Current Situation and Future Plan of Infra Development in

13 June 2016

Mr. Kyi Zaw Myint Director Expressway Unit Department of Highway 1 Myanmar Profile

2 History of DOH Myanmar

3 Road Classification in Myanmar

4 Issue in Arterial Road Network Development in Myanmar

5 Long Term Arterial Road Network Development Plan For Myanmar

6 Finding Strategies

7 How to Finance Myanmar's Transport Infrastructure by ADB

8 SWOT Analysis of Myanmar Transport Sector by ADB

National data

Population - 54.6 millions Land Area - 676,578 sq km Coastal Line - 2800 km Road Length - 162985 km (2015) No of Registered - 5320608 (2015 Sept) Vehicle Neighbouring - China, Laos,Thailand, Countries India ,Bangladesh,

Myanmar National Data

Composition Capital City •Naypyitaw (Government) •7 States & 7 Regions •Yangon (Economic) •138 National Races •Mandalay (Culture)

Official Language •Myanmar Climate •Seasons ( Summer, Rainy, Winter) •Temperature (Mean max: 31˚C) •Humidity (Mean ~ 70 %) •Avg. Annual rainfall (~ 1800 mm)

Economy •Currency – Kyat ( 1 US $ ~ 1179 kyat ) on 6JUNE2016 6 •Per capita GDP – 700 US $ (December 2015)

Union Minister Minister’s Office Permanent Secretary

Department Department of Department Department of Building Highways of Bridge of Urban and Housing Director General Director General Director General Development

Director General Colonial Era (to 1948)

Parliament Democracy Era (1948 to 1962)

Myanmar Socialist Era (1962 to 1988)

State Peace and Development Council (1988 to 2010)

Current (2010 to Now) Colonial Era (to 1948)

 PWD was established at 1861 after Second Anglo-Burmese war.  Engineers of PWD were assigned India Services of Engineer(ISE).  Responsibility for the Construction and Maintenance of • Roads and Bridges • Canals, Irrigation, River Training • Harbours and marine-time facilities, eg: lighthouses • Hospital and School Building • Building of offices and Official residences • Not including Railway Construction  At 1937, after separation from India, PWD Engineers became Burma services of Engineers(BSE).  BSE ceased to exist after independence in January 1948. Parliamentary Government Era (1948-1962)

 Responsibility of PWD are Construction and Maintenance of • Roads and Bridges • Canals, Irrigation, River Training • Harbours and marine-time facilities, eg: lighthouses • Hospital and School Building • Building of offices and Official residences • Not including Railway Construction

 The organization of PWD was nearly same with colonial Era PWD. Myanmar Socialist Government Era (1962 to 1988)

 In 1964, Government established Public Works Corporation with all Engineers from all Government Departments.  PWD was the only department for National Infrastructure Development Military Government Era (1988-2010)

 In 1988, Democracy revolution was appeared and the Myanmar military attained the Country and ruled by State Peace and Development Council (SPDC).  Changed the name of Ministry to Ministry of Construction  PWD is under the Ministry of Construction  The responsibility of PWD are Construction and Maintenance of Road and Bridges.  For irrigation is under the Ministry of Agriculture.  For canal and river training are under the Ministry of Transportation.  All of the Ministries have owned Engineering Department. Democratic Government (2010 to Now)

 PWD is under the Ministry of Construction.  The main responsibility of PWD is Construction and Maintenance of Road and Bridges and the development of National Infrastructure especially roads Transport Sector.  At 2015, PWD was divided into three Departments as • Department of Highways (DOH) • Department of Bridges (DOB) • Department of Building  Now Ministry of Construction plan to combine the DOH and DOB into one Department.  Now DOH is planning to reform SOE by corporatization.

(As of January, 2015) Organizations Concrete Bituminous + Metal Gravel Earth Mule Total (km) road AC road road road road road 1 Ministry of Construction 934.421 20426.709 4625.359 5546.808 7874.62 720.58 40128.504 2 Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rural 348.02 4778.14 18680.46 4976.69 59344.56 - 88127.87 Development 3 Ministry of Border 607.53 4405.58 2693.84 684.57 6582.01 - 14973.53 Areas 4 Yangon City Development - 1604.31 1452.63 1582.79 - - 4639.73 Committee 5 Mandalay C D C 19.01 754.68 146.90 - 314.27 - 1234.86

6 Naypyitaw C D C 407.77 160.93 41.84 1035.81 177.03 - 1823.38 7 Directorate of Military 393.48 703.08 1204.19 170.59 8482.15 - 10953.49 Engineers 8 Ministry of Electrical 86.70 88.51 542.15 96.36 290.28 - 1104.00 Power Grand Total (km) 2796.93 32921.94 29387.37 14093.62 83064.92 720.58 162-985.36 Sr Concrete Bituminous Metal Gravel Earth Total Budget Year No. (km) (km) (km) (km) (km) (km)

1 March. 2011 638 16623 5635 5561 9326 37785

2 March. 2012 661 17185 5740 5642 9855 39083

3 March. 2013 695 18286 5255 5793 9673 39702

4 March. 2014 934 20427 4625 5547 8596 40129

5 March 2015 1217 22990 4314 4963 7090 40574

59.7% 53.2% 47.8% 45.6% 45.7% Total road length 162985 (March, 2015) 2% 0%

20% Concrete - 2796.8 km Bituminous - 32922.1 km Metalled - 29387.2 km 51% Gravel - 14093.6 km 18% Earth - 83064.8 km Mule - 720.6 km 9% Paved Ratio : 22 % 11. Planning Process

22. Development Planning Strategy

33. Transport Infrastructure Development

44. How to Develop Arterial Road Networks 1. Planning Issues  Planning Process

Goals / Objectives / Targets

forecasting Current Situations Future Situations by Policies

Improvement Strategies - how much ? - how many ? - how strong ? Improvement Methods

○ Not Extrapolation of Current Trends → Policies for the future  Government’s Policies on Economic Development are in the National Comprehensive Development Plan

Goals / Objectives ⇒ O.K.

Related Strategies ⇒ O.K. Strategies

Transport How to make it implemented ? Infrastructure

Targets ⇒ Socio-Economic Indicators Implementation

Transport Infrastructure is a basis for Economic Development 2. Development Planning Strategy 3. Transport Infrastructure Development

 Transport Planning & Spatial Development Plans are closely related

⇒ Spatial development plans should be supported by transport infrastructure 4. How to Develop Arterial Road Networks ?

 Master Plan  Financing Strategy

- Long-term - Gov. Fund - Comprehensive - Loan - Priority - Private Investment

 Capacity Building  within Legal Frameworks

Thinking the Future Acting by Phased Plans

⇒ Long-term Master Plan 1 Background and Objectives

2 Socio-Economic Indicators

3 Transport Demand Forecast

4 Arterial Road Network Development Planning

5 Phased Development Planning 1.1 Background . Myanmar has abundant natural resources and great potentials. However, - Lack of road infrastructure - Higher transport costs

. It is necessary to establish a comprehensive & long-term plan for arterial road network development for socio-economic development

1.2 Objectives . to set up an optimum transport system in order to stimulate regional socio-economic activities in Myanmar . to prepare medium- and long-term plans for arterial road network development 1) for accelerating economic growth and 2) for supporting efficient and systematic development of arterial road networks 2.1 Population

A. Scenario Setup for Growth Rate of Total Population ▪ Scenario 1 : extrapolating the growth rate during1983~2014 ▪ Scenario 2 : reflecting life expectancy increase and birth rate decrease ▪ Scenario 3 : considering lower birth rates by national strategies

B. Estimated Population by Scenario (Unit : Million) Year Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 2014 51.42 51.42 51.42 2020 55.30 55.23 54.91 2025 58.76 58.48 57.71 2030 62.43 61.77 60.35 2035 66.33 65.08 62.81 2040 70.48 68.40 65.03

☞ Increase : 17million persons up to 2040 C. Future Population (Unit : 1,000 people) . Total Population Region & State Growth - 2014 : 51,419 ,000 Yangon 5,268 Mandalay 2,526 - 2040 : 68,404,000 4.9 m Shan 1,527 ( 16,985 ,000 ) Sagaing Bago 1,144 Shan Rakhine 1,101 Sagaing 891 Mandalay Naypyitaw 791 Rakhine Tanintharyi 785

5.5 m Ayeyarwady 783 Bago Mon 647 AyeyarwadyYangon Magway 548 Kachin 443 Kayin 346 Chin 105 Kayah 80 Total 16,985 2.2 Growth Domestic Products (GDP) A. GDP Trends in Other Countries (Constant Prices in 1970) . Most of Asian countries have recorded over 7.0% growth rates in GDP during 20 years’ economic growth period (except for Japan) (Unit : US$ Billion)

Year Japan Korea Thailand Malaysia Indonesia China Viet Nam 1970 209 9 7 4 10 91 3 1975 261 14 10 6 14 121 3 1980 324 21 14 9 21 166 4 1985 399 33 19 12 28 277 6 1990 509 53 30 16 39 404 7 1995 546 78 45 26 57 721 10 2000 569 100 47 33 59 1,090 14 2005 604 125 61 41 74 1,737 21 2010 614 151 73 51 98 2,954 29 2012 623 160 78 57 111 3,478 33 ’70~’90 4.5% 9.4% 7.3% 7.7% 7.1% 7.7% 4.6% Growth ’90~’12 0.9% 5.1% 4.4% 5.8% 4.9% 10.3% 7.3% Rate ’70~’12 2.6% 7.1% 5.8% 6.7% 5.9% 9.1% 6.0% Source : http://data.un.org B. Economic Growth Scenario

▪ To reflect the targeted economic growth rates of NCDP & NTDP ▪ To consider GDP growth trends of other countries : 7.7% ~ 7.1%

< Comparison with Other National Plans >

Classification NCDP-MNPED1) NTDP – JICA2) Modified Growth Rate

High Growth 8.4% 7.7% 8.0%

Moderate Growth 7.2% 7.2% 7.2%

Low Growth 5.67% 6.0% 6.2%

Source 1 : The 2nd Myanmar Development Cooperation Forum, January 2014, MNPED Source 2 : The survey program for the National Transport Development Plan(final Draft), June 2014, JICA

▪ Targeted Economic Growth Rates : 7.2% per year 3.1 Transport Analysis Zone

Myanmar Arterial Zoning Road Master Plan 4 Step 1) Trip Generation Modelling 2) Trip Distribution 3) Modal Choice 4) Traffic Assignment

Myanmar National Transport Master Plan - Internal Zone : - Internal Zone : 333 zones by Township 71 zones by District - External Zone : - External Zone : with considering with considering international road networks international road networks 3.2 Results of Traffic Assignment □ 2020 □ 2025

Legend Assigned Volume Classification (veh/day) 0~2,000 ~7,000 ~17,000 ~45,000 45,001~ □ 2030 □ 2035

Transport Demand : ☞ 5.39 times (people) up to 2035 ☞ 5.65 times (freight) up to 2035

Needs to : ☞ Supply more Expressways ☞ increase Quality of Union Highways, Regional/State Roads Legend Assigned Volume Classification (veh/day) 0~2,000 ~7,000 ~17,000 ~45,000 45,001~ Current Center to Center Proposal Connection

Multimodal Transport Connectivity

International Linkage

Hierarchical Road Network Development Topographical Consideration

Road Class Length Expressway 9,470㎞ Main Arterial 13,224㎞ Sub Arterial 11,684㎞ Total 34,378㎞ Development by Phased Expressway Arterial Road Phase 1-1 (2016-2020) Phase 1-2 (2021-2025)

2021~2025 2016~2020 Road Class Road Class Length Cost Length Cost 1,165 5,722 Expressway Expressway 558 2,886 (364) (871) Main Arterial 2,794 5,784 Main Arterial 2,062 3,455 Sub Arterial 347 525 Sub Arterial 694 1,091 Total 3,699 9,195 Total 3,921 10,268 Phase 2 (2026-2035) After 2035

After 2035 2026~2035 Road Class Road Class Length Cost Length Cost 3,879 18,424 2,156 9,816 Expressway Expressway (597) (1,172) (233) (301) Main Arterial 4,173 9,043 Main Arterial 9,029 18,282 Sub Arterial 1,388 3,208 Sub Arterial 2,429 4,824 Total 7,717 22,067 Total 15,337 41,530 Planning Summary ▪ Arterial Road Networks are developed (for the next 20 years) : - Expressway 3,879 km (41.0% of 9,470 km) - Main Arterial 9,029 km (68.3% of 13,224 km) ~ Union Highways - Sub Arterial 2,429 km (20.8% of 11,684 km) ~ Region/State Roads - Sum 15,337 km [ 44.6% of the Sum 34,378km ] . US$ 41,530 million ⇨ could be evaluated as ‘positive development’ ☞ Positive development: Transport infrastructure is leading economic development (unit : km, US$ mm) Total 20yrs(2016~2035) P1 (2016~2020) P2 (2021~2025) P3 (2026~2035) Road Class Length Cost Length Cost Length Cost Length Cost Length Cost 9,470 50,941 3,879 18,424 1,165 5,722 2,156 9,816 Expressway 558 2,886 (597) (1,172) (597) (1,172) (364) (871) (233) (301) Main Arterial 13,224 27,617 9,029 18,282 2,794 5,784 2,062 3,455 4,173 9,043 Sub Arterial 11,684 25,461 2,429 4,824 347 525 694 1,091 1,388 3,208 Sum 34,378 104,019 15,337 41,530 3,699 9,195 3,921 10,268 7,717 22,067 Proper Investment based on GDP: 41,106 8,349 9,331 23,427 Note : ( ) stands for the cost and the length for improvement of the existing expressway 1 Project Costs

2 Funding Sources for Road Sector

3 Suggestions 1. Project Costs for the next 20 years ☞ ‘US$ 41.5 bn’ will need for the arterial road network development for the next 20 years.

(US$ million) . Expressway : US$ 18,424 million : 3,879 km . Arterial Roads : US$ 23,106 million : 11,458 km . Total : US$ 41,530 million : 15,337 km

2,050 1,850 US$ 22,067 mm

US$ 10,268 mm US$ 9,195 mm

(2016~2020) (2021~2025) (2026~2035) 2. Funding Sources for Road Sector

Internal General Account Fund (tax,···) Special Account * Funding Sources for Overseas Grant(ODA) Road Sector Assistance ODA(EDCF) External Fund Loan MDB Commercial Bank Private PPP (Public-Private Capital Partnership) * Special Account : Transport Infrastructure Special Account ☞ A Special Account (internal fund) is strongly recommended to secure a stable funding source for transport infrastructure development. 3. Suggestions (unit : US$ million) Description Amount ratio Project Costs 41,530 100.0% Internal fund 13,840 33.3% External Loan/Grant 13,845 33.3% fund Private 13,845 33.3%

Internal Private Fund (33.3%) (33.3%)

Loan (33.3%) 5×7 = 13535 km Length No Name Remark (Km)

Express Way 10 1 Pathein - Kan Kone - Pan Ta Naw - Sar Ma Lout - Yangon -Bago -Tha Hton - 537 Hpa An - Naung Lon - Kyone Doe - Myawadi Express Way .

Express Way 30 3 Taunggote - Nyaungkyo - Oakshitpin -Pantaung - Sintae - Pyay - Paukkhung - Oaktwin - 576 Taungoo - Than Daung - Bawgali - Mawchee-Hpasoung Expressway

Express Way 40 4 Kyaukpyu - Maei - Ann - Padan - Minbu - Magway -Kanbyar - Myothit -Taungnyo - 696 Pyinmana - Kinthar - Koegway - Pinloung - Pekon - Loikaw Expressway

Express Way 50 5 Sittwe - Kyauktaw -Madupi - Mindat - Kanpelet -Chauk -Gwaycho - Kyaukpandaung - 1681 Meiktila - Taunggyi - Kengtong - Tachileik - Kenglep Expressway

Express Way 60 6 SarSiChauk - Hakha - Gangaw - Pale - Monywa - Myinmu - Sagaing - Mandalay - 1104 Pyinoolwin - Lashio - Nahhu - Chinshwehaw Expressway

Express Way 70 7 Tamu - Sittaung -Yaunghee - Pinlebu -Wuntho - Hteegyaing -Ngaoe - Ngabatkyee - 569 Sinkhan -Hanhtet - Sawunkahtaung-Mansi - Manweigyee - Namkham Expressway

Total ( KM ) 5483 Length No Name Remark (Km)

Express Way 15 950 1 Taungpyo - Kyeinchaung - Maungdaw - Buthidaung - Kyauktaw - Myaukoo - Ann - Maei-Taunggoup - Gwa - Pathein - Ngaputaw Expressway

Express Way 25 Tamu - Kale - Gangaw - Hteelin - Pauk - Kanpyar - Oakshitpin - Batye - Kwinkauk 836 2 - Myokwin-Hinthada - Zalun - Danubyu - Setkount - Maubin - Kyaiklat - Pyapon - Amar Expressway Express Way 35 Lahe - Khanti - Phongpyin - Thetkalkyin - Kalewa - Monywa - Mying - Pakokhu - 1807 3 Chauk -Kanpyar - Magway - Minbu - Aunglan - Pyay - Paungde - Minhla - Taikgyi - Yangon Express Way

Express Way 45 4 Pansaung - Shinbwayyan - - Namati - Nanseaung - Indaw - Shwebo - 1400 Sagaing - Mandalay - Yangon Express Way

Express Way 55 Putao - - Myintkyina - Bamaw - Mawsikhwa - Lashio - Kyaukme - 5 Shwenyaung-Taunggyi - Hopon - Loikaw - Hpasaung - Papun - Natgyi - Bele - 3059 Paung - Mawlamyine -Ye - Dawei - Tanintharyi - Bokpyin - Kawthoung Express Way

Total (Km) 8052 12×6 = 14774 km Length No Name Remark (Km)

Main Arterial Road - 2 112 1 Tanintharyi - Thaephyu - Mawtaung Road

Main Arterial Road - 4 161 2 dawei - Heindu - Myitta - Sinphyutaing - Htesi Road

Main Arterial Road - 6 3 16 Thanbyuzayat - Taungzon - Mezali - Chaungsone - Three pagodas Road

Main Arterial Road - 8 Ngayotekaung - Oakshitkwin - Ngaputaw - Myaungmya - Wakema - 410 4 Mawlamyainggun - Bogale - Pyapon - Daydaye - Kungyangone - Kautmhu - Dala - Thanlyin - Thonegwa - Khayan - Thanatpin - Bago Road Main Arterial Road - 10 5 Pathein - Kaungkone - Pantanaw - Sarmalout - Htandapin - Hmawbi - Bago - 561 Sittaung - Bele - Thaton - Hpaan - Jyaing - Kyondoe - Myawadi Road Main Arterial Road - 12 6 Taunggup - Oakshitpin - Pantaung - Pyai - Paukkhaung - Oaktwin - Tangoo - 576 Taungtong - Mawche - Hpasaung Road Main Arterial Road - 14 7 Kyaukphyu - Maei - Ann - Minbu - Magway - Taungtwingyi - Chaungnet - 746 Pyinmanar - Pinloung - Hpekhon - Loikaw Road Length No Name Remark (Km) Main Arterial Road - 16 Sittwe - Ponnagyun - Kyauktaw - Paletwa - Madupi - Kanpetlet - Gazunma- 8 Chauk - Gwaycho - Kyaukpadaung - Meiktila - Kalaw - Taunggyi - Hopone - 1599 Loilen - Namsang - Kunhein - Tarkaw - Mongpyin - Tontar - Kengtung -Mongma - Monglar Road Main Arterial Road - 18 Sarsichauk - Haka - Gangaw - Pale - Monywa - Myinmu - Saging - Htonebo - 9 986 Pyinoolwin - Hsipaw - Lashio - Hseni - Kunlong - Nanghoo - Chinshwehaw Road

Main Arterial Road - 20 10 Kalewa - Kyiekone - Thetkalkyin - Taze - Yeoo - Shwebo - Kyaukmyaung - Singu 708 -Latpanhla - Thapatekyin - Mongmite - Nangkham - Muse Road

Main Arterial Road - 22 11 Tamu - Pinlebu - Wuntho - Kyauktan - Hteegyaik - Myataung - Sinkhan - Mansi - 558 Nankham Road

Main Arterial Road - 24 12 Pansaung - Nanyon - Shinbyawyan - Tanaing - Namati - - Wynemaw - 490 Sadone - Kanpaikti Road

Total (KM) 6923 Length No Name Remark (Km) Main Arterial Road - 1 931 1 Bandulla - Buthidaung - Maungdaw - Ponnagyun-Pauktaw - Minbya - Kyarinntaung - Ann - Maei -Taunggup - Thandwe - Kyaintali -Gwa - Chaungthar - Pathein Road Main Arterial Road - 3 1139 2 Tamu - Khanpat - Kyigone - Kale - Hanthawadi - Gangaw - Hteelin - Saw -Kanpyar - Padan - Oakshitpin - Batye - Kwinkauk Road Main Arterial Road - 5 Nangmatie - Nanghsiaung - Nangthe -Wunkyi - Kawlin - Kyunnhla -Kanbalu - 1396 3 Zigon - Karboe - Taze - Yeu - Monywa - Salingyi - Lingadaw - Myaing -Pakokku - Latpanchipaw - Nyaungoo - Kyaukpadaung - Magway - Minbu -Minhla - Thayet - Kamma - Pyay - Minhla - Taikkyi - Mhawbi -Yangon Road Main Arterial Road - 7 Myitkyina - -Bamaw - Sawankahtaung - Manwainlay - Ngarbatgyi - 1291 4 - Kyaydaw - Tagaung - Thabeikkyin - Mandalay - Kyaukse -Meikhtila - Pyinmana - Taungoo - Nyaunglaybin - Bayargyi - Zayatkwin - Htaukkyant Road Main Arterial Road - 9 Muse - Nanpakha - Kutkai - Pangketu - Lai-cha - Loilen - Hopone - Hteesekhar - 2345 5 Loikaw - Bawlakhe - Papun - Beelin - Mawlamyine - Dawei - Tanintharyi - Bokpyin - Kawthaung Road Main Arterial Road - 11 6 Nanhoo - Mongmaw - Mongpouk - Mongkhat - Kengtung - Mongpayak - Talay- 749 Tachileik Road Total (KM) 7851

• 8% GDP growth rate requires Myanmar to invest (GFCF) 30%+ of its GDP • Fast growing Asian countries dedicated 10-15% of GFCF to transport (3-4% of GDP)

40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15% Share of GDP of Share 10%

5%

0% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 GFCF Public capital expenditures Public transport investment

• Myanmar’s GFCF has increased in last 10 years • Transport spending has lagged behind and could soon limit growth potential.

Source: Data ADB. 2015. Asian Development Outlook. Manila. National Transport Master Plan comparisons and targets for transport GFCF. Source: ADB. 2016. Myanmar Transport Sector Policy Note. Manila . Estimates draw from National Transport Master Plan and Yangon Urban Transport Master Plan. • Highways : $10.5 billion • Rural roads : $ 5.4 billion Maintenance and • Urban transport : $ 9.9 billion investment needs: • Railways : $ 4.9 billion $35.7 billion • Ports & airports : $ 4.6 billion (2016-2025) • River transport : $ 0.4 billion

$45 to $60 billion transport investment needs by 2030

Source: ADB. 2016. Myanmar Transport Sector Policy Note. Manila . Estimates draw from National Transport Master Plan and Yangon Urban Transport Master Plan. $2.3 billion financing gap

by 2020 $ $ million

• Multiple priorities limit government ability to scale up own budget • Private sector investments limited by lack of long-term financing, dearth of “good” projects, and low cost-recovery • SOE deficit (mainly MR) may widen unless addressed

Source: ADB. 2016. Myanmar Transport Sector Policy Note: How to Reform Transport Institutions. Manila.

Strengths Weaknesses Sweeping political reforms are leading to resumption The institutional structure is fragmented and of multilateral and bilateral development assistance there is a lack of clarity in defining roles and for Myanmar's transport sector. responsibilities. Transport sector is expected to be a priority area of A comprehensive and integrated transport assistance for development partners. development strategy is lacking. Staff in the transport sector are committed and State enterprises operating on a noncommercial competent, and operate relatively effectively under basis dominate the transport sector. difficult circumstances. State transport enterprises in civil aviation, ports, Transport system is in a poor state, providing a railways, and bus services are operating relatively "clean slate" for formulating a sustainable inefficiently. transport strategy and policies to meet future Many transport prices are centrally set and transport demand. controlled. National integration policy has resulted in primary Budgetary subsidies compensate for low road network extending to most areas of the country. transport fares, distorting financial management. There is little encroachment on highway rights-of-way. There is a lack of familiarity with international Existing rail network connects most regions of the best practices for procurement, financial country. management, and environmental and social There is an extensive navigable river network with safeguards. inland water transport services. Opportunities Threats

Political and economic environment is Political reform fails to be sustained of improving rapidly. occurs more slowly than envisaged. Basic subsector structures are functional. Political reform occurs too quickly, creating Staff resources of the responsible transport a vacuum in policy and regulatory control. ministries and agencies are committed and Economic growth fails to materialize as work effectively. quickly as expected. Extensive assistance is required in all areas of Subsector agencies are unable or unwilling the transport sector. to transition from subsector operators to Considerable scope exists for public- private subsector regulators and managers. partnership initiatives. Externally supported transport investments are uncoordinated. Institutional restructuring and capacity building is not addressed. Invitation from Myanmar

We would like to invite you to invest for Myanmar's infrastructure development (Transport Sector) especially in Highway Construction Projects and Department of Highway (DOH) will cooperate and collaborate with you.