Universidade Estadual Do Maranhão Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Agroecologia Curso De Mestrado Em Agroecologia

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Universidade Estadual Do Maranhão Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Agroecologia Curso De Mestrado Em Agroecologia UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO MARANHÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM AGROECOLOGIA CURSO DE MESTRADO EM AGROECOLOGIA LEONARDO DE JESUS MACHADO GOIS DE OLIVEIRA ORGANIZAÇÃO, CONSERVAÇÃO E INFORMATIZAÇÃO DA MICOTECA “PROF.° GILSON SOARES DA SILVA” DA UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO MARANHÃO. São Luís – MA 2016 LEONARDO DE JESUS MACHADO GOIS DE OLIVEIRA Engenheiro Agrônomo ORGANIZAÇÃO, CONSERVAÇÃO E INFORMATIZAÇÃO DA MICOTECA “PROF.° GILSON SOARES DA SILVA” DA UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO MARANHÃO. Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecologia da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Agroecologia. Orientador(a): Prof.ª Dr.ª Antonia Alice Costa Rodrigues São Luís – MA 2016 ii LEONARDO DE JESUS MACHADO GOIS DE OLIVEIRA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecologia da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Agroecologia. Orientador: Prof. Dr.ª Antonia Alice Costa Rodrigues. Aprovada em: 07 / 10 / 2016 Comissão Julgadora: ____________________________________________________ Profa. Dr.ª Antonia Alice Costa Rodrigues - Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (Orientadora) ________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Gilson Soares da Silva - Universidade Estadual do Maranhão ____________________________________________________ Profa. Dr.ª Maria Claudene Barros - Universidade Estadual do Maranhão São Luís 2016 iii Ao Senhor Deus, alicerce de minhas atitudes aqui na Terra, Aos meus pais, Iris e Manoel pelo amor e esforço a mim dedicados, Aos meus irmãos Leonam, Débora e Diego e as irmãs de coração Bruna e Adriana. DEDICO! iv AGRADECIMENTOS Á Deus, por ter me guiado e removido todos os obstáculos do meu caminho. Á Profª Dra. Antonia Alice Costa Rodrigues, pelos ensinamentos, incentivos e amizade, nesse processo tão importante da minha vida que foi o Mestrado. A Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, por meio da Coordenação do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Agroecologia, pela oportunidade e espaço concedido para a realização deste curso. A CAPES pela concessão da bolsa de estudo e a FAPEMA pelo financiamento desta pesquisa. Ao Profº. Dr. Gilson Soares da Silva pelos seus ensinamentos e contribuição para Fitopatologia Maranhense e Brasileira; A Profª Drª. Maria Claudene Barros e equipe do Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Campus Caxias pelo sequenciamento de DNA dos isolados fúngicos; A equipe do Laboratório de Genética - Labwick, da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Campus São Luís e ao Pablo Santos, do Centro de Processamento de Dados, na ajuda para a construção do site da Micoteca; Aos meus pais, Manoel Gois de Oliveira e Íris de Jesus Machado de Oliveira, pelo carinho e amor incondicional. A todos meus familiares pelo apoio e força. Aos meus irmãos, Diego, Débora e Leonam e irmãs de coração Adriana, Bruna e Raimunda, as minhas tias Terezinha, Conceição e Hilda pelo convívio. Aos amigos do Laboratório de Fitopatologia Erlen, Elys Regina, Francisco, Gustavo, Elizabeth, Ivaneide, Neto, Mônica, Diogo, Letícia, Natália, Pedro, Rafael pelo convívio e ajuda para realização deste trabalho; Aos professores de Graduação e Pós-gradução em Agroecologia da UEMA pelos ensinamentos, e incentivo a mim direcionados; A todos os amigos dos cursos de Mestrado e Doutorado em Agroecologia da turma 2014. Aos amigos em especial Elys Regina, Laura, Idayanne, Raimundo Nonato, Keneson, Joice, Elizabeth, Josilene, Erlen, Gustavo que sempre estiveram ao meu lado, pela amizade e momentos descontraídos que ficaram pra sempre em minha memória. Aos funcionários do Programa de Pós-graduação em Agroecologia que sempre ajudam em especial, Neto e Rayanne. A todos aqueles que contribuíram de alguma forma para realização desta pesquisa. Enfim, reitero a todos a minha gratidão. Muito Obrigado! v SUMÁRIO LISTA DE FIGURAS........................................................................................ VII LISTA DE TABELAS....................................................................................... XII LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS......................................................................... XIV RESUMO......................................................................................................... XV ABSTRACT...................................................................................................... XVI 1.0 INTRODUÇÃO................................................................................................ 17 2.0 REVISÃO DE LITERATURA....................................................................... 19 2.1 Convenção sobre a Diversidade Biológica (CDB)........................................... 19 2.2 Coleções de Culturas Biológicas...................................................................... 19 2.3 Métodos de Conservação dos Fungos.............................................................. 21 2.3.1 Repicagem Contínua.......................................................................................... 23 2.3.2 Manutenção em Água Destilada Esterilizada ou Método de Castellani.......... 24 2.3.3 Manutenção em Óleo Mineral.......................................................................... 25 2.3.4 Manutenção em Congelamento Comum.......................................................... 26 2.3.5 Conservação em Solo Estéril............................................................................ 26 2.3.6 Liofilização....................................................................................................... 26 2.4 Caracterização Molecular dos Fungos............................................................. 27 2.5 Informatização e acesso aos dados de coleções biológicas.............................. 29 3.0 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS.......................................................................... 33 3.1 Local do Experimento........................................................................................ 33 3.2 Obtenção dos isolados fúngicos fitopatogênicos mantidos na Micoteca―Prof.º Gilson Soares da Silva‖..................................................................................... 33 3.3 Caracterização morfológica dos fungos fitopatogêncios da Micoteca ―Prof.º Gilson Soares da Silva‖..................................................................................... 33 3.4 Recuperação dos isolados fúngicos mantidos na Micoteca―Prof.ºGilson Soares da Silva‖................................................................................................. 34 3.5 Cadastro dos isolados fitopatogênicos............................................................... 34 3.6 Métodos de Preservação.................................................................................... 34 3.6.1 Repicagem Continua.......................................................................................... 34 3.5.2 Castellani............................................................................................................ 35 3.5.3 Preservação em Solo.......................................................................................... 35 vi 3.6.4 Óleo Mineral...................................................................................................... 35 3.6.5 Congelamento................................................................................................... 35 3.6.6 Liofilização........................................................................................................ 36 3.7 Documentação e Informatização da Micoteca ―Prof. Gilson Soares da Silva‖ 36 3.8 Identificação molecular de isolados dos principais gêneros de fungos........... 37 3.8.1 Extração de DNA.............................................................................................. 37 3.8.2 Amplificação da região ITS do rDNA................................................................. 37 3.8.3 Análises filogenéticas e construção de Matriz de divergência genética dos 53 fungos................................................................................................................. 4 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO................................................................... 53 4.1 Coleção de Culturas de Fungos Fitopatogênicos e Métodos de Conservação. 53 4.2 Recuperação dos isolados fúngicos mantidos na Micoteca―Prof. Gilson Soares da Silva‖................................................................................................ 60 4.3 Documentação e Informatização da Micoteca ―Prof.º Gilson Soares da Silva‖................................................................................................................. 64 4.4 Identificação morfológica dos fungos fitopatogênicos da Micoteca ―Prof.° Gilson Soares da Silva‖..................................................................................... 74 4.5 Identificação molecular dos fungos fitopatogênicos da Micoteca ―Prof.° Gilson Soares da Silva‖..................................................................................... 108 4.6 Amplificação e análise filogenética da região ITS do rDNA dos isolados 108 fungicos da Micoteca ―Prof.º Gilson Soares da Silva‖ ..................................... 5 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS......................................................................... 154 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS.......................................................... 156 ANEXOS.......................................................................................................... 171 vii LISTA DE FIGURAS Páginas
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