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Software Libre Y Abierto: Comunidades Y Redes De Producción Digital De Bienes Comunes

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Software Libre Y Abierto: Comunidades Y Redes De Producción Digital De Bienes Comunes UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales Software Libre y abierto: comunidades y redes de producción digital de bienes comunes por Tania E. Turner Sen Tesis propuesta como cumplimiento de los requisitos para la Maestría en Estudios Políticos y Sociales Dra. Norma Patricia Maldonado Reynoso Directora de Tesis Agosto 2012 Software Libre y abierto: comunidades y redes de producción digital de bienes comunes Tesis propuesta como cumplimiento de los requisitos para la Maestría en Estudios Políticos y Sociales, cuyo desarrollo fue financiado por el Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Conacyt) Por Tania Elizabeth Turner Sen Asesora: Dra. Norma Patricia Maldonado Reynoso Dra. en Ciencias Políticas y Sociales 2012 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México, México Para Inés e Isa ...otro mundo es posible uno ©más alrevés volteado©, digo... Agradecimientos Esta investigación es resultado del reconocimiento y apoyo que he recibido de todos los que han caminado junto a mí a lo largo de este proceso. Agradezco especialmente... al Dr. Andrade, por apoyar mi ingreso y ayudarme a defender mi propuesta de investigación, a la Dra. Maldonado, por su compromiso y apoyo a lo largo de todo el proceso, a los Dres. Alejandro Méndez, Raúl Trejo, Enrique Quibrera y Gabriel Arango, cuya generosidad intelectual se ha convertido en mi ejemplo, al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Conacyt), por el apoyo económico brindado, a mis profesores y profesoras, quienes me invitaron a nuevos horizontes teóricos y perspectivas de análisis, a mi familia, Francisco, Isabel e Inés, sin quienes nada de todo esto valdría la pena. Tania Turner. Ciudad de México, agosto 2012 Índice Introducción........................................................................................9 Capítulo 1 El software. Trascendencia e impacto en el siglo XXI...........17 1.1 El contexto digital del siglo XXI: producción y uso de software. 19 1.2 Software privativo, abierto y libre.............................................32 1.2.1 Definición de software..........................................................32 1.2.2 Diferencias entre software privativo, de fuente abierta y libre .......................................................................................................35 1.2.3 Estudios sobre software libre................................................40 1.3 La emergencia y desarrollo del software.....................................45 1.3.1 Antecedentes de la informática y la computación.................46 1.3.2 El código fuente. Álgebra, lógica y lenguajes de programación .......................................................................................................49 1.3.3 Máquinas, mecanismos y herramientas.................................50 1.3.4 De las super-computadoras al ordenador personal................52 1.3.5 Unix y el movimiento de software libre y abierto..................56 1.3.6 Arpanet, Usenet, Internet. El espacio de la colaboración.......68 1.4 Software libre y abierto en la actualidad (ejemplos y circulación en diferentes países).........................................................................72 Capítulo 2 Tradicionales y nuevos bienes comunes................................................85 2.1 Globalización y nuevas tecnologías...........................................86 2.2 Diferencia entre bienes públicos, privados y comunes................94 2.3 Breve historia de los bienes comunes.........................................99 2.4 Nuevos bienes comunes............................................................103 2.4.1 Nuevos bienes comunes de la información y el conocimiento .....................................................................................................105 2.4.2 Aspectos económicos, políticos y culturales de los nuevos bienes comunes del conocimiento y la información......................108 2.5 Software libre como bien común..............................................123 Capítulo 3 Dinámicas de interacción en redes y comunidades de producción de FLOSS.......................................................................131 3.1 Teoría del Esquema y el Conexionismo: motivaciones.............136 3.2 Interaccionismo estructural y Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS)139 3.3 Organización en la producción de software libre y abierto .....145 3.3.1 La comunidad hacker.........................................................148 3.3.2 Interacción entre desarrolladores y usuarios. La colaboración en línea........................................................................................157 3.3.3 Proyectos, Programas y Repositorios/Forjas........................162 Capítulo 4 Las redes de producción de software libre y abierto. Interacción, motivaciones y perspectivas............................................171 4.1 Guía metodológica..................................................................173 4.1.1 Software libre a la luz del análisis de redes sociales (ARS). 174 4.2 Dinámicas y procesos en las redes y comunidades de producción digital de software libre. Análisis comparativo de seis repositorios en internet...........................................................................................181 4.2.1 Características de los repositorios.......................................185 4.2.2 Las redes de colaboración y sus dinámicas de intercambio en cada repositorio............................................................................198 4.3 Las comunidades y redes de producción digital de software libre y abierto desde la perspectiva de sus actores......................................213 4.3.1 Motivaciones de los actores................................................213 4.3.2 Respuestas de las comunidades y redes de FLOSS al mercado digital, en tanto defensa de la producción colectiva y de alianzas estratégicas...................................................................................225 4.4 El futuro del software libre y abierto........................................232 Conclusiones....................................................................................237 Software Libre y abierto: comunidades y redes de producción digital de bienes comunes Introducción Hablar de tecnología, de su desarrollo, formas de producción y su utilidad es hablar de un modo de organización social. La tecnología implica el uso de herramientas para un objetivo específico, pero también refleja el sentido y el valor que una sociedad determinada le otorga a la creatividad, ingenio y trabajo de sus miembros. En una sociedad como la capitalista, las formas de producción dominantes están orientadas a la acumulación de capital y tienen como principio la propiedad privada. Este principio organizativo regula la producción y el consumo de mercancías, incluida la tecnología. En el contexto social actual, las tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC) se presentan como productos representativos de procesos de cambio social y como herramientas para nuevas transformaciones. Desde los Estudios Políticos y Sociales, la reflexión sobre la forma en la que nos relacionamos con estas tecnologías emergentes se hace indispensable; sobre todo porque la relación entre la sociedad y la tecnología es una relación dialéctica que implica procesos sociales y nuevas configuraciones de los mecanismos de control y dominio. En esta relación sociedad-tecnología se generan 9 Software Libre y abierto: comunidades y redes de producción digital de bienes comunes dependencias y autonomías, así como soluciones y nuevos problemas. Desde la perspectiva que se toma en este estudio, la tecnología es resultado de procesos de construcción social; sin embargo, una vez que emerge y se utiliza, sí puede incidir en el actuar de la sociedad, creando nuevas configuraciones sociales y nuevas necesidades. Los procesos sociales que emergen del desarrollo y uso de las TIC y sus incidencias en el cambio técnico y cultural son necesarios y susceptibles de ser abordados en investigaciones diversas. La observación se plantea con respecto al establecimiento de nuevas formas de relacionarse socialmente, a partir de la comunicación inmediata, el intercambio constante, el exceso y uso de la información a gran escala. Estas herramientas de comunicación han permitido la generación de formas colectivas de colaboración para producir bienes y servicios, invitando a transformar de diversas maneras la división internacional del trabajo. En este estudio, se aborda una forma de producción colectiva que, gracias a la emergencia de las TIC, ha podido expandirse y fortalecerse en el mercado global de alta tecnología: la producción de software libre y abierto. Las TIC funcionan sobre plataformas digitales, cuyo acceso está determinado por el tipo de programas informáticos que utilizamos y el conocimiento que tenemos de los mismos. El potencial de estas plataformas digitales para la educación, el avance del conocimiento y la vinculación social quedará determinado por el significado y valor que les otorguemos. Esto es así porque las tecnologías no son neutrales, emergen como 10 Software Libre y abierto: comunidades y redes de producción digital de bienes comunes estrategias y mecanismos que se insertan en intereses políticos, económicos y sociales de largo alcance. Por ejemplo, si es más fuerte la lógica del mercado, el acceso a las aplicaciones de las plataformas digitales podría restringirse a través de programas de código cerrado, cuyo costo se podría imponer a través de mecanismos de oferta y demanda.
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