Símbolos, Siglas E Abreviaturas

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Símbolos, Siglas E Abreviaturas UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL DEPARTAMENTO DE GENÉTICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GENÉTICA E BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR AVALIAÇÃO CITOGENÔMICA EM INDIVÍDUOS COM CARDIOPATIAS CONGÊNITAS CONOTRUNCAIS Káren Regina Silva de Souza Dissertação submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular da UFRGS como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular Orientadora: Profa Dra. Mariluce Riegel Porto Alegre Março de 2015 Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Citogenética Molecular do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre e teve como fontes financiadoras o Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq/476783/2013-5) e Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS/Edital PQG 001/2013). AGRADECIMENTOS ______________________________________________________________________________ Agradeço, primeiramente, a minha orientadora Profa Dra. Mariluce Riegel, sem sua paciência, profissionalismo e companheirismo este trabalho não teria sido possível. Agradeço por sua orientação e compreensão durante todas as etapas deste estudo. Agradeço a meus pais, José Nilton e Hilda Regina, por seu apoio em todas as etapas da minha vida e por sempre acreditarem em mim e me proporcionarem a possibilidade de escolher o caminho que eu gostaria de trilhar. Agradeço a meu marido André, por sua paciência e amor infinito. Agradeço a minhas irmãs Carla e Helena por serem companheiras de todas as horas. Agradeço a equipe dos Laboratórios de Citogenética do Serviço de Genética Médica e de Citogenética Molecular por fazerem parte da minha rotina tornando todos os dias de trabalho mais agradáveis. A Dra. Janaina Huber, cardiologista do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária, pelo trabalho em colaboração. Finalmente, agradeço a meu filho Bernardo por me tornar uma pessoa realizada e ensinar o que é amor incondicional. SUMÁRIO LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS........................................................................................ 2 RESUMO.......................................................................................................................... 4 ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... 5 Capítulo 1- INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................... 6 1.1 Malformações e defeitos cardíacos congênitos............................................................ 7 1.2.Variantes estruturais e doenças genômicas.................................................................. 13 1.3 Variantes genômicas estruturais e cardiopatias congênitas ......................................... 15 1.4 Citogenômica aplicada a pesquisa e ao diagnóstico.................................................... 18 1.4.1 Análise citogenômica comparativa por arrays..................................................... 19 1.5 Variação do número de cópias genômicas em humanos.............................................. 21 1.6 Interpretação da variação do número de cópias identificadas por arrays.................... 22 Capítulo 2- JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS ............................................................ 25 2.1. Justificativa.................................................................................................................. 26 2.2. Objetivo Geral.............................................................................................................. 27 2.3.Objetivos específicos.................................................................................................... 27 Capítulo 3- Cytogenomic Evaluation of Subjects with Syndromic and Non-syndromic Conotruncal Heart Defects……………………………………………………......................... 28 Capítulo 4 – RESULTADOS ADICIONAIS.................................................................. 56 4.1 Caracterização citogenômica dos desequilíbrios genômicos identificados por array-CGH.......................................................................................................................... 62 Capítulo 5 – DISCUSSÃO ............................................................................................... 68 Capítulo 6 – CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS.................................................................... 78 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGÁFICAS.................................................................................. 80 ANEXOS............................................................................................................................ 90 Anexo 1 – Formulário de registro clínico relacionado às amostras de biorrepositório de pacientes com cardiopatia congênita.................................................................................. 91 Anexo 2 - Termo de Compromisso para Uso de Dados e Material Biológico................... 94 Anexo 3 – Resumo das informações clínicas associadas às 60 amostras do estudo........... 95 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS AC – Anomalia congênita ACM – Anomalias Congênitas Múltiplas AP – Atresia pulmonar array-CGH –Hibridização Genômica Comparativa baseada em microarranjos BACs – Cromossomos artificiais de bactéria CCs – Cardiopatias congênitas CGH – Hibridização Genômica Comparativa CIA – Comunicação interatrial CID – Classificação Internacional de doenças CIV – Comunicação interventricular CNPs – Polimorfismo do número de cópias CNVs – Variação do número de cópias gênicas del – Deleção DNA – Ácido desoxirribonucléico DNV – Declaração de Nascido Vivo DSAV total – Defeito do septo atrioventricular total dup – Duplicação EP – Estenose Pulmonar FISH – Hibridização in situ por Fluorescência HCPA – Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre IAAo – Interrupção do Arco Aórtico kb – Quilobase LCR – Baixo número de cópias Mb – Megabase MFC – Malformações congênitas MLPA – Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification NAHR – Recombinação homóloga não alélica NHEJ – Junção de extremidades não homólogas p – braço curto q – braço longo pb – Pares de base 2 RM – Retardo Mental PCR – Reação em cadeia da polimerase PMDC – Programa de Monitoramento de Defeitos Congênitos RN – Recém-nascido SIM – Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade SINASC - Sistema de Informações de Nascidos Vivos SKY – Carótipo espectral SNP – Polimorfismo de base única SZ – Esquizofrenia TEA – Transtorno do Espectro Autista TOF – Tetralogia de Fallot TGV – Transposição de grandes vasos VOUS – Variante de significado incerto YACs – Cromossomos artificiais de levedura 3 RESUMO As cardiopatias congênitas (CCs) são o grupo mais comum de defeitos congênitos graves, afetando 4 a 12 em cada 1.000 nascimentos, sendo uma importante causa de defeitos congênitos associados à mortalidade infantil. Vias biológicas moleculares e celulares complexas estão envolvidas no desenvolvimento do coração, e pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos subjacentes das CCs. Os defeitos conotruncais, malformações com significativa morbidade, representam cerca de 20% de todos os casos de CCs. Apesar dos avanços no tratamento médico e cirúrgico, a etiologia das CCs ainda não é totalmente compreendida. Com mais crianças com CC sobrevivendo até a idade adulta e começando a formar famílias, torna-se ainda mais crítico a compreensão das bases genéticas das CCs. Estudos clássicos indicaram que a origem da CC é multifatorial, devido tanto à predisposição genética quanto às influências ambientais. Os desequilíbrios genômicos que levam à variação do número de cópias parecem ter uma influência muito maior sobre o desenvolvimento de vários tipos de CCs do que previsto anteriormente. Neste trabalho, utilizamos hibridização genômica comparativa baseada em microarranjos (array-CGH) para estudar retrospectivamente 60 indivíduos com defeitos conotruncais e identificar desequilíbrios genômicos. As variações no número de cópias de DNA (CNVs) detectadas foram comparadas com dados de bancos de dados genômicos, e seu significado clínico foi avaliado. Detectamos em 38,3% (23/60) dos casos de CCs desequilíbrios genômicos. Em 8,3% (5/60) destes casos, os desequilíbrios foram causais; em 8,3% (5/60), CNVs de significado desconhecido foram identificadas; e, em 21,6% (13/60), foram detectadas variantes comuns. Concluimos que, a interpretação dos resultados deve ser refinada, e embora ainda não exista um consenso a respeito dos tipos de CCS que devem ser avaliados por uma análise citogenômica, a identificação da variação do número de cópias em indivíduos com cardiopatias congênitas conotruncais pode, potencialmente, ajudar na avaliação e manejo desta condição. O uso prospectivo ou retrospectivo do array-CGH como uma ferramenta diagnóstica beneficiaria as famílias afetadas ao fornecer um diagnóstico mais preciso, influenciando o manejo global da doença em um número significativo de casos. Além disso, os resultados desse estudo ressaltam a importância crescente do uso de análises genômicas amplas para identificar CNVs em pacientes com CCs, aumentando assim a informação disponível sobre variações genômicas associadas a esta condição. 4 ABSTRACT Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the commonest group of major birth defects, affecting four to twelve per 1,000 total births, being an important cause of birth defects associated infant mortality. Complex molecular and cell biological pathways are involved in heart development, and little is known about the underlying mechanisms of CHDs. The conotruncal defects, malformations with significant morbidity and mortality, represent about 20% of all CHD cases. Despite
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