cutters—Land, Lawn line of Sprayers for every purpose, and Garden Rollers—Scrap- Bucket, Barrel and Power, from the ers -Turnip Drills—Beet smallest to the largest—full line of Gar- Pullers- -Drag Harrows. den Tools, Wheel Hoes, Hand Drills, We guarantee the quality Fertilizer distributors—also, 20 or more of these tools and that they styles One Horse will do the work claimed Cultivators. for them. Harrows, These are modern machines in every Etc. ticular, designed to do bettei work, to the time, with less trouble and expense
operator. , , , , _ „ of a stamp to get a It costs but the price which will •omplete set of advertising matter inform you fully as to style, sizes, etc. “Climax” Ensilage and Straw Cutter.
We are glad to an9we r any questions. No. 6 Combined The Bateman- Wilkinson Si"
r . ; Wheel Company, Limited Hoe
r»00 Symington Ave. THE O. A. C. REVIEW 111.
Land Value Almost Doubled
T is no longer an unusual thing for us to get reports I from farmers who have been using manure spreaders properly and consistently for periods ranging from three to five years, to the effect that the land on which the manure spreaders have been used is regularly raising so much more produce that the value of the land is almost doubled. “The beauty of it is,” writes one Ontario farmer, “that the in- creased fertility seems to be permanent. Dry weather has less bad effect on our crops now than it used to, the soil is much more easily worked, making the day’s work easier both for the horses and for the men, it is less trouble to raise better crops, and we are a good deal surer of good returns since our soil was built up by the use of an I H C Manure Spreader I H C manure spreaders, Corn King or Cloverleaf, are made in various styles and sizes to meet any and all conditions. There are wide, medium and narrow machines, all of guaranteed capacity; return and endless aprons; in short, a spreader built to meet your conditions and made to spread manure, straw, lime, or ashes as required. I H C spreaders will spread manure evenly on the level, going up hill or down. The wheel rims are wide and are equipped with Z-shaped lugs, which provide ample tractive power without jarring the machines excessively. The apron moves on large rollers. The beater drive is positive, but the chain wears only one side. The I H C agent will show you the most effective machine for your work. Ask to see an I H C manure spreader. You can get catalogues from him, or, if you prefer, write the nearest branch house.
International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd \ BRANCH HOUSES
At Brandon, Calgary, Edmonton, Estevan, Hamilton, Lethbridge, London, Montreal, \ Hill tiflfjV N. Battleford, Ottawa, Quebec, Regina, Saskatoon, St. John, Winnipeg, Yorkton
Please mention the O. A. C. REVIEW when answering advertisements. IV. THE O. A. C. REVIEW KRESO AN IDEAL DISINFECTANT, GERMICIDE, DEODORANT, ANTISEPTIC AND PARASITICIDE
For Hospitals, Veterinary and Domestic Use. Write for Descriptive Booklet Parke, Davis & Co.
Manufacturing Chemists and Biologists, Walkerville, Ontario
EASTERN DEPOT, 378 ST. PAUL ST., MONTREAL, QUE
Do You
USE ANYTHING IN THE LINE OF CATA- LOGUES, PAMPHLETS, CIRCULARS, CARDS, ETC. IF SO, WRITE THE ADVER- TISER JOB, LONDON, ONT. THE RE- VIEW IS A SAMPLE OF THE PUBLICA- TIONS
PHONE 3670. We Do
Please mention the O. A. C. REVIEW when answering advertisements. —
THE O. A. C. REVIEW v. • OIL CAKE •
Fine Nothing better for fattening steers quickly Only. and putting them in the market in prime condition.
It is equally good for milk cows.
Ground, They give more and better milk Process when fed Livingston Brand OIL CAKE MEAL Prices now lower than during the past several years. ALSO LINSEED MEAL AND FLAX SEED Pea If your dealer cannot supply you, write us direct. Old DOMINION LINSEED OIL CO., LTD. Baden, Ont. - - - Montreal, Que. Size, The Coarse Ground. Manufactured by
Potash Produces Profit Intending users of Fertilizer materials should purchase them at once.
POTASH and Phosphatic materials cannot be applied too soon if this year’s crops are to obtain full benefit from them.
Farmers are invited to communicate with us and we shall send, FREE, any of the following bulletins. State which are required:
“Artificial Fertilizers; Their Nature and Use.’ “The Principal Potash-Crops of Canada.” “Fertilizing Orchard and Garden.” “Potash in the Prairie Provinces.” A “The Potato Crop in Canada.” “Fertilizing Fodder Crops.” “A Farmer’s Field Tests.” “Farmer’s Companion.”
Expert advice given on all matters pertaining to fertilizing. Send us five or more names of your neighbor farmers and we shall send you a colored wall placard. GERMAN POTASH SYNDICATE 1102-5 I. O. F. Temple Building, Toronto, Canada • Mwn • mmmmm • mm .1 Please mention the O. A. C. REVIEW when answering advertisements. VI. THE O. A. C. REVIEW
Carter’sTested Seeds
Are recognized as best the world over
James Carter & Co. LONDON, ENGLAND
Seed Growers by Appointment to H. M. King George V.
Branches and Agencies:
WATERHOUSE, High Holborn, Queen Victoria Street, Forest Hill and Bromley, Lon- THE don; Dublin; Lisbon, Buenos Ayres; Boston, Mass.; Cape Town, Calcutta TAILOR Melbourne, Christchurch.
TO We are sole agents for Canada and we are anxious to have a post card MEN WHO KNOW from you now for 1913 garden and farm catalogues. R. W. WATERHOUSE INGERSOLL, ONT. Patterson, Wylde & Co. DROP A CARD 133 East King Street - Toronto Horse Owners! Use Make Your GOMBAULT’S Own TILE Caustic Cost $4.00 to $6.00 per 1,000 Balsam Hand or Power. A Safe Speedy and Positive Cara The Safest, Best BLISTER ever used. Takes the place of all liniments for mild or severe action. Send for Catalogue. Removes Bunches or Blemishes from Horses and Cattle. SUPERSEDES ALL CAUTERY OR FIRING. Impossible to produce scar or blemish. Farmers’ Cement Every bottle sold is warranted to give satisfaction Price $ 1.50 per bottle. Sold by druggists, or Tile Machine Co. Bent by express, charges paid, with full directions its use. Send for descriptive circulars. Ont. for Walkerville. THE LAWRENCE-WILHAMS CO., Toronto, Ont. THE O. A. C. REVIEW Vll.
The Sharpies Mechanical Milker
The Sharpies Milker has “made good” in over 125 Canadian Dairies. It has $ been tested out by these hard-headed, practical business dairymen—men who have to make their money in the dairy business—and it has proved our claims. It will not injure the most delicately reared cow. It will improve the milk production. The Sharpies Milker is fast, efficient, simple and absolutely safe. Read the letter of E. K. Cohoon, of St. Thomas, etc.:
Mr. E. X. Cohoon, of St. Thomas, Ont., is one of the best known dairymen in his section, and
the quality of his product is known for its purity. He says ; “I have been using a three unit $ Sharpies Mechanical Milker since last July and am perfectly satisfied with it. I have twenty- eight cows, and have milked them alone in one hour and fifteen minutes, and with the aid of another to carry away the milk, have milked and washed the machines in one hour.”
Read what Geo. B. Long, of Aldershot, says : “Please send me one brush for cleaning milking machine. Our machines are working fine, and I find that we get enough extra milk from $ using the machine to pay for running the motor, which is a 2 h. p. single phase. We get current from the Cataract Power Co.” Mi
Send coupon for free Catalog. We are the I only people who put MILKING MACHINES . Name . . $ out ON TRIAL. We know the Sharpies Milker ' P 0 will make good. Let us give you an estimate on an [ outfit for your herd. Ask about our trial offer. Prov today get catalog. Mail coupon and 1 l am mi i king .... Cows at present.
The Sharpies Separatcr Company Zl i ^ " h I Milker.
A Free Catalogue to HART!! Every Dairy Farmer Materials Just send us a post Our large and complete stock of card, requesting our Art Supplies are selected speci- Catalogue, “Every- ally for school and college use. thing for the Farm The quality is the best, and the prices are within the reach of Dairy,” containing every class of student. 52 pages of illus- trations and infor- Color Boxes, A1 - 25c each mation on cur “Bea- Crayons—Crayograph, 10c pkg. ver” Sanitary Dairy Supplies. We will Complete Catalogue mailed forward this book to on request you by return mail. Address Dept. “F”. The Geo. M. Hendry
Company, Limited W. A. DRUMMOND & CO., 214-218 King Street East TORONTO 215-219 Victoria St., Toronto,
Ontario. Send for complete catalogue. It's free.
Please mention the O. A. C. REVIEW when answering advertisements. )
riii. THE O. A. C. REVIEW
If it isn't an Eastman, it isn't a Kodak-
From a Kodak Negative ( reduced
‘Take a KODAK with you
Let pictures, made from your ow point of view, keep the story of yoi personal impressions.
Catalogue ree at your dealers or by f , mail
CANADIAN KODAK CO.. Limited Toronto THE O. A. C. REVIEW IX. FRQSTWOOD
IGER Rakes and F.&W. Mowers have behind them 70 years of ex- “INTERNAL GEAR” perience and skill in making the WHAT IT DOES very best farm machinery. The HE F. & W. Mower T takes power from the T is all steel, automatic rake with inside of a rack on the left trip, and a truss rod under the frame to hold main wheel. In this posi- the teeth exactly right. Breakages are tion, three rack teeth are practically impossible. It will last a life time. always in mesh with two pinion teeth. This divides The Frost &Wood Mower has roller bear- the wear — means smooth ings on axle, cross and crankshaft. Its gears running. It is the easiest cutter made. and pinions are arranged on the famous Even after years of use, ‘‘internal gear” principle, which prevents these teeth are skill in noise, binding, choking and broken knives. close mesh. The knife cuts the moment the mower Get absolute dependability in your haying machinery. moves. This prevents This Mower and Rake have in them every feature that choking, broken knives, minimizes stops and accidents during haying. Examine accidents and field repairs. them closely. Investigate carefully. They will pass You avoid loss of hay and the test of service, season after season. wages by perfect design.
IT' For a post card—a book giving full details of ourrakes and mow- | IT JP mV r> Pi ers, with list of sizes and complete description. The FROST & WOOD CO. Limited Montreal, SMITHS FALLS, St. John, N. B. 104 ” -
X. THE O. A. C. REVIEW Gilson Engine “Goes Like Sixty Farm Bee-keeping
If Properly Conducted by Scien- tific Methods and Modern Appliances
The 0 . A. C. can teach you the methods, and don’t miss taking them. We can supply the appli- ances. We are not a planing mill, nor a saw mill, but a large, well- Anybody can operate the simple “GOES LIKE factory for SIXTY’’ Engine. Ready for work the moment you equipped the pur- get it. Built strong and solid to last a lifetime. Will pose. give long, unfailing satisfaction. Gas, gasoline or kerosene can be used for fuel. Gilson quality gives full value for your money— Write for our illustrated cata- dependable service, great durability, highest economy logue and price list. and perfect satisfaction freedom from trouble, de- ; lays and expense. Every engine ABSOLUTELY GUARANTEED. You can try this engine on your own farm before The Ham &Nott Co. settling for it. You take no chances. LIMITED The “GOES LIKE SIXTY’’ Line has an engine for every purpose. All styles and sizes from 1 to 40 h. p. Bee-Keepers’ Supplies, Write for catalogue. GILSON MANUFACTURING CO., LIMITED BRANTFORD - ONT. 610 York Street, GUELPH, ONT.
| 0 LIVE IN 0 WORK IN 10 MAKE MONEY IN
D>-\ZO ONTARIO is still the best Province in the Dominion
Ontario has great agricultural opportunities for fruit farms, dairy farms, mixed farms, or for very cheap farm lands in the clay belt. In planning your future and in talking to your friends keep these things in mind.
HON. J. S. DUFF, H. A. MACDONALD, Minister of Agriculture, Toronto, Ont. Director of Colonization, Toronto, Ont.
Flease mention the O. A. C. REVIEW when answering advertisements. — —
THE O. A. C. REVIEW xi.
CONTENTS
VOL. XXV. MAY, 1913. NO. 8
Page Marketing of Dairy Products. By Frank Herns 391 The Ancient History of Football. S. H. Gaudier 395 Future Markets for Canadian Fruit. W. W. Moore 398 Canadian Born (poem). By E. Pauline Johnson .400 Heckee, the Striped Chipmonk. Chas. G. D. Roberts 401 My Dog (poem) 409 Pure Vital Seed. T. G. Raynor, B.S.A 410 New Soils for Old. C. W. Stanley, ’13 412 Manners on Mannerisms. An English School Story 417 Handicaps in Horticulture. W. M. Aikenhead, B.S.A 423 Queries 425 Editorials 429 Alumni—The Gold Medallists 430 Athletics—Gotch vs. Jenkins 434 College Sophomore' Banquet 437 Election Results 437 Self Help 440 Macdonald Initiation 442 Much Ado About Nothing 444
Exam. Results 445
The O. A. C. Review is published by the “O. A. College Students’ Publishing Association,” O. A. College, Guelph, Canada, monthly, during the college year.
Annual subscription—Students, $1.00; ex-students, in Canada, 50c; others, $1.00; single copies, 15c. Advertising lates on application. Xll. THE O. A. C. REVIEW
We Manufacture Peep Sights
For use on home-made draining levels, as designed by Pro- fessor W. H. Day H. Occomore & Co. GUELPH, ONT. Promptness A trial order will convince you of the class of work we do Ladies’ and Gents’ Clothes Pressed, Cleaned and Repaired —AT— STEWART & WILSON
19-21 Quebec St., GUELPH. Phone 456. Above R. J. Stewart, Tailor
JUST PUBLISHED Getting Into Parliament And After
By the Honorable Senator Sir George Ross, Kt., LL.D,
Cloth, with Frontispiece, $2.50 net, postpaid.
A most important book, being the recollections and observations on public men and public life, of one of our most distinguished statesmen.
AT ALL BOOKSELLERS, or from WILLIAM BRIGGS, Publisher
29-.J7 Richmond St. West. TORONTO.
mention the O. A. C. REVIEW when answering advertisements. THE O. A. C. REVIEW THE DIGNITY OF A CALLING IS ITS UTILITY
VOL. XXV. MAY, 1913. NO. 8
Marketing Dairy Products, Etc.
WING partly to the growth in statement can best be realized when O population and partly to the we view the present outlook. The increased consumption of number of condensed milk and pow- dairy products by the average house- dered milk factories are increasing, hold, the Canadian market is rapidly thousands of gallons of cream are be- expanding. Unless production in- ing utilized for ice cream purposes creases the home market will eventu- and the outlet for milk is constantly ally take care of a great portion of being widened. The growing towns the output. and cities are demanding more and
It is estimated that the total yearly more milk and vendors are obliged to production of Canadian dairy pro- go into the milk producing centres ducts has reached close to $100,000,- for their supply. As greater quan- 000. About 150,000,000 lbs. of cheese tities of milk is diverted into other worth about $20,000,000 is annually channels than that of cheese and but- exported. The export butter trade ter making, higher prices for these has reached the vanishing point, and products must result. It would ap- although each year sees an increased pear that never was there a time in quantity of butter manufactured, yet the history of the dairy industry butter is imported to supply market when prospects looked so bright for requirements. the producer provided advantage is taken of the many opportunities of- A noticeable feature is the advance fered for gaining knowledge relating in milk prices since 1904. In May of to more profitable production. that year cheese was selling on the country boards at from 6% to 7 cents Cheese is sold chiefly on the per pound, and creamery butter from “cheese boards” (where salesmen and 18 to 19 cents. This would net the buyers meet at stated times) on what producers scarcely more than 60 is usually referred to as the “call” cents per hundred pounds for milk. system!. The name of the factory and The supply for the various cities the number of cheese offered for sale could be secured within a narrow are tabulated. The factories to be radius at about $1 per 100 pounds. first called are drawn from name Milk condensers were just opening cards by the auctioneer and when the in Canada, little was known of milk factory is “called” the buyers bid. powder, and ice cream was consider- The buyer bidding first and highest ed a luxury. Many people stated that gets the cheese if the salesman de- the dairy business was overdone and sires to sell at the price. As many as the outlook at that time was rather three calls are occasionally made be- discouraging. The fallacy of this fore the highest bid is reached. This 392 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW
plan is sometimes varied by the “sel- duty it was to investigate any causes ection” system, which allows the for complaint. As a result of the buyer to select the factories he de- work of this commission the Federal sires after he has won the privilege Government may be asked to legis- by the first and highest bid. At times late on several important points re- the board is merely a place where garding the buying and selling of buyers and sellers congregate to cheese. “feel” the market and the real selling A few factories consign the cheese is done quietly on the “curb.” There direct to buyers in the Old Country. are also wfiat is known as “regulars” During recent years a number of or factories that sell subject to the Quebec cheese are sold on sample in highest price bid on some certain Montreal by public auction. cheese board. One weak point in all the selling In the western part of Eastern systems, except perhaps the latter, is Ontario and in Western Ontario, most that although the prices offered are of the cheese are inspected at the for finest quality, yet the average
Cold Water Tank for Cooling Milk.
factory and weights at the car door. quality governs to a great extent The majority of the cheese in the the price, and there is not sufficient eastern part of Eastern Ontario and discrimination made in favor of fancy Western Quebec are shipped direct goods. The importance of continu- to Montreal houses subject to inspec- ally improving the average quality, tion, A public weigher is employed striving to make the poorest as good to settle differences between buyer as the best is quite evident, although and seller regarding weights. For a “cuts” in prices on account of qual- number of years an official referee ity are much less frequent than was was stationed in Montreal, to whom the case a few years ago- disputes respecting quality might be Ontario creamery butter is seldom referred. sold on the “Board,” but over the Some of the dairymen apparently telephone, by letter, on consignment, became dissatisfied with the direct direct shipment, on contract, or bids shipment plan as evidenced by the are asked from the buyers at certain appointment of a commission whose times. Perhaps since creamery but- THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 393 ter-making has only recently become at the creamery and a uniform qual- prominent the Board System of sell- ity of butter turned out which would ing has not yet had time to develop. sell for quality prices. In any case butter prices are now Our factory cheese should not only governed by local conditions rather be attractively finished, but no cheese than the export trade. should be shipped which are too high Large quantities of inferior quality for the boxes. Such cheese when home dairy butter find a first mar- piled one above the other in storage ket at the country 'store, where it is crack open, mould penetrates and paid for in trade at a price which much of the cheese is ruined. The usually does not take quality into con- boxes should be trimmed one-quarter sideration since the merchant does of an inch below the top of the cheese not always discriminate in qual- and the weight should be neatly ity or price, probably fearing stencilled on the box next to the to offend the customer, thus losing seam. One of the reasons that the the trade to a competitor. There is consumption of cheese in Canada does very little incentive for the home not increase as rapidly as it other- dairy butter-maker, who depends on wise would is that too much imma- the country store for a market to ture cheese is put on the market. try to excel. However when this but- The export trade is also to some ex- ter reaches the consumer the poor tent suffering from the shipping of quality has its effect on the market. “Green Cheese.” This does not mean ‘‘Packing stock” does not sell as that strong flavored cheese are pre- readily as in former years, as the ferred, but a mild, pleasant flavor channel through which this butter which can be developed by curing the reached a final market is gradually cheese at about 60 degrees. closing. Products made from vege- The problem of material for cheese table oils are gradually replacing the boxes will have to be faced shortly, poor butter formerly utilized for dif- as it is becoming very difficult to ferent purposes. manufacture boxes from present It is astonishing when we consider available material at any reasonable the economic waste in making into a price. Butter boxes should be double poor quality of dairy butter thou- lined with the best parchment paper, sands of pounds of pure milk fat. which has been previously soaked in The present creamery system is brine or formalin to prevent mould. based on the constantly increasing Prints should never be packed in and insistent demand for butter of boxes in a soft condition, but allowed uniform quality and sudh butter can to harden and a paper strip placed no doubt best be produced in a cream- under one print in each layer to ery, A number of farm dairies turn allow easy removal. Whenever prac- out good butter that 'satisfies con- tical the better plan is to allow the sumers, but in these days when butter to harden and then cut the creameries are so numerous it is a prints with a cutting machine. short-sighted policy to continue to Print wrappers should be printed make dairy butter of different grades with ink that will not rub off. When the cream may be placed in the The night’s milk to be sent to the hands of a competent butter-maker cheese factories should be cooled to 394 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW
65 degrees immediately after milking mand the highest price can be made by placing the cans in a tank of cold only from milk and cream delivered to water. The morning’s milk does not the factories in first-class condition. require cooling if the two messes are The discriminating consumer will pay kept separate. the price for fancy goods, and in the Cream to be sent to creameries production of dairy products it is not should be cooled immediately after possible to hold too high an ideal or leaving the separator to 55 degrees labor to better purposes. by placing the cream can in an insu- F. lated tank containing cold water, or HERNS, preferably cold water and ice. Chief Dairy Instructor for Western Cheese and butter which will com- Ontario.
Insulated Tank Containing Cold Water, or Cold Water and Ice, for Cooling Cream. THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 395 Ancient History of Football
S. H. GANDIER
HE honor of founding and Each one eontendeth and hath a T fostering the game of foot- great delight ball must be assigned to With foote and with hande the blad- many nations. The old Teutonic der for to smite; tribes of Gaul not only used If it fall to the ground they lift it the skulls of their enemies for drink- up again, ing cups, but they contemptuously And this way to labour they count it kicked their severed heads about as no pain.” footballs in a savage game. The Celts The earliest tangible record avail- are believed to have used a certain able would indicate that some form football game in the worship of the of ball was played as early as 750 sun-god. The earliest explorers of years before the Christian era, for the north found the young Esqui- in Isaiah 22:18, we find the verse maux playing on the ice floes with a “He will turn and toss thee like a football sewn with welt and filled ball”; but the earliest reference to a with moss. Explorers in the South game approaching our modern Rugby Seas found the natives playing a ball is in early Greek literature. The game with a ball made of bamboo game harpaston was very popular at fibre. The reason for this universal Sparta. It was played on a rectan- popularity of football throughout the gular field, marked with side, goal ages is obvious; child nature is uni- and centre lines. The number of form the world over, and children players was unlimited and the object who are forced to find and make their was to force the ball by kicking or own toys will turn to the same ob- carrying, across the opposite goal jects. Country children in Canada line. Any form of blocking, holding today await eagerly the arrival of and tackling was permitted. “butchering day” in the fall to get From Greece the game found fa- the bladder, to knead and roll it until vor in Rome, and the first football pliable, then inflate it with a quill for fan of prominence on record was Em- a game of football in the pasture peror Augustus, who, in B. C. 28, de- field. Four hundred years ago this manded a revision of the football custom of childhood was celebrated rules. Augustus’ objection to the ex- by Alexander Barclay, an English isting game, however, was its gentle- poet, in the following lines: ness, which he considered too childish “And now in winter when men kill for Roman youths intending to be- the fat swine, come centurians and commanders of
They get the bladder and blow it legions. The game continued to be great and thine, played throughout Italy until the With many beans and peasen put middle ages, and in 1898, was revived therein, at Florence. The Italian game was It rattleth, soundeth and slimeth, played on a square field with side clere and fayre, lines, goal lines, centre line and goal While it is thrown and cast up in the posts. There were twenty-seven ayre; ,
396 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW players on each side organized in the “ From this court I debar all rough manner of Roman military tactics. and violent exercises, likewise foot- Each side was divided into fifteen ball, meeter for laming than for making .” forwards, five quarter backs, four able the users thereof half backs and three full backs. Several early Enylish writers were Scoring was accomplished by kicking decidedly opposed to the game as or carrying the ball across the goal played in their time. Philip Stubbs, line between the posts. Ends were in discussing the degeneracy of the changed after each goal. The game times, wrote: ended at sun set. The supporters of u For as concerning football playing the contesting teams, provided with I protest that it may rather be called a horns and banners, occupied seats friendly kind of fyghte than a play or behind the goal posts. At the con- recreation a , bloody and murthering clusion of the game it was customary practice than a fellowly sport or pas- for the vanquished to deliver their time. For doth not everyone lie in banners to the winners. waight for his adversary, seeking to The history of football in England overthrow him, and pick him on the is as tempestuous as the early Eng- nose, though it be on hard stones , on lish game itself. It is clear that dale or valley or hill, and he that can through a long period the game did serve the most of this fashion he is not enjoy royal favor. in Early the counted the only and but fellow , who fourteenth century football was he. So that by this means sometimes played in streets the of London with their backs are broken, sometimes great noise violence. and Complaints their legs, sometimes their armes, citizens by many caused Edward II. sometimes their noses gush out with in 1314 to issue the following pro- blood. For they have the sleights to clamation to suppress the pernicious mix one betwixt two, to butt him un- game: der the short ribbs and peck him on
“ Forasmuch as there is great noise his nose, to dash him against the hart in the city, caused by hustling over with the elbows, with a hundred other large footballs from which many evils murthering devices.” football strong hold arise , which God forbid, we command But had too a and forbid, on pain of imprisonment, upon the hearts of the sturdy English such game to be played in the future.” youths to be suppressed by royal Thirty-five years later, in the reign edicts. In the seventeenth century a of Edward III., the game became so French writer who visited England popular as to threaten to submerge says: “In winter football is a useful the practice of archery. According- and craming exercise. It is played ly an edict was issued prohibiting with a leather ball about as big as many sports, among which were one’s head, filled with wind. This is hand-ball, hockey, golf and football. kicked about from one to another in In 1389 football was forbidden by man, in replying, stated on seeming-
Richard II., and in 1410 it fell under the streets by him that can get at the displeasure of Henry IV. James it and this is all the art of it.”
I., writing a book on deportment for At Teddington and Twickenham, the education of his son, Henry, each Shrove Tuesday, prudent house- Prince of Wales, wrote: holders covered their windows with THE O. A. C. REVIEW 397 boards and bushes until the mighty and the game would be waged be- game that roared through the streets tween the towns. The ball was kicked for hours had ended. In fact in all off midway between the two places market towns throughout England and the battle would wage furiously on this holiday, business was sus- “by hill and dale” until dark or until pended and the afternoon given over one side had kicked the ball into the to a great game of football in which other’s town. his Honor the Mayor invariably About 1680 football began to be kicked off and every able-bodied citi- adopted by the secondary schools of zen followed the ball. England. The distinguished Joseph In 1650 football was regarded as a Addison was a great school boy lead- national institution throughout Great er of the sport. Later in life in an Britain. The great game of these article on “Rustic Amusements he times was that fought at Chester write with pride of the many every Shrove in commemor- in played also Tuesday matches which he had ; ation of the battle of Chester in the William Cowper, the poet, never year 217, when their English ances- ceased to tell of his “excellence at tors formed a mighty wedge and football while at school.” rushed the Roman garrison out of It is at this period that we begin the city. The goals for the football to find the real foundation of the game were the Town Hall and a cross modern game, for not until the in an open space outside the city. school-boy took it in hand, was any The playground was between these attempt made to create a properly goals, a vast space featured with organized game dominated byj fences, walls, trees, houses, city specific rules. blocks and streets, but was none too (Editor’s Note.—June issue will large for the several hundred con- contain another article on football, testants. Occasionally, about this outlining the later history of the period, one town challenged another game.)
The Football Team at Varsity Grounds. 398 THE O. A. C. REVIEW
Future Markets for Canadian Fruit
W. W. MOORE, Chief Markets Division, Ottawa
HE greatest market for apples population it is therefore apparent T to-day is found within the bor- that the per capita consumption of ders of our own country and as apples in the United Kingdom has in time rolls on larger and larger quan- reality declined since 1904 seeing that tities will be required to meet the the actual quantity consumed each demands of our home trade- year has remained practically the Our second greatest apple market same. According to my calculation is found in the United Kingdom the present consumption of apples in where the product of the Canadian the United Kingdom, including those orchards is sold in friendly but stren- for cider and all other purposes, does uous competition with apples from not exceed one half bushel per head, the Homeland and the United States. a rate which is unreasonably low in Other markets, some of which are view of the recognized value of the only in the initial stage of develop- apple as a Wholesome food product. ment, are found in Germany and If the efforts that were used to ad- other parts of Europe, in the United vertise and push the sale of bananas States, Newfoundland, South Africa, in the British Isles were employed the West Indies, Australia, South there on behalf of the apple, I have no America, etc., but for some years to doubt that the consumption of the come the main demand for our apples latter could be increased fourfold. will come from the first two markets That Canada is now the chief mentioned—Canada and Great Brit- source of supply for imported apples ain. is shown by the fact that in the per-
Extent of the British Market. iod from September 1, 1911, to April In the last nine years there has 30, 1912 out of a total importation been practically no increase in the of 2,850,000 barrels, this country quantity of apples imported yearly furnished 1,520,387 barrels, the Unit- into the United Kingdom. In 1904 ed States 981,130 barrels and other the total importation was 3,771,781 countries 348,483 barrels. hundredweights and in 1912 it was If consumption in the Old Country 3,881,947 hundredweights. It is sig- continues at the existing level it is nificant, however, that in the same not likely that the total quantity of period the imports of bananas almost apples imported annually will show doubled, jumping from 3,910,511 any material increase over present bunches to 6,978,867 bunches. figures except in years when the The lack of increase in the apple home crop is more or less a failure, imports was not due to an augmented and it is therefore obvious that Can- home supply as, so far as I can learn, ada can only acquire a larger propor- the annual production of apples in tion of that market at the expense of Great Britain, apart from the usual her principal competitor—the United crop fluctuations, has not varied States. In this competition the only much in the eight years in question. advantage possessed by the United Taking into account the increase in States is the size of her crop; in all THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 399 other respects this country occupies yearly consumption of apples aver- the better position. In the States aged two bushels for each individual, the growers can hardly hope to be- 286 million bushels would be needed come organized as one body to the to meet their wants. Last year’s apple same extent as is possible in Canada, crop in the three countries named nor are they ever likely to have the probably did not exceed 153 million benefit of one uniform law regulating bushels at an outside estimate, and grading and packing such as is now the increase in production in Canada in force in Canada. In order to take and the United States, which is full advantage of the situation, how- looked for in the near future, would ever, a greater measure of organiza- in these three markets alone be com- tion among Canadian growers is re- fortably taken care of, especially as quired and happily the present ten- the increase in population in the three dency is strongly in that direction- countries amounts to about U/2 mil- Our Domestic Market. lions a year. The consumption of apples in Can- Increased Production Looked For. ada also is much less than it should And all the signs point to a large be. Assuming that in 1912 this coun- increase in the production in the try produced approximately fifteen next few years. In the Northwestern million bushels of apples, good, bad States and in British Columbia there and indifferent, and deducting from is said to be about 290,000 acres this 10 per cent, for culls and waste, under apples which produced last or say IV2 million bushels, and 5 mil- year about 15,000,000 bushels with lion bushels for export (including only 8 per cent, of the trees in bear- fresh and dried apples), we still have ing. It is thought by some that the 8i/ 2 million bushels left to be mar- Northwestern States will grow forty- keted in Canada either in a raw state five million bushels in 1913 and that or dried, evaporated or canned. To the total crop of Canada and the this figure we must add 600,000 bush- United States in that year will reach els to represent our imports of ap- 300,000,000 bushels. In Nova Scotia ples, making a total of 9,100,000 there has been a noticeable expansion bushels. Divide this by our popula- in the apple growing industry of late tion of 7 % millions and we get a per years and predictions are freely made capita consumption of 1% bushels. If of a crop of 9,000,000 bushels from the consumption could be increased to that section alone within five years-
two bushels per head, surely a reason- The outlook, therefore, is for a per- able estimate, it would enlarge our iod of readjustment of conditions and home market 60 per cent, and offer probable lower prices, which will un- an outlet for an additional 51/2 mil- doubtedly bear heavily on districts in lion bushels. The same conditions both Canada and the Unitel States, obtain in the United States where the where the cost of production and quantity of apples consumed per head marketing is high owing to unsuit- is probably slightly greater than in able soil, inflated land values, distance Canada. from markets and undesirable vari- The combined population of the eties, The grower of low grade fruit, United Kingdom, the United States Wherever located, will also feel the and Canada is 143,000,000 and if the pinch and will be obliged to improve ; ;
400 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW the quality of his product or else go high a percentage as possible of No. 1 out of business. fruit. But after he has succeeded in The cheering feature of the situa- growing first class apples the grower tion is that even under the present still has the marketing problem non- aggressive selling methods there ahead of him and if this is to be solv- is hardly a reasonable limit to the ed satisfactorily there must be organ- quantity of No. 1 apples that can be ization among the individual growers sold. Consumers are getting more so as to achieve intelligent distribu- particular every year and when quan- tion. Under the present haphazard tities of low grade apples are dumped methods there is uneven distribution on the markets sales drag and prices resulting sometimes in a dearth of for all grades decline. It has been apples in some markets and a glut in said of the Western apple growers others. that they have grasped the truth Co-operative marketing holds “that two good apples are worth more out the only hope for an amelioration than two good apples with two poor of these unfortunate conditions, and ones thrown in.” One of the principal the wider this movement extends aims of the Canadian apple grower, over the apple growing sections the therefore, should be to produce as more successful it will be.
“CANADIAN BORN” We first saw light in Canada, the land beloved of God, We are the pulse of Canada, its marrow and its blood, And we, the men of Canada, can face the world and brag, That we were born in Canada, beneath the British flag.
Few of us have blood of kings, few of courtly birth, But few are vagabonds or rogues, of doubtful name or worth, And all have one credential that entitles us to brag, That we were born in Canada, beneath the British flag.
We’ve yet to make our money, we’ve yet to make our fame, But we have gold and glory in our clean Canadian name And every man’s a millionaire if he can only brag That he was born in Canada, beneath the British flag.
No title and no coronet is half as proudly worn, As that which we inherited as men Canadian born We count no man so noble as the one that makes the brag, That he was born in Canada, beneath the British flag.
The Dutch may have their Holland, the Spaniards their Spain, The Yankee to the south of us must south of us remain, For not a man dare lift a hand against the men who brag That they were born in Canada, beneath the British flag. —E. Pauline Johnson. THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 401 Heckee, The Striped Chipmonk
CHARLES G. D. ROBERTS ORCED out of his own dwelling, their way. They had continued the F which had been both commod- work of the dog until they had ious and retired, Heckee, the reached Hackee’s central chamber. To striped chipmonk, moved indignantly Hackee’s voluble and stuttering over to the next hillside, and chose a wrath, they had taken possession of site for his new home near the south it at once, enlarging it to suit their face of the delapidated stone wall dimensions. They were certainly no which separated the beech wood from company for a chipmonk. There was the upland pasture. nothing for it but to yield place to He had had a peculiar, exasperating these lazy but formidable invaders. experience. Quite by accident, an ill- Hackee and his whole family had conditioned but obstinate mongrel taken themselves off, stealing terrier from the farm down in the through the silent dusk with a silent valley had found the narrow entrance diffidence quite unlike their chatter- to his underground abode, and had ing daily audacity. They knew that started to dig him out. This, of the dusk was particularly dangerous course, was a vain undertaking for for them; so they had scattered at any dog, for not only was the ent- once, seeking refuge in the burrows rance tube several yards in length of friendly neighbors, or in nooks and leading a good three feet below which their daylight wanderings had the surface, but the central chamber, revealed to them. It had been a or dwelling proper, had another exit, nerve-trying night for Heckee, trem- yards away, by which Hackee had bling in a hastily enlarged mouse-hole come out at his leisure, to perch on a dangerously near the fox-and-weasel- nearby fence rail and shriek chatter- hunted surface. As soon as the full ing curses at the foolish dog. Hav- pink tide of sunrise had driven the ing a strain of daschund among the night prowlers to their dens, he had many which went to his pedigree, the set himself to the securing of new terrior had really done a fine piece of quarters. For none knew better than burrowing before he realized the fu- he that, to a ground squirrel with no tility of his efforts, and backed out underground retreat, this sunny hill- of the hole, with eyes and fur full of side, these cheerful, tranquil beech dirt, to give ear to Hackee’s shrill in- woods, these open pastures with their sults, and trot off with assumed in- calm-eyed cattle, were a region of im- difference in search of some more ad- minent and deadly hazard. vantageous enterprise. Pending a decision as to the exact This had been late in the afternoon. spot where he would begin to sink his On the edge of evening, a family of tunnel, Heckee kept along the old skunks had come by, and had at once stone wall, because, with its chinks adopted the roomy burrow which the and crannies it was more likely than terrior had excavated for them. Lazy any other path to offer him a hiding- burrowers themselves, the skunks place in case of emergency. In the were no fools- They knew how to early sunshine there were many other profit by a good thing when it came chipmonks abroad, out for their —
402 THE O. A. C. REVIEW morning sip of dew. They were play- three feet distant, and scolded in- ing or foraging among the leaves, solently at the stranger. But Heckee racing in utter abandon of mirth up was not insulted. He was a stranger, and down the old wall, or sitting up and he knew he must take the conse- alertly to chirp and chatter to each quences. He proposed to get over other their satisfaction at the prom- being a stranger just as quickly as ise of a fine day. But Heckee felt possible, and to this end he decided himself quite alone among them. He to establish himself just across from knew that each of them had a safe his insulter, on the other side of the burrow close at hand. He had no stone wall. Here beech trees were chattering or chirruping to do- He scattered, and the sward was close was a thing apart, a chipmonk with- and firm, such as he loved, and the out a hole. And all his wits were autumn sunlight lay warm under the anxiously, concentratedly on the alert wall. against the perils which he knew Some three or four feet from the might assail him from earth or sky wall he marked a spreading, prickly at any instant. bush of juniper, under which, as he He was not even hungry, for the calculated, he might begin his dig- moment, because his anxiety was so ging operations without much fear of absorbing. Therefore it was that he, interruption. All seemed secure. No being the most vigilant, was first to hawk or fox was to be seen. The red catch sight of a pigeon-hawk which squirrels and the blue-jays wrangled came stealthily through the branches merrily and carelessly in the trees of a great birch tree near the wall, a sure sign that there was no ma- and dropped like a fly-catcher in the rauder about. Along the wall and hope of capturing one of the morning on the close, gossamery turf at either revellers. But Heckee’s piercing side, other chipmunks gamboled or chirrup of alarm, ere he whisked into foraged or scratched at the sod with a crevice, had been enough. Every their clever little hand-like paws. chipmonk heard, and dodged with a And a soft, irregular tonk-tink, ton- celerity which even that swift hawk ka-tink, tonkle came from the line of could not match. The alarm cry red jand-white cows loitering up to passed the length of the wall. The the pasture from the milking-shed. hawk pounced this way and that, zig- Heckee gave a chirrup of satisfac- zagging with the speed to confuse the tion, and was on the very point of eye. But not a chipmonk could he jumping down from the wall, when a and presently, in the sulks, he piercing cihrr of alarm stiffened to a catch ; sailed off to try his luck with less stone. Everywhere, on the instant, nimble game. he saw chipmonk after chipmonk When he was gone, Heckee whisk- flash frantically to its hole, shrieking ed out from between the stones, ran the great danger signal as is van- on some fifty feet further and ished. stopped to peer about him carefully. For half a second Heckee’s heart This seemed a likely spot for his pur- stood still, for this, according to the
pose, and it "was not overcrowded. On signals, was one of the most dreaded the pasture side of the wall a big enemies of his tribe—a weasel. From chipmonk came out from a hole about this enemy, a swift pursurer and a THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 403 tireless, implacable tracker, there did appear, and rushed at Heckee was but one safe refuge—the chip- open-mouthed with the most inhos- monk’s hole, too narrow at the en- pitiable squeal'. Heckee understood trance for a weasel to squeeze him- very well that etiquette required him self into. And Heckee had no hole to withdraw from the hole at once. to take refuge in. He knew that he But etiquette had little concern for would be smelt out immediately if he him so long as he thought the weasel tried to hide in some cranny of the might be waiting outside. He met wall. For some precious moments he the attack with the courage of neces- stood there alone in the perilous sity, and for a few seconds the nar- world, his sharp stripes of black and row confines of the tube were filled cream vivid on the foxy red of his with chirrups and squeals and flying cheeks and sides. Suddenly the wea- foxy fur. sel slipped into view, emerging on the Suddenly the proprietor, indignant top of the wall a long, low, sinuous, at the refusal of Heckee to go out deadly appariation, with a vicious, and feed the foe, withdrew to seek pointed face and cruel eyed. He was reinforcements. Heckee understood not more than ten feet away. what his withdrawal meant. He had Heckee came to himself. He no wish to fight the whole family. bounded into the air as if galvanized, Slipping back to the entrance, he came down on the pasture side of the stuck the very tip of his nose out and wall, and slipped like an eel down sniffed. The taint of weasel was on into the burrow of the stranger chip- the air, but it was certainly disap- monk. The weasel was so close at pearing. Very cautiously he put his his twinkling heels that Heckee whole head out and peered around heard the snap of jaws just behind with knee, wary eyes. The weasel the tip of his tail. was nowhere in sight. For a little he Exasperated at this escape when waited there, half in and half out. he had felt sure of an easy kill, the Then came a scurrying of feet behind weasel strove, with a snarl, to force him in the depths of the burrow. He his triangular head down the narrow darted forth discreetly and whisked entrance. As he knew, however, from into a hole in the wall. The next many a previous effort, this was a moment the inhospitable household waste of time. He presently gave it came forth one by one, and again be- up, and darted off on the trail of a gan chattering uncomplimentary rabbit which was unlucky enough to things about him, which he did not go hopping by at that moment. think it worth his while replying to. Heckee knew well enough, that, as a Slyly peering forth with one eye from stranger to the burrow, and especi- his hiding place, he noticed that all ally as an envader from another this chatter failed to bring back the colony, he need by no means look for weasel. This being proof enough a welcome in his forced refuge. He that the coast was now clear, he kept near the entrance, therefore, whisked out, jumped over the wall, trembling and making himself small, and under the shelter of the juniper and hoping that the proprietor would bush where he proposed to have his not appear. But it was a vain hope. front door. Within a half minute the proprietor He began by digging a round hole, 404 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW perhaps three-quarters of an inch in ing completely hidden, he was not diameter. With sharp, jerky motions compelled to look about him for he packed the edges hard and firm, enemies every half-minute. Turning till the diameter was enlarged to a himself round and round, he packed full inch. The earth, every morsel of the walls of the shaft hard as he it, he carried off in his capacious went, and so reduced considerably cheek pouches—which stretched far the amount of his trips to the dump- back under the loose skin of his neck ing-ground. —to empty it under another bush Straight downward the strenuous half a dozen yards away. He was digger sank his shaft through the much too wary to leave the fresh light soil to a depth of nearly four earth, to betray him, on the grass feet. Then he turned at an abrupt beside the entrance; and, moreover, angle, and began running his tube he was too cunning to leave any trail diagonally, with a gentle upward between his dumping ground and his slope, towards the stone wall. But place of operations. He made the by this time he had done so much ex- journey to and fro by great leaps, cavation that he felt the need of find- swerving erratically now to one side, ing a new dumping-ground, it being now to the other. against his doctrines to make any of The entrance looked hardly wide his operations too conspicuous. More- enough to admit his head. But that, over, having now a refuge, a place he knew, was sufficient; for where that he could call his own, however his head could go through also his unfinished, he began to realize that whole lithe body, which, for all its he was hungry. Such a bundle of strength, was as supple almost as a energy and fiery nerves as a chip- glove. At a depth of less than one monk cannot go long without feeding inch, however, he began to enlarge his forces. the shaft gradually. He worked with Whisking forth from his hole, he a nervous, jerky vehemence. Every sprang to the wall, and perched him- half minute he would back out and self on its highest stone to look about. lift his head—whiskers, forehead, He sat up now with a confident flirt and ears covered with earth—to take of his tail, chattered a defiant pro- a swift look about and assure him- clamation of proprietorship, and pro- self that no enemies were approach- ceeded to make a hasty but necessary ing. And his trips to the other bush, toilet, combing the earth from his his dumping-ground, took place with ears and fur. Several other chip- amazing frequency, so resolute was monks, belonging to the immediate he that not a grain of new soil should neighborhood, eyed him doubtfully, remain beside his doorway. as if half inclined to combine and The shaft which Heckee was dig- drive him away. But his assured air ging so assiduously led straight had its effect, and he was not inter- downward. At a depth of four or fered with. five inches its diameter was sufficient His toilet accomplished, he sprang for him to turn around in it com- down again from the wall and began fortably. At this diameter he kept rummaging for nuts among the leaves it. He could now work with more se- beneath the nearest tree. But this curity and satisfaction, because, be- was ground that had evidently been THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 405 gone over. He went on deeper into the trunk, in hope of putting it be- the grove. It was a pleasant place tween himself and the enemy’s eye, for his foraging. The bland autumn he made a dart for the wall. But the sunlight came sifting down through fox saw him and gave chase. the browning leaves. There was no It was a desperate race, but Heckee wind, but the branches were gay with won. He whisked down into his hole screaming blue-jays and chirring, just as the fox arrived. At the foot jibing red-squirrels; and from time of the shaft, however, he crouched to time two or three nuts would come trembling. He had forgotten till now pattering down, either dropping of that the unfinished tube might not be their own ripeness, or jarred off by a refuge, but a trap. He knew that the tree-top revellers. Heckee was the fox was a good digger. His heart not long in making his meal; and thumped wildly, and he crowded him- then, being ever a provident soul, he self into the beginning of the level began to cram his cheek-pouches. gallery, fearing lest the fox should While he was thus occupied, a trim look down and perceive his predica- moose-bird pounced down hard up- ment. on the leaves a few feet ahead of If the fox had been young and him, scrutinized him with bright, im- ignorant, or excitable enough to in- pudent eyes, squawked harshly, and dulge in apparently futile effort, finally made a rush at him with open Heckee’s career would have come to beak and lifted wings. But Heckee an end at this point. But, happily for knew the moose-bird for a mischevi- him, this fox was a wise one. He knew ous bluffer and practical joker, and that chipmonks had not only deep he carelessly went on gathering nuts. and elaborate burrows, but also that For a few seconds the fantastic they always dug them with more bird danced about him, getting more than one exit. How was he to guess and more excited at finding herself that this case was the one exception ignored. It looked as if she might al- in a thousand instances? He blinked most work herself up to the supreme shrewdly, threw a quick, sharp glance audacity of tweaking the busy for- about to see if he might not snap the ager’s tail. But suddenly there came fugitive in the act of emerging from a scream of warning from the senti- some back-door, and then went trot- nel blue-jay in a near-by tree-top. It ting off indifferently down along the was taken up on the instant by a wall, pouncing on the fat locusts as chorus of shrill voices. The moose- he went. bird flew up to a convenient branch, As soon as Heckee had recovered and Heckee thinking it might be a his composure, he fell again to his fox that was coming, whisked under digging, and soon had his level tube a root and peered forth anxiously. advanced a couple of feet. According There was no sign of a hawk; but to the plan which he was carrying in presently he made out two blue-jays, his capable little brain, the central in the next tree, peering and scolding chamber, or main habitation, was to down at something on the ground. come directly under the wall; and Their accents told him it was a fox. then for the better baffling of all If so, this hiding under the root was kinds of enemies, the second entrance no place for him. Slipping around was to be on the other side of the —
406 THE O. A. C. REVIEW
wall, in the pasture field. But by this the accumulation of stores might call time he was once more hungry. And for. Another tube, five or six feet now he remembered the stores which long and slanting slightly downward, had been left behind in the old bor- was run from the rear of the living row. Some of them, doubtless, being room, and terminated in a second in narrow side galleries, would be well perpendicular shaft similiar to the away from the intruding skunks, who first. The top of this shaft was in had no interest, moreover, in the the open pasture on the other side of nuts and grain and roots which the wall, and depended for its privacy make up chipmonks’ hoard. He hoped on the short grasses fringing its tiny to be able to come at these treasures, entrance. by a little tunnelling, without being Thus comfortably established, brought in contact with the objec- Heckee and his diminished household tionable usurpers. —for several of the family had mean- Reaching the old home and slipping while settled themselves elsewhere in by the back door, he found that slipped without further difficulty into several other members of his house- the life of their new neighborhood. hold had anticipated him. They had The chipmonks being a friendly folk, stopped up the back exit a little way there was no more hostility shown to from the central chamber, thus cut- the new-comers, who now took their ting themselves off from the skunk part of course in the gambols among family, and they were now busily en- the dry leaves and in the chattering gaged in feasting on the accumulated conversations which sometimes went stores. Heckee followed their ex- on intermittently through the long, ample till his own hunger was satis- drowsy afternoons. Nuts were fied, and then lured them back, each abundant that autumn, so the sup- with crammed pouches, to the new plies in the storage galleries in- home beside the stone wall, where creased till there was no fear of a they all fell to with a zest at the work winter scarcity. And to vary the diet of excavating. there was a neglected apple orchard In two or three days the new home a little way down the hillside, while was finished, and all the accessible big brown locusts and late grass- stores from the old place safely re- hoppers were still abundant. moved to it. The main tube, from But Heckee, being once more the original entrance shaft, ran on a singled out for the wild wood Fates gently inward slope for a distance of for discipline, was not to be suffered some seven or eight feet to the cen- to slip into his peaceful winter sleep tral chamber, the real dwelling of the without further trials. One day two family. The chamber, perhaps a boys with a dog appeared, with ap- couple of feet in length, but consider- parently nothing better to do than ably less in width, and nearly a foot throw stones at chipmonks. In spite high to the centre of its arched ceil- of this, the boys, not having guns, ing, was spread with a thick layer of were regarded as harmless, it being the finest and silkiest of dry grasses. a poor chipmonk that couldn’t dodge It lay exactly beneath the stone wall. a stone. But the dog—that was an- Off it led several short storage gal- other matter. Dogs might dig and leries, to be enlarged or duplicated as damage good front doors. There was THE O. A. C. REVIEW 407 a general chorus of alarm signals, ler to follow it forth. The boy ex- and most of the chipmonks, including amined the point of the stake. There
Heckee himself, disappeared into was no blood on it. Everybody their burrows. looked disappointed, and the dog The two boys sat on the wall and dropped his tail in dejection. began to munch their apples with “No. Missed him, I guess,” decided which their pockets were stuffed. The the boy. “But we’ll stop up his hole dog stumbling by chance upon Hec- for him, the beggar,” and he proceed- kee’s front door beneath the juniper ed to drive the stake home once more. bush, snuffed at it long and interest- Heckee, meanwhile, filled with curi- edly, and then began to bark. The osity and wrath, had come out by his boys jumped down from the wall and back door to see what the strangers “sicked” him on eagerly. But this were up to, and was now sitting on dog was not one of the digging tribe. the wall, not a dozen feet away, ex- He knew he couldn’t be expected to pressing his feelings with explosive crawl down such a hole as that, so, vehemence. having no idea of what was expected “Darn that chipmonk,” remarked of him, he nearly went wild with ex- one of the boys, flinging an apple- citement and anxiety. core at him. “He’s making fun of us.” Seeing that the dog was not going But in this he was mistaken. For to dig, the boys conceived the idea of Heckee was not making fun. He was imprisoning Heckee in his own home. cursing them with all the maledic- It was not exactly cruelty on their tions in which the language of squir- part, but rather an impulse towards rel and chipmonk appears to be so vague experimenting. Here was a rich. mysterious hole, with something alive Of course it was Heckee’s business in it. What more natural than try to build a new front door without de- and kill that something, and see what lay. He did, indeed, begin one prompt- would happen? They got a long ly from within—as soon as the stake and jammed it into the hole, troublesome visitors were out of while the dog jumped around them, sight. But he and the whole house- yelling his admiration of their hold were beginning to grow a little prowess. To their amazement, the indolent, in premonition of the long stake went down with the greatest winter’s sleep which was soon to come ease to a distance of nearly four feet upon them, and after nearly three before it stopped with a jerk. days the new shaft was yet uncom- “Gee,” remarked one boy, “but that pleted. Just at this critical moment fellow likes a deep hole all right,” came the most to be dreaded of all the and he ground the stake home vigor- chipmonk’s enemies, and caught Hec- ously. kee unready. A black snake, alert in “S’pose we got him?” queried the the warm noon-day sun, and himself other boy, his eyes glued to the stake. on the look-out for winter quarters, “Of course,” yelped the dog in chanced upon Heckee’s back door ecstasy. there in the open pasture. Being a The first boy cautiously pulled up snake of prompt decisions he whipped the stake, the dog scrambling in as if in instantly and made for the central he expected the unknown hole-dwel- chamber, feeling sure that he would 408 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW find some of the family at home. cut off, her struggles ceased; and in They were at home—Heckee and two or three minutes her shoulders, three others. As that dreadful black too, had vanished down the distented form, noiselessly and lithe and but and writhing throat. dimly visible, came gliding into the Meanwhile, the other members of chamber, Heckee and two of his com- the family, convulsed with panic, had panions darted criss-cross up and over fled out and hidden themselves in the the ceiling in a mad whirl of despera- crannies of the wall. But Heckee, tion. But the fourth, an inexperi- himself, being a veteran of many enced young female of the season, battles, always courageous, and was unlucky enough to catch the charged with responsibility as head snake’s set, malignant eye. She of the household, had pulled himself crouched for half a second, paralysed. quickly together and remained in the Then, recovering herself with a viol- burrow. He knew well enough that ent effort, she darted down the old it was ail over with his little com- tube leading to the closed front shaft. panion. He understood the ways of The snake darted after her at once, the black snakes also. And he could and as his tail vanished into the tube, tell by the sounds that came from the Heckee and the others dropped shud- depths of the tube just how this dering from the ceiling behind him. ghastly business of the -swallowing When the unhappy little fugitive progressed. As he listenel, his rage reached the foot of the blocked shaft, grew hotter and hotter, till presently, she turned at bay. At the same in- judging that by this time the assas- stant the snake arrived. Striking sin would have the victim so far before she had time to put up any swallowed as to be incapable of defence, he drove his long black set quickly disgorging it, he darted into fangs deep into her muzzle. Being the tube and bit clean through the not a venomous snake, but one of the snake’s backbone, just at the base of constrictor family, his impulse was the tail. to wind her in his coils and crush her The long trailing body writhed and to a pulp before devouring her; and lashed, but there in the narrow tube therefore he wished to drag her back it had no room to coil itself. Heckee to the chamber. But though she was raced nimbly along it, heedless of the dazed by the blow on the nose, she jamming anl buffeting he received,
was not completely stunned by it, be- and fell furiously upon the tight cause her assailant had had no room stretched skin at the back of the rep- to strike with effective force. Spread- tile’s head. Flattening himself down ing herself flat and digging in her upon the body, he clung so tightly claws, she resisted the snake’s efforts that the maddest lashings could not to pull her back. Finding the task dislodge him, and of course, the hid- so difficult, and his appetite unusual- eously distended jaws were power- ly insistent, he wasted no more time, less to seize him. With his keen but simply began to swallow her, teeth he bit and bit, now gnawing head first as she was. like a rat, now worrying like a ter- It was a slow process, especially in rior, till presently he succeeded the beginning. But as the victim in severing the spinal cord. was engorged, and her breath finally The convulsive lashings and twist- THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 409 ings dropped into a strong, quivering formed the whole neighborhood of it, motion; but for a while Heckee, in and even convinced his trembling returned to the bur- his rage continued to bite and worry household, he row and proceeded to wall up the old his now impotent enemy, till at last, tube firmly to a depth of a good realizing that his victory was com- eighteen inches, thus securing to a plete, he withdrew and ran out into certainty that the entombed slain the sun to make his toilet and pro- should cause no more annoyance to claim his triumph. When he had in- chipmonks.
TO MY DOG
Some people think dogs ain’t got no sense And that they don’t know what’s what, But from the ’quaintance Eve had with them I’ve found dogs know a lot.
Trouble is, folks don’t seem to understand What a dog is trying to say When he wags his tail he means “I’m glad to see you,” And when he growls he means “go ’way.”
And’ when it comes to takin’ care of his health He knows just what to do, For he never eats nor sleeps too much And he don’t drink nor smoke nor chew.
Now you just kinda watch your dog An’ I’m sure you’ll learn a lesson, Be kind to him, and you will find His love will be a blessin’.
He’ll stick to you through thick and thin, When you’re down he’ll share your sorrow, An’ wag his tail as if to say “Cheer up, good luck to-morrow.”
Now, when I die, if I’ve the luck To reach the golden gate, And I see a sign, “No dogs allowed,” By gosh, I’d hesitate.
For if my old pup was standing round, An’ ud look me in the face, I think I’d have to take a chance And try the other place. —Billy B. Van, 410 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW
Pure Vital Seed
Pure Seed The Seed Control Act.
HE demand for pure vital seed is The Seed Control Act of 1905, T increasing. Progressive agri- amended in 1911, was enacted to help the of noxious life culture demands it. It is up to check spread weed farmers who are specializing in seed through commerce in seeds. Natur- ally we ask, is it accomplishing what grain to furnish it. It can be done. was intended by its promoters? Let To have a certain amount of weeds us seek an answer first from the seed on a farm may not be the worst thing merchants who fought the law most that could happen a farmer. Weeds bitterly. They say that the demand serve a purpose in farm economics. for No. 1 seed has greatly improved, Don’t you suppose the fight against so much so, that they have difficulty weeds has led to the manufacture of in putting up enough to meet the re- better farm implements, which in quirements of the market. They are turn has stimulated the best methods trying and succeeding in improving of tilling the soil and of rotating their machinery for cleaning their crops? Have they not led to many seeds to meet this demand. They farmers keeping a few sheep which have to a considerable extent discrim- have proven to be a profitable invest- inated in price between seed foul with ment, as well as a sure cure for many certain kinds of weed seeds and those forms of noxious weed life? Weeds that are comparatively free of them. seem to stand in a similar relation This has stimulated the growers to to farm crops that sin does to the overcome these weed pests, so that good that is in the world. As the they can furnish the high priced world learns to dispose of the “evil” seeds. This they are doing in the by driving it out and replacing it production of small seeds, by sowing with “good.” So by our efforts to clean seed on a clean piece of hoe drive out the weeds in farm practice crop ground which has not been plow- we are securing better and purer ed but simply cultivated to make a crops. The struggle is on. We must fine seed bed and following this up not get discouraged; we can win and by weeding out the growing crop. we will. This is undoubtedly the sanest Some observant travellers in riding method that has been adopted as yet. over our country and spying it out High Prices for Seeds. from the car windows are apt to grow pessimistic and say the weeds are 'When seeds go up to certain prices greatly on the increase and this is as timothy went last year, for in- true in places. In other localities it stance, and that red clover and alsike isn’t true. Has not the spread of are going this year, farmers are weeds in old Canada led to mixed bound to do away with the middle- farming and short rotations and will man’s profits and sell to one another. they not soon drive the Northwest Too frequently this has resulted in
farmer along a similar path? Will it disastrous results from the stand- not be in his interest as well? point of the weed problem, as so many THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 411
farmers do not have proper facilities tion on the side line and concession. for cleaning their seed. This year Many a western farmer has sustained the crop of clover seed is a very in- big losses in this way by ignorantly ferior sample frequently polluted sowing frosted oats. There is no need with ribgrass or ragweed and other for such losses when every user of varieties of seeds. These seeds will seed can with so little trouble either not be wasted, consequently many test or have his seed tested to deter- farms are menaced. Frequently far- mine its vital prospects. mers bring in samples of their seeds The Methods of the Canadian Seed to dealers and ask for prices. When Growers’ Association. they find it is polluted with ribgrass There is one organization in Canada or catchfly or something else, and which stands for the production of they cannot get the highest prices pure vital seed. As its methods are that are paid they say “they can sell more generally known they will be it to their neighbors.” Sometimes practiced more. It is the Canadian they are informed that this would be Seed Growers’ Association. Before a violation of the seed law and some- sale is made of these seeds under the times they are not so informed. They seal of the Association, they are thor- may sell it to unsuspecting farmers oughly examined for impurities and and very much land gets polluted in tested for vitality. In this way the this way. A farmer evidently living purchaser is protected. The grower, on such a farm said the other day however, must have more than com- that he was sure it had cost him fully mercial prices for such seed, and he $50.00 to do what weeding he had does get from 2% to 3 cents per done in a field of 10 acres of red \pound for it, when properly cleaned clover, and yet it wasn’t saleable for and graded. Hand selected plants seeding purposes. One trouble was each year helps to keep up the stan- he had sown a lot of infested seed dar of quality in a variety of any kind and there were too many ribgrass of grain and this elite stock seed plants to make a clean job of it. There when grown on a breeding plot or the can only be pure seed when farmers product of it grown on multiplying will grow it pure, and they can do it plots is under yearly field inspection. if they will. Some of them are doing Arrangements are being made by the it, and it pays them. More should do Association to have the cereal crops it. multiplied more largely in suitable Vital Seed. sections so that the stock seed may Perhaps not enough attention is be obtainable in car load lots. being paid to the vitality of seeds. It This is a line of work that some of is a sore disappointment to a farmer the O- A. G. Review readers might to learn after he has sown a field that take up with considerable profit to the seed used lacked in vitality. Many themselves. a corn field has shown such a condi- T. G. Raynor. :
412 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW
New Soils From Old
And the Maintenance of Soil Fertility
F the ten different chemical ele- are given as potash and phosphoric O ments required by every agri- acid, but by means of a simple calcu- cultural crop, one, namely lation they may be changed into the carbon, comes from the air, and elements or vice versa. comprises about 50 per cent, To compute potash from potassium of the mature crop. Two more, multiply by 1.2046. hydrogen and oxygen, are supplied To compute potassium from potash by water and furnish the material for multiply by .830. about 45 per cent. more. The remain- To compute phosphoric acid from ing five per cent, is composed of phosphorus multiply by 2.29- seven absolutely essential elements To compute phosphorus from phos- which come from the compounds in phoric acid multiply by .4366. the soil. Of these seven elements, In the accompanying table the iron and sulphur rarely, if ever, need amounts and values of the nitrogen, replenishing as the supply in most potash and phosphoric acid in the soils is practically inexhaustible. common crops and produce are given. Thus the problem of maintaining soil The yields are above the average for fertility is narrowed to five sub- Ontario, but no farmer should be stances, but the yield on all arable satisfied with any lower standard. soils in good physical condition is de- They are not given as the maximum, pendent on the supply of limestone (a however, and one should not be satis- compound, usually, of calcium and fied if his farm yields these amounts. magnesium, but the magnesium may The amount of the three constituents be absent) nitrogen potassium and is only an approximation, as the com- phosphorus. Because of the fact that position of the various crops differs limestone, nitrogen, potassium and according to the variety, season and phosphorus are often deficient and soil. The value of the nitrogen, etc., have to be replaced artificially they is computed on the basis of the pres- have a definite value in commercial ent market value for plant food in form. Limestone is common in many fertilizers, namely parts of Ontario and is quite cheap, Nitrogen, 15 cents per pound. but as will be seen later it is very Phosphoric acid, 5 cents per pound. valuable when applied to certain soils. Potash, 5 cents per pound. In commercial fertilizers the potas- It is doubtful if the nitrogen can sium and phosphorus are given as be readily purchased for less than 20 potash and phosphoric acid. The rea- cents per pound in available condition. son for this is not known, as the From this we see that it is much potassium in the soil is not in the more economical on the soil to use the form of potash, neither is the phos- grains, hay and root crops to produce phorus in the form of phosphoric meat, milk and butter than to sell acid, but both exist in many compli- them in the raw state- It is true that cated compounds. In this article they a large amount of grain must be sold THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 418 to furnish food for the people in the soils, are rich in potash, containing cities, 'but the farmer should make sufficient to supply the needs of hun- provision for restoring the “fertil- dreds of heavy crops, but often this ity” thus disposed of, either by pur- is in a very insoluble condition, and chasing manure from the stables in in such condition cannot be utilized the towns and cities, or by using arti- by the growing plants. If the potash ficial fertilizers. is insoluble or unavailable, then the
Amounts and Value of Plant Food in Various Crops and Produce:
Crop or ProduCE P<3UNDS MMarket Value
Phos- Phos- Kind Amount Nitro- phoric Pot- Nitro- phoric Pot- Total gen Acid ash gen Acid ash Value Wheat—Grain 30 bu. 42 16 9 6.30 .80 .45 $ 7.55 Wheat Straw iy2 r . 14 7 32 2.10 .35 1 .60 4.05
Total Crop 56 23 41 111.60
Oats—Grain 50 bu. 33 14 10 4.45 .70 .50 5.65 Oats—Straw 1/4 T 18 8 38 2.70 .40 1.90 5.00
Total Crops..'. 51 22 48 $10 .65
Barley—Grain 40 bu. 35 15 9 5.25 .75 .45 6.45 Barley—Straw MT 14 5 25 2.10 .25 1.25 4.60
Total Crop 49 20 34 $11.05
Timothy Hay 2 T 55 14 60 8.25 .70 3.00 11 .95
Clover Hay 2 T 85 24 75 12 .75 1.20 3.75 17.70
Alfalfa Hay 3 T 150 31 84 22 .50 1 .65 4.20 28 .35
Potatoes 200 bu. 42 20 72 6.30 1 .00 3.60 10 .90
Mangels 600 bu. 72 40 170 10 .80 2.00 8.50 21 .30
Turnips 600 bu. 66 21 107 9.90 1 .05 5.35 16.30
Fat Cattle 1000 lbs. 25 15 1.2 3.75 .75 .96 4.56
Fat Hogs 1000 lbs. 18 7 1.2 2.70 .35 .06 3.11
i
Milk 1000 lbs. 5.6 1 .6 1 .4 .85 .08 .07 1.00
Butter 1000 lbs. 2.0 1. .4 .30 .05 .02 .37
One ton of fresh farmyard manure application of a soluble potassium salt contains on the average 10 pounds of as potassium chloride, potassium nitrogen, 10 pounds potash and 5 sulphate or kainit, a substance con- pounds phosphoric acid. Figuring on taining about 25 per cent, of potas-
the same basis as in Table 1, it would sium sulphate, together with mag- be worth $2.25 a ton, a price which nesium sulphate, magnesium chloride few would wish to pay, and as will and sodium chloride or common salt, be seen later is unnecessary. will give increased yields. The in- Most of the soils in Ontario, with crease where potassium salts are the exception of peaty or swamp found to be beneficial is attributed to 414 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW the potash, but it is probable that it ficient in potash. On this type the is due to the stimulating action of addition of potash, either as potas- the soluble salt. In this case it is sium sulphate, potassium chloride, or probable that a cheap salt as kainit, kainit, generally gives remarkable re- costing about $14.00 per ton, would sults. Potassium chloride or muriate be more economical than a concen- of potash contains about 50 per cent, trated salt as potassium sulphate, potash and is cheaper than the sul- containing 50 per cent, of potash and phate, but it may injure the quality costing $50.00 per ton. Some work of sugar beets, tobacco or potatoes done by the Illinois Experiment Sta- if applied to them. tion this contention 28 supports ; Nitrogen is another essential ele- tests were made with corn. “An ap- ment that should not have to be pur- plication of 200 pounds of potassium chased extensively by Ontario farm- sulphate, containing 85 pounds of the ers. Over each acre of land there is element potassium and costing $5, in- more than 70,000,000 pounds, or creased the yield of corn by seven enough to supply the demands of acre of bushels per ; while 600 pounds bumper crops for one-half million kainit, containing only 60 pounds of years. Clovers and other members of potassium and costing $4, gave 10.1 the legume family, as peas, beans and increase/’* Phosphoric acid and alfalfa, have minute organisms, or limestone were also applied to both bacteria, living in nodules on their sets of plots, but no farmyard manure roots, which are capable of obtaining was used. Where eight tons of as much nitrogen from the air as is manure was used as well as phos- required by the stem and leaves. This phoric acid and limestone, on another amounts to about two-thirds of the set of 28 plots, 200 pounds potassium total. It is seen from this that if the sulphate gave an increase of 2-9 clover and alfalfa hay is sold the land bushels per acre and kainit 3.3. It is will become poorer in nitrogen, but if thus seen that farmyard manure re- the hay is fed and the manure re- duces the effect of the soluble salts, turned there is a distinct gain. The as it has a stimulating effect in it- nitrogen that is left in the roots self. The conclusion we draw from of the alfalfa, clover, and peas, can this is that on ordinary soils potash be utilized much more rapidly than salts are not profitable if farmyard that which is in the soil- Decaying manure is used and that in the ab- organic matter and humus are excel- sence of manure, a cheap fertilizer, lent materials for preventing the as kainit, is more profitable to use nitrogen in the soil leaching away. than an expensive and concentrated Nitrogen may be purchased in the salt like potassium sulphate. If following forms: potassium is sulphate applied it is Dried blood containing about 14 per best to put it land for on potatoes or cent, of nitrogen. tobacco, as these crops require more Sodium nitrate or Chili saltpeter, potash than ordinary cereals, and are containing 15-16 per cent. benefitted to a much greater extent Ammonium sulphate, containing by it. Most peat soils are very de- about 20 per cent. *Bulletin 123, Illinois Experiment Raw bone meal and steamed bone Station. meal contain respectively 4 per cent. THE O. A. C. REVIEW 415 and 1 per cent, of nitrogen, as well fat has been removed since the fat as large amounts of phosphoric acid. \retards the dissolving of the bones. Sodium nitrate is very soluble, and Steamed bones contain little or no if applied before the crop is sown it fat and water and only 1 per cent, of is liable to be lost in the drainage nitrogen, but the phosphoric acid is water. Mangels and plants which more available and the percentage is botanically are members of the grass increased to 28 or 29 per cent. family, as wheat, barley, etc., are Rock phosphates, which are mined most benefited by nitrogenous fertil- in S. Carolina, Tennessee and Florida, izers, but the farmer should not re- are variable in composition, varying sort to these commercial nitrogen from 18-40 per cent, of phosphoric compounds to build up his soil per- acid, but this need not hinder any one manently. Clover and legumes on a from purchasing them, since the stock farm will do that. chemical composition has to be Phosphoric acid, in may districts, stamped either on the sacks they are may be called the key to permanent in, or on tags. soil fertility. In ordinary soils it is Apatite is mined to some extent in usually only from one-third to one- Ontario, but more in Quebec. It eighth as abundant as potash. In contains as high as 40 per cent, phos- some loams it is as little as one- phoric acid. The mining is expensive eighteenth, while in the Leonardtown and the rock very hard to grind, thus loam of Maryland State, there is 57 making the cost of production high. times more potash than phosphoric Basic slag, or Thomas’ phosphate, acid, and the potash is less than in is a by-product in the manufacture of our common soils. steel from iron ores, containing phos- About three-quarters of the phos- phorus. It contains about 18 per cent, phoric acid taken from the soil by phosphoric acid and 45 per cent, of plants is deposited in the seed. If the lime. The availability depends on the is grain is sold the phosphoric acid fineness of the material ; 80 per cent, lost to the soil. If the grain is fed, a of it should pass a sieve having considerable amount of this constitu- 10,000 meshes to the square inch. It ent is used in the formation of bone, is one of the best forms of phosphatic and most of the remainder can be re- fertilizers and is used extensively in turned to the soil. This drain has been the Maritime Provinces. It costs in going on since the first settlers came. the neighborhood of $20.00 per ton. Fortunately there are great stores of Superphosphates are made by phosphatic materials from which it is treating bones, bone black from sugar possible to replenish our soil's,- The refineries or raw rock phosphate with main ones are bones, rock phosphate, sulphuric acid, thus rendering the apatite, basic slag and superphos- phosphoric acid quickly available. It phate, or acid phosphate. is acid in nature and should not be If the bones are ground up without used on soils deficient in lime. They special treatment they contain, in ad- contain about 14 or 15 per cent, phos- dition to 4 per cent, of nitrogen, about phoric acid, but are more expensive 20 per cent, of phosphoric acid. Bones than raw phosphate or basic slag- in this condition contain water and Limestone or calcium carbonate is fat and are not so useful as after the very important, both as a plant food 416 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW and as a stimulant. It is the basis in a very fine condition or it will of most chemical reactions in the soil. leach away rapidly. By it potash is changed from in- To sum up a method for maintain- soluble to soluble compounds. The ing soil fertility we may say: Apply growth of legumes is much more farmyard manure to supply a portion luxuriant in the presence of lime- of the nitrogen potash and phosphoric stone, partly because legumes utilize acid required and also to supply considerable quantities as food and humus. Humus improves the physical partly because the beneficial soil and condition of the soil, increases its nitrogen-fixing bacteria thrive in its waterJholding capacity and gives off presence. In clay soils limestone acids and carbon dioxide, which aid in exerts a beneficial action by coagulat- liberating potash and phosphoric acid ing the sticky substances or colloids, from insoluble compounds. Keep and thus improving the physical con- stock and grow legumes to feed them. dition by making the soil more fri- Apply limestones to liberate potash able. and to aid in increasing the yield of clover and alfalfa hay. Fertilize with Unless the soil is sour or acid, phosphatic materials to keep the sup- ground limestone is much better to ply from being depleted. By using use than either fresh burnt lime or basic slag last two operations are re- slaked lime, since these latter, duced to one. Nitrogenous and potas- especially 'the fresh lime, destroys sic manures are recommended only considerable organic matter by its for special crops. As a rule it is more caustic actioh- Where ground lime- expensive to purchase mixed ferti- stone is used, it does not need to be lizers than the raw materials. —C. W. Stanley, ’13. The Voice Of The Clover -Wind By Mary Madison Lee.
When the wind comes over the clover fields, All sweet with the breath of June, When the world is white With the magic light Of the stars and the half blown moon, Then it seems to me that his melody Brings a message from you, my own, When the wind comes over Far fields of clover, And meadows newly mown.
When the wind comes over the clover fields, All dank with the midnight dew, When the tree-tops croon their ancient rune He sings to my soul of you, And the heart from my breast To share his quest Out into the night has flown, When the wind comes over Far fields of clover, A Voice from the vast Unknown. :
THE O. A. C. REVIEW 417 Masters and Mannerisms
F all the soft and soppy sub- now; just to show the jolly goodness jects which are supposed to of it, this is how it started O in schools, easily or ‘bos,’ as calls be taught “The cow— Latin and by far the most rotten is that of it—is an artiodactylous ruminant essay writing. It wouldn't so much quadruped, ungulated and pachyder- matter if they gave you something matous in parts, and a mammal. It decent to gas about—such as ghosts, is well known to scientists by means or big burglars, or the torturing of of its cud,-chewing propensities. These Christian martyrs, which I happen to are situated in its stomachs, which be jolly well up in—but nearly always are extremely abundant and complex it’s something absolutely sickening, in character. In shape it is almost like “Politeness” or “The Advantages invariably square, though rounded at of Education.” Last week, for in- the ends, and supported by four stout stance, we had to do a “comp.” for old and strong legs. As ornaments to the Crossland—who teaches English, or head, it wears horns, which are some- tries to—on “The Cow.” Just as if times crumpled, besides being hollow any decent-minded chap wanted to and very hard, especially to sit upon. know a single thing about the brutes, The wet nostrils on its broad snout except that they are valuable for the are nearly always naked through lack rich juice they contain, and that their of hairs. At the other extremity is a flesh is pretty generally used for pur- tail, which is of little use except for poses of eating, when dead. Yet we purposes of killing flies. When dead, were expected to write no less than cows change into beef. This, in five hundred words on the miserable schools, is often said to be horseflesh, customs of the wretched creatures. really. The children of this fascinat- And when I went and swotted them ing mammal are known as calves up for simply hours out of a whack- when living, but veal if deceased. If ing big book in the ref. library, I got a cow is a gentleman, it is called a into no end of a row on account of it. bull. These turn into beef-tea when In fact, old Crosseyes, as this master bottled, and are used in Spain for is commonly known as, for shortness, fighting purposes, also tossing, tore- also through squinting, actually had adors. Cows have frequent dewlaps, the calm cheek to accuse me of crib- also a bag which secretes milk (Latin bing, besides calling me a callous and lac). If tanned, their skin turns to abandoned young plaguyarist to my leather, used for boots, also footballs, ” face to the whole form. Of course, because there is nothing like it none of the fellows knew what that There was heaps more like this, if meant, but they ragged me most not better, and every word of it true. chronically, in spite of it, and tried to Yet, just because I happened to men- make out that I’d got some beastly tion towards the end that cows are disease that people die of by hundreds jolly lucky and fortunate in that they in history. But not satisfied with this never have to go to school, or do a even, the swine went on to read out single minute’s swotting of any sort, aloud every single thing I’d written especially at essays, old Crosseyes got upon cows, for mere kids to laugh at. into a fearful rave, and said that I Really, as a matter of fact, there was was guilty of “abominable rudeness” nothing funny about it at all, most of and “gross personal impertinence,” it, indeed, coming clean out of the together with many other things too book, and just altered by me in places numerous and vulgar to mention. In where necessary to make sense. As consequence, I got whacked pretty Solomon says, time is money, espe- severely, without time for padding cially to authors, so I can’t afford, even, as well as a jawing from the much less fag, to write it all out again head. — — :
418 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW
Then, on the top of all this, while I “Please, Gerald, will you tell me was still smarting beneath the sore what mannerisms are, because I’ve injustice of it all, the poor deluded got to write a jolly important essay ass went and set us this week a sub- about them for to-morrow.” ject which I should think is the abso- At this he looked generally soft and lute limit even for essays in schools. said I in I’ll willingly bet all the cash have “Mannerisms, Masters ! Let me see, my pocket—which happens to be two- I think I’ve heard that word before. pence and a stamp with no gum on Do you mind saying it again?” it—that none of you can guess what “M-A-N—man, E-R—er, also isms, it was. But, as you’d be dead certain and look here, if you don’t tell me to lose in any case, I’ll tell you. what they are jolly soon, I'll smack It was “Mannerisms.” Now, I know you over the snout, likewise in the a good bit about manners, especially eyeballs.” through getting rather seriously jaw- “All right, old man,” he answered, ed about them the other day by a “don’t excite, and just give me time master called Baxter, when I happen- t think. But, I say, if you don’t ed to come into his class with my cap mind, I’ll consult Webster.” on and whistling. He said that they This Webster is a measly pal of his, made man, and several other things who wears mittens in winter and al- which I didn’t fully understand, ex- ways wins prizes for Scripture. So I cept that errand-boys haven’t got said them, nor navvies, though gentlemen “If Webster’s any good t o you, have—at any rate, when in public. As well and good. Fetch the brute in.” a result of this, I got a big “impot,” After they had discussed the busi- and have remembered all about them ness together for long in secrecy, my ever since. But when it came to man- cousin said: nerisms, I was clean up the pole, just “Do you really want to know what like Doctor Cook, who discovered it, it means?” likewise Peary. To begin with, I had- “Of course, you silly goat — that’s n’t even so much as heard the mere what I’m here for. So buck up and word before, and when I rushed off to tell me, or else I’ll give you a clout consult a dictionary, I found it to be across the gazeke, otherwise known of little assistance, if any, though the as gesische, which is German for it.” preface made out that it was a jolly “All right, old man, don’t excite. If good and important one. It said, you are sure you really want to know,
“Mannerism is a constant or excess- and aren’t merely kidding, it’s this ; a ive adherence to one manner, style, or mannerism is just—well, it’s just a peculiarity, more especially of liter- mannerism, isn’t it, Willy?” ary or artistic treatment,” and a lot He always calls his wretched chum more like that, which was no earthly Willy in private, that being just the use to me, or anyone else either, I soft sort of name you’d expect to find should think, excepting schoolmasters in such an arrant ass. At this Web- and ancient Members of Parliament. ster tried to look jolly wise, but failed Well, at any rate, the beastly essay utterly; then he stroked the place had got to be done, so, the dictionary where he thinks his moustache is, and having failed me most utterly, I went coughed and said to a kid here called Foley, who hap- “Yes, of course. Yes, certainly. You pens to be my sort of cousin, and in see, to us men in the Sixth, the mean- the Sixth. In most respects, this ing of such words is painfully obvi- chap is extremely soppy, and wears ous, through our great knowledge of spectacles through much swotting; classics.”’ and though in age he is nearly a year “Oh, shut up about your miserable
classics and talk sense ! Do you know older than me, I could fight him easily with only one fist and my hands tied. what mannerisms are when they are don’t So I said to him, when I caught him at home, or you?” by himself “Well, it’s this way. A mannerism —! ;
THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 419 is a thing you have, so to speak, and end, with the help of two bottles of other people haven’t got,” my cousin pop and some sausages, we began to said. see daylight, like hens do before crow- “Oh, I answered, trying to under- ing, and, as a result of dire swotting, stand, “I suppose that your funny I turned out what we both agreed was mug is a mannerism, then?” a ripping good and interesting essay. “No,” Webster explained, “Foley’s So next morning, when the fatal face is simply an unfortunate dispen- hour for showing it up arrived, I was sation of Nature, which he can’t help. feeling pretty bucked with myself, Mannerisms, on the other hand, are and rather looking forward to the things you can get rid of if you want English lesson, which, as a rule, I to and try hard enough.” loathe utterly. Generally old Cross- “Something like bad tanners, you eyes just squints at the chaps’ comps, mean.” as he collects them, and afterwards “Precisely. But then, counterfeit carts them off to his den for the pur- coins can hardly be regarded as man- poses of marking. Then next week nerisms, properly speaking, because he returns them, unless he forgets they aren’t really part of you.” which often happens—with blue-pen- “Is talking rot a mannerism?” I cil notes in the margins, and often asked him. “Because, if it is, I should rude and rotten remarks at the end, think you are just made of them. But, such as, for instance: “Replete with look here, if you don’t mind, you every form of puerile impertinence,” might make a few notes on the sub- or “The writer’s intelligence is ap- ject and give them to me later. I’ve preciably lower than that of an imbe- got to go now and change for footer.” cile chimpanzee,” or “The supreme “But wouldn’t that be perilously hideousness of the author’s caligra- near to cheating?” Foley remarked, phy is only exceeded by the execrable with his usual softness. banality of his excogitations,” or “La-
“Cheating be blowed ! You don’t mentably lacking in everything but think that I would be such a chump illiteracy,” or “This essay reveals the as to- copy the piffling sort of stuff appalling depths of mental depravity that you two blighters would write. I to which the perpetrator’s intellectu- merely want it just to use as what old ality has descended.” All of these Crosseyes calls a sinoxes, or some- statements, in fact, the brute has thing.” made about my own essays this term “Synopsis, you mean.” but, of course, nobody takes the least “Oh, all right, sin anything you bit of notice of them, because they like, as long as you get it done ! And merely prove the long-winded and send it along to my study when it’s pompous nature of the poor deluded finished. Twiggez-vous, mes enfants? ass, besides being untrue. However, So long, then; likewise, pip-pip!” this time my essay was so jolly good * and interesting in every way that I It was there all right when I got felt dead sure that he couldn’t poss- back from footer, though, as a mat- ibly find a single thing in it to grouse ter of fact, I forgot all about the at, however hard he tried. thing till just before prep., when I sat After we had been waiting about down to swot at the miserable essay ten minutes for old Crosseyes to ap- in earnest. On inspecting the sicken- pear—which in itself was nothing un- ing synopsis of these Sixth Form usual, he being a chronic all-round chaps, I found it to be most awful slacker—the door suddenly opened, bilge, as was only to be expected, and and who should enter but the Head bung-full of dictionary words, includ- He said: “I am extremely sorry to ing Latin and many other deadly lan- have to inform you that Mr. Cross- guages. At first I and Mac—who is land is suffering from a slight matu- my study chum—could not make the tinal indisposition, which will preclude least bit of sense out of it in h\m for a period from presiding over ; but the : ” —
420 THE O. A. C. REVIEW
!” your pedagogy in person. So I have “A little hyperbolical, but proceed “ decided for the nonce myself to con- ‘Look at Napoleon, for instance,’ duct you to the pleasant and pellucid — I went on. ‘Why did he always have Pierian springs his photo taken in a cocked hat with ” He always talks as though he had his arms folded ?’ just finished swallowing half a dozen “Ah, you have perpetrated an un- dictionaries, and this time he had a pardonable anachronism, I fear! But daft grin on his face, as though he supply us with the answer to your expected us to be jolly pleased about curious conundrum.”
‘ it. Of course, most of us did not twig ‘It was merely his mannerism; in the least bit what he was driving but this alone made France what it is ” at; but Kidson, who is a swot, said: to-day.’ “Please, sir, thank you, sir.” “An ingenious yet, I fear, not un- “The special branch of linguistic in- impregnable hypothesis,” the Head struction which is provided in your interrupted rudely. “Continue!” “ curriculum for this particular period ‘Then again, take Hamlet. If the is, I understand, that of composition poor chap hadn’t always kept on mess- in the vulgar tongue or vernacular. ing about with a dagger and saying May I venture to inquire the subject to himself, “To be or not to be !” very appointed for to-day’s academic dis- likely Shakespeare would never have ?” putation heard of him. It was just his man- “Mannerisms, sir,” all of us answer- nerism, like marrying was with Henry ed who understood the question. VIII., or shooting teddy bears and “Ah, mannerisms ! A most fascin- making speeches with Mr. Roosevelt. ” ating and alluring theme, surcharged Again, what about Wellington ?’ with infinite potentialities of variegat- “Yes, enlighten your comrades as ed imaginative development. There- to the pet mannerisms of the Iron fore, my dear Masters, be so good as Duke.” “ to stand erect and declaim to us your ‘His beak, in a way, was only a thesis.” mannerism; yet, if he hadn’t gone I was so utterly staggered at his and got it broken on the playing even knowing so much as my name fields of Eton, would Waterloo ever !” ’ that I blushed and stammered have been won ? No “Me, sip? Did you say me, sir?” “The legend is apocryphal, I am “I did, indeed, uncomprehending afraid. But resume.” “ youth. Proceed!” ‘The valiant Nelson, too, the “Yes, sir. Shall I read it all, sir, dauntless hero of Trafalgar, had or just pick out the best bits, sir?” many mannerisms, such as always “Each single syllable, sir, without putting his telescope to the eye that the smallest expurgation or scintilla was not there, and wearing medals all of transmogrification.” over his waistcoat in battles, besides ” He said this so jolly sternly that my expecting every man to do his duty.’ heart seemed suddenly to sink right “Your ideas as to what constitutes down to the bottom of my boots as I a mannerism appear to be grievously started lacking in precision, not to say exact- “ ‘Essay on Mannerisms, by Norman ” itude. But go on.” K. Masters. Form 4, Up.’ “ ‘Descending now from the sub- “Speak up, my good lad, and cease lime to the ridiculous, as Gladstone — ’ ” to mumble from the innermost re- once said to Dizzy in Parliament cesses of your interior!” “I do not recollect the occasion you However, we will let that “Yes, sir—very good, sir,” I re- refer to. plied. pass.” “ “ !’ ” ‘The frightful importance of man- ‘Look at schoolmasters nerisms cannot be exaggerated. His- “I trust, my good lad, that you are pre- tory is full of them, likewise litera- not daring to insinuate that the ” ture.’ ceptors of youth are for one moment : :
THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 421 to be included in the category of the “All right, sir,” I answered sadly. ridiculous ?” “But I don’t think you’ll like the next “No, sir, certainly not, sir. It’s bit, sir.” only what it says in the essay. Please, “What I like, sir, and what I insist sir, shall I go one?” upon having, is absolute and implicit “By all means—immediately,” he obedience in my pupils. Do you fol- answered. “Your remarks upon the low me, sir?” noble profession with which I have “Yes sir, certainly. Well, it says: the proud honor and privilege of be- ‘Sticking one’s specs, on the extreme ing associated should prove full of in- end of the snout is a mannerism terest and instruction to your con- which sometimes occurs in headmast- freres.” ers, also sucking lozenges in school “ ” ‘Schoolmasters,’ I went on, read- and frequent snoozing.’ ing from my essay, ‘are well known Thereupon a swine called Silcoek, to be peculiar, because of their man- who is my deadliest enemy, and hates nerisms. Some of these are useful me worse than poison, had to go and and necessary, such as using long simply explode, out of pure spite, words and wearing caps and gowns, which shows what a low cad he is in and caning but others, again, are ex- every way. And so old Sandy turned ; tremely unwholesome and objection- upon him slowly in consequence and ” able in every way.’ cried
“Ah, indeed ! Pray proceed.” “Did you speak there, or did my “Wearing green waistcoats in auditory organs deceive me ?” school is a mannerism, together with “No, sir, I merely smiled, sir—just pink ties and striped socks. Also fre- sort of out loud, sir.” ’ ’ quently curling the moustache.’ “And what, may I ask, was the At this some silly asses started cause of your daring to perpetrate so giggling, thinking me to be referring hideous an outrage ?” to Crossland, who does all these “Please, sir, I had a funny thought, things rather chronically. Whereupon sir,” said Silcock, stuffing his hand- old Sandy grew jolly ratty, and, glar- kerchief in his month. ing most tragically, shouted “Ah, indeed! May I inquire as to “Cease this unseemly and ill-timed its nature?” hilarity, and remember that you are “I thought that Masters was try- in an educational academy, not at a ing to pull your leg, sir.” pantomime! If I detect again the “To pull my leg! Have you actu- slightest symptom of this insidious ally the barefaced effrontery to sug- spirit of ribald laughter and brazen gest that one of my pupils would ven- buffoonery, I shall put every one of ture to attempt such a gross and un- you down for detention!” precedented act of familiarity?” He paused for purposes of breath- “It was only a manner of speaking, ing, looking jolly rummy and purple sir. I meant that he wanted to ‘get at’ about the gills. Then he turned to you, sir.” me and said: “To get at me, sir—his headmaster, “And now please to resume your seated here ex cathedra et in loco par- interrupted recitation, my young entis. Explain yourself, sir, instant- friend.” er !” “Please, sir, I’m feeling rather “Well, sir, I only thought that the queer, sir, so I would much rather not, bit about lozenges and snoozing was if you don’t mind.” intended to refer to you, sir.” “Feeling queer! What do you “Oh, you did, did you? And on mean, sir? Do you dare to set at de- what possible grounds, sir?” fiance the voice of supermagisterial “Well, you see, sir, you sometimes authority? Unless you continue at do, sir.” once, I’ll have you put down for de- “What do you say?” old Sandy tention.” simply roared. “Leave the room at ” — — —
422 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW
once, sir! In the whole thirty-five poral and intellectual sanity—of be- years of my scholastic experience, I ing a victim to the dread disease of have never—I say never—been sub- dementia ?” jected to such unpardonable insults! “Please, sir, no, sir. I don’t mean Get out, sir, before I forget myself what you mean, sir,” said the miser- and— able Kidson, his tears splashing down Silcock didn’t wait for any more on his desk very loudly. “I only he just scooted without further de- meant, sir, that I didn’t intend to get lay. you hairy.” “And now, Masters,” the Head con- “Hairy ! You have the unparalleled tinued, when he had calmed down a impertinence to stand there and state, little, “proceed with your excursus.” on the very top of your monstrous im- “Very good, sir. If you really would putation of insanity, that I am afflict- like to hear it, it says: Then again, ed also with excessive capillosity! if you are really a French master, Consider expelled, you keep on saying “Zero” when you yourself sir, and be very thankful that there is no mean nought for the lesson, and severer and more condign a punish- “Pray don’t excite, mes jeunes annis,” ment at my command. Go, therefore, and “Ah, you are von Dutch peeg, I immediately and pack your trunks. take eet!” These are just mannerisms But stay I will myself accompany and don’t matter really, besides be- — ” you to supervise your labors.” ing funny to listen to.’ On hearing this, the Head sort of They went, to my utter relief and croaked and said joy; for, in this way, what books call “Will one of you kindly interpret the vials of wrath of the Headmaster to me the meaning of these curious were turned away from me and my and cryptic utterances?” essay on mannerisms. We none of Of course, nobody answered for us cared the least bit what happened to long; but that Kidson, who is a beast, Kidson, he being a miserable speci- put up his hand and said men in all respects, and no good for “Please, sir, I believe I know, sir.” anything except sneaking and swot- “Oh, you do, do you? Pray then, ting. But in the end things turned be so good as to explain.” out all right for him even, because he fell into fit “Well, sir, you see, sir, it’s this way, such a frightful of blub- sir. Those are some of the remarks bing at the mere thought of being that Mr. Frogmann, the French mas- expelled, that the Head, who is not a sort in his in ter, keeps on making in Form; so I bad way, spite of his suppose Masters just introduced them terrificial rattiness when roused, soft- ened towards him, his as—well, as sort of illustrations, sir.” through fear of “I see nothing, sir,” the Headmast- dying, and merely had him severely er, who was by this roused to utter whacked by the Sergeant. rattiness, replied, “save that you, O And as for me, I never heard a sin- miserrime puer, are by your state- gle thing more about my wretched ment confessing yourself an accom- “Mannerisms,” which just shows that plice to the crime—revealing your- even one’s bitterest enemies may of- self, indeed, an accessory both before ten do one a jolly good and useful and after the fact. Sir, you are, in turn without meaning it, as Silcock short, a criminal of the deepest dye, and Kidson did in this case for me. sir! You have wantonly and out- And also these events prove that a rageously transgressed every single man can have the very best intentions law of academic propriety! Do you in the world—as I had when I swotted understand, sir?” for hours at that blooming synopsis “Ye—yes, sir,” Kidson admitted just so as to make my essay bright sorrowfully, looking very white and and interesting, and so buck old bubbling most frantically. “Please, Crosseyes, who always tells us to in- sir, I didn’t mean to make you mad!” troduce a topical interest where poss- “Make me mad! You actually have ible—and yet get not the slighest the audacity to accuse your Headmas- credit or praise for them in the long ter—your supreme exemplar of cor- run. —
THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 423
Handicaps in Horticulture
HERE’S nothing like seeing a Some old fellow who had had his T favorite gain on his man. In share said that success is a matter our foot-races the new boys of margins. The first margin of the get the advantage of the handicap orchardist is the ripened growth his and then we sit up or stand up to trees make the first year. He got watch and shout for and wave for the that young growth on first class trees veteran sprinter as he cuts down the that he knew how to buy at the pro- lead. We acquired a kind of pride per price. He got young growths when we saw it before and we glory coming out on his trees where he in seeing it again. wanted them, because he had his trees In real life the handicap goes the early enough, heeled in properly be- other way. The veteran financier, fore planting, so that every tree he manufacturer, merchant, even the planted was in good condition, so veteran horticulturist, has all the ad- when planted properly they grew well vantage of capital or prestige that from the beginning. The land they gets it for him. He has the confi- were on was strong enough to shave dence of races won before; he knows out growths all along the stem. Per- where the weak places are, where to haps he was preparing the land one guard against mistakes; and experi- or two years previous to planting. ence, the greatest of all teachers, has Probably he did some manuring. Any- pointed the way and trained him for how, he had enough growths to make his best efforts. a good choice and he shaped those The novice may have capital, but trees’ heads just about as he wanted the wrecks of companies and the dis- them. Up to July of the first year appointment and failures of individu- they made excellent growth from a als who have started horticultural en- good start. terprises not knowing where to look Then they had enough start, he for trouble and having a confidence thought. So he sowed the orchard conjured up by hearsay, and having down using crimson clover or buck- little or no experience in the doing wheat may be, though he could have these handicaps soon put him and used weed seed if he was just grow- his capital out of a race with veterans ing an orchard on the ground- That who have been there before. was the first cover crop. When fall The purpose of this article is to came he knew about mice and their recount some of the handicaps that plans and he wrapped his trees with have dropped many hopefuls by the white paper. Mice won’t go into an wayside. If you do not understand orchard to eat paper, and moreover, fully what they mean, get out and the paper prevented winter injury, experience as many as possible of since it extended up to the crotch. He them with practical men who will pay had his trees on a northern exposure you small wages for doing it, before anyway as he knew sunseald does not wasting your time and your where- occur so much on that kind of a slope. with-all growing apples or celery or And while he was at it he planted even cabbage that you’ve heard there enough. Perhaps he only put in ten was money in. acres, but if he didn’t put in twenty- 424 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW five it was scarcity of labor that scar- well, had a reputation. That was an- ed him off. If he lived in a fruit sec- other handicap giving him all the tion he could avail himself of co-op- margin there was coming on the erative selling and shipping. If not price. Maybe he had to store some he had enough to demand a market to get it, but he knew what, when and to make shipments on his own and where to store and when to sell. account to those who wanted his pro- There are a few, a comparative few, duct. of his kind in Ontario. Their suc- Yearly the work of cultivating, cess is causing ex-bookkeepers, sup- spraying, pruning and covercropping erannuated teachers, ambitious but was kept up until the trees were bear- not over cautious Englishmen, and ing. The trees were not all one vari- others, including college men, to see ety for one reason, that too many to in horticulture the evasive easy pick at once would have been disas- money they have looked for all along. trous. Moreover, solid block planting These ambitious (sprinters, however, would not have been so conducive to have the handicaps against them. productiveness. No, he had them There are such qualities as grit, abil- mixed up, two or three rows of a kind ity to manage men and aflairs, and and then two of another and so on. capacity to act quickly when in a pre- When blossoming time came the dicament. Such qualities are inborn. trees were free of mites and canker- They may make you appear to be a worms and scale, and scab was being born horticulturist. But do not bank prevented with lime sulphur, and he on them unproven, as the whole ag- kept the codling moth down in num- gregation may be spelled c-o-n-c-e-i-t. bers and out of the apples, when the Maybe you’ll want to know, “and time came. The hail didn’t hit him what if this success was a celery every year, so he often had something grower, or a peach, or grape grower?” like ninety per cent, of number ones Maybe he was or is. A number of and fancy to pack. specialties if not too numerous in- He did not have drinking or incom- crease such a one’s chances of profit- petent packers and pickers- He had He would have had enough of each to his barrels and boxes ready when really make an impression will those needed. He had circle presses. In who wish to buy. He was ready to fact, down to the headliners soaking, plant when the time came, he knew everything was ready. How did he how to do things, and what to do do it? One thing he did was to give them with, and he was timely. More his men work the year round, so when than all the others he had experience. he got his packer trained he kept That’s the biggest handicap. If you him, and careful active pickers the haven’t it, get it. same. Of course, his apples, packed —W. M. Aikenhead. THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 425 QUERIES
Editor’s Note— This department is open to our subscribers. We can obtain expert information on practically any branch of agriculture, at first hand here, and shall be pleased to answer any queries submitted
Question. place as you have them in. We do not recommend keeping them in a Whitby, Ont. building above ground in that way. Dear Sir: We always prefer putting them in the I wish to have your advice regard- cellar or packing them in boxes and ing my bees. planer shavings, or some such ma- I keep them in a small, frame terial out of doors with the entrance building, where it gets all the sun, so arranged that they can fly in warm and this fine weather the bees are days. very uneasy. Would you advise me Question. to put them out on their stands and Dear Sir, I have a few hives of protect them with tar paper? I — bees, but my boxes are all different took them out last year on Good sizes, and I want to make the new Friday, but it is much milder this ones all the same size. Will you winter. please give me the dimensions of the I left two hives out, just covered standard Longstrath hive? Which do slightly, and they are fine. Yester- you consider the best, the Longstrath day they were flying all around. or the Dadant hive, as given in I have been four years in the bee Longstrath’s book on the “Honey line. I work all day in town, and am Bee”? Can one get an extractor to now busy making hives for spring. take the Dadant frames? Please tell Have had good luck so far. Last me the address and subscription price summer I bought an extractor and of a good bee journal. Hoping I am now I have a complete outfit. Am not giving you too much trouble, I well satisfied so far as I have gone. remain yours sincerely, I put my honey up in first-class style S. N. and get a good price. Since starting in the business, I have lost only one or two swarms Answer. wintering, and I now have twenty- Dear Sir,—In reply to your query five hives. Kindly let me hear from of recent date, I could not give you you. Yours truly, all the dimensions of the Langstrath J. L. hive. You had better write to the Ham & Nott Co., Brantford. Ask Answer. them for their catalogue. Then buy I think perhaps you had better set one of their hives as a model to use the hives out doors where they will in making up new hives. It is very have a chance to fly. This mild wea- important to get hives made accur- ther is very hard on them, especially ately, so that the different parts will when they are confined to such a fit and will be interchangeable. I do 426 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW not recommend the use of the “Dad- he breathes as if he had the heaves. ant” hive. The tier frame Langstrath He is in good condition, is a small is the standard in this country. feeder and light drinker. I have been Your best plan for getting a Bee feeding him raw linseed oil and oil of Journal would be to join the Ontario tar twice a day, but he is not im- Beekeepers’ Association. You might proving. Could you suggest a cure? send me one dollar as I am Secretary Answer. and I will make you a member, when It is not unusual for horses to be you will receive the “Canadian Bee affected in this after a severe at- Journal” for one year and other way tack of distemper, and if it is neglect- privileges. ed it may terminate in heaves. Try Yours very truly, the following: Mr. Morley Pettit, Potossium Chlorate Pulv. O. A. College, Pulv. Guelph, Ont. Nux Vomica Lobelia. Four onuces of each, mix and make Question. into 32 pounders. Give one three Hensall, Ont. times daily, and damp hay with lime Colt sprained his stifle joint in the water. barn yard some time ago, and now there is a hard lump in front of the Question. joint. He goes lame. What can I do I have some scabby potatoes, for him? which I wish to use for seed. Would L. P. you please tell me how to treat them Answer. to kill the disease before planting? The best way to treat this is to apply a good blister. Two drams Answer. each of biniodide of mercury and It is not well to use scabby potatoes cauthorides, mixed in two ounces of for seed if it can be avoided. Where
vaseline makes a suitable blister. Be- it is necessary to use such seed, the fore applying this the hair should be whole potatoes should be immersed carefully clipped off the affected for two hours in solution made by part; then the blister should be rub- adding one pint of formalin to thirty bed well in for two days. On the gallons of water. The same solution third day wash off and apply sweet may be used repeatedly. Treat po- oil daily until the scale is removed. tatoes before cutting them. Repeat the blister once a month for four or five months. Care must be Question. taken to tie the animal so that he Dear Sir,—Would you kindly pub- cannot bite himself while the blister lish in the Review a full report of the is on. work done in the spraying of mus- tard. Question. Answer. Horse had distemper in early part Sir,—In reply to your request, in our of winter. He still has a cough and a would say we cannot give slight discharge from the nose. In paper a full report of the work done the morning after a hard day’s work along this line. You will find a fairly — —
THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 427 good report of work done by the 0. utes. Strain the solution into the
A. C. Union in the 1913 report, which barrel of the spray-pump, and fill up will be out shortly. Below we publish with cold water to make 40 or 45 instructions for both copper sulphate gallons. and iron sulphate. III. When to Spray the Mustard Copper Sulphate. Plants.—Spray the mustard on a calm, bright day, just as the plantg Killing Mustard With Blue-Stone. are coming into bloom. (Read carefully and preserve for Should a reference.) heavy rain come immediately after The demonstrations given through- spraying, it will be necessary to spray again. out Ontario for the destruction of wild mustard have proved that, in IV. How Much is Required to the majority of cases, under favor- Spray an Acre Throughly?—A barrel able conditions, spraying with copper of the solution, costing about eighty sulphate almost entirely eradicates or ninety cents, is sufficient for an this troublesome weed from growing acre. Successful results are obtained in cereal crops. when the spraying is done thorough-
I. How the Blue-Stone is Applied. ly* —Place an ordinary spray pump, to V. Are the Crops in Which Mus- which is attached the 6-row sprayer, tard is Growing Hurt by the Spray? on a cart or light wagon; drive along —Experience shows that the young slowly through the field, applying the wheat, barley, oats or young clover solution to the mustard plants in the plants are not injured beyond a slight form of a fine spray. When the field browning for a few days by the Blue- is badly infested, it is advisable to stone spray. spray the crop in strips in order that Ferrous Sulphate. no mustard plants may escape the The instructions for spraying with spray. ferrous sulphate are the same as II. How the Blue-Stone Solution those for copper sulphate, only in- is Made.—Put nine pounds of Blue- stead of using nine pounds you should stone (copper sulphate) in a coarse use (80 lbs.) eighty pounds of the sack or bag, and suspend it in a ves- ferrous sulphate. sel containing three gallons of very It should be remembered that thor- hot or boiling water. The Blue-stone oughness is one of the essentials to will usually dissolve in 15 or 20 min- success in this work.
Transgression By Richard Le Gallienne.
I meant to do my work to-day, But a brown bird sang in the apple-tree, And a butterfly flitted across the field, And all the leaves were calling me. And the wind went sighing over the land, Tossing the grasses to and fro, And a rainbow held out its shining hand So what could I do but laugh and go? 428 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW
J K
& W
fcC .5 S O O
Xfl
”- a J 1 ^ * §1|« 4J 05 5 V5 . 1-1 * « 3 §5 . £ C o o . - H « SS cc ^ SH’IS > 2-2 g C$ _T •“ >, -M o . C g *02 So .£ ..g o„• « oOMa* .2 JPH1-1 . 51 x „• ^ ^ .. H *
d u m *S-S ;
THE O. A. C. REVIEW 429
THE O. A. C. REVIEW REVIEW STAFF
J. H. WINSLOW, Editor-in-Chief
G. J. JENKINS, Business Manager. W. F. STRONG, Assistant Business Manager.
S. C. JOHNSTON, Circulation Manager. GEO. F. KINGSMILL, Asst. Circulate Mgr. C. W. STANLEY, Agriculture. MISS GRETA CROWE, Macdonald. J. L. TENNANT, Experimental. MISS FAYE WINSLOW, Asst. Macdonald. L. B. HENRY, Horticulture. G. CLARK DUFF, Athletics. C. A. WEBSTER, Poultry. A. CORY, Artist.
L. M. DAVIS, Query. J. E. LATTIMER, Alumni. CHAS. A. GOOD, College Life. H. P. HORROBIN, Locals.
Editorials
As in the past two years The Re- Why not ? We have heard and seen view is allotting prizes to the winners lengthy and learned discussions in of first and second various places on REVIEW places in a parallel BASEBALL the best means of COMPETITIONS series of competi- ON THE FARM improving condi- tions. tions in rural Can- The nature of these and the rules ada. The chief attention seems to be governing the award, will be men- devoted to the social life of the win- tioned in full in the June number of ter months, which is admittedly not the magazine, but there will be four equal to that of Toronto or New York. classes; first, short stories, not over But surely a little sport in summer is
2,500 words in length ; second, poems even more to be desired. Let us sug- third, a set of three photos dealing gest to the district representatives with some branch of outdoor life in that they do all they can to develop Canada and lastly, a set of three car- game in their ; the great American toons. The first prize is a cheque for constituencies. Anyone who notices the sum of $10.00, and the second a the development of athletes at the cheque for one-half this amount, College from the ofttimes raw look- which, if we figure correctly, amounts ing youths who enter in their first to $5.00. The judges will be chosen September, will easily believe that from either the Faculty of the College there is an abundance of raw material or from the City of Guelph, and will in every township. At present it has, not be aware of the names of the con- except in a few exceptional districts, testants, all entries, of course, being not a chance in the world to come to submitted under a nom de plume. light. The introduction of the game These competitions are open to all into every county in Ontario would subscribers, and entries may be sent effect a transformation in the life of in at any time. the boys. 430 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW ALUMNI
T is often asserted that gold med- the Agricultural department of the I alists are not the most success- College. ful graduates. Innumerable in- In ’02, this position was given up stances of the genius of the indif- to accept that of Professor of Agri- ferent students of past history rise culture and head of the Agricultural before us in support of this opinion. Department at Bozeman, Montana. How blissful such a comforting idea In ’04, he was appointed director of when the examination results are be- the Experiment Station, which posi- ing published. One could almost per- tion he now holds. suade himself that a starry position in the list was a particular mark of genius. According to Emerson, every mind is offered a choice between truth and repose. Take which you please, you can never have both. It was ever thus. The truth of the matter de- prives us of the pleasure offered by the idea that a low standing in ex- amination was a guarantee of future success. Recent investigation re- veals the fact that the gold medalists of this institution have achieved even greater success outside of their col- lege career.
A list of pass winners of medals has been obtained and some space will be given to them in this and future issues of the Review.
Mr. F. B. Linfield won his medal in ’89 and was graduated in ’91. After MR. LINFIELD a course of dairying in Wisconsin, two years were spent in travelling in In the ten years that Mr. Linfield Ontario in Institute work. has been at Bozeman, a thoroughly In autumn of ’93, Mr. Linfield was equipped agricultural college has appointed Professor of Animal Hus- been developed, and the opinions of bandry and Dairying at Utah Agri- the people as to the State of Montana cultural College. This position was changed from that of considering it held for seven years when he was merely a mining and stock-raising promoted to the position of head of state to a great farming state. THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 431
G. B. McCalla, medalist ’97, was in sheep in relation to Mendelian graduated in ’98. The following year theory. The results of this work is was spent in Canadian West. published in several bulletins issued During the South African War, by the New Hampshire Station. In Mr. McCalla served one year in the June, 1912, Mr. Arkell returned to Royal Canadian Artillery. The two Canada and was appointed to his pre- following years were spent at the 0. sent position of sheep expert at the A. C., in Department of Physics. In Dominion Live Stock Branch, Ot- 1903, he bought a farm near St. tawa. p ^ Catharines, and has lived there O. C. White, ’10, won the Barton- since that date. Hamer medal in his graduating year, His studies here could not have securing the highest number of monopolized his time completely as points of any 0. A. C. student at the Mrs. McCalla was a Cuelph girl. Chicago International. After Mr. White was graduated, D. Z. Gibson, medalist of ’90, since he went to Ottawa as assistant to graduating in ’92 has been farming the Dominion Agriculturist. He near Calendonia in Haldimand Coun- was recently promoted to position of ty. His two hundred acre farm, Assistant Field Husbandman. though run to mixed farming, pro- fitably grows from thirty to fifty H. R. Ross, medalist ’97, was grad- acres of alfalfa. uated in ’98. “Hank,” as he was Mr. Gibson has lectured for six familiarly known, piloted the Review years at Farmers’ Institutes. through the year ’97 and ’98. Municipal politics has received In 1901, Mr. Ross became Editor some attention from Mr. Gibson, he of the Maritime Farmer, Sussex, having served through its various N. B. phases, ending in the County Coun- In September, 1903, Mr. Ross gave cil. up journalism and has since been in For the past two years, Mr. Gib- the cold storage business, for the son has been president of the Cale- past six years as manager of the N. donia Fair. B. Cold Storage Company, at St. John, a subsidiary of the Canadian Y. R. Arkell, gold medalist in ’05. Pacific Railway, one of the largest “Reg” was a keen participant in col- and best equipped plants in Canada. lege sports. He was a member of In 1909, Mr. Ross married Miss the stock-judging team that won the Ella Faulkner, Sterling, Ont. The trophy in ’07. family now includes a sixteen- After he was graduated, he served months-old candidate for “Mac” six months as Agricultural Editor of 1928. the Ottawa Citizen. Later he be- Mr. Ross enjoys clubs, is a Free came Assistant Editor of Canadian Mason and a military man, holding a Farm. Soon after this he was ap- commission in the 3rd Regiment pointed head of Department of Ani- Garrison Artillery. mal Husbandry at New Hampshire College. While here Mr. Arkell A more extended list of gold med- studied the inheritance of character alists will be given in the next issue. 432 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW
On March 19th, a quiet but very with the man who would hint that pretty wedding took place at the he is no longer one of the boys.” home of Mr. and Mrs. John Jamie- 'xX XX son, Guteluis, B. C., when their J. H. Sterling, ’08, formerly of youngest daughter, Nina Helen, was North Toronto, is now superintend- united in wedlock to Arthur .7, ing Mr. W. B. Tomlinson’s Old Nor- Cowie, of Slocan Park, B. C. folk Orpington Plant, at Norfolk After a dainty lunch was served, Heights, Simcoe, Ont. the happy couple drove to their new home at Slocan Park, where Mr. Cowie has been employed as foreman by the Kootenay-Slocan Fruit Com- pany for the past three years. Mr. Cowie took the associate course with the ’ll class.
•'xv "“xX
An old member of Class ’ll writes the following: “I visited the home of Dr. R. B„ Kennedy, of ’94, and found some in- teresting trophies won at old ath- letic contests on the 0. A. C. campus. Dr. Kennedy has silverware which shows the following: 1893, i/2 mile, 2 min., 14 sec.; 1894, 100 yds., 10 4-5 sec.; % mile, 58 sec.; 220 yds., 24 secs.; 1895, % mile, 54 sec. Besides prizes for these, Dr. Ken- nedy can show some very valuable trophies won at track meets during his post-graduate course at Cornell. Dr. Kennedy, after his Cornell course, occupied a position as Agro- P. B. Kennedy, ’94, P. G., ’95. stologist in the Department at Wash- ington, which position he vacated to Students of the O. A. C. from ’07 accept a chair in the Agricultural to ’ll will be sorry to learn of the College of Nevada, which he now oc- bereavement of R. Grant Thomson, cupies. the typical Westerner, from Bo- In addition to his work in horticul- harm, Saskatchewan. His wife died ture, Dr. Kennedy has been doing at Winnipeg on March 20th. There valuable research work in the line was left a fine nine-day-old daughter. of clovers and range grasses. He After leaving college in ’ll, Mr. is now preparing an extended treat- Thomson, or “Tommy,” as he was ise on clovers. generally known, joined the staff of Although a little heavier than he the Farmers’ Advocate, of Winni- once was, “Pat” turns out to play peg, as Live Stock Editor. In the soccer and would be apt to reason fall of that year he was married to !
THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 433
Margaret Bastedo Hill, of Boharm. ’12, and Lloyd Jackson, who was in- Winnipeg 0. A. C. boys were on structor in the Chemistry Depart- hand to do what they could to com- ment here. fort their bereaved brother. Their The pallbearers were: Prof. Her- sympathy was shown in a small way ner, W. W. Emerson, A. A. Toole, G. by the sending of a sheaf of roses V. Stonhouse, for a time associated by the following: George H. Geig, with Mr. Thomson on the Farmers’ Class ’79, now a member of Winni- Advocate staff. B. H. Thomson, peg School Board; Prof. L. A. Moor- brother of the bereaved, and J. Mad- house, ’02; F. W. Brodrick, ’03, and den, a next-door neighbor, who has M. C. Herner, ’ll, all of Manitoba been a staunch friend of Mr. and Mrs. Agricultural College J. Albert Hand, Thomson since they settled in Winni- ; ’05; W. W. Emerson, ’12, and A. A. peg. Toole, ’12, all of the Farmers’ Advo- cate, Winnipeg; W. J. Carson, ’02; O. A. C. boys everywhere join with Harris McFayden, ’05; G. G. White, the Winnipeg contingent in sincerest
’06; E. F. Coke, ’08; I. B. Henderson, sympathy.
(The following little masterpiece has been sent in by a contributor who wishes to remain nameless. He is evidently afraid of the consequences. We publish it as an inter- esting example of what the Editorial Board has to suffer at the hands of thoughtless people who are unaware of the anguish of mind they cause.) A SERENADE
O mistress mine, thy smiles divine Have kindled an ardent flame, That doth consume my soul with gloom And terrors without a name
Wilt thou fly with me o’er the stormy sea, Where the waves in wrath are roaring ? Where the north winds blow and the winter’s snow And the waters are downward pouring?
We’ll fly to a land where the burning sand Will cook us our Sunday dinners, Where niggers abound and dance around The pots where they’re stewing their sinners. 434 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW
AN INTERESTING GAME. toasted by the basilisk-eyed cattle The possibilities of the English drivers from the west. They stood language have frequently been taxed around with gaping eyeballs, like a to describe the American game of hen on a hot nail, and suffered the football, but for striking illustration grizzly yawps of Omaha to run the this from the “Herald,” of Quincy, bases until their necks were long with
FIRST YEAR HOCKEY TEAM—CHAMPIONS INTER-YEAR SERIES, 1913. Hack Row—B. P. Gandier, Centre; C. E. Lackner, Point; H. Curran, Goal. Front Row—B. Langley, R. Wing; H. S. French, Left Wing; S. Thompson (Capt.), Rover; E. C. Foreman, Coverpcint; C. V. Hartley, Spare.
Illinois, has rarely been “equalled”: thirst. Hickey had more errors than “The glass armed toy soldiers of Coin’s Financial School, and led the this town were fed to the pigs yester- rheumatic procession to the morgue. day, by the cadaverous Indian grave- The Quincys were full of straw and robbers from Omaha. The fiobby scrap-iron. They couldn’t hit a brick- one-lunged Reubens who represent wagon with a pick-axe ; and ran bases the Gem City in the reckless rush for like pall-bearers at a funeral. If three the baseball pennant had their skins base hits were growing on the back — : ;
THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 435 of every man’s neck they couldn’t not in the sense of rough play. Both reach ’em with a feather-duster. It teams deserve commendation for the looked as if the Amalgamated Union clean play. of South American Hoo-doos were in The Seniors led all the way. They session for work in the thirty-third assumed the lead shortly after the degree. The geezers stood about and commencement of the game and whistled for help, and were so weak thereafter were never headed. The they couldn’t lift a glass of beer if it half time score saw the Seniors lead- had been all foam. Everything was ing by 10-6. The second half was yellow, rocky and whavgblasted, like much of a repetition of the first, the a stigtossel full of doggie-gammon. Seniors increasing their lead but The game was whiskered and frost- slightly. bitten. The Omahogs were bad The Freshies lost the game by their enough but the Quincy Brown Sox poor shooting. Time and time again had their tins sewed up until they they worked close to the basket, but couldn’t hold a crazy quilt unless it could not put the ball through. The was tied around their necks.” Seniors on the other hand, with few- Queen’s Journal. er opportunities, made better use of BASKETBALL. them. The teams Seniors, 19; Freshmen, 13. Seniors—Bramhill, Palmer, guards The Seniors won the basketball Culham, centre; Tisdale, Neff, for- championship of the College on wards. March 20, by a score of 19-13. A Freshmen—White, Orr, guards close game was expected, and the Wilson, centre; Wilton, Munro, for- people who went to see it, were wards. not disappointed. While the game Referee—A. W. Baker, B.S.A. was fast it was not furious, at least Umpire—D. W. Gillies.
Short Sport Story
Gotch Wrests Crown from Jenkins
Frank Gotch became champion sidered invincible, and Gotch, well wrestler of America, Jan. 27, 1904, aware that he could not hope for suc- after one of the roughest battles in cess except at the price of supreme the annals of this ancient sport. Tom effort, trained night and day. He ran Jenkins, a rough and ready wrestler, thirty miles across country every af- of the slam-bang variety, had held ternoon. Joe Carroll was his hand- the title for six years. He had sup- ler. Emil Klank, Farmer Burns, pressed all challengers by his rough- Duncan McMillan, Tom Davis and house tactics, including Gotch, at George Kennedy were his trainers Cleveland the year previous. and wrestling partners. The sting of that defeat and its The pavilion at Bellingham, Wash- gruelling punishment spurred the ington, where the match was staged, young farmer lad to secure a return the largest on the Pacific coast at the battle. Jenkins at this time was con- time, was packed to the doors and 436 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW
some fans were hanging on the raft- rbut Gotch was up in a flash. ers. Seats sold as high as $25 each. Maddened at the champion’s rough Jenkins seeing the size of the “gate,” tactics and tearing into him like fury, held the crowd for an hour, demand- Gotch picked Jenkins off his feet and ing $250 more in addition to his hurled him to the mat. Jenkins rose guarantee of $1,000, win or lose. and Gotch repeated, putting the “This match wasn’t a scientific champion heavily on the mat and giv- grappling contest,” said Klank, one ing him a taste of his own of Gotch’s seconds and later manag- medicine. er of the world’s champion. “It was Jenkins wanted to quit, contending a rough and tumble encounter. It Gotch had fouled him. Jenkins had was the bloodiest battle in wrest- punished Gotch when the farmer lad ling history. If I live to be a hun- was on the mat by pretending to dred years old, I never expect to see secure a further arm hold and in the a mat struggle the like of that one motion of doing so striking the nose between Gotch and Jenkins at Bel- violently. He also tried to injure lingham.” Gotch’s elbow. When Tom Davis, the referee, Gotch showed wonderful speed in yelled “time,” Jenkins flew at Gotch sidestepping the lunges of Jenkins like an anger-crazed tiger in an Af- and the champion tired himself out. rican jungle. Gotch, outweighed by Gotch finally rushed in and slammed 25 pounds, stood his ground and went him to the mat for the first fall, with into the referee hold with the cham- the half-nelson and crotch. Jenkins’ pion. seconds had to carry him to his cor- It was Jenkins’ campaign to rush ner and administer restoratives. Gotch off his feet and win in a hurry. In the second bout, preferring to He knew the young Hawkeye farmer lose on a foul rather than go down, had trained for endurance. So he Jenkins apparently deliberately plac- bored in and put Gotch to the mat, ed a strangle hold on Gotch. When but the youngster went to a sitting Gotch extricated himself, Jenkins de- posture and was up in a flash. Jenk- liberately aimed a vicious swing at ins charged again and put him down, him, which, had it landed, might but try as he might he could not hold have knocked him out. The referee the athlete from Humboldt. jumped between them but they kept Up and down the pair fought and lunging at each other until the ring struggled like mad. Gotch had the was cleared. It was the last despair- endurance and the terrific pace be- ing effort of a beaten tiger of the gan to tell on Jenkins. The cham- mat. Gotch was declared the win- pion put Gotch down and tried for a ner, the champion of America, and half nelson, then a head lock and hauled down $400 in a purse and other holds. He tried to break side bet. Gotch weighed 184 pounds Gotch’s arm by one of his old tricks and Jenkins 210. THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 437
The Sophomore Banquet. success and hoping that each one would be in the front rank of agri- HE last assembly of the origin- cultural improvement wherever they al class ’15 took place at the T went. Royal Hotel on the evening Robt. Sutton dealt with his old of April 14, when the Sophomores subject, “The Mac,” and R. B. Hin- and their guests celebrated this man, in replying, stated on seeming- event by a banquet. There were ly good authority that the nearly one hundred fellows present, young ladies appreciated what the year including a few boys who had come had done for them. back for this final reunion. “The Other Years” the The honorary guests, seated at was sub- ject of the toast proposed by R. the head of the table were Dr. Creel- W. White, the year representatives, L. man and some of the members of the B. Henry, ’13, H. R. Hare, ’14, Faculty, Messrs. Geo. Chapman and and J. E. McLarty, To, replying to it. Wm. Gamble, of Guelph, and the N. R. Martin now had the floor representatives from the other and having proposed “Our Profession,” years. was answered by Mr. H. H. LeDrew, The guests and students assembled who explained that just as much in the dining-room at 8:30, and did ambition and courage was needed in royal honors to a well-served meal. agriculture as in any other industry, The cigars having been passed and that scientific agriculture was around, the chairs were pushed back certainly going to win out in the long and everyone settled down for the programme. run. After a few words by the Honor- Mr. R. S. Johnston, the president ary President, Mr. J. Squirrel, the of the year, acting as toast-master, W. year mascot appeared on the scene. proposed the first toast to the King. Mr. A. L. Gibson and his brother Mr. Hart then gave a song, the boys gave vocal and piano solos. joining in the chorus. “Auld Lang Syne” and “God Save The toast to Canada was proposed the King” brought the successful by E. G. Gordon. Prof. J. E. Howitt, banquet to a close, and all too soon in replying, pointed out that the fu- the boys had to separate. ture of Canada depended upon the intelligence and activity of her people. THE RESULTS OF THE ELEC- A. Austen Leigh proposed “The TIONS. Faculty,” to which Dr. Reed replied Athletic Association. in one of the best and most humor- Hon. President—Prof. R. Har- ous speeches of the evening. court, B.S.A. “Alma Mater” was proposed by Hon. Vice-President—Mr. E. W. M. T. Smith. Dr. Creelman replied, Kendall. wishing the retiring students every President—C. F. Neelands, T4. ——
438 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW
Vice-President—S. Jones, ’15. team, each member of which receives Secretary—W. E. Hare, ’16. a bronze medal.
' Treasurer—D. R. Sands, ’15. Second Year, score 399, possible 525 Managers First Year, score 394, possible 525 Basketball—A. W. Baker, B.S.A. Third Year, score 375, possible 525 Baseball—W. J. Squirrell, B.S.A. Faculty, score 363, possible 525 Hockey—A. H. McLennan, B.S.A. Fourth Year, score 243, possible 525 Aquatic—W. H. Wright, B.S.A. Best Individual Scores. Track—S. G. Freeborn, ’14. The first place was awarded to W. Literary Society. Knoop, ’16, who made a score of 90 Hon. President—Prof. J. B. Rey- from a possible of 105, and who gets nolds, M.A. the silver cup. L. B. Henry, ’13, President—G. C. Duff, ’14. came second, obtaining the silver Secretary—J. F. Andrews, ’16. medal, while F. L. Goodman, ’15, who Treasurer—J. M. Vasey, ’15. came third was awarded the bronze O. A. C. Review. medal. Messrs. Henry and Goodman Associate Editor—A. C. Cory, ’15. came out a tie, in the shoot off the Editors former won. Agriculture—P. Stewart, ’14. The Novice Competition Experimental—J. N. Allan, ’14. Three pearl handled knives were Horticulture—C. A. Good, ’14. given to the three novices who Poultry—J. P. Hales, ’14. showed the best progress during the Query—J. A. Neilson, ’15. term. Won by W. H. Scott, D. Elliott Alumni—R. A. Finn, ’15. and C. M. Laidlaw. College Life—D. M. Smith, ’15. The match with the Army and Athletics— D. G. Laird, ’15. Navy Veterans, on March 26th, re- Artist—P. C. Connon, ’15. sulted in a victory for the boys from Locals—M. Jones, ’16. the Heights, who totalled a score of Business Manager—H. S. Fry, ’14. 400 while their opponents got 355. Assist. Business Manager—M. J. In the return match, O. A. C. won McQueen, ’15. again, by one point. Circulation Manager—G. F. Kings- Sir Henry Pellatt has quite recent- mill, ’14. ly donated a silver cup to be the pos- Assist. Circulation Manager—N. R. session of the shooter who wins out Martin, ’15. three times in succession.
THE RIFLE ASSOCIATION. WHO SAID BANQUETS? The Rifle Club with a membership “Isn’t that a dainty feast to set of sixty in this its first year, has before a king?” said Mother Gooose, seen a most successful season, and as she looked over the following lines, we have great hopes for the years which were handed to the Secretary that are to come. The following are of the Biological Club of the College, the results of the competitions that as a few hints for future banquets: were held during the first three “Finding ourselves not in a posi- weeks in March. tion to be present at the dinner (the Inter-Year Faculty Competition. Biological Club banquet), we decided A shield is donated to the winning to hold a little affair of our own on THE 0, A. C. REVIEW 439 the same night, so as to be with you Johnny-Jump-Up with her lady slip- in spirit at least. We spent a good per. It is suggested that her indul- deal of time (the only thing civil gence in such unseemly conduct has servants have lots of) in making ar- earned her the nick-name “Rude rangements for this function, and Becky.” In a secluded spot, Ragged we send a few details of it to the Robin and Stinking Willie were an- Club, hoping they will prove useful grily quarrelling over the possession on some future occasion. of Dog-Tooth Violet. Jack Oak was We decided to hold the affair at walking circumspectly about with the R. C. L. lunch counter, which is Alice Macey and Daisy Fleabane, ac- to be fitted up for the occasion. The cutely conscious of a tear in his walls will be decorated with graceful Dutchman’s breeches. boughs of protococcus, interspersed The menu will be as follows: with waving tendrils of oscillatoria. Soup. Several small pots of lepidodendrion Turtle-head soup. and sigillaria will complete the color Consomme Chelone. scheme. The table will be handsome- Meats. ly adorned with centre pieces of inch Lamb’s Quarters. Hart’s Tongue. Luny lace, on which will repose several daffy-dils. The table will Vegetables. bear buckets of other rare and costly Water Parsnips. . . Indian Turnip. blooms, among which will be found Potatoes, with phytophthora sauce. the fragrant symplo carpus foetidus, Skunk Cabbage. the golden dandelion and perennial Condiments. sow-thistle, with their bright-blue Pepper Grass. Hare’s-Ear Mustard blossoms, and the delicate frag Saltworth. Treacle Mustard ile sprays of Echium vulgare. Salads. The main floral decorations will Salad de Rocket. be a large basket, whose contents Salad a la Zea Mais. will recall many old friends. It will Pastry. be lined with couch grass, stuffed Pie Plants. with bed straw, made comfortable by College Doughnuts a la Cunning- the arrow-heads shooting up at the hamella. sparrow-grass. In inspecting this Fruits. basket today, we noticed a consider- Mock Orange. Pineapple Weed. able commotion inside, and upon ex- May Apples. amination found that a large number Prunus Boardinghouseneis. of our old acquaintances were in pe- Nuts and Candies. culiar predicaments. Hog-Peanut. Candy-Tuft Sam Bucus and Rose Mary were Spearmint. dancing to the music of the Bugle- Beverages. weed, Trumpet flower and Canary Wild Rye. grass. Jack-in-the-Pulpit, in a Creelmanis. Virgin’s Bower, was persuading Wine de Cellaris Bouncing Bet to exchange her fox- Cigars. glove for his skull-cap. Black-eyed Howitt’s Celebros Susan was vigorously belaboring Brassica Oleraceollis. 440 THE O. A. C. REVIEW
As a lasting memento, the guests honor due you and the equally dan- will be presented with a century gerous one of thinking that every plant.” man who has plenty of money at his C. E. Petch. disposal looks down on you because W. A. McCubbin. you are obliged to work for what you have. SELF-HELP. Lack of money means some re-
The fact that you are poor and strictions and added work, but it also obliged to make your own money is means business training and shar- no reason why you should look upon pened wits.
The Morning After the Ice Storm in March.
yourself as a martyr. And the fact Every man who “splits rails” will that many poor men have become not necessarily be a president (even great is no reason why you should of a lumber company). Give up deem yourself on the straight road reading prize essays of self-made to greatness. You are in your pre- men and face a plain business propo- sent position as the result of some- sition as such. You want to possess one’s misfortune or mismanagement. a college education—for capital you Face your position sensibly at the have what God has given you (and very start and save yourself the what you have not destroyed) of blunder of a too exalted idea of the brains, health and time. THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 441
Make your own opportunities. When you hear or read about Enjoy life while you work. You some boy who has worked his way can’t afford to be a “sour-balled.” from poverty to a position of prom- If you do not stand well with your inence and influence, should it not fellows, do not try to console your- suggest to you, who have enough self with the thought that it is be- money to keep you from worrying cause you are poor. Look for the about your livelihood, how much trouble in your personality and char- greater your chance for success is? acter where it really lies. Any dearth Think of the advantages that are of common interest with other men yours that the poor fellow lacks. See is more often your fault than theirs. to it that your money helps you “Cheerfulness and perserverance rather than proves a hindrance to are nine-tenths of success.” you. “A little learning” and “too “Seest thou a man diligent in his much money” are both dangerous business ? He shall stand before things ; many college men have both. kings.” “Not in the Curriculum.”
Busy Times on Lower Panton.
“Be wise ! Be cheerful bright and glad Leave to the fool his folly, And let your motto be Cheer up! Your rule of life—Be jolly!
“Just think of all things cheerful And sing a happy song, And hunt up things to laugh about To help the day along.” —Anon. 442 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW MACDONALD
SPRING. ghostly booth sat the terrible In- The spring term opened, as usual, quisitor. A wild, weird shriek an- with a very rainy day. Throughout nounced the beginning of proceedings the day people came disconsolately as the first victim, blindfolded and to the Hall with their Easter millin- disfigured with charcoal, was ushered ery carefully protected with veils and to the platform. The Inquisitor umbrellas, their suit cases dripping, first demanded that the victim give and their suits rather the worse for her full name and address, then a the weather. Nevertheless, it was task was assigned. This proceeding good to be back after the all-too-brief was gone through with every mem- holiday, for only too soon most of us ber of the new class till all were de- will be leaving forever, and we ap- clared to be fully initiated. Those preciate our blessings most when we who refused to perform their tasks know we are about to lose them. were arrested and placed in a cage whereon was the legend, “Cowards As the old girls nailed one another, fed at ten o’clock,” until they wisely the two first questions asked were, “What’s your standing?” and “What decided to remove the blot on their honor by complying with the com- do the new girls look like?” The mands given them. answer to the first was generally sat- isfactory, for the slaughter was not In assigning tasks, the Inquisitor so extensive as usual this time, and showed a wonderful ingenuity. A the answer to the second—well, it novel peanut-race was one where two wouldn’t do to make the youngsters girls had to hop on one foot across too cocky, you know, but allow me the platform, each kicking a peanut to tell you in confidence, gentle read- as she went. Several stump speeches er, that they’re the best looking new were called for, and responded to very bunch I ever saw. But don’t breathe cleverly. One on “Why I am such a it to a soul. great pianist” told that when one’s grandfather owns an elephant, one INITIATION. will find pianistic ability in the third As the more or less painful ordeal generation. Another fair dame, in of initiation has to be undergone giving her impressions of 0. A. three times a year at Macdonald Hall, C. men gave an interesting account it becomes an oft-repeated tale to of the functions of a “crucial” collar- chronicle each event separately. Ac- button- Evidently the new class has cordingly, this account would not much literary ability. Several cake- have been written at all, had it not walks promised well for our May-pole been that the initiation was particu- dance, while some other girls showed larly cleverly and successfully man- their culinary powers and home ex- ned. perience by preparing vegetables and The gymnasium was dimly lighted, making an apple pie. The finished and spectral figures flitted uneasily pie was a very curious specimen in- about the corners. Enthroned in deed. THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 443
Altogether, the initiation was very gouty father—who, however, was not well planned, by the B-Homemaker at all affected- The ceremony went class, and responded to by the new off without a hitch, the only draw- girls with a spirit that promises well back being that the groom had some for the success of our social events difficulty in ascertaining the exact of this term. —G. M. C. location in his pockets of the wedding ring. This being found, the happy couple were firmly joined with the WEDDING YELLS. bonds of love—the groom showing The Gym in Mac Hall was the scene his fervency of admiration for his of a very important and solemn event bride in the number and demonstra- last Friday evening when Miss Chris- tions of his endearments.
Oh, What a Pudding Was There!
tina Mepzibato, only daughter of Mr. YE HARD TIME TEA. and Mrs. Senior Housekeeper-Normal, One of the most enjoyable func- was united in holy bonds of matri- tions of last term was the “Hard mony to Mr. Geo. Cecil Augustus Time Tea,” given by the Home-mak- Tepter Top, at 7 :30. ers and Short Course girls. The The ceremony was most imposing guests were asked to dress in suitable and awe-inspiring from the tip of the costume, and I must say, that the bishop’s amazing hat to the dusty efforts exercised by the girls to at- shoes of the gum-chewing groom. tain the above were at least honest. That he loved the bride was sure from The result was good and when the the cheerful acquiescence he gave to supper bell rang and the girls made his bride’s future gad-about propen- their way to the scene of the tea, sities. The bride shed copious tears I am sure that the fair hostesses at the thought of parting with her were fully satisfied that the tea was :
444 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW going to be a success as far as the ed forth its strident notes and each costumes were concerned anyway. and every little student was compell- Needles's to say, the “eats” were ed to descend to earth again and enjoyed by everyone and the appreci- “study.” ation was shown by a few stump speeches which in due time were suit- Miss Nellie Alleby, who takes Miss ably replied to. Long’s place on the staff, is an old The rest of the evening was spent friend to the present Senior Class, as in the Gym. Many and varied were she herself was a Senior last year. the amusements indulged in among Last spring Miss Alleby had the which was a grand march and the honor of being steward of the Sir Roger de Coverly dance. During luncheon given to the Duke and the evening the girls presented Miss Duchess of Connaught and the Prin- Long with a parting gift. She was cess Patricia, and when we remember not only a devoted friend of all the what a success that function was, girls, but a helpful adviser and helped we know that Miss Alleby is, and al- them over many rough places. ways will be, mistress of the situa- Alas, too soon the study bell clang- tion.
Much Ado About Nothing
The Normal—“I hear that Miss The New Girl—“Whose that girl Long is off to New York to study in- with her face all bandaged?” terior decoration.” Her Classmate—“That’s a Senior. The Housekeeper—“Oh, isn’t that She was reading her Bacteriology funny. I never knew she took any notes aloud and hurt her jaw.” interest in Dietetics.” Short Course Girl—“Do you study ^ On an examination paper recently, Shakespeare?”— the class was asked to define “auto- Senior “Of course.”— intoxication.” One fair damsel told Short Course Girl “Well, tell me, the examiner that when you see a how much did Romie owe for what man in a motor skidding around in Julie et?”— the spring puddles on the 0. A. C. Senior “If he had a nerve like hill, then he looks as if he had auto- yours, he probably didn’t wait for the intoxication. bill.”
In Bacteriology. Some questions we might be Prof. Jones—“You may now mac- asked erate the prunes to a pulp. This work 1. If the tea leaves, has the cof- must be performed expeditiously and fee grounds for divorce? with despatch.” 2. If you saw the cellar stair, Patsy—“And what might he be would you know what the base meaning by those words?” ment ? Bina—“Mash the stew, and don’t 3. If one horse can draw five tons, be rusty!” how much can Macdonald Hall?” THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 445
Results at O. A. C. Results of First Year Examinations, Arranged in Order
of Proficiency, April, 1913 :
(Maximum 2500). Hunter, R 1518 Brown 2038 Bryden 1518 Clements 2037 Bird 1514 Cotsworth 2008 Stewart 1506 Garliek 1959 Hessel 1504 Lord, L 1913 Murray, 4 1485 White 1908 French 1479 Bennett 1892 Townsend 1455 Austin 1890 Glavin 1447 Jones 1881 Langley 1444 Culp 1861 Wheatley 1443 Andrew 1856 Manton 1446 Hastings 1843 McCormick 1430 Huckett 1840 Hearle, 3,4 1427 Waterman 1836 Booker, 12 1425 Ferguson 1832 Abraham 1416 Cairncross 1769 Atkins 1411 Weston 1748 Thompson, S 1402 Stothers 1726 Rowland 1399 Hunter, R. C 1711 Maes, 17 1391 VanEvery 1703 Baker 1386 Bender 1693 Sibbick 1384 Fitzgerald 1671 Harding, 3 1380 Sauerbrei 1667 Lackner 1379 Donaldson 1665 Seitz 1379 Yule 1662 Reeker 1377 McDermott 1656 Curran, 19 1363 Small 1637 Knapp 1362 Neff 1633 Parker 1327 McLarty 1625 Puleston 1327 Elliott, G. A 1518 Welton 1323 Skelton 1616 Shields, 8 1302
Elgie 1615 McEwan, 5, 19 1285 Oldfield 1607 Griffin 1280 McGlymont 1604 Sandy 1278
Steele 1597 Lord, S. N., 4, 6 1278 Macdonald 1595 McMurchy, 1 1274 Knoop 1592 Mainse, 4 1272 Lee 1576 Love, 19 1269 Fancher 1568 Easton 1265 Hare, W. E 1568 Light 1262 Thompson, G. A 1652 Hartley, 4 1236 Carroll 1651 Dougherty 1232 Foreman 1558 Walther, 6 1232 Elliott, D 1544 Walker, 4 1231 Schuyler 1541 Altenburg, 4, 12 1228 Scott 1533 Gandier 1204
Vahey 1533 Maxwell, 9, 12 1204 Agar 1530 Wilson 1175 Gregg, 4 1526 Richards, 12 1171 446 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW
Farncomb, 3 1162 Williams 2020 Watts, 8, 19 1162 Jones 2011 Peart, 1, 10 1156 Lawrence 1998 Richmond 1142 Leigh 1991 Sproule, 12, 19 1116 Neilson 1975 Currey, 4, 8 1111 Smith, P. W 1972 Mitchell, 1, 8 1106 White 1963 Orr, 8 1060 Sands 1955 Munro, 4, 5, 6, 19 1038 Higinbotham 1925 Lyons, 1, 2, 4, 12 989 Gray 1925 Edmondson, 5 982 Horobin, H. P 1924 Clark 1918 List of Subjects Guild 1907 1. English Literature. Smith, M. T 1888 2. Composition. Curtis 1880 3. Arithmetic and Drainage. Hall i860 4. Bookkeeping. Peren 1857 5. Soil Physics. Donald 1850 6. Mechanics. Garrett 1849 7. Manual Training. McDowell 1849 8. Chemistry. Cumming 1834 9. Geology. Binkley 1816 10. Botany. Bertram 1814 11. Zoology. Tawse 1807 12. Horticulture'. Goodman 1806 13. Field Husbandry. Fortier 1795 14. Animal Husbandry. Cuthbertson 1794 15. Dairying. Overholt 1793 16. Poultry. Sutton 1790 17. Apiculture. Mucklow 1760 18. Veterinary Anatomy. Steckle 1752 19. Veterinary Materia Medica. Francis, T. E 1727 *Number indicates subjects in which Beatty 1725 candidate has failed. Townsley 1723 Amos 1717 Gordon 1714 Johnston, 15 1690 SECOND YEAR Fairies E1687 Results of Second Year Examinations, Wilson, N. I., 11 1672 arranged in order of proficiency, April, Burrows, A. R 1670 1913: Gardiner, 15 1663 (Maximum 3100). Binnington, 15 1657 Cory 2456 Cooper, 5 1657 Smylie 2440 Edmunds E1647 McQueen 2330 Hart, 19 1647 Martin 2320 Rumsby 1646
Varey 2282 Wilson, J. T., 1, 7 E1640 Bell 2152 Lindsay E1637 Holmes 2146 Elder E1634 Smith, D. M 2145 Locke, 20 1621 Finn 2102 Stratford E1618 Hinman 2069 Ferguson 1614 Connon 2067 Donovan, 6 1611 Croskery 2058 Anglin E1603 Frejd 2041 Burrows, L. F 1602 Laird 2040 Nind, 6 1594 .
THE 0. A. C. REVIEW 447
Francis, J. F E1560 Golding 1602 Dow, 6 E1550 Lattimer 1587 Laidlaw 1534 English. The remain- E—Below 60% in McLaurin 1527 year students received less than ing second Stewart 1510 total and Less than on Eng- 50% on 60% Davis 1564 lish. Hales 1474 of Subjects List Bergey 1445
1. English Literature. Hare 1434
2. Composition and Public Speaking. Winter, 14 1433
3. Economics. Stansfield 1424
4. Thesis. Mosely 1417
5. Surveying and Drainage. Ramsay 1416
6. Agricultural Engineering. McRostie 1414
7. Electricity. Strong 1406
8. Farm Mechanics. Creelman 1376 9. Organic Chemistry. Lund 1369 10. Agricultural Chemistry. Paterson ...1362 11. Animal Chemistry. Downie 1349 12. Bacteriology. Fry 1339 13. Entomology. Dickey 1329 14. Horticulture. Nixon 1300 15. Economic Botany (Xmas). Kirk, 4 1295 16. Economic Botany (April). Barnet 1273 17. Plant Physiology. Forsyth 1258 18. Field Husbandry. Kingsmill 1231 19. Animal Husbandry (Feeding and Irvine 1226 management) Anderson, 11 1225 20. Animal Husbandry (principles of Christie 1222 breeding). Duff 1161 21. Horse Judging. Jackson 1136 22. Dairying. Harris, 11 1106 23. Poultry. Pope, 1 1106 24. Veterinary Pathology. Nourse, 11 1081
25. Veterinary Obstetrics. Madden, 4, 11 1049 26. Forestry. List of Subjects
1. English Literature. 2. Composition and Public Speaking. THIRD YEAR 3. Economics. Results of Third Year Examinations, 4. German. arranged in order of proficiency, April, 5. Heat. 1913: 6. Meteorology.
(Maximum 2200). 7. Cold Storage. Freeborne 1775 8. Inorganic Chemistry.
Allan 1743 9. Qualitative Chemistry (written). Winslow 1718 10. Qualitative Chemistry (practical). Castro 1714 11. Quantitative Chemistry. Knapp 1701 12. Organic Chemistry.
Hirst, 7, 12 1695 13. Geology. Leppan 1688 14. Cryptogamic Botany. Good 1685 15. Plant Physiology. Neelands 1670 16. Entomology. Stark, 10 1653 Number indicate subjects in which can- Culverhouse 1604 didate has failed. 448 THE 0. A. C. REVIEW
Guaranteed Fencing
Strongly made and closely spaced—making it a complete barrier against large animals as well as small poultry. Top and bottom wires No. 9—intermediates No. 12 wire—made by the Open Hearth process which time and other tests have proven to be the best material made for the manufacture of - wire fencing . Send for literature. Ask - about our farm and ornamental fencing . Agencies nearly everywhere. Live agents wanted in unassigned territory. The Banwell-Hoxie Wire Fence Co., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man., Hamilton, Ont.
LOCALS While like a meteor gurtling through the sky Spasms of a Would-Be Poet. My moral will at once be clearly From murky grot the baleful sea- seen frog’s scream In all its beauty; or perhaps ’twill Floats plaintive on the dank, mi- not, asmic air; Since there’s no meaning in this aw- The pale, pellucid wavelets glance and ful rot. gleam I hope you will not think it merely Like frenzied fireflies in a harpy’s trash hair. This vague effusion of an erring A horrid throbbing shakes the purple pen; ground. It’s worse than that, it’s arrant bal- While rabbits run in circles round derdash, and round, And may I never write such bosh The season’s at its end; the ink is again, dry; But writing bosh is after all what to The moon has set; the grass is do
rather green; To fill the pages of the old Review.
Get a Handsome PAGE Fence This Year
mini JlfllllllllBIBSIBIHIBIBilF a^s liii iiiisigaiiiiiigiigiisiiiii isiiillliiiiiiiiiisr roh s; any length to the liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiii BiiiiiiiiiiliiBiiBiP/ value and or height; 'i fiiiiliiiiiisiiiiiiiiaiiii iiiiiiiiliiiiiiiir 2 appearance \ jigiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiaiiii liiiiiiiiHiiiiiiir and painted 2 ni of any place. iMMMSMlSIiliiiSISSiiii gwuuMjMw green or white.
Made of High Carbon Steel Wire, heavily galvanized, then painted. Page FenccB are the Standard of Service. Get illustrated price list from WIRE FENCE COMPANY, LIMITED PAGE Walkerville, Toronto, Montreal, St. John, N.B., Winnipeg 553
Please mention the O. A. C. REVIEW when answering advertisements. THE 0. A. C. REVIEW xiii.
Telephone Talk
There are over 500 rural
telephone systems owned locally
in Ontario. When one remem- bers that only a few years ago there was but one telephone company, and, comparatively
speaking, no rural telephones in Ontario, the development has been nothing short of mar- Are You vellous. Operating A Line ? Have If so, and you are not using our telephones, ask about our FREE You A 1 elephone f TRIAL OFFER. We claim our tele- If not, write us and will tell we phones are superior in design, ma- you how to proceed in order to secure terial and workmanship to any others telephones for your locality. We have on the market and are prepared to been actively identified with the let you prove it on your own lines. starting of the majority of municipal
and local systems and are in a posi- No. 3 Bulletin tion to supply accurate and reliable Latest telephone book published information. free on request.
Canadian Independent Telephone Co. Limited
18-20 DUNCAN STREET - - TORONTO, CANADA
Please mention the O. A. C. REVIEW when answering advertisements. XIV. THE O. A. C. REVIEW
Will reduce inflamed, strained, swollen Tendons, Ligaments, Muscles or i>ruises. Cure the Lameness and stop pain from a Splint, Side Bone or Bone Spavin. Wo blister, no hair gone. Horse can be used. $2 a bottle delivered. Describe Before After your case for special instructions and Book 2 E free. ABSORBINE, JR., the liniment for mankind. Reduces strained, torn ligaments, enlarged glands, veins or muscles—heals ulcers—allays pain. Price 11.00 a bottle at dealers or delivered. *V. F. YOUNG, P.D.F.. 1/7 Lymans Bldg., Montreal, Ca.
Morriston, Ont., Nov. 14, 1907.
Dear Sir,—I think ABSORBINE the best remedy I ever used. Have a fine yearling carriage colt that got a Bog Spavin a few days before Guelph show. I used ABSORBINE as directed from four to six times a day, rubbing it in well, and inside of a week you could not Swept The Boards tell which leg was hurt. She carried the red ribbon at Guelph and at four other At All The Fairs shows after the cure. Whenever I hear a neighbor having 19 1 1 was a triumph for trouble with his stock I hand him one of Windsor Dairy Salt. Practi- your pamphlets or advise him to get ABSORBINE, and quite a number are cally every prize for butter- now using it around here. making was won by someone Respectfully yours, who used Windsor Dairy Salt. D. E. MORLOCK. Those, who make their living out of their dairies, say that Windsor Dairy is their old standby. They ASPINWALL always rely on it because they know it is pure—because it Pofato Machinery makes the richest, most deli- ] cious butter — because they Efficient Spraying wiu the prizes and get “Top prices” for their butter—when Outfits for Every Purpose they use WINDSOR DAIRY SALT. Accuracy, Simplicity, and 66D Durability Characterise theAspincoall/fne
ASPINWALL MFG.CO. M. J. RUDELL, D.D.S., L.D.S- JACKSON, MICHIGAN, U.S.A. Dentist Carvadienrv Factory, GuelpK, Ontario. (On the Corner) Worlds Oldest and forgesf Over Guelph and Ontario Investment Makers ofPotato Machinery and Savings Society Bank ' ^ 'N ^ _ _ _ _ ^ f . PHONE 16
Please mention the O. A. C. REVIEW when answering advertisements. THE O. A. C. REVIEW xv.
Canadian HOMESEEKERS’ .Pacific EXCURSIONS —TO— Manitoba, Alberta, Saskatchewan
Each Tuesday until October 28th, inclusive. Winnipeg and Return, $35.00. Edmonton and Return, $43.00. Other points in proportion. Return limit two months HOMESEEKERS’ TRAIN leaves Toronto 2:00 p.m. each Tuesday, May to August, inclusive. Best train to take, as Winnipeg is reached early morning, enabling passengers to make all branch line connections. Through trains Toronto to Winnipeg and West.
AROUND THE WORLD via “Empress of Asia”
Leaving Liverpool June 14, calling at Madeira, Cape Town, Durban, Colombo, Singapore and Hong Kong, arriving Vancouver August 30th. Vessel remains 14 days at Hong Kong. “Rate for entire cruise, $639.10.” Exclusive of maintenance between arrival time in England and departure of “Empress of Asia,” and stop over at Hong Kong.
Particulars from Canadian Pacific agents or write M. G. MURPHY, D. P. A., C. P. Ry, Toronto.
J. HEFFERNAN, CITY PASS. AGENT, 32 WYNDHAM ST.
Only Double Track <3, Railway Between ^ Toronto and Montreal aand Toronto and other principal cities in Canada. Also Double Track and Solid Trains between Montreal and Chicago; also between Ontario points, New York and Philadelphia via Niagara Falls. SMOOTH ROADBED EQUIPMENT THE FINEST ELECTRIC LIGHTED PULLMAN SLEEPERS
Berth Reservations and full particulars from any Grand Trunk Agent.
The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway is the shortest and quickest route between Winnipeg-Saskatoon-Edmonton. New Fast Express Service between Winnipeg and Regina, through the newest, most picturesque and most rapidly developing section of Western Canada. EXCELLENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR HOMESEEKERS
For rates, maps and all information apply to nearest Grand Trunk Agent, or write A. E. Duff, D.P.A., G.T.Ry., Union Station, Toronto, Ontario.
Please mention the O. A. C. REVIEW when answering- advertisements. XVI. THE O. A. C. REVIEW
Official Calendar of the Department of Education FOR THE YEAR 1913
May: 16. Inspectors report number of candidates for above examinations. (Not later 1. University of Toronto Examinations in than May 16th). Arts, Law, Pharmacy, Music and Ag- 23. Empire Day. (1st School riculture begin. day before 24th May). 2. Inspectors report number of candidates 24. Victoria Day (Saturday). Entrance, Sen- for Senior High School 31. Assessors to settle basis of taxation ior Public School Graduation Diploma in Union School Sections. (Before and fhe Model School Entrance exam- 1st June). School inations and the Lower examin- Collectors in Unorganized Townships into the ation for Entrance Normal to report to Sheriff uncollected rates Schools and Faculties of Education. for previous year. (On or before 1st Arbor Day. (1st Friday in May). June). 14. Notice by candidates to Inspectors due Public and Separate School Boards to for the following examinations—The appoint representatives on the High Middle School examination for Ent- School Entrance Boards of Examiners. rance into the Normal Schools, The (On or before 1st June). Upper School examination for Ent- By-law to alter school boundaries or rance into the Faculties of Education, form Consolidated School Sections — the Pass and Honour Matriculation ex- last day of passing. (Not later than aminations (before May 15th). 1st June).
Brantford Gasoline Engines © We manufacture the most complete and up-to-date line IV2 to 50 H. P. Stationary, Portable and I Traction ©
} ©
I © UNDERWOOD
The Underwood is used more exten- sively in Canada than all other makes ! of typewriters combined. 550 Underwoods are sold every day. * We also manufacture complete lines of The Underwood is the “aristocrat” of WINDMILLS I the typewriter world. I Grain Grinders • Saw Frames, Pumps United Typewriter Tanks, Water Boxes I Power Spraying Outfits, etc. Co., Limited GOOLD, SHAPLEY & MUIR CO., ( IN • Limited EVERYWHERE CANADA. Brantford Canada. Head Office, Toronto. I I
Please mention the O. A. C. REVIEW when answering advertisements. THE O. A. C. REVIEW XVII.
Durable — Fireproof — Handsome
It is very doubtful if any other roofing will give perfect protection as long as will
Id /D, Cement Shingles
for, made of Portland Cement and As- bestos, these shingles are practically in- destructable. No other roofing can better guard your building against fire, for Asbestoslate Cement Shingles are, in their very nat- ure, absolutely fireproof. Scarcely any other roofing is so hand- some as Asbestoslate Cement Shingles, in their soft, permanent shades of Indian Red, Newport Grey and Blue Black, and St. Agnes Ch.,Megantic, P.Q. in plain and various fancy shapes.
No other roofing combines these three important qualities in such high degree. Write for booklet G. R., telling all about Asbestoslate Cement Shingles. Asbestos Manufacturing Company, Limited Address: Eastern Townships Bank Bldg. Factory: Lachine, Que. (near Montreal)
The Royal Military College of Canada
'T' HERE are few national institutions of of the course, and, in addition, the constant more value and interest to the practice of gymnastics, drills and outdoor country than the Royal Military College of exercises of all kinds, ensures health and Canada. Notwithstanding this, its object excellent physical condition. and the work it is accomplishing are not Commissions in all branches of the Im- sufficiently understood by the general perial service and Canadian Permanent public. Force are offered annually. The College is a Government Institution, The diploma of graduation is considered designed primarily for the purpose of giving by the authorities conducting the examina- instruction in all branches of military tion for Dominion Land Surveyor to be science to cadets and officers of the Can- equivalent to a university degree, and by adian Militia. In fact, it corresponds to the Regulations of the Law Society of On- Woolwich and Sandhurst. tario, it obtains the same exemptions as a B.A. degree. The Commandant and military instructors The length of the course is three years, are all officers on the active list of the Im- in three terms of months each. perial army, lent for the purpose, and there 9V2 The total cost of the course, including is in addition a complete staff of professors board, uniform, instructional material, and for the civil subjects which form such an all extras, is about $800. important part of the college course. Medi- The annual competitive examination for cal attendance is also provided. admission to the College, takes place in May Whilst the College is organized on a of each year, at the headquarters of the strictly military basis the cadets receive a several military districts practical and scientific training in subjects For full particulars regarding this ex- essential to a sound, modern education. amination and for any other information, The course includes a thorough grounding application should be made to the Secretarv in Mathematics, Civil Engineering, Survey- of the Militia Council, Ottawa, Ont.; or to ing, Physics, Chemistry, French and Eng- the Commandant, Royal Military College, lish. Kingston, Ont. The strict discipline maintained at the H.Q. 94—5. College is one of the most valuable features 9—09. xviii. THE O. A. C. REVIEW
If a Lot of Money This Journal is printed on Were required to instal “-Clay” Steel Gates, then there might be some ex- cuse for a farmer’s getting along with Reliance Qoated the old-fashioned wooden gate, or a second-rate iron gate. But “Clay” Book Gates are not costly. It is true that they are a little higher-priced than Manufactured under special the common run of iron gates, but their cost is very little more. formula exclusively of THE BUNTIJV REID QOMRANY
13 Colborne Street, TORONTO
We make a specialty of all 30,000 “Clay” Gates Were grades of paper for cata- Sold in 1912 logues and fine printing The advantages of “Clay” Gates are Correspondence solicited. as follows: 1. Great strength—5 men can stand on a “Clay” Gate without injury to it, or disturbing the “hang” of the Gate. 2. Remarkable lightness, combined A Fortune in Chicks with remarkable strength. A child can work “Clay” Gates with ease. One Man and 3. Can be raised or lowered (see il- His Son Made lustration) to let small stock through, yet keeping back other * stock; or to lift over snow in 12,000 winter. 4. Will not bend, break, sag, burn, Bn One Year blow down, or rot. With Poultry 5. Is guaranteed fully and positively. Take also this into account, the lead- You will want to read his letter teHing how It ing Stockmen of Eastern Canada, was done. And best of all any one who will with scarcely exception, follow the same simple practical rules will be an have sure to make big money with poultry. Every one adopted “Clay” Gates. who keeps poultry or who is thinking of starting In this business should have a copy of this big The O. A. C. has many “Clay” Gates; so has the Experimental Farm at 112 Page Book—Free Ottawa; so has the farm in connection Nothing like It has ever been published before. It Is filled from cover to cover with splendid illustra- with Macdonald College, Quebec. tions and bristles with money making—money sav- ing facts. You will be interested in the articles by You can’t find another farm Gate to Prof. W. R. Graham of Guelph, Ontario, "Hatch- compare with the “Clay” Gate. ing and Rearing” and "The Automatic Henhouse.” Other subjects discussed are "How to Select Lay- ers,” “Which Breed Is Best,” "How to Treat Dis- con- O.A.C. Students eases.” Just think of It — 75 of the 112 pages tain no advertising— just helpful information from tl»e greatest authorities on poultry raising. This On your own farms, on the farms of book will save you a thousand mistakes and make your parents, on the farms of your poultry raising profitable If you will follow the advice it gives. neighbors, do what you can, as pro- Write Your Name on a Postal gressive men and women, to see that and mail It to us at once. Wo will send the complete book free ,! and postpaid. You will want to know about the new PRAIRIE Clay” Gates replace all other Gates. STATE INCUBATOR with Sand Trav-alao the PRAIRIE STATE UNIVERSAL HOVER BROODERS which you can A Catalogue, illustrated, sent to any make at home and save money. All leading agricultural col- leges and experiment stations endorse Prairie State Incubators 0. A. C. student on request. because they "hatch chicks that live". Write for free book Ship your egos to us and get highest market prices. THE CANADIAN GATE CO., LTD., Gunn, Langlois a Go., Ltd. i> 74 Morris Street - Box Montreal Canada GUELPH, ONT. ^MunJ^Oi^nnndi^i^ii^inioUf^niiHjOjtatelncubutor^^ ——
THE O. A. C. REVIEW xix.
International Stock Food Is Equally Good for Cows—Horses Pigs
This p;re at tonic is for all live stock-—to make cowa Here’s another farmer who finds it paya to feed give more milk—to keep the working horses in prime International Stock Food : ‘ “ condition—to fatten pigs and keep the 'winter” pigs Roekport, West Co., N.B., Jan. 13, 1913. strong and vigorous. "INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD is all O.K. I We guarantee that it will make your colts, calves, average a package every two months for my stock- pigs, shoats and lambs grow rapidly, and keep them having three horses, four cows, two calves, four steers healthy and thriving all the time. and sheep. Careful tests show that my milking cows Tell us the number of head of stock you own and we have given 50 per cent, more milk since feeding Inter- will send you a copy of our $3,000 Stock Book—Free. national Stock Food. It is also fine for calves." BEVERLY TOWER. International Stock Food, Poultry Food, and Veterinary preparations are for sale by dealers everywhere. If you cannot obtain our goods in your town write us direct. (81) INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD CO., LIMITED ..... Toronto
The Auto Way The Auto Press Feeds, Prints, Counts, Checks, Stacks and Delivers Automatically Three to Six Thousand Sheets an Hour
Perfect Register
This Means — Your Work Done Quicker Than Ever, Better Than Ever JInd—What Does This Mean to You?
You Are Invited to CALL AND SEE This Automatic Mechanical Wonder in Action Advertiser Job Dept. Long Distance Phone 3670 LONDON, CANADA
Please mention the O. A. C. REVIEW when answering advertisements. XX. THE O. A. C. REVIEW
Cheap and Rapid Ditching
It is estimated that draining the farm will double the crop profits. All farm crops require for better growth both air and water in the 'soil. The water is easy to obtain. The air equally necessary can only be obtained by providing thorough drainage to a depth of two feet or more. The farmer’s drainage prob- lem is largely one of labor cost. All ditches require for satisfactory drainage a large amount of labor, which can be obtained only at more than usual wages.
CXL STUMPING POWDER DIGS Boring the Holes—Short Work DITCHES QUICKLY AND SAFELY When properly used CXL Stump- ing will excavate ditches, entirely clearing them out to grade, giving the sides a right slope and spread- ing the earth excavated over the land some distance away. Such ditches are for free removal of water from low-lying areas, or to provide free outlet for tile drains. In such cases no further work is required in straightening out the ditch when the work is properly done.
The cost of CXL Stumping, plus the cost of using it, is only a small fraction of ordinary labor cost for The Explosion Digs the Ditch ditching. All that is necessary is to observe the rules for the use of CXL Stumping.
Some part of your farm requires drainage, and you should obtain our large and complete book, which explains the use of this wonderful development in explosives. Also used for clearing land of stumps and boulders, sub-soiling, tree planting and breaking up hard pan.
Don’t forget to write to-day for our Book. It is free and contains valu- able information.
CANADIAN EXPLOSIVES, LTD., The Ditch at Work Montreal, Que. Victoria, B. C.
Please mention the O. A. C. REVIEW when answering advertisements. THE O. A. C. REVIEW xxi.
Have The Louden Line On Your Farm
You will find most of the up-to-date farms throughout Can- ada are equipped with the Louden line.
You have to look no farther than the farms and dairies of the 0. A. C. for a practical demonstration of its worth. The Louden Barn Equipments
are recognized standard and leaders in their particular kind in the world.
If your barn is to have the most “practical” up-to-date equipment, you need to instal the Louden goods.
The Louden catalogue of perfect barn equipment is as good as a text book. Send for it.
Address your request for one to:
The Louden Machinery Co., Guelph, Ont.
A HIGH GRADE ESTABLISHMENT ONTARIO FOR THE VETERINARY COLLEGE PRINTING OF CATALOGS, BOOKS and COMMERCIAL JOB WORK Affiliated with the University of To- ronto, and under the control of the
Department of Agriculture of Ontario Society and College Infirmary for Sick Animals at the Work a Specialty College
E. A. A. GRANGE, V.S., M.S., R. G. Principal McLEAN 26-34 Lombard Street
N. B.—Calendar on application. TORONTO, - ONTARIO
Telephone, Main 637, 638.
Please mention the O. A. C. REVIEW when answering advertisements. —
XXII. THE O. A. C. REVIEW
A Big New 5, 6 and Mower for 7 ft. Cut. Heavy Cutting.
Wide Tread—Wider than on any other Mower— ensuring steady running and overcoming side-draft. Improved Clutch and Throw-out Device. New Simplified Lift— (S ee Cut)—Attached direct to the Frame. Pole may be removed, without affecting theLift or any other parts. Push Bars are especially heavy and stiff, have Screw Connections at both ends and both ends are Circular machine fitted. Hinged Coupling has long broad tells all about it. Bearings and heavy Pins, doing one from our Get away with any looseness of the Agent or from us Bar. direct. Lift Spring is placed at the rear, giving a direct connection and is easily accessible for adjusting. The Sections are longer than on any other Mower, giv- ing longer cutting edges and greater clearance. MASSEY-HARRISCO. Limited. Head Offices TORONTO, CAN. — Branches at — Montreal, Moncton, Winnipeg, Regina ,, t . Saskatoon, York- ton, Calgary, Edmonton. — Agencies Everywhere —
Please mention the O. A. C. REVIEW when answering advertisements. Advise Your Friends to Come to CANADA
Nowhere in the world are to be found so many and such good openings for a career in
FRUIT-GROWING, DAIRYING—WHAT YOU WILL!
The cry now-a-days is “BACK TO THE LAND,” and CANADA has got the LAND
The day of CANADA'S PROSPERITY is the day of
Do not neglect it. Think this over. You can never do as well anywhere else.
Tell your friends to apply for further information To
W. D. SCOTT, Superintendent of Immigration, Ottawa
Or to
J. OBED SMITH, 11-12 Charing Cross, London, S. W., Eng. 10 Please mention the O. A. C. REVIEW when answering advertisements. Save Their Cost Every Year Of Use
If you are thinking about buying a cream separator, and have only a small amount of ready cash to invest, don’t be tempted to put your money into one of the so-called “cheap” ma- chines. Why pay your hard-earned money for a “cheap,” trashy machine, when you can buy a readable De Laval upon such liberal terms that
It will more than save its cost
while you are paying for it.
When you buy a De Laval you have positive assurance that your machine will be good for at least twenty years of service, during which time it will save every possible dollar for you and earn its original cost over and over again. If you purchase the so-called “cheap” separator, you must pay cash in advance and then take the chance of the machine be- coming worthless after a year or two of use, to say nothing of the cream it will waste while it does last. More De Laval machines are in use than any other make. There is a reason. Be sure to see the local De Laval agent and SEE and TRY a De Laval before you buy any cream separator.
The new 72-page De Laval Dairy Hand Book, in which important dairy questions are ably discussed by the best authorities, is a book that every cow owner should have. Mailed tree upon request if you mention this paper. New 1913 De Laval catalog also mailed upon request. Write to nearest office.
DE LAVAL DAIRY SUPPLY CO., LIMITED .MONTREAL PETER BORO WINNIPEG VANCOUVER
]' lease mention the O. A. C. REVIEW when answering advertisements.