LIFE AND WORK

OF SAMUEL MARSDEN

BY THE REV. J. B. MARSDEN

EDITED BY JAMES DRUMMOND, F.L.S., F.Z.S. '

WITH AN AP:PREOIA.TION BY ARCHDEACON PHILIP WALSH

. . • .

CB.RISTCRURCR, WELLINGTON, AND DUNEDIN, N,Z. MELBOURNE AND LONDON WHITCOMBE AND TOMBS LIMITED

1913 PREFACE.

This work, which gives an account of the life, labours, and difficulties of one of the most notable missionaries of modern times, was written by the Rev. J. B. Marsden, and published by the Religious Tract Society fifty years ago. The original is out of print, but still is found occasionally in second-hand booksellers' shops, in a quaint blue cover embellished with gold letters. The Rev. J.B. Marsden collected a great deal of his material from Samuel Marsden 's correspondence, in the possession of the Church Missionary Society and the London Missionary Society. He also had the use of an unpublished memoir of Samuel Marsden by Lieutenant Sadleir, R.N., for many years master of the Male Orphans' Home near Sydney, and manuscript prepared by Mr. John Liddiard Nicholas, an Australian land-owner, who was an admirer of Samuel Marsden, and who, besides writing an account of the missionary's first visit to New Zealand, dealt with his life in New South Wales. Finally, the biographer was helped by many of Samuel l\Iarsden 's friends, who placed in his hands letters written to them. The Rev. J. B. Marsden was the author of " The History of the Early and Later Puritans'.' and other works associated with the Church. He was not related to the missionary, bl'it the identity of th e two men's surnames Jed to the conclusion that there was some relationship, and for that reason he was urged repeatedly to write the biography. He declined several times, but ultimat ely, when the a2 1v. PREFACE PREFACE v. request was renewed by the Religious Tract I have retained the biographer's spelling of Maori Society, he was induced to comply with the names, which is not in accordance with the ortho­ Society's wishes, '' under the conviction,'' he says, graphy of Bishop Williams and other New Zealand "that the facts and incidents, as well as the moral missionaries who followed in Samuel Marsden 's grandeur, of Mr. Marsden 's life are too important footsteps, but I have added footnotes, showing the to be suffered to lie any longer in comparative method now in use. I have supplied a number of obscurity." other footnotes, dealing mainly with people who Some time previous to the publication of the were well known when the biography was published, bipgraphy, the Rev. W. Woolls published a memoir but who have been almost forgotten by the present of Samuel Marsden in a series of articles in the generation. Par1Yunatta Oh1·onicle, and these were republished A Marsden Cross has been erected as close as the in book form at Parramatta in 1844. The conditions of the ground permit to the actual place object was to provide funds for the erection of a occupied by the novel pulpit built by Ruatara one church at Mars:field as a memorial to the missionary. hundred years ago, when the first Divine Service In recent years, Dr. T. M. Hocken, of Dunedin, was held in New Zealand. The idea of erecting this began an extensive research into Marsden corre- \ cross originated with the Rev. Dr. J. Kinder, spondence and documents. At the end of 1905, he who for many years was Warden of St. read papers on '' The Rev. Samuel Marsden and the John's College, Auckland. It was pointed Early New Zealand Missionaries" before the Otago out that '' The Prayer Book Cross,'' erected near Institute. These were published in different copies the Golden Gate at San Francisco, marks the of the '' Otago Daily Times'' at the end of 1905 and place on which Sir Francis Drake's chaplain held the beginning of 1906. The Rev. J. B. Marsden did the first Anglican service on the Pacific Coast of not pretend to write a comprehensive biography America. A New Zealand monument on the same anq it is hoped that, with the information Dr'. scale was not contemplated, but it was felt that the Hocken collected, a larger work some day will be Dominion could erect in Samuel Marsden 's honour given to the public. a substantial stone cross sufficiently large to be a In editing the Rev. J. B. Marsden's work I have conspicuous landmark from the decks of vessels that not preserved the whole of it. Many pages d~a.I with enter the Bay of Islands. missionary work at Tahiti, in which Samuel Marsden The proposal was not taken in hand in a ~d not take an active part. These, and other por­ practical way until some ye~rs after Dr. tions, have been omitted. I have reproduced lette:rs Kinder's death, when his widow offered to written to Samuel Marsden by notable or famous pay the sum of £100 to meet the expenses. Mrs. persons, amongst them Mrs. Elizabeth Fry a mem­ Kinder placed the scheme in the hands of Arch­ ber of the Society of Friends, who worked' amongst deacon Philip Walsh, of W aimate, who has kindly the women prisoners of London, and who took a written an "Appreciation" for this book. His sympathetic interest in Samuel Marsden's efforts appeal to the Church people of New Zealand to reform the women convicts in New South Wales. resulted in a sufficient sum being obtained, and the vi. PREFACE cross was unveiled by His Excellency Lord Plunket, Governor of New Zealand, on the 12th of March, AN APPRECIATION. 1907, in the presence of representa~ives ~f the t~Q races in the Dominion. It is of Celtic design, and it bears the following inscription :- By ARCHDEACON PHILIP w ALSH.

ON CHRISTMAS DAY, 1814 Samuel Marsden came of good Yorkshire stuff, THE FIRST CHRISTIAN SERVICE IN N.Z. and by his yeoman blood he inherited the sterling WAS HELD ON THIS SPOT and enduring qualities of mind and body usually BY THE . REV. SAMUEL MARSDEN. associated with the typical Yorkshireman. He was of powerful physique, of remarkable endurance, At the unveiling ceremony,. addresses were given of undaunted courage, and of boundless persever­ by His Excellency Lord Plunket, Bishop N eligan, ance ; but the great source of all his success was of Auckland and Archdeacon Walsh. Mr. J. B. his profound conviction that he was an instrument Clarke spok~ on behalf of the mission families in in God's hand, that he worked under His divine the district and Hare Te Heihei on behalf of the guidance, and that he lived under His almighty Maori people' . Amongst the hymns sung was, "All protection. People that on Earth do Dwell,'' t~e hymn chosen Although he received a fair education, according to by Marsden at his memorable servi~e. the notions of the times, he was a man of action The simple cross is a memorial t~ S~muel rather than a student; and, except for a deep and Marsden 's work, but his greatest memorial 1s the careful study of the Bible, in which his candid mind work itself which is described in these pages. found a meaning often hidden from much pro­ There a;e two objects in republishing this little founder theologians, he does not seem to have book. One is to follow a policy which has induced wandered very far in the field of learning. Indeed, Messrs. Whitcombe and Tombs to make a large even if his tastes had run in that direction, he could number of Australasian works, of a high educational hardly have found time, amid the busy scenes of value available to the public. The other is to make his active life, for serious and systematic study. a lite~ary contribution to the celebration of the cen­ What literary ability he possessed may be judged tenary of the first Divine Service in New Zealand, from his writings. They consist chiefly of letters conducted by Samuel Marsden at Oihi, in the Bay of and reports, together with a very voluminous Islands, on Christmas Day, 1814. journal, which supplies a deeper impression of the man than any critical biography could give. JAMES DRUMMOND. The history of his first years in Parramatta is the Christchurch, New Zealand, history of a man patiently, laboriously, and con­ saientiously doing his duty. is September 1st, 1913. "Nothing too hard for the Lord,'' he says in his journal. '' This gives AN APPRECIATION ix. viii. AN APPRECIATION me encouragement in my present difficult under­ which was the germ of the future colony are t aking." He surmounts each obstacle as it con­ described in these pages; but the greatness of the fronts him, and solves each question as it arises. In enterprise, and the faith and courage with which it addition to his duties as a minister of the Gospel, was carried out, cannot be fully realised by people he was obliged to undertake those of a Magistrate. who have not seen the locality or who are not In that dual capacity, he was able to right many a acquainted with the charact~r and customs wrong, and to bring the light of divine love into of the Maoris in those early days. We can one of the darkest places on the earth. o~y- im~gine . the feelings of the three young His efforts were not confined to the technical dis­ m1ss10naries, with their young wives, as they sailed charge of the duties of his offices. He always was al?ng ~he cli~-bound coast and into the little bay, watching for an opportunity to ameliorate the con­ with its shmgly beach crowded with excited dition of those committed to his charg e, whether savages. But doubtless they, like their chief, felt they were prisoners or soldiers, ticket-of-leave men secure under the protection of their Divine Master. or free labourers. At one time, he is establishing Of all the early adventurers in New Zealand a school for boys and girls, at another time a house Mr. Marsden was the first to grasp th; of refuge for the victims of lust and cruelty. Later character of the Maoris, and was the most successful we find him importing additional clergymen, school in winning their confidence. Amongst those untu­ masters artisans, and manufacturers. He induces tored savages, as amongst the desperadoes of the the Government' to make grants of land to deservmg. convict settlement, he bore a charmed life. On his settlers. He busies himself in the improvement of first night ashore in New Zealand, he slept peace­ fully u~on the open ground, surrounded by members stock. While all this is going on, his sympathies reach of a tribe that had conducted the massacre of the out to the Australian aborigines, the South Sea "Boyd," and on his arrival at Oihi he placed him­ Islands Mission, and the Maoris whose roving spirit self unreservedly in the hands of the blood-stained left them stranded in a foreign land. From what Hongi. "If Hongi tells you to settle on that rock " he saw of those Maoris, he formed a very high he said to some of the missionaries who wanted to opinion of the natives of New Zealand, and he remove to a place where the land was more suitable became filled with an eager longing to impart to for cultivation, '' you must stop there till he tells them the blessings of Christian civilization. The yon to go. Hongi has given me his promise and story of how this was accomplished, told by the as long as you are in his hands I know yo~ are safe.'' Rev. J. B. · Marsden some fifty years ago, and republished now under the editorship of Mr. T~is trust was never forfeited. There is not Drummond, reads like a most fascinating romance. an mstance on record where the missionaries were The long delays, Mr. Marsden's arrival at Oihi in molested .. Even in the days of Heke's war, when 1814, the wonderful Christmas service at the place th_e -~fao1:s fought against the Imperial troops, the now marked by an imposing stone cross, and the m1ss1onar1es' lives and property were always foundation of the little missionary settlement, respected. . Indeed, the missionary station was always a city of refuge in time of trouble. x. AN APPRE01ATION Mr. Marsden 's connection with. New Zealand lasted for twenty-three years. During that time, he made no fewer than seven visits, going over a great part of the North Island in increasing areas, estab­ lishing new centres as opportunities offered, and generally supervising the work of the mission. His last visit was in 1837, when he was 73 years of age. His health had begun to fail, and he already was CONTENTS feeling the infirmities of old age, but his visit never­ theless was a triumphal progress. He landed at Hokia.nga, on the West Coast, and was conveyed l PAGE across the island by a large company of Maoris. CHAPTER I. 1 They made part of the journey by canoe, but he II. 18 was carried overland for twenty miles on a kauhoa, III. 30 or shoulder litter. At every stopping-place he was received by the Christian converts with tears of IV . 47 joy, and by the heathen population with the war­ V. 65 dance and the firing of muskets, while all greeted VI. 89 him as the friend and father of the Maoris. He ,. VII . 107 died on the 12th of May in the following year, worn out by the cares and hardships of his long and ,. vnr. 142 arduous life, and he was buried under the shadow IX. 157 of his own church at Parramatta. X. 170 Samuel Marsden 's name will always stand high XI. 185 on the roll 6f Christian heroes and amongst the ,. XII. 200 names of those who have helped to build up the Christian Church. His natural gifts, and the wide ,. XIII. 217 experience gained in his work, fitted him for a task that few could have accomplished. He lived to see the fulfilment of his hopes and prayers, and he died esteemed and regretted even by those who, during his lifetime, had been his hardest critics and his most bitter opponents. PHILIP WALSH. Cambridge, New Zealand. LIFE .AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS CHAPTER I.

Samuel Marsden, whose life is sketched in Samuel Marsden Frontispiece the following pages, was not ennobled by birth PAGE Mr. Marsden's Cottage at Parramatta 59 or rank, nor was he greatly distinguished by splendid talents. was, sense, Landing of Samuel Marsden at Bay of Islands 76 Yet he in the true a great man ; and he was an instance-one of Mr. Ma.rsden's Church a.t Parra.ma.tta. 96 the most striking of modern times-of the vast Mission Station a.t Kerikeri, Bay of Isla.nds 109 results which may be accomplished when an A Maori War Expedition 177 honest heart, a clear head, and a resolute mind Ma.rsden Cross, Oihi, Ba.y of Islands 188 and purpose are directed, under the influence Russell, Ba.y of Isla.nds, a.t the present time 198 of the grace of God, to the attainment of a noble object. Unveiling of the Ma.rsden Cross ... 219 While he lived he shared the usual lot of people whose large philanthropy outruns the narrow policy of those around them. His motives were seldom understood, and in conse­ quence he was thwarted and maligned. Nor was it till death had removed him from the scene that either the grandeur of his projects or the depth of his self-denying, unobtrusive piety was generally appreciated. .At length, however, his character has begun to be revered.

A 2 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 3 It is perceived that he was, at least, a far­ be a minister of Christ. That he was a young sio-hted man; and that in his own labours he man of more than ordinary promise is at once w~s laying the foundations for the suc~esses ~f evident from the fact that he was adopted by thousands; while in the Church of Christ he is the Elland Society and placed at St. John's held in reverence as the Apostle of New Zealand College, Cambridge, to study for the ministry -a title of high distinction, y~t bY_3:10 mea~s of the Church of England. misapplied to one who, in the s1mp~ic1ty of his The Elland Society, so called from the parish faith as well as in zeal and self-denymg labours, in which its meetings were held, was an institu­ was truly an apostolic man.. tion to which the cause of evangelical truth in Of his early life the memorials are but s~anty. the Church of England was much indebted. His father had a small farm at Farsley, m the In its early days, the funds were supplied by parish of Calverley, Yorkshire, where h~ was 'rhornton•, Simeont, Wilberforcet, and others born. and both his parents are known m the like minded with them, and the society traditions of his family as having been p_e1:sons was managed by a few devoted clergymen of of integrity and piety, attached to the mm1stry Yorkshire and the neighbouring counties, of the vVesleyan Methodists. He was_ ~om on amongst whom were Vennll, of Huddersfield, the 28th of July, 1764, and after receivmg the and Joseph Milner. elements of learning at a village school, was 'Po this Society Samuel Marsden was intro­ placed in the free grammar-school of_ Hull, of duced by his friend the Rev. Mr. Whittaker, a which the celebrated Mr. Joseph Milner, the neighbouring clergyman; and not without some ecclesiastical historian, and brother to th~ no apprehensions, it is said, on the part of the less eminent Dr. Isaac Milner, dean of Carlisle, latter, lest his simple and unassuming manner was then head master. Here he was on the should create a prejudice against him. Such same form with Dr. Dealtry, rector of Clapham anxieties were superfluous. The Milners them­ and Chancellor of Winchester. . selves had fought their way to eminence from Of his early youth little more 1s known; for •Henry Thornkm. a wOAltby London banker. mercho.nt. philanthropist, and member of the Bouso of Commons. Ho gave lo.rge eume of money in his modesty, rather than a3:1ysentiment of false oharlly. Ho waa tho ftret trca•1m,r of tho Rociety for Missions to Africa and \be Rael. which aftorwl\rds boon.mo tho Church Ml88iono.ry Society, shame to which indeed his whole nature was and lllao llr•l troaaurer of the British and Foreign Bible Society. oppos;d seldom permitted him to speak of tobarloe Blmoon. lho omioont ovao"elic&I proncher. Bo wo.s distio­ lUlahed for an Impassioned ovnnucllcnllam, which o.t first wns bitterly himself ' or to dwell upon the adventures or -'Jed. L&&oron ho exoroi•ed a greM Influence,., Cambridge, where he - perpe\ual curate of Trinity Church. and, Indeed io &II po.rts of Engla.nd aa4 _,. pane of Scotland. In bis time, his converS&tion-circles o.t incidents of his early life. He was r_emoved ride• were famoua. Bo look a promln,•nt part in estnbUshiog the .__ lllaionary 8ooloty, and It was largoJy on o.ccount of his efforts from school to take his share in the busmess of E_..,. Karlyn waa sen, lo India. his uncle, a tradesman at Horsforth near Leeds; -~llberforoo. who became famoua on account of bis exertions ..... al \be abolition of lbo all\vo trndo, and who o.t the time but he now had higher thoughts, and longed to bl' lhe blocrapber waa about 25 years of ago • ...... Ban:, Vun, Vicar of Bndderalleld. 4 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MABSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 5 the weaver's loom, and well knew how to dis­ ~odestly replied, that he was '' sensible of the tinguish real worth, however unpretending. unportance of the post-so sensible, indeed, The piety, the manly sense, and the modest that he hardly dared to accept it upon any bearing of the candidate at once won the confi­ terms, but if no more proper person could be dence of the examiners; and he was sent to fo~d, he would consent to undertake it.'' . The college at their expense. choic~ reflects, ~~doubt, great credit upon the Of his college life we are not aware that any sagacity and spintual discernment of those who memorials have been preserved. He was, no made i~. "Yo~g as he was," says one who doubt, a diligent student; and from the warm knew him wen m after life Dr. Mason Good friendship which existed between him and Mr. ' , "h ~ was .r~markable for firmness of principle, Simeon we may infer that he profited from his an mtr~pidity of spirit, a suavity of manner, a ministry. He had not yet completed his studies st_rong Judgment, and, above all, a mind stored or taken his degree, when, to his great surprise, WJ~h. knowledge and deeply impressed with an offer was made to him by the Government rehg1ous truth, which promised the happiest of a chaplaincy in what was then designated results.'' "His Majesty's territory of New South He ~as accordingly appointed as second Wales.'' That a post of such importance should cbaplam to the settlement in New South Wales have been offered, unsolicited, to a student by a royal commission, bearing date 1st hitherto quite unknown, was owing to the January, 1793. He was ordained shortly after­ influence of Mr. Wilberforce, who was guided wards, and proceeded at once to Hull from in his choice by Joseph Milner. He had already whence be was to take his passage in a ~onvict secured the appointment of one pious chaplain transport, th_e only conveyance, at that period, to the colony, and from its commencement had for the far distant colony, a banishment of half always been anxious to promote its moral and a world. religious welfare. <;>nthe 21st. of April, he was married to Miss At first, Mr. Marsden declined the tempting El_izabeth Tristan, in whom, for upwards of offer; for such it undoubtedly was to a young thirty !ears, h~ found not only an affectionate man in his circumstances, although no human and _faithful wife, but a companion singularly sagacity could then foresee its vast importance. q~ahfied . t? share bis labours and lighten his He was naturally anxious to complete his toils. D1smter~sted and generous as he was, studies, and he had a deep and unaffected sense even to a fa ult, it was ~o her admirable manage­ of his own incompetence, while yet so young ment ~hat not only h1s domestic comfort but and inexperienced. The offer, however, was even hi~ m~ans of assisting others so prof~sely repeated and pressed upon him, when he was owing m no small degree. ' LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 7 6 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEH While at Hull an incident occurred which and serve the Lord Jesus, spending the Sabbath in shows to what an~extent, even thus early in life, prayer and praise, I hear nothing but oaths and he- possessed the art of gaining the _respect and blasphemies. Lord, keep me in the midst of them, and grant that I may neither in word or deed coun­ warm affection of those who knew him, however tenance their wicked practices. slightly. While waiting for the sailing. o~ t~e ship, he was frequently asked to o~ciate m The ship was first ordered to Portsmouth to various churches. One Sunday mornmg, when receive the convicts and thence to Cork to join he was just about to enter the pulpit, a ~ignal­ her convoy. Whilst she lay off Portsmouth, gun was heard; his ship was abo~t to sail, and Mr. Marsden went on shore in the Isle of Wight, it was of course impossible for him to preach. and on Sunday asked and obtained permission Taking his bride ·under his arm, he immediately to preach in the parish church at Brading. His left the church and walked down to the beach; text was, "Be clothed with humility," 1 Peter but he was attended by the whole congregation~ v. 5; and amongst the congregation was a young who, as if by one movement, followed in a body. woman, to whom the ''word'' preached was From the boat into which he stepped he gave ' ' quick and powerful, '' being carried home to hjs parting benedictions,. which they returned her conscience by the Spirit of the living God. with fervent prayers and tender farewells. To that sermon "The Dairyman's Daughter" He now found himself in a new world. What owed her conversion, and the Church of Christ contrast could indeed be greater, or more dis­ her bright example, as depicted by the loving tressing? The calm, though vigorous pursuits heart and pen of Legh Richmond.• Mr. Marsden of Cambridge, and the pious circle of warm in later life became acquainted with the- fact, Christian friends, were at once exchanged for and was often heard to speak of it with grateful the society of felons, and the doubly irksome feelings, which the pious reader can imagine far confinement of a convict-ship. From his better than we can describe. journal, which has been fortunately_ P:eserved, It was not till the 30th of September that the we make the foil owing extracts, ormttmg much fleet in which his ship sailed :finally left Cork. which our space does not permit us to insert:- The war with France was then raging, and her Sunday, 28th August, 1793.-This morning . we tleets were still formidable; so that our mer­ weighed anchor, with a fair wind, and have sailed chantmen only ventured to put to sea in well all the day. How different this Sabbath to what •" Tb" Dalrym&n's Dnm1ht-Or" is ono of three noto.ble tales of village 111• publl~hed by T,eRh Richmond, All wore written from information I have been accustomed to. Once I could meet the OOllNled 4urlnll ,110 vl•lt to th o Isle of Wight. The heroine of "The people of God, and assemble with them i~ the house J>alrnnan•• Da1111htPr" wns Eli,nbetb Wnllbridl(e, to whom the name wo.s -»lied Rhe IIOII hnrfod at Arreton. Th o o,her works of the series are of prayer; but now am deprived of thw valuable -TIMI Yonn11 CotWLIIPr" ,l\nd "Tho Ncero Sorvo.nt." A.11,vore reprinted toanh• 11D4er the tOlo ' Annl\ls of tho Poor," o.nd were translated illto privilege; and instead of living among those who love l'niaoh, IlaUan. German, D&nlsb, nnd Swedish. 8 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 9 considerable numbers, and under the convoy rather hesitated, said he had never seen a religious of a ship of war. sailor, but at length promised to have service the following Sunday. Cork, 30th September.-This morning th~ signal Sunday, 6th October.-The last Sabbath the captain was given by the commodore for all the ships under promised me I should have liberty to perform Divine his convoy to weigh anchor and prepare for sea. Service to-day, but, to my great mortification, he now About nine o'clock the whole fleet was under sail, declines. How unwilling are the ).lDCOnverted to hear which consisted of about forty ships. The wind was anything of divine truth ! very fair, so that we were quickly in the main ocea1:1. I was soon affected by the motion of the vessel; this But Mr. Marsden was not one of those who rendered me quite unfit for any religious duties. Oh! are discouraged by a first repulse. The next how miserable must their state be who have all their Sunday relates his triumph, and from this time, religion to seek when sickness and death come upon Divine Service, whenever the weather allowed, them ! Lord grant that this may never be my case. was statedly performed. Monday, 23rd October.-! have this day been Sunday, 13th.-I arose this morning with a great reading a portion of Dr. Dodd 's '' Frison Thoughts.'' desire to preach to the ship's company, yet did not What an awful instance of human infirmity is here! know how I should be able to accomplish my wish. What need of humility in every situation, but more We were now four ships in company. Our captain especially in the ministerial office ! How needful the had invited the captains belonging to the other three apostle's caution, '' Let him that thinketh he standeth to dine with us to-day. .As soon as they came on board take heed le.st he fall." I mentioned my design to one of them, who imme­ The following entries will be read with pain. diately complied with my wish, and said he would The mercantile marine of England is still mention it to our captain, which he did, and prepara­ capable improvement of religion, tions were made for me to preach. I read ;part of the of in matters Church prayers, and afterwards preached from the but we hope the instances are few in which the third chapter of St. John, the 14th and 15th verses: commander of a first rate merchant vessel "As Mosea lifted up the serpent in the wilderness," would follow the examples they record.• etc. The sailors stood on the main deck, I and the Sunday, 29th September.-How different is this four captains upon the quarter-deck; they were Sabbath from those I have formerly known, when I attentive, and the good effects were apparent during could meet with the great congregation! I long for the remainder of the day. those means and privileges again. ' ' Oh, when shall Thursday, 12th December.-! have been reading of I come and appear before God 1" Yet it is a consola­ the succesR of Mr. Brainerd• among the Indians. How tion to me to believe that I am in the way of my duty. 0 Da'l'ld llnlnord, the celebratod mluionary. The Scottish Sooiet}' for I requested the captain to-day to give me permission ProNattn, Cbrl8'lan Knowlodg~ a.ppointed him m1"slona.ry t;o the North Amerloan Indian•. In 17H he t.ook up his residence nen.r the forks of to perform Divine Service to the ship's company; he Dela_,•-J , In Pennaylvanla, but waa more successfnl amongst fae Indla.ns n ....,.. Probably it""• his .. Account of the Rise a.nd Prosreu of le Work of Grace among a Number of Indian • in New Jersey" • This, of course, is a. comment by the biogra.1>her written a.bout Atty __1'-] -_.llanden WU reading. Brainerd was born in Connecticut in 7ea.rs &go. He refers to a. time a.bout 120 yea.rs h-om the present time, 191S. ~ .... u 1-. 1n 11uoachnset&,, In J'4T. 10 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 11 the Lord owned and blessed his labours to the con­ under circumstances peculiarly distressing, version of the heathen! Nothing is too hard for the '' though both the mother and daughter did Lord. This gives me encouragement under_my present well.'' But the same day the scene brightened ; difficult undertaking. The same power can effect a the perils and privations of the voyage were change upon those hardened ungodly sinners to whom drawing to a close, and they were in sight of I am about to carry the words of eternal life. their future home-that magnificent Australia,. January 1st, 1794.-.A new year. I wish this day to renew my covenant with God, and to give myself dei:itined hereafter to assume, perhaps, a fore­ up to His service more than ever I have done hereto­ most place among the nations of the earth, fore. May my little love be increased, my weak faith though scarcely known to Europe when Mr. strengthened, and hope confirmed." Marsden first stepped upon its shores : and valued only by the British Government as a In this humble yet trustful spirit, Mr. settlement for the refuse of gaols. He thus Marsden entered his new field of labour. On gives utterance to the feelings of a grateful board the ship there were a number of convicts, heart:- whose daring wickedness-in which, indeed, March 2nd.-I shall ever retain a grateful sense of they were countenanced by the whole conduct the mercies received this day, and the deliverances of the captain and his crew-grieved his wrought. The Lord is good, and a stronghold in the righteous soul from day to day; while at the day of trouble, and knows them that fear Him. . . . same time it prepared him, in some measure, As soon as I had the opportunity to go upon deck, I for scenes amidst which his life was to be spent. had the happiness again to behold the land: it was "I am surrounded," he says, "with evil­ a very pleasing sight, as we had not seen it since the disposed persons, thieves, adulterers, and 3rd of December. We came up with the Cape about blasphemers. May God keep me from evil, that noon. I may not be tainted by the evil practices of In a few days, Mr. Marsden had taken up those amongst whom I live. '' His last sermon his abode in the "barracks" of Parramatta, a was preached, "notwithstanding the unwilling­ few miles from Port Jackson, and entered upon ness there was in all on board to hear the word his arduous and toilsome duties as chaplain to of God," from the vision of dry bones (Ezekiel the colony. His first Sunday in Australia is xxxvii.). "I found some liberty, and after­ thus described :- wards more comfort in my own soul. I wish to Saw several persons at work as I went along, to be found faithful at last, and to give up my whom I spoke, and warned them of the evil of account with joy to God.'' Sabbnth-hreaking. My mind was deeply affected with To add to his anxieties, Mrs. Marsden was the wieke1lness I beheld going on. I spoke from the confined on shipboard, in stormy weather, and 6th chapter of Revelation, "Behold the great day of LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL :MARSDEN 13 12 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL :MARSDEN His wrath is come; and who shall be able to stand.'' As I was returning home, a young man followed me into the wood, and told me how he was distressed for the salvation of his soul. He seemed to manifest the CHAPTER II. strongest marks of contrition, and to be truly awakened to a sense of his danger. I hope the Lord will have many souls in this place. The retirement of the senior chaplain left Mr. Marsden in sole charge of the spiritual concerns He had, for a short time, a single associate, of the infant colony. He had now to officiate at in the Rev. P . Johnson, the senior chaplain, the three settlements of Sydney, Parramatta, a good and useful minister, but unequal to the and Hawkesbury without assistance. The difficulties pe'Culiar to his situation. This nature of the population, consisting as it did of · gentleman soon relinquished his appointment, a mass of criminals, rendered his ministerial and returned to England; and thus Mr. labours peculiarly distressing. The state of Marsden was left alone with a charge which morals was utterly depraved; oaths and might have appalled the stoutest heart. ribal~ry, and audacious lying were general; marriage, and the sacred ties of domestic life were almost unknown, and those who from' their station, should have set an exampl~ to the convicts and settlers, encouraged sin in others by the effrontery of their own transgressions. Under discouragement such at;; would have subdued the spirit of most men did he for the long penod. of fourteen years, ' continue ' at his post; cheered it is true with occasional gleams of success, but upon the whole rather a witness against abounding vice than, at present, a successful evangelist. Nor were domestic trials wanting to complete that process of salutary discipline by which "th~ gre_at Shepherd of the Sheep" was pre­ panng his servant for other and wider scenes of lahou:, and for triumphs greater than the Church m these later days had known. His LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 15 14 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN :first-born son, a lovely and promising child opponents wove the calumnies with which they scarcely two years old, was thrown from its harassed the greater portion of his life. mother's arms by a sudden jerk of the gig in He had scarcely arrived at his post when he which they were seated, and killed upon the was appointed a colonial Magistrate. Under spot. It would be impossible to describe the ordinary circumstances, we should condemn in agonised feelings of the mother under such a the strongest manner the union of functions so bereavement, nor were the sorrows of the obviously incompatible as those of the Christian father less profound. He received the tidings, minister and the civil Judge. To use the words together with the body of his lifeless boy, we of a great authority on judicial questions, a are told, with '' calm, and even dignified sub­ recent Lord Chancellor,* "it is the union of two mission," for "he was a man who said little no b]e offices to the detriment of both." Yet it though he felt much." seems in the case before us that the office was forced upon Mr. Marsden, not as a compli­ A second stroke, still more painful, was to mentary distinction, one the follow. Mrs. Marsden, determined not to but as of stern duties of his position as a colonial chaplain, hazard the safety of another child, left her babe who wail bound to maintain the authority of the at home in charge of a domestic while she drove law amidst a population of lawless and . precaution was the occasion out But her very dangerous men. of his death; the little creature strayed into the Port Jackson, or Botany Bay as it was kitchen unobserved, fell backwards into a pan generally called, was then and long afterwards of boiling water, and death followed soon its merely a penal settlement. The Governor was after. Thus early in his ministerial career the ahsolute, and the discipline he enforced was iron entered his own soul, and taught him that perhaps of necessity, harsh and rigid. Resist~ sympathy for the wounded spirit which marked ance to the law and its administrators was of his character through life. ?aily occurrence; life and property were always But from these scenes of private suffering msecure, and even armed rebellion sometimes we must turn aside. The public life and minis­ broke out. If the Government thought it neces­ terial labours of Mr. Marsden require our sary? for the safety of this extraordinary com­ attention; and as we enter upon the review of mumty, to select a minister of the Gospel to fill them we must notice two circumstances which the office of a )fag-istrate, he had no alternative from the very outset of his career exposed him but to submit, or else to resign his chaplaincy to frequent suspicion and obloquy, both in the and _return Home. Mr. Marsden chose to colony and at home, and formed in fact the remarn; moved by the hope of being able to chief materials, so to speak, out of which his 'Lord Brougham. LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 17 16 LIFE AND WORK 01!' SAMUEL MARSDEN infuse something of the spirit of the Gospel into through life; but we mean to do so as seldom as the administration of justice, and to introduce we can, for the subject is painful, and, as few far higher principles than those which he saw men can ever be placed in his circumstances, prevailing amongst the Magistrates themselves. to most of us unprofitable. In both of these objects he succeeded to an Another point on which Mr. Marsden's con­ eminent extent, though not till after the lapse duct has been severely, and yet most unjustly, of years, and a remonstrance carried by hims?lf blamed, is that he was engaged in the cultiva­ in person to the Government at Home. Justice tion of a considerable tract of land. Avarice was dealt even to the greatest criminals more and secularity were roundly charged upon him · fairly, and the bench of Magistrates grew ~t in consequence; for it was his painful lot length ashamed, in the presence of the chaplam through life to be incessantly accused not only of Parramatta, of its own hitherto unabashed of failings of which he was quite guiltless, but licentiousness. But the cost was great. He of those which were the most opposite to his was involved in secular business from day to real character. A more purely disinterested day, and that often of the most painful kind. and unselfish man perhaps never lived. One who His equal-handed justice made him a host of under the constant disturbance of every kind of personal enemies in those whose vices he business and employment, still ''walked'' more punished; and, still more, in those whose "humbly with his God," is not often to be corrupt and partial administration of the law found. Yet the cry once raised against him was rebuked by the example of his integrity. was never,hushed; until at length, having rung In the share he was obliged to take in the civil in his ears through life, as a warning to him, affairs of the colony differences of opinion no doubt, even in his brightest moments of would naturally arise, and angry feelings success, that he should '' cease from man,'' it would, as usual, follow. Of course, he was not was suddenly put to shame at last and buried free from human infirmity; his own temper was with him in his grave. sometimes disturbed. Thus for years, especially The circumstances were these : When he during his early residence in New South Wales, arrived in the colony, in the beginning of 1794 he was in frequent collision with the Magis­ it was yet but six years old. The cultivation of trates and occasionally even with the Governor. land had scarcely begun; it was therefore Agaid and again he would have resigned his dependent on supplies of food from Home, and commission, but was not allowed to do so; was often reduced to the brink of famine. One meanwhile his mind was often distracted and oask of meat was all that the King's Stores his character maligned. To these trials we -oontained when Mr. Marsden first landed on shall be obliged to refer as we trace his steps ihose shores from which the produce of the B 18 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 19 most magnificent flocks and herds the _world it, our feeling is one of shame and sorrow that I has ever pastured was afterwards to be shl:pped. it should ever have been required. He says:- Governor Phillip, as we have _seen, had laid ~he I did not consider myself in the same situation, in foundation of the colony annd scenes of diffi­ a temporal point of view, in this colony as a clergy­ I culty and trial which it is fearful to contem­ man in England. My situation at that period would plate. In September, 1795, Captain Hunt~r bear no such comparison. A clergyman in England arrived and following in the steps of his lives in the very bosom of his friends ; his comforts predec;ssor, exerted hims~ ~ clearing land and conveniences are all within his r each, and he has and brino-ino- it under cultivation. To effect nothing to do but to feed his flock. On the contrary, this he r:ad; a grant to every officer, civil and I entered a country which was in a state of Nature, and was obliged to plant and sow or starve. It was military, of one hundred acres, and al~ow~d not from inclination that my colleague and I took the each thirteen convicts as servants to assis~ lil axe, the spade, and the hoe: we could not, from our bringing it into order. Mr. Marsden availed situation, help ourselves by any other means, and we himself of the grant, and his farm soon thought it no disgrace to labour. St. Paul's own exhibited those marks of superior management hands ministered to his necessities in a cultivated which might have been looked for by all w~o nation, and our hands ministered to our wants in an were acquainted with the ener~ of his uncultivated one. If this be cast upon me as a shame character and his love of rural pursuits. Where and a reproach, I cheerfully bear it, for the remem­ land was to be had on such easy terms, it was brance never gives me any cause of reproach or not to be desired or expected that he should be remorse. limited to the original grant. Monsieur Perron, a commander sent out by He soon possessed an estate of several the French Government to search for the hundred acres-the model farm of New South unfortunate La Perouse who had recently Wales-and let it not be forgotten, the source perished in an exploratory voyage to the islands from whenc~ those supplies were drawn which of the South Pacific•, visited Mr. Marsden's fed the inf ant missions of the Southern Seas, farm in 1802, and records, with the generous while at the same time they helped their admiration his countrymen have never withheld generous owner to support. many a be~evolent from English enterprise and industry his institution in his own parish and neighbour­ astonii:ihment and delight. "No longer,'" he hood. Years afterwards he was induced to ~_!,a P,ehroneP,,ho distinguished Frenob ne.vige.tor, e.nobored in Botany - on o 26th of Je.nue.ry, 1788. He left Bote.ny Be.y in Ma.rob of the print a pamphlet in justification of his co1;1-du~t ~!." 9?°h't '° visit some of the J:'.e.oillc Isle.nde, but nothing furth er we.s liaistO m. Tho mystory of his fa.ta bas never been definitely solved in this as well as other particulars on which it ~\_1a,-::1111ht that Ille two vessels were wrecked e.t the New Hebrides ~ oso ~n hoe.rd wero either drowned or murdered by nativ es. fu was assailed; and as we copy an extract from p ont D Urvlllo, e.notber Frenoh ne.v)go.tor, erected a. monument ~nae on tho Isl&nd of Ve.nlkoro, where, it is believed, the wreck 20 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SA~UEL MARSDEN 21 exclaims, '' than eight years ago, the whole of Gov~r1;1-illent a! Home. The wrongs of the this spot was covered with immense and useless aborig1Il;es, the_1r heathenism and their savage forests; what pains, what exertions· must have state, mth all its attendant miseries and hope­ been em.ployed I These roads, these pastures, less prospe~ts in eternity, sank into his heart; these :fields these harvests, these orchards, and under his care a school arose at Parramatta these flocks,' the work of eight years ! '' And his for t~eir children. The scheme, as we shall admiration of the scene was not greater than explam hereafter, was not Successful. but at his reverence for its own·er, "who," he adds, least it will be admitted "he did well th~t it "while he thus laboured in his various im­ in'' his ''heart.'' was portant avocations was not unmindful of the He was often consulted by the successive interests of others. He generously interfered Governors on que~tions _of difficulty and import­ in behalf of the poorer settlers in their dis­ ance, and ~ave ~s advice with respect, but at tresses established schools for their children, the same time with honest courage. Amusing and often' relieved their necessities; and to the anecdotes are told of some of their interviews unhappy culprits, whom the justice of their A misunde~standing . had occurred betwee~ offended country had banished from their Governor Kmg and him, which did not, how­ native soil, he administered alternately exhorta- eve:, prevent the Governor from asking his tion ancl com.fort.'' advice. Mr. Marsden was allowed to make h·s Indeed, it would be no easy task to enumerate . own terms, ~hich were that he should consid;r all the schemes of social, moral, and spiritual Governor Kmg ~s a private individual, -and as enterprise upon which Mr. Marsden was now such address him. Much to his credit, the em.ployed, and into all qf which he appears to Governor consented. Mr. Marsden then locked have thrown a force and energy generally the ~oor, and in plain and forcible terms reserved, even by the zealous philanthropist, expla~ned to "Captain" King the faults h for some one favoured project. Thus the conceivedt' of "Governor" Km· g's a dmin'1s ~st ra- e state of the fem.ale convicts, at a very early 1on. They . separated on the most friendly period, especially attracted his attention. Their t~rms ;_ and if we admire the courage of the for lorn condition, their frightful immoralities c aplarn, we must not overlook the self­ -the almost necessary consequence of the gross c01_nrnand and forbearance of . the Governor. neglect which exposed them to temptation, _or With a dash of eccentricity, the affair was rather thrust them into sin-pressed heavily honourable to both parties. upon him and formed the subject of many Another instance of Mr. Marsden's ready solemn re~onstrances, :first to the authorities :ctand s~lf-possession may be mentioned. abroad, and, when these were unheeded, to the overnor Kmg, who possessed, by virtue of his LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 22 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 23 office, the most absolute power, wa_,s not only 1802.' ,,. Foremost in the literature of another eccentric, but also somewhat cholenc. On one generation will stand those treasures which occasion, when Mr. Marsden was present, a slumber, for the most part unvalued and undis­ violent dispute arose between the Governor turbed, on the shelves of our missionary houses. and the Commissary-general. Mr. Mar~den For men will surely one day inquire with an not being at liberty to leave the room! retired interest similar to that with which w~ read of to a window, determined not to be a_wit~ess of the conversion of Britain in the dim light of the coming storm. The Govern.or, m his hea_,t, Ingulphus and the Saxon Chronicle, or the pushed or collared the Commissary, who 1;11 Venerable Bede, how distant islands were first

return, pushed or struck t~e Governor. His evangelised, and through what sorrowsl errors l Excellency indignant at the msult, called to the and reverses, the first missionary fought his chaplain "Dol you see that, sir,• di ll "Ind. ee d , way to victory in continents and islands of the sir " re~lied Mr. Marsden, "I see nothing/' Southern Hemisphere. And of these the docu­ dw'elling with jocular emphasis o~ the _word ment which now lies before us will b~ esteemed ''see.'' Thus good humour was immediately as inferior to none in calm and practical restored and the grave and even treasonable wisdom, in piety, or in ardent zeal tempered offence ~f striking the represen.~tive ?f the with discretion. State was forgotten. These trifli1:g _circum­ The circumstances which called it forth were stances are worth relating, not only m illustra­ these. The Tahitian mission, the first great tion of Mr. Marsden's character, but of the ~ffort of the London Missionary Society, and history of the earlier days of the colony. mdeed the first Protestant mission, with But graver duties had already devolved upon perhaps one exception,t to savage tribes had him. .Amongst the unpublished manuscr~pts of hitherto disappointed the sanguine expect~tions the London Missionary Society . there 1s ~ne of its promoters. We trust we shall not be document of singular interest m connec:1on thought to make a display of that cheap wisdom with the name of Samuel Marsden. It is a which consists in blaming the failures of which

memorandum of seventeen folio yages on t~~ the C'auses were not seen until the catastrophe state and prospects of their missions to Tahiti had ~ccurred, if we say that, great and truly and the islands in the South Seas, dated "Par­ !llaR"mfi<'entas the project was, it carried within rama tta 30th January, 1801," and "read itself the elements of its own humiliation. The

before the Committee'' in London-such was 0 111:~\j~:J)~b~~~~:mrabto~red tha.t ~hbob iogra.pher wrot e fifty yea.rs 1180, a.nd 0 1s more , a.n 100 yen.rs a.go. the slow, uncertain communication ~o/ y~ars th lb~M t' o Mora vinns to L &bmdor. The Weslei·ans bnd a. mission in ago with a colony now brought within six~ lonll h:7t t'{;•li"" RUtl th ~ Snc!_nb f'?r tbe P rop&11&tion of the Gospel b ad werem i•sio~~ai',\\1i~; lt°1 Dta.meb m•••lons a.t Mala.bar. Rut none of these days' sail of England- '' on the 19th of April, • r o sense, a.mong 81\V&ges. (Note by tbe biogra.pber.) LIFE A.ND WORK OF SAMUEL MABSDEN 25 24 LI.FE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN faith and zeal of its founders were beyond all despair had almost resolved to abandon the human praise; but in the wisdom which re~ults station, the work of God appeared in the con­ from experience, they were of course deficient. version of the king of Tahiti · and with a '' To attempt great things, and to expect_ great. rapidity ~o b~ compared only to the long, cheer­ things,'' was their ~otto ; but they ~id not less, penod m which they had ''laboured in appreciate the difficulties of the enterprise; nor v3:in,_and _spent their strength for nought,'' the did they duly estimate the dep~h of the nnssionanes beheld not only Tahiti 1 but the depravity of the savage heart and mmd. adjacent islands, transformed into Christian Dr. Haweis, a London clergyman of great lands. piety and note in those day~, :preached ~efore It was in the midst of these disasters that the Society when the first nnssionar_y ship, t~e Mr. Marsden was consulted, and wrote the Duff, was about to sail. He d~scnbed to his memorandum ·to which we have ref erred. If in delighted audience the ro;°lan~ic . beauty and some places he seems to lay too great stress grandeur of the islands which lie like emeralds upon what may appear to the reader prudential ~pon the calm bosom. of th~ Southern ?cean, considerations of inferior importance let us and anticipated their immediate conversio1;1 as remind him that on these very points the mis­ soon as they should hear the first glad tidmgs sionaries had betrayed their weakness. Their of the gospel. The ship sailed from the To~er own quarrels, and even the grQss misconduct of wharf with flags flying and banners streammg, some f e'w amongst them, were not less painful as if 'returning from a triumph, amidst the to the Church at Home than their want of cheers of the spectators. Amongst the crowd success. there stood a venerable minister of Christ, We make a few extracts:- leaning upon the arm of a veteran b:J.the service The first and principal object for the consideration of his Lord. .As they turned slowly away from of the dfrectors is to select men properly qualified for the exciting scene, the aged minister mournfully the mission; unless persons equal to the task are sent exclaimed, "1 am afraid it will not succeed: out nothing can be done. It may be asked, who are there is too much of man in it.',. His words ~roper persons, and what are the r equisite qualifica­ were prophetic; for nearly twenty years no tions 1 To the question I would reply in general success followed, but one sweeping tide of dis­ t~rms. .A missionary should be a man of real sound appointment and disaster; till, at length, wh~n, piety, and well acquainted with the depravity of the humbled and dejected, about 1814, the mis­ human heart, as well as experimental religion • he sionaries, as well as the Society at Home, in should not be a novice; he should not only be a ~ood ~an in the strictest sense of the word, but also well •The elder ono w&s the Rov. S&muel Br&dboru. tbe friend &nd """°wi&~ of Wesley . .. The youn:ier minister" was tbe Rev. G. ?.l&rsden, e. pres en mformed, not taken from the dregs of the common of the Wesley&n Conference. 26 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 27 people, but possessed of some education, and liberal danger from Europe, or accomplishing in the smallest sentiments. He should rather be of a lively active degree the object of the mission. Yet this must and turn of mind than gloomy and heavy. A gloomy will be the case, unless the missionaries are furnished ignorant clown will be disgusting even to savages, and with. the means of self-defence, and are able to excite their contempt. The more easy and affable a convmce the natives of their superiority in point of missionary is in his address, the more easily will he skill and protection. obtain the confidence and good opinion of the heathen. Mr. Marsden continued to be through life the / In my opinion a man of a melancholy habit is co~dential adviser of the London Missionary altogether unqualified for a missionary ; he will never Society, and the warm friend and, they be able to sustain the hardships attending his situa­ as tion, nay, he will magnify his dangers and difficulties passed to and fro upon their voyages, the kind and make them greater than what in reality they may host of its missionaries. be. A missionary, were I to define his character, His character was now established. The should be a pious good man, should be well acquainted colony was rapidly increasing in importance; with manJdnd, should possess some education, should and yet n_o_change had been made in its govern­ be easy in address, and of an active turn. Some of ment, which was still committed to the absolute the missionaries who have come to this colony are the direction of a single mind, that of the colonial opposite character to the above. They are totally Governor. He, too, was a military officer, and ignorant of mankind, they possess no education, they not always one of high position and large are clowns in their manners. If the directors are capacity, or even of the purest morals; for by determined to establish a mission in these islands such men the governorship his Majesty's there is another object to be attended to ; they must of send out a sufficient body and furnish them with the territory in New South Wales would have then means of self-defence. Unless the missionaries are been disdained. Mr. Marsden had done able to protect themselves from the violence of the much, but much more remained to be done. natives, they will be in constant danger of being cut There were mischiefs that lay far beyond his off by them. Their lives, if unprotected by their own r_each, and spurned control. On the first estab­ strength, will hang sometimes perhaps upon the fate lishment ?f the colony all the military officers of a single battle between..two contending chiefs. Can were forbidden to take their wives with them­ any idea be more distressing than for the lives of a the G?vernor and chaplains were the only few defenceless missionaries to depend upon the except10ns-and there is one instance of a lady sudden whim or turn of an enraged savage, without whose love for her husband led her to steal the means of self-defence? See them driven, in order across the ocean in the disguise of a sailor, and to escape the savage fury of the natives, into holes and caverns of the rocks, suffering every hardship wh? ~as ~ctually sent Home again by Governor that Nature can bear from hunger, toil, and anxiety, Plnlhp mthout being permitted to land. Our without so much as the prospect of relief in time of readers may anticipate the consequences which 28 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 29 followed in an almost general licentiousness. offices, and other principal inhabitants of the The most abandoned females often appeared large and extensive settlements of Hawkesbury, fearlessly before the Magistrates, well knowing Nepean, and Portland-Head, and adjacent parts that they would have impunity even for the of New South Wales,'' conveying '' their greatest crimes; and male offenders used their grateful thanks for his pious, humane, and influence to obtain a judgment in their favour. exempla~ conduct throughout this whole Expostulation, remonstrance, and entreaty Mr. colony, rn the various and arduous situations Marsden had tried in vain. '' Of all existing held by him as a minister of the Gospel superin­ spots in New South Wales the court of judica­ tendent TI?-agistrate, inspector of publi~, orphan, ture at Sydney," it was publicly affirmed, "was and charity schools, and in other offices.'' the most iniquitous and abandoned''; and at They thank him too for "his attention and length a rebellious spirit broke out, and the care~ in the improvement of stock, agriculture, authority of the Governor, even in his military and rn all other beneficial and useful arts for capacity, was at an end. the g~ne_ral good of the colony, and fo; his The efforts of the faithful,chaplain were now unrem1ttmg exertions for its prosperity " and thwarted at the fountain head, and his life was c?~clude: "Your sanctity, philanthrop;, and not unfrequently in danger. Mr. Marsden's d1smterestedness of character will ever remain sagacity fastened the conviction on his mind an example to future ministers; and that God, that a crisis was at hand, which could only be whom we serve, may pour down his blessings averted by the interference of the Government upon 7ou and yours to the latest posterity is at Home. He there£ore asked for and obtained the smcere prayer of those who sign this permission to revisit England. His fears were address.'' just; he had already assisted in quelling one rebellion, and another of a more serious nature broke out soon after he embarked, which drove the Governor from the colony, and ended in his recall, and the establishment of a new order of things. The spiritual fruit of Mr. Marsden 's labours had not yet been great, but already the foundations had been laid for extensive useful­ ness. On the eve of his departure, he was presented with a gratifying address, bearing the signatures of three hundred and two persons, '' the holders of landed estates, public LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 31 30 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN Castlere:=igh, the Colonial Minister, was quick to p~rceive the value of such an adviser on the affairs of ~ustralia as Mr. Marsden, and CHAPTER III. encouraged him to place before the Government a full statement of his views . . Seldom has it happened to a private indi­ Mr. Marsden returned Home in His Majesty's v1d1;1-alto be_ charged with weightier or more ship Buffalo, after an absence of fourteen !ar1o~s affairs, never perhaps with schemes years. On the voyage he had one of those hair­ mvolvmg more magnificent results. As the breadth deliverances in which devout Christians obscure chaplain from Botany Bay paced the recognise the hand of God. The Buffalo was Strand from the Colonial Office at Whitehall to leaky when she sailed, and a heavy gale threat­ the chaID;hers in the city where a few pious men ening, it was proposed that the passengers were laymg plans for Christian missions in the should quit the ship and take refuge in a S~uthern. Hemisphere, he was, in fact, charged stauncher vessel which formed one of the fleet. with proJects upon which not only the civiliza­ Mr. Marsden objected, Mrs. Marsden being tion, but also the eternal welfare of future nations, was suspended. unwilling to leave Mrs. King, the wife of Governor King, who was returning in the same Nor was h? unconscious of the greatness of vessel, and who was at the time an invalid. In the task. With a total absence of romance or the night, the expected storm came on. In the ~nth~sia~m-for his mind was wanting in the morning, the eyes of all on board the crazy tmagmative faculty on which enthusiasm feeds Buffalo were strained in vain to discover their -he was yet fully alive to the possible conse- companion. She was never heard of more, and 9uences of bis visit to his native shores and no doubt had foundered in the hurricane. 1nte~sely interested in his work. He aim~d at On hi.s arrival in London he waited on the nothing less t:ian to see Australia a great Under Secretary of State to report his return, country; an~ with a yet firmer faith, he expected and learned from him that his worst fears had the convers10n of the cannibal tribes of New been realised, and that the colony was already ~ealand and the Society Islands; and this at a in a state of open insurrection, headed by the h~e when even statesmen had only learned to "New South Wales Corps," who were leagued thmk of New South Wales as a national prison with several of the wealthier traders. The and when the conversion of New Zealander~ insurrection, however, was suppressed, and wa~ r:garded as a hopeless task, even by the Lieutenant-colonel Macquarie was sent out with tna,1ority of Christian men and treated by the his regiment to assume the government. Lord world with indifference or s~orn. In fact, during LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 32 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL :MARSDEN 33 this short vi~it he may be said to have Amongst the convicts, he had observed the planned perhaps unconsciously, the labours of greater number were acquainted with ~ome his whole life and to· have laid the foundation branch of mechanics or manufactures; at for all the g'ood of which he was to be the present, they were unemployed, or occupied m labour for which they were unfit and which instrument. Let us :first turn to the efforts he made for was therefore irksome to themselve~ and of no the settlements in New South w_ales. T~e advantage to the colony. He therefore sug­ improvement of the co?-vict poJ?ulatio~ was hrs gested that .one or two practical mechanics with primary object, and his more immediate duty. small salaries, and one or two general manu­ He had observed that by far the greater factl~rers, should be sent out to instruct the number of reformed criminals cons~sted of those ?onv1cts. Bu.there a serious obstacle presented who had intermarried, or whose wives had been 1t_s~l~;for th1~ was the age of commercial pro­ able to purchase their passag~ o~er,. and he h1b1trons, and 1t was objected that the manufac­ suggested that those of the convicts wives who turers of the Mother Country would be injured chose to do so should be permitted to accompal).y by such a step. Mr. Marsden met the objection their husbands even at the public expense. at once. If the Government would but accede This was refused, and it was alm~st the _only to the proposal, "he would undertake that the pojnt upon which his representations failed; enormous expense at which the country was but, as a compromise, the. wives of the officers f~r :lothing th~ convicts should entirely cease and soldiers were pernntted to accompany w1thm a certam period." The wool of the their husbands and not less than three hundred Government flocks and the flesh of the wild immediately w~nt with a single regiment. cattle were .already sufficient to provide both To encourage honesty and industry he recom­ food and rarment for the convicts without any mended not only remission of the sentence to expense to the :paren.t State, and all he prayed the well conducted convict, but a grant of land for was the opportumty of turning those advan­ to a certain extent, with which the Governm~nt tages to the best account. These :reque·sts were complied. But he had no weak and fool~sh granted, and on .the same night, and at his own sympathy with crime, and long after th~ period cost, he set. off. by the mail for• Warwickshire at which we are now writing, he contmue~ to and y orkshrre m search of four artisans and incur the hatred of a certain class by protestmg, manufacturers, who were soon upon their way as he never ceased to do, against the monstrous to the scene ~f their future operations. . impropriety of placing men, however wealthy, The vast importance of Australia as the who bad themselves been convicts, on the source upon which the English manufacturer must at some future day depend ~or his-supplies Magisterial Bench. . C 34 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL :MARSDEN . LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 35

PIOUS mmISter.•• I am •t· of wool had already occupied·his thoughts. He th"is morning, and I ho wr1h mg . t o .h. un on the subject found that within three years his own stock, On Sunday I stood . pethe will soon follow us. f on e long b without any care on his part-for his farm was rom Ezekiel xviii., 27. "Wh oat and preached.. entirely managed in his absence by a trusty turneth away '' etc It . en the wicked man bailiff who had been a convict-had upon an th e convicts· were' affected· was Wa solemn. t·Ime, many of average been doubled in number and value. Psalm in the midst of i e sang the Hundredth With the energy which was natural to him, he souls on board is more ~a arr fleet. The number of carried some of his own wool to Leeds, where be gracious to some of th n our hundred. God may he had it manufactured, and he had the satis­ country and friends th em; though exiled from their faction to learn that it was considered equal, if foreign land, when the ~ ma~ cry unto Him in a not superior, to that of Saxony or France. His hang their harps upo.: th me _like the Jews of old to they remember Zion or r:thwillows, and weep when private letters abou'Ild with intimations that England.• ' er when they remember before long Australia must become the great wool-producing country to which the English The spiritual wants ~f h forgotten. He induced th tGe colony were not man acturer would look. uf out three additional ~ overnment to send He was introduced to King George the Third, ~choolmasters ; and ha c_ergymen and three and took the liberty, through Sir Joseph Banks, mtrusted to his own . ily the sele~tion was of praying for a couple of Merino sheep, His if the school of Venn a~d ~ent. A disciple in Majesty's property, to improve the breed; and the ordinances of th h ilner, he knew that his last letter from England, dated from the tered by a moral a:d c ~ch, though adminis­ Cowes Roads, mentions their reception on zealous philanthropist virtuous man, or by a board. We anticipate a little, but must quote sough! for men who w;re~~re not e~ough. He the letter, if only to let the reader see how of their minds". wh tt renewed m the spirit possible it is to be at once diligent in business course when th;y ~du ered _no mere words of and fervent in spirit:- they "believed the!.:~l at their ordination that We are this moment getting under weigh, and soon Roly Ghost." ves moved thereto by the expect to be upon the ocean. I have received a present But here again h" of five Spanish sheep from the king's flock, which m~n of such a stam is;ask was difficult; clergy- are all on board; if I am so fortunate as to get them m1ssionary enterprls ere but few; the spirit of out they will be a most valual;>le acquisition to the to say the truth th e was almost unfelt. and at h , ere was · • ' , colony. I leave England with much satisfaction, I ome, dark and b b a nnss10nary field having obtained so fully the object of my mission. or the few such labar arous, and far too wide It is the good hand of our God that hath done these • ourers of thi·s cl ass whom :things for us. I have the prospect of getting another To Mr, Avison Terry, Hqn. 36 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL. MARSDEN LIFE AND WO~K OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 37 the Lord had yet '' sent forth into his harvest.'' picture he draws of their immorality and Mr. Marsden, however, nothing daunted, went ~etchedness . "When I returned to England from parish to parish till he met with two m 1807''' he says, '' there were upwards of admirable men the Rev. Mr. Cowper and the fourteen hundred women in the colony ; more Rev. Robert 'Cartwright, who, with the~r than on_~ thousand were unmarried, and nearly famHies, accompanied him on his return. His all convicts : many of them were exposed to the choice was eminently successful. In a short most _dangerous temptations, privations and account of Mr. Marsden, published in Australia su:ffe:mgs; and no suitable asylum had been in 1844, they are spoken of as still living, pious provi~ed for the female convicts since the and exemplary clergymen, the fathers of establishment of the colony. On my arrival in families occupying some of the most important London in 1808, I drew up two memorials on posts in the colony, aD:d, "no~wit~stand~~g t~;~r their behalf, stating how much they suffered advancing years and mcreasmg mfirm1ti~s, 1t fro~ want ?f a proper barrack- a building for ' is added, '' there are few young men m the their reception. One of these memorials I pre­ colony so zealous in preaching the Gospel, and sented to t~e Under Secretary of State, and the in promoting the interests of the Church of other to his Grace the Archbishop of Canter­ England.'' The schoolmasters, too, we believe, bury. They both expressed their readiness to did honour to his choice. He had already promote the object.'' Years, however, passed established two public free-schools for children before the consent of the colonial Governor of both sexes, and he was now able to impart could_be gained; and Mr. Marsden 's benevolent the elements of a pious education, and tp train exertions on behalf of these outcast women them in habits of industry and virtue. Into all were for some time frustrated. these plans the Archbishop . of Canterbury The variety of his engagements at this time cord.ially entered, and wisely and liberally left was equal to their importance. He had it to the able founder to select his agents and retu~ne~. Home charged with an almost infinite associates. multiphc1ty of business. He was the agent of Mr. Marsden likewise urged upon the Home almost every poor person in the colony who Administration the necessity for a Female ~d, or thought he had, important business at Penitentiary; and obtained a promise that a f ome. Penny-postages lay in the same dim building should be provided. That he was n_ture as electric telegraphs and steam­ deeply alive to the importance of an institution ~ngates, and he was often burdened with letters of this kind is manifest in his own description ron:i Ireland and other remote parts-so wrote of the- state of the female prisoners in the ~_fnend, wh? pub!ished at the time a sketch of earlier vears of the colony, and the deplorable is proceedmgs m the Eclectic Review-the LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 39 38 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN postage of which, for a single day, h~s amounted him the exclusive honour of being the only one to a guinea, which he cheerfully paid, from the although we believe he was, in point of time; feeling that although many of these letters the ~r~t who began, about this period, to project were of no u~e whatever, they were written with a nnsswn to New Zealand. The W esleyans were a good intention, and under a belief that they early in the same field. The Rev. Samuel Leigh, were of real value. He had already been a man whose history and natural character bore saluted, like the Roman generals of old, with th,e a marked resemblance to those of Mr. Marsden, title of common father of his adopted country; was the pioneer of Methodism, and proved and one of his last acts before he quitted himself a worthy herald of the cross amongst England was to procure, by public contributions the New Zealanders. A warm friendship existed and donations of books, "what he called a between the two. On his passage homewards lending library"-so writes the review?r,* and he was a guest at Parramatta; and no tinge of the expression. seems to have amused hrm from jealousy ever appears to have shaded their its novelty-'' consisting of books on religion, intercourse, each rejoicing in the triumphs of morals, mechanics, agriculture,. and general the other. Still Mr. Marsden 's position afforded historv to be lent out under his own control him peculiar facilities, and having once under­ and th~t of his colleagues, to soldiers, free taken it, the superintendence of the New Zealand settlers convicts and others who had time to mission became, without design on his part the read.'' ' In this, too, ' he succeeded, and took over. great business of his life. ' with him a library of the value of between £300 He had formed a high-we do not think an and £400. exaggerated- estimate of the Maori tribes. It was dur.ing this two years' visit to his "They are a noble race," he writes to his friend native land that Mr. Marsden laid the f ounda­ Mr. John Terry, of Hull, '' vastly superior ~ tion of the Church of England Mission to New understanding to anything you can imagine in Zealand. In its consequences, civil and reli­ a savage nation.'' This was before the mission gious, this has already proved one of the most was begun. But he did not speak merely from extraordinary and most successful of those hearsay. Several of their chiefs and enter- \_ achievements which are the glory of the prising warriors had visited Australia and Churches in these later times. This was the they ever- found a welcome at the hos~itable great enterprise of his life; he will be remem­ parsonage at Parramatta. Sometimes, it is bered while the Church on earth endures as the true, ~hey were but awkward guests, as the apostle of New Zealand. Not that we claim for followmg anecdote will show, which we present to the reader, as it has been kindly furnished "Eclectic Review, vol. v., vv. llf;lS-995. LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 41 40 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN to us, in the words of one of Mr. Marsden's of the Gospel but civilization." . . . "The missionaries," he thought, "might employ a daughters: certain portion of their time in manual labour, My· father had sometimes as many as thirty New and that this neither would nor ought to prevent Zealanders staying at the parsonage. He poss~ed them from constantly endeavouring to instruct extraordinary influence over them. On one occas10n, the natives in the great doctrines of the a young lad, the nephew of a chief, died, ~d his uncle Gospel.'' . . '' The arts and religion should immediately made preparations to sacrifice a slave go together. I do not mean a native should to attend his spirit into the other world. My father was from home at the moment, and our family were learn to build a hut or make an axe before he only able to preserve the life of the young New should he told anything of man's fall and re­ Zealander by hiding him in one of the rooms. · Mr. demption, but that these grand subjects should Marsden no sooner returned and reasoned with the be introduced at every favourable opportunity, chief, than he consented to spare his life. No further while the natives are learning any of the simple attempt was made upon it, though the uncle _frequently arts." He adds that "four qualifications are deplored that his nephew had no attendant m the next absolutely necessary for a missionary-piety, world and seemed afraid to return to New Zealand, industry, prudence, and patience. Without lest the father of the young man should reproach him sound piety, nothing can be expected. A man for having given up this, to them, important point. must feel a lively interest in the eternal welfare The Church Missionary Society, which now of the heathen to spur him on to the discharge had been established about seven years, seemed of his duty.'' On the three other qualifications fully disposed to co-operate with hi~; and at he enlarges with great wisdom and practical their request he drew up a memorial on the good sense. subject of a New Zealand mission, not less It is no dishonour done to Mr. Marsden if we important than that we have already mentioned say that, in mature spiritual wisdom, the vener­ to the London Missionary Society on the sub­ able men who had founded the Church Mis­ ject of their Polynesian missions. He still lays sionary Society, and still managed its affairs, great stress upon the necessity for civilization were at this time his superiors. Strange going :first as the pioneer of the gospel, '' com­ indeed it would have been had the case been merce and the arts having a natural tendency otherwise. They listened gracefully and with to inculcate industrious and moral habits, open deep respect to the opinion of one so well a way for the introduction of the Gospel, and entitled to advise; they determined on the lay the foundation for its continuance when mission, and they gave a high proof of their once received." ". . . . . Nothing, in my confidence, both in the practical wisdom and opinion, can pave the way for the introduction sterling piety of their friend, in consulting him 42 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 43 in the choice of their first agents. But they did Zealand, is to introduce the knowledge of Christ not adopt his views with regard to the import­ among the natives, and, in order to this, the arts ance of civilization as the necessary pioneer to of civilized life. '' the Gospel. So long ago as the year 1815, they Then after directing Messrs. Hall and King thought it necessary to publish a statement of "to respect the Sabbath Day," to "establish the principles upon which their mission was family worship,'' at any favourable oppor­ established. "It has been stated," they say, tunity to '' converse with the natives on the "that the mission was origin~lly established, great subject of religion,'' and to '' instruct and for a long time systematically conducted, thefr children in the knowledge of Chris­ on the principle of first civilizing and then tianity," the instructions add: "Thus in your cp.ristiani.zing the natives. This is wholly a religious conduct you must observe the Sabbath mistake. . The agents employed ip establishing and keep it holy, attend regularly to family the mission were laymen, because clergymen worship, talk to the natives about religion when could not be had; and the instructions given to you walk by the way, when you labour in the them. necessarily correspond with their lay field, and on all occasions when you can gain character. The foremost object of the mission their attention, and lay yourselves out for the has, from the first, been to bring the natives, by education of the young.'' the use of all suitable means, under the saving Mr. Thomas Kendall followed; a third lay­ influences of the grace of the Gospel, adding man, for no ordained clergyman of the Church indeed the communication to them of such of England could yet be found·. The same useful arts and knowledge as might impro:ve instructions were repeated, and in December, their soci.a] condition.'' 1815, when the Rev. John Butler, their ··first The committee's instructions to their first clerical missionary, entered on his labours in agents in the mission abundantly sustain these New Zealand, he and his companions were assertions. Mr. William Hall and Mr. John exhorted thus: "The committee would observe King ··were the two single-hearted" laymen to that they wish, in all the missions of the Society, whom, in the providence of God, the distin­ that the missionaries should give their time as guished honour was committed of first making much as possible, and wholly if -practicable, first l"Tiown the G,0spel in New Zealand. They bore to the acquisition of the native language, and with them these instructions, before · they then to the constant and faithful preaching to embarked in the same vessel in which their the natives." It is subsequently added: "Do friend and guide,Mr. Marsden,himself returned not mistake civilization forconversion . Do not to Australia: "Ever bear in mind that the only imagine when heathens are raised in intellect object' of the Society, in sendiJ?.g you to New in the knowledge of the arts and outward LIFE AND WOBK OF SAMUEL MABSDEN 45 44 LIFB AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN with Mr. Marsden,had long professed Socinian* decencies, about their fellow-countrymen, that principles, but of these had recently begun to. they are Christians, and therefore rest content doubt, while he had not yet embraced the as if your proper work were accomplished. Our Gospel of Christ so as to derive either comfort great aim is far higher; it is to make them or strength from it. He was anxious and children of God and heirs of his glory. Let this inquiring; his father had been an orthodox be your desire, and prayer, and labour among dissenting minister, and he himself a constant them. And while you rejoice in communicating student and indeed a critical expositor of the every other good, think little or nothing done Bible. He had published a translation of the till you see those who were dead in trespasses book of ,Job, with notes, and also a translation and sins quickened together with Christ.'' of Solomon's Song of Songs. He saw in the These passages fully exhibit the views of the latter '' a sublime and mystic allegory, and in committee of this evangelical Society with the f ormcr a poem, than which nothing can be regard not only to the New Zealand, but also purer in its morality, nothing sublimer in its to all their other missions. philosophy, nothing more majestic in its creed.'' Before he left England, Mr. Marsden formed He had given beautiful translations of many of or renewed an acquaintance with many great the Psalms; but with all this he had not yet and good men, Mr. Wilberforce, Sir George perceived that Christ is the great theme of the Grey/ the Rev. Daniel Wilson (Bishop of Old Testament, not did he understand the Calcutta), the Rev. Charles Simeon, the Rey. salvation of which '' David ip. the Psalms, and Josiah Pratt, Dr. Olinthus Gregory, and others all the prophets,'' as well as Job the patriarch whose names are dear to the Church of Christ. "did speak." His introduction to Mr. Marsden, But we must particularly notice the friendship in sueh a state of mind, was surely providen­ which he formed with Dr. Mason Good as pro­ tial. He saw, and wondered at, his self-denial; ductive of the highest blessings to his friend, he admired the true sublimity of his humble, and of much advantage to himself. unassuming, but unquestionable and active The life of this excellent and accomplished piety. "The first time I saw Mr. Marsden," person was published by Dr. Olinthus Gregory, says Dr. Gregory, "was in January, 1808; he soon after his death, in 1828. He tells us that had just returned from Hull, and had travelled Dr. Mason Good, when he became acquainted • The S~oi.n.i&n doctr_in"'!, somewhat modified, now a.re populo.rly known * Sir George Grey was a grandson of the first Earl Grey. Hie J?'Otber :wa.e as Unltar,a.nism. Unitaria.ns were not gra.nted full toleration in England a la.dy of strong religious convictions, and from her be lea.rnt a simple piety unUl 1813, about five years after the time referred to in this passage by the which moulded bis cbara.oter and accompanied him tbrou~bo.ut a l

~ Gospel will take root there, and spread amongst the Zealand coast for above five months and then heathen nations to the glory of His grace. sailed f ?r Port Jackson, the modern Sydney of I have the honour to be, dear madam, Australia, Duaterra sailing with her. Duaterra Yours in every Christian bond, had been six months on board, working in SAMUEL MARSDEN. general as. a. co~mo~ sailor, and passionately The ship Ann, in which he sailed, by order fond of .this rovmg hfe. He then experienced of the Government, for New South Wales, had that unkmdness and foul play of which the New been some time at sea before Mr. Marsden Zealander has always had sad reason to com­ observed on the forecastle, amongst the common plain.• He was left on shore without a friend sailors, a man whose darker skin and·wretched and without the slightest remuneration. appearance awakened his sympathy. The man He now shipped himself on board the Albio'll was wrapped in an old great coat, was very whaler, Captain Richardson, whose name sick and weak, and had a violent cough, accom­ d~serves honourable mention; he behaved very panied with profuse bleeding. He was much kindly to Duaterra, repaid him for his services dejected, and appeared as though a few days in various European articles and after six would close his life. This was Duaterra,• a month~' cruising on the :fishe;ies, put him on New Zealand chief, whose· story, as related shore m the Bay of Islands, where his tribe by Mr. Marsden himself, is almost too strange dwelt. Here he remained six months when' the for fiction. And as ·,' this young chief became,'' Santa Anna anchored in the bay, on her way to as he te1ls us, '' one of the principal instruments Nor~olk Island and other islets of the South in preparing the way for the introduction of the Sea m quest of seal sldns. arts of civilization and the knowledge of The restless Duaterra again embarked; he Christianity into his native country," a brief was put on shore on Norfolk Island at the head sketch of h:is marvellous adventures will not of a party of fourteen sailors, provided with a · be out of place. very. ~canty supply of water, bread, and salt When the existence of New Zealand was yet prov1s~ons, to kill seals, while the ship sailed, scarcely known to Europeans, it was occasion­ mtendmg to be absent but a short time, to ·auy visited by a South Sea whaler distressed ,,;,i•1=l:,!';"~:!t:i,;,ir~~:~J ;"~':i~:! ~~lfshed, the M~orls were trea.ted 'Ruatare.. The biogra.pher's spelling of \he na.me ha.s been main"'1ned throughout. · D LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MABSDEN 50 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 51 procure potatoes and pork in New Zealand.. On permitted to go on shore. In about fifteen days her return she was blown off the coast m a the vessel had discharged her cargo, when the storm and did not make the land for a month. captain told him that he should put him on The ~ealing party were now in the great~st board the Ann, which had been taken up by -distress, and accustomed as he was to hards~ip, Government to convey convicts to New South Duaterra often spoke of the extreme su~ermg Wales. The Ann had already dropped down which he and his party had endured~ while, for to Gravesend, and Duaterra asked the master upwards of three months, they existed on a of the Santa Anna for some wages and clothing. desert island with no other food than seals and He refused to give him _any, telling him that the sea fowls, and no water except when a _shower owners at Port Jackson would pay him in two of rain happened to fall. Three of. ~s c~m­ muskets for his services on his arrival there; panions, two Europeans and one Tahitian, 'died but even these he never received. under these distresses. . Mr. Marsden was at this time in London At length the Santa Anna· returned~ havmg quite ignorant of the fact that the son of a Ne; procured a valuable cargo of seal skins, and Zealand chief, in circumstances so pitiable, lay prepared to tak~ her · depart~re home~ar.ds. on board a South Sea whaler near London Duaterra had now an opportumty of _gratifymg bridge. Their first meeting was on board the an ardent desire he had for some time enter­ Ann, as we have stated, when she had been tained of visiting that remote country from some days at sea. His sympathies were at ·once which so many vast ships were sent, and to see roused, and his indignation, too; for it was with his own- eyes . the great chief of so always ill for the oppressor when he fell within wonderful a people. He willingly risked the the power of his stern rebuke. voyage, as a common sailor,· to visit England '' I inquired,'' he says, '' of the master where and see King George. . . he met with him, and also of Duaterra what had The Santa Anna arrived m the river Thames brought him to England, and how he came to be about ,July, 1809, and Duaterra now: reques~ed so wretched and miserable. He told me that the that the captain would make good ~is promise, hardships and wrongs which he had endured and indulge him with at least a sight of t~e on board the Santa Anna were exceedingly king. Again he had a sad proof_ of the per­ great, and that the English sailors had beaten fidiousness of Europeans. Sometimes he ~as him very much, which was the cause of his told that no one was allowed to -see King spitting blood, and that the master had George; sometimes that his. house co~ld n~t be d?frau~ed him of all his wages, and prevented found. This distressed him exceedmgly, he hls see1;11gthe King. I should have been very saw little of London, was ill-used, and seldom happy, if there had been time, to call the master 52 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 53 of the Santa Anna to account for his conduct, in his ·heavenly Master's service. His mind was but it was too late. I endeavoured to soothe occupied with various projects, both for the his afflictions, and assured him that h~ should .good of the colony and .of the heathen round be protected from insults, and that his wants about. His own letters, simply and hastily should be supplied." · thrown off in all the confidence of friendship, By the kindness of those on board, Duaterra will show how eagerly he plunged, and with · recovered, and was ever after truly_ grate!ul for what a total absence of selfish considerations, the attention shown him. On their arrival at into the work before him: Sydney, Mr. Marsden took ~m i?-to his house for six months, during which time Dua~erra Parramatta, October 26, 1810. To John Terry, ·Esq. applied himself to agriculture ; he then wished DEAR Sm,-I received your kind and affectionate to return home,and embarked for New Zealan~; letter, also a bottle of wheat, with the Hull papers, but further perils and adventu:es were m from your brother; for all of which I feel much prospect, and we shall have occasion to.. advert indebted. We had a very fine passage, and I found to them hereafter. For the present we leave my affairs much better than I had any reason to him on his voyage to his island home. . expect. The revolution had caused much distress to The Ann touched on her passage out at ~10 many families, and the settlement has been thrown Janeiro and Mr. Marsden spent a short time much back by this event. My wishes for the general on sho;e where his active mind, already, one welfare of the colony have been more successful than would s~ppose, burthened with cares and I expected they would be. The rising generation are projects, discovered a new field of labo~r. ~he now under education in .almost all parts of the country. The Catholic priests have ;i.ll left us, so that we havt ignorance and superstition of a pop1sh city now the whole field to ourselves. I trust much good stirred his ·spirit, like that of Paul at Athe~s. will be done; some amongst us are turning to the Lord. He wrote Home to entreat the Church Mis­ Our Churches are well attended, which is promising sionary Society, if possi~le~ to ~end ~hem and encouraging to us. My colleagues are men of teachers; but this lay not withm their provmce. piety and four of the schoolmasters. This will become From a letter of Sir George Grey, addressed a great country in time, it · is much favoured in its to him, it appears that he had intereste~ some soil and climate. I am very anxious for the instruc­ members of the English Government m. the tion of the New Zealanders; they are a noble race, subject, and that while at ~io he had been vastly superior in understanding to anything you can active in distributing the Scriptu:es. . imagine a savage nation could attain. . Mr. Hall, who But he was. now to resume his labours lil was in Hull, and came out with us with an intention to proceed to New Zealand as a missionary, has not Australia, where he arrived in safety, fondly yet proceeded, in consequence of a melancholy differ­ calculating upon a long season of peaceful toil ence between the natives of that island and the crew 54 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMU.EL MARSDEN 55 of a ship called the Boyd. The ship was burnt, and minds so firm and so resolute as those of the all the crew murdered ; our people, it appears, were Governor and Mr. Marsden was inevitable. the first aggressors, and dearly paid for their conduct Occasions of difference soon arose. The towards the natives by the loss of their lives and ship. Governor, anxious, we doubt not, to raise their I do not think that this awful event will ,prevent the character and elevate their position, with a view establishment of a mission at New Zealand. Time to the future welfare of the colony, placed must be allowed for the difference to be made up, and for confidence to be restored. I wrote a letter to Mr. several of the convicts on the Magisterial Bench, Hardcastie, and another to Rev. J. Pratt, Secretary treated them with respect, and even invited to the Society for Missions to Africa and the East, them to his table. and have pointed out to them the necessity of having With these men, Mr. Marsden refused, as a a ship constantly employed in visiting the islands in Magistrate, to act, or to meet them in society the South Seas for the convenience, safety, and pro­ on equal terms. Some of them were notoriously tection of the 'missionaries, either at Otaheite• and persons of a bad and vicious life ; while none of New Zealand, or at any other island upon which they them, he thought, could, without· gross impro­ may reside. priety, punish others judicially for the infrac­ Yours respectfully, tion of that law which they themselves had SAMUEL MARSDEN. broken. He would gladly have resigned his The new Governor, General Macquarie, had Magisterial office, but the Governor knew the arrived out a few months before Mr. Marsden. worth of his services, and refused to accept his He was an able commander, and had the good resignation, which was repeatedly tendered. of the colony much at heart; and he had a .task The new Magistrates, of course, were offended, of no lij;tle difficulty to perfor~, in reduc~g and became his bitter foes; and some of them what .was still a penal colony, Just recoveru;ig harassed him for twenty years with slanders from a state of insurrection, into order and. and libellous insults, until at length an appeal obedience. His powers were great; he con­ to the laws of his country vindicated his repu­ sidered them absolute. Mr. Marsden, too, was tation and silenced his opponents. justly tenacious of public morality and virtue, Mr. Marsden relates that Governor Macquarie and still more so of the spiritual independence once sent for him to the Government House of the ministerial character. It seems that the and commanded him to produce the manuscript rights of the Governor on the one side, and of a sermon which he had preached nearly a those of the ministers of religion on the other, year before. He did so, when the Governor had not been accurately defined by the Govern­ s~verely commented upon it, and returned it ment at Home, and thus a collision between two with the remark that one sentence, which it is *Tahiti. 56 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 57 more than probable he did not understand, was were bad and conveyances scarce, and he often '' almost downright blasphemy.'' walked fifteen miles to Parramatta, where he The junior clergy, of course, were still more conducted another service and preached again. exposed to the same despotic interference. The His preaching is described as very plain, full Governor wished to prescribe the hymns they of good sense and manly thought, and treating should sing, as well as the doctrines they should chiefly of the great foundation truths of the teach; and he repeatedly insisted on their Gospel. Those who came to hear a great giving out, during Divine Service, secular preacher went away disappointed; those who notices of so improper a character that the came to pass a listless hour were sometimes military officers in attendance expressed their grievously disturbed. disgust. The authenticity of the following anecdote The Governor, at one time, even threatened has been assured to us by Mr. Marsden 's Mr. Marsden with a court-martial; nor was the friends.:-He was one day walking by the banks threat altogether an empty one, for he actually of the river, when a convict as he passed brought one of the junior chaplains, Mr. Vale, plunged into the water. Mr. Marsden threw before a court-martial, and had him dismissed off his coat, and in an instant plunged in after from the colony. him and endeavoured to bring the man to land. Yet amidst all these distractions Mr. He, however, contrived to get Mr. Marsden 's Marsden 's letters testify that he possessed his head under the water, and a desperate struggle soul in peace, and that "no root of bitterness, for life ensued between them; till Mr. Marsden, troubled" him. He speaks with respect of the being the stronger of the two, succeeded, not Governor, gives him credit for good intentions, only in getting safe to shore, but also in and acknowledges the many benefits he con­ dragging the man with him. ferred upon the colony; and when at length he The poor fellow, struck with remorse, was on the eve of returning home, Governor confessed his intention. He had resolved Macquarie himself bore testlmony to the piety, to have his revenge on the senior chaplain, integrity, and invaluable services of the only whose offence was that he had preached man who had dared patiently yet firmly to a sermon which had stung him to the quick; contend with him during a long course of years. and he believed that the preacher had Mr. Marsden rose early, generally at four meant to hold him up to the scorn of the con­ o'clock during the summer; and the morning grega6on. He knew, too, that the sight of a hours were spent in his study. In the early days drowning fe~low-creature would draw out the of the colony, Mr. Marsden used to officiate in instant help of one who never knew what fear the morning at St. Philip's, ~ydney. Roads was in the discharge of duty; and he threw 58 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN himself into the stream confident of drowning Mr. Marsden, and then of making good his own escape. He became very penitent, was a useful member of society, and greatly attached to his deliverer, who afterwards took him into his own service, where he remained for some years. We cannot give a more painful illustration of the malignity with which he was pursued, than to state that the current version of this story in the colony was that the convict had been unjustly punished by Mr. Marsden as a Magistrate, and took this method of revenge. He made the most, too, of his opportunities. At a time when there were very few churches of clergymen, and the settlers were widely scattered over large tracts, he frequently made an itinerating ministerial visit amongst them. He was everywhere received with the greatest cordiality and respect. On arriving at a farm, a man on horseback was immediately dis­ patched to all the neighbours within ten or twelve miles to collect them for public worship. The settlers gladly availed themselves of these opportunities, and assembled in numbers varying from sixty to eighty, when Divine Service was conducted in a vacant barn or under the shade of a verandah. The next day, he proceeded twenty or twenty-five miles further on in the wilds, and again collected a congregation. These tours would often extend over ten days or a fortnight, and were repeated as his more settled duties permitted. Thus his name became a household word, pronounced with love and gratitude far beyo?-d the limits F LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 59 of his parish, or even of the colony; and probably he found some of his most willing hearers amongst those to whom he thus carried in their solitude the glad tidings of a salvation which when offered to them week by week at home they had neglected or despised. Yet his duties as principal chaplain were not neglected. From a General Government Order, dated September, 1810, it appears that amongst them were those of an overseer, or chief pastor of the Church. "The assistant chaplains are directed to consider themselves at all times under the immediate control and superinten­ dence of the principal chaplain, and are to make such occasional reports to him respecting their clerical duties as he may think proper·to require or call for.'' This is a high tribute to his worth under the circumstances in which he was placed by his opposition to the Governor. The chaplains frequently sought his protection against arbitrary power, and he willingly fought their battles and his own in defence of liberty of conscience and the right of conducting worship undisturbed. His connection with his clerical brethren seems to have been uniformly happy, and the sam_e remark is true of the missionaries of various denominations, not a few in number, who, during a period of twenty years, were virtually under his control. He had undoubtedly the rare power of governing others in a very high degree, and it was done noiselessly and with a gentle hand; for the men who govern well seldom obtrude their authority in an LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 61 60 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN sum to the institution. The committee abso­ -offensive manner, or worry those they should lutely refusing to accept it, he purchased cattle control with a petty interference. He had the from the Government to the full amount, and same kind of influence, and probably from the made a present of them to the orphan schools. same cause, over the very horses in his carriage. Soon after his return from England it became He used, in driving from Sydney to Parra­ necessary to erect new schools. The· work was matta, to throw the reins behind the dash-board, long a~d tedious, and, owing to the want of take up his book, and leave them to themselves, labour m the colony, and the idle and drunken his maxim being '' that the horse that could not habits of the labourers, nearly ten years elapsed keep itself up was not worth driving. n One before they were completed, and the work too of the pair was almost unmanageable in other was often at a stand for want of funds. These, hands, but it was remarked that "Captain" however, Mr. Marsden-whom no pecuniary always conducted himself well when his master obstacles could daunt-supplied in a great drove, and never had an accident. measure out of his own purse, till his advances Amongst his strictly pastoral cares, two amounted to nearly £900; and his disinterested schools for orphans had a foremost place. A c?nduct in the end occasioned him very con­ female orphan school was first proposed, and siderable loss. To the latest period he never Mr. Marsden undeFtook the direction of the ceased· to take the warmest interest in the work, and became treasurer to the institution. prosperity of these institutions. From its formation in 1800 to the year 1821, "I am sure," says his daughter "my father's two hundred children were admitted. A male palish was not neglected. He w~s well known orphan school followed in due course, in which to all his parishioners, as he was in the habit the boys were instructed in some trade, and then of con.stantly callin? upon them. He was very apprenticed. In both schools the moral and attentive to the sick, whether at their own religious training was the chief consideration; homes or at the Government hospital. He also yet Mr. Marsden's connection with them was took great interest in the education o'f the attributed by his enemies to a sordid motive young. It was · through his instrumentality and even those in power, who should hav; that many schools were established. His !m.?W?-him better, gave public currency to these Sund_ay School, at ~he time of which I speak, lllJUrIOUS reports. ~as m a more efficient state than any I have The fact was that when the institutions were smce seen; b.ut this my brother-in-law, the Rev. founded the treasurer was allowed a small per­ T. Hassell, had a great deal to do with as he centage upon the receipts, as a clerical fee or was then acting as my father's curaU:. The stipend; this he allowed to accumulate until he factory for the reception of female convicts was resigned the office, when he presented the whole 62 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 63 built entirely by his suggestion, and to their for a while I thought I could make something religious and moral improvement he devoted a of him; but at length he got tired, and no in­ good deal of his time. It was principally owing ducement could prevail upon him to continue to bis endeavours to get this and other institu­ in my house; he took to the bush again, where tions in good order that much of his discomfort he has continued ever since. One of my with his fellow-magistrates and Government colleagues, the Rev. R. Johnstone, took two officers arose. '' native girls into his house, for the express Governor Macquarie, after consulting Mr. purpose of educating them; they were fed and Marsden, attempted to establish a farm for the clothed like Europeans; but in a short time they :Australian natives, and, in connection with it, a went into the woods again. .Another native, kind of reformatory school at Parramatta, name~ Daniel, was taken when a boy into the where they were to be civilized and cured of family of Mrs. C. ; he was taken to England; their migi-atory habits, and instructed in the mixed there with the best society, and could Christian religion. Mr. Marsden took a warm speak English well ; but on his return from interest in the scheme, as he did in everything England he reverted to his former wild that concerned the welfare of the aborigines. pursuits." Still it failed; for it was founded, as experience Without multiplying instances quoted by Mr. has shown, upon wrong principles. Mr. Marsden, the trial he made with an infant Marsden, however, is not to be blamed for this; shows that his heart was not unfriendly as Governor Macquarie, having now conceived towards these people 1 '' One of my boys, whom a violent prejudice against him, omitted his I attempted to civilize, was taken from its name from the Committee of Management, mother's breast, and brought up with my own although the institution was placed in his own children for twelve years; but he retained his parish, introducing those of two junior chap­ instinctive taste for native food; and he wanted lains; and it was not till the Governor's retire­ that attachment to me and my family that we ment that he took an active part in its affairs. had just reason to look for ; and always seemed But the character of the institution was then deficient in those feelings of affection which fixed, and its approaching ·failure was evident. are the very bonds of social life.'' Mr. Marsden 's view of the Australian This boy ran away at Rio from Mr. native's character may be gathered from the Marsden, when returning from England in following statement, which he published in self­ 1810, but was brought back to the colony by defence when charged with indifference as to Ca~t~i~ Piper; and died in the Sydney hospital, their conversion : '' More than twenty years exhibiting Christian faith and penitence. ago, a native lived with me at Parramatta, and 64 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 65 "I mentioned to the Governor," he adds, '' some of these circumstances, but not with any view to create difficulties; so far from it, that I I informed him that was authorised by the CHAPTER V. Church Missionary Society to assist any plan with pecuniary aid that was lik~ly. to bene~t .. the natives of the colony.'' A mission was m Richard Baxter, after describing his mm1s­ fact set on foot by this Society; but from terial labours at Kidderminster in preaching various causes it failed, and was abandoned. and visiting from house to house, has these remarkable words: '' But all these, my labours, even preaching and preparing for it, were but my recreations, and, as it were, the work of my spare hours; for my writings were my chiefest daily labour.'' Mr. Marsden had his recrea­ tions, too. Amidst the anxieties of his colonial chaplaincy he found or made opportunities to conq.uct a work which of itself would have been sufficient to exhaust the energies and to immor­ talise the memory of any other man. We ?evote this chapter to a short, and, of necessity, imperfect sketch of these his recreations in the. missionary field. On his return from England in 1810 he found disastrous tidings of the Tahitia~ mission awaiting his arrival. Disheartened by their utter want of success, divided amongst them­ selves, distracted with fears of danger from the natives, several of the missionaries had fled from their posts, and taken refuge in New South Wales. The work appeared to be on the eve of ruin, and it was owing in no small measure to the firmness and wise conduct of Mr. Marsden that it was not, for a time at least, abandoned. "Sooner," he says, in one of his

E 66 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK. OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 67 letters to the Society at Home, '' than ~hat sha~ direction. Nothing appears to have given Mr. be the case, I will give up 1?Y,~haplamcy, an Marsden more uneasiness than the general o-o myself and live at Otaheite. . 0 lukewarmness of the Church of Christ at Home, yet it was no easy task to inspire others w:it_h and their despondency as to the success of his own courage, or to impart his hopeful sp1nt missions. He speaks· of his '' anxious days and to a desponding band of men. J:e felt the sleepless nights." _But his own courage never difficulty and acted towards them m the most failed; and this high undoubting faith rests consider~te manner. Instead: of at ~nee always on the same foundation. The mission­ insisting on their return, he received them mto aries were induced to return to their deserted his family, where, it is scarcely nece~sary to say, posts; and to resume their work in a higher they were treated with that patriarchal hos­ spirit of faith and cheerfulness. It was not long pitality for which the parsonage of Parramatta before hopeful signs broke out, and within ten was famed. When a few months ha~ passed, years Pomare, the sovereign, became a and their spirits were cheer~d and their heal:~ Christian king,· and the island of Tahiti a restored, the question of their return to Tahi:1 Christian land. was introduced and quietly discussed. . Their The distance of these missions from Aus­ kind and pious host had never for an mstant tralia, and the difficulty of communicating with doubted their ultimate success. We . have them, suggested to Mr. Marsden the advantage­ perused numerous letters a~dressed by h11:1to of employing a vessel entirely on missionary the London Missionary Society, and to vano~s service. When his mind was once made up, friends in England; but in not one of them is he Jost no time. The consent of the societies in the shadow of a doubt ex~r~ssed as to . the England could not all at once be gained; so he triumph of the Gospel in Tahiti and the Society resolved, at his own cost, to purchase a mis­ Islands ; nnd we may extend the rem~rk to the sionary ship, the :first probably that ever­ New ZP.aland mission, as shown. by his cor~es­ floated on the sea, and bought the Active, a brig pondence with the Church Missionary Society of 100 tons burden, for the service of the two a few years later. . great missions on which his heart was fixed. About this period a reaction had taken place The following letter, addressed to the Rev. in England amongst religious people. The f ~nd George Burder, ~hoµgh written two years later hopes they had unwisely entertamed of ~eemg is introduced here to complete our summary of vast results wherever the Gospel was mtro­ the re-establisbmep.t of the Tahitian mission:- duced among the heathen and upon the :fi~st proclamation of it had been grievously ~s­ . Parramatta, June 5th, 1815. turbed; and now the tide ran in the opposite fu:v. AND DEAR Sm,-I received a short letter from you by the late arrivals, and found you had not got 68 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 69 any very interesting accounts £Nill the brethren at industry of the natives, and trading with them ·te The last account I had from them, they in This would stimulate exer­ Otahei · . d th Lord was return.'' '' their were going on exceedingly well, an. e . tions, correct their vagrant minds, and enrich owning and blessing their labours. You _will hear I them with the comforts and conveniences of lately visited New Zealand, and also "!11Yviews of that civil life.'' The letter concludes by suggesting island. Finding that the societies m London could. another mission, for the not make up their minds, neither as a body no~ as yet large heart of the individuals, to send out a vessel, I at last determmed writer saw in the approaching triumph of the to purchase one for the purpose on my own account. Gospel in his favourite missions only a call to The various expenses attending it have created me fresh exertions. some little pecuniary difficulties; but they are only I wish to mention to you that it would be a great known to myself, and not such as wi_ll be . atten~ed object if the Society would turn their thoughts a with any serious consequence. I hope m a little time little to the Frienfliy Islands. New Zealand being on I shall be able to surmount them ; whether I shall ke~p one side, and the Seciety Islands on the other, with the vessel in my own hands or not, I ~ not certam labourers now upon them, the Friendly Islands ought as vet. I cannot do it without some assistance at the not to be left destitute. These islands are very :firs.t . if I could I certainly would not trouble any of populous, and as the London Missionary Society :first my friends. Th~ vessel has been twice at New Ze_aland, began the work there, I think they should renew their and is gone a third time. When ~he retu~ I i?-tenll. attempt. I cannot recommend any establishment her to visit the brethren at Otahe1te. It is my mt~n­ 11pon any of the islands in the South Seas, unless tion that she should sail in August n.ext to Otahei~e. commerce is more or less attended to, in order to call The brethren there have been labouring hard to build forth the industry of the natives. Provided the a vessel for themselves, which is ~lmost co~pleted. Society as a body will not consent to have anything to I have agreed to take a share with them ~ ~er. do with commerce, I see no reason why a few pious 1 During the time the brethren have been building friends might not, who wish to aid the missionary I their vessel, the work of the Lorcl. appears to ~ave cause. You cannot form a nation without commerce prospered very much, far beyoni all expectation. and the civil arts. A person of information who is I j I estimate the expenses of the vessel a~ £1500_ per well acquainted with the Friendly Islands informed J annum, and I think, if I am not mistaken m my views, me that the labour of a hundred thousand men might that her returns will not be less than £1000 per be brought into action upon these islands in producing annum and perhaps more. I may venture to say I sugar, cordage, cotton, etc. . . . . A hundred should 'not call on the two Societies for more than t~e thousand men will never form themselves into any sum I have stated, namely £500 p~r an~um from this regular society, and enjoy the productions of their time. I will not demand anythmg if the returns country, without commerce. Should the Society have cover the expenses for the use of the vessel. any doubts upon the point, let them authorize an These returns were to be obtained by inquiry into the state of these islands, when there is "freighting the Active with the produce of the an opportunity to examine them, and a report of their 70 LlFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 71 ,inhabitants and their productions laid out before Nor were the Governor's objections alto­ them. gether without foundation. The latest news Mr. Marsden then describes the openings at from New Zealand was that an English ship, New Zealand, and concludes a long ietter thus: the Boyd, had been seized and burned by the cannibals in the Bay of Islands, and every soul I have stated my sentiments with great haste. You on board, seventy in all, killed and eaten. .The will excuse the hasty scrawl. I can assure you my report was true, except that, out of the whole sincere wish and prayer to the great Head of the the ship's company, two women a boy Church is that all may prosper that love Him. of and been to live with I am, dear sir, yours affectionately, had spared in slavery the savages. A New Zealand chief had sailed on S. MARSDEN. board, as it afterwards appeared, and had been A postscript adds:- treated with brutal indignities similar to those Since writing this letter, I have determined to keep which Duaterra suffered from the captain of the Active in my own hands. the Santa Anna. He smothered his resentment, The designation of two laymen, Messrs. Hall and, waiting the return of the Boyd to the Bay and King, for the New Zealand mission by the of Islands, summoned his tribe, who, on various Church Missionary Society in 1808 has been pretences, crowded the deck of the ship, and at mentioned. They sailed from England, with a given signal rushed upon the crew, dispatched Mr. Marsden, in 1810, and were soon after them with their clubs and hatchets, and then followed by Mr. Kendall, and the three gorged themselves and their followers on the assembled at New South Wales, intending to horrible repast. sail thence without delay for the scene of their AU that Mr. Marsden could obtain at present future work. But here fresh difficulties arose. was permission to charter a vessel if a captain Mr. Marsden 's intention was to accompany could be found sufficiently courageous to risk them, and in person to meet the first dangers, his life and ship in such an enterprise, and to and lay, as it were, the first stone. But this the send out the three missionaries as pioneers; new Governor absolutely forbade. To him, and, with a reluctant promise from the Governor in fact, to most men in his circumstances, the that if, on the ship's return, all had turned out whole scheme seemed utterly preposterous. The well, he should not be hindered from following. idea of converting the savages of New Zealand For some time no such adventurous captain was the chimera of a pious enthusiast, a good could be found. At length, for the sum of £600 and useful man in his way, but one who was not for a single voyage, an offer was made, but to be allowed idly to squander the lives of Mr. Marsden looked upon the sum as far too others, to say nothing of his own life. much; and this, with other considerations, 72 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 73 induced him to purchase his own missionary which, trifling as it may seem, was not without brig, the Active, in which Messrs. Hall and its sh~re of influence in the great work; the Kendall :finally set sail for the Bay of Islands. story 1s suggestive, and may serve a higher They carried a message to Duaterra, entreating purpose than merely to amuse the reader. him to receive them kindly, and inviting him, Duaterra had been provided by Mr. Marsden too, to return with them to Parramatta, with a supply of wheat for sowing on his return bringing along with him two or three friendly to New Zealand. No such thing as a field of chiefs. grain of any kind had yet waved its golden ears Duaterra, after his visit to Mr. Marsden, on on that fertile soil. To this accomplished his way from England, had again suffered savage the honour belongs of first introducing great hardships from the perfidy of the master agriculture into an island destined, within forty of the Frederick, with whom he had embarked years, to rival the best farms of England both from New South Wales under an express en­ in the value of its crops and the variety of its gagement to be set on shore at the Bay of produce. The neighbouring chiefs and their Islands, where his tribe dwelt. He was carried tribes viewed with wonder :first the green ears to Norfolk Island, and there left ; and, to and then the growing corn. The wild potato,* aggravate his wrongs and sorrows, the vessel the fern, and a few other roots were the only passed within two miles of his own shores and produce of the earth they were yet acquainted in sight of his home. He was defrauded, also, with, and when Duaterra assured them that his of his share of the oil he had procured with his :field of wheat was to yield the flour out of whick companions, worth £100. A whaler found him the bread and biscuits they had tasted on on Norfolk Island, almost naked and in the last English ships were made, they tore up several stage of want, and brought him once more to plants, expecting to find something resembling Australia and to his friend and patron, Mr. their own potato at the root. ·That the ears Marsden. A short stay sufficed; he sailed again themselves should furnish the materials for a from Sydney, and soon found himself, to his loaf was not to be believed. Duaterra meant to great joy, amongst his friends in New Zealand. i~pose upon them, or else he had been duped On the arrival of the Active with its mis­ himself, but they were not to be cajoled with the sionaries-the :first messengers of Christ who tales of a traveller. landed on its shores-he was there to greet The field was reaped and the corn threshed them, and to repay a thousandfold the kindness out, when Duaterra was mortified with the dis­ of his friend the minister of Parramatta, in the covery that he was not provided with a mill. welcome he secured for these defenceless He made several attempts to grind his corn strangers. They carried with them a present • The Kuma.ra., commonly ca.lied the swee$ pots.to (Ipomrea. chrysorrhizo). 74 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 75 with the help of a coffee-mill borrowed from a together with the good conduct of the mission­ trading-ship, but without success; and now, like aries, had now inspired. the inventor of steam navigation, and other The Active reached New South Wales on the benefactors of their species nearer home, he 22nd of August, 1814. Nothing could exceed was laughed at for his simplicity. It is strange the joy which Mr. Marsden experienced on the that the ancient Roman quern, a hollow stone successful termination of the voyage, and being in which the grain was pounded, the rudest :filled with an earnest desire to promote the form in fact of the pestle and mortar, should dissemination of the Gospel amongst the New not have occurred to him; but the total want of Zealanders, and having obtained the Governor's invention is an invariable characteristic of permission, he determined to accompany the savage nature. missionaries on their return to the Bay of At length the Active brought the important Islands. To his friend, Mr. Avison Terry, he present of a hand-mill for grinding corn. wrote just before he sailed, the 7th of October, Duaterra 's friends assembled to watch the 1814:- experiment, still incredulous of the promised result; but when the meal began to stream out It is my intention to visit New Zealand and see what I\ beneath the machine .their astonishment was can be done to promote the eternal welfare of the unbounded; and when a cake was produced, inhabitants of ·that island. I have now several of the chiefs living with me at Parramatta. They are as hastily baked in a frying-pan, they shouted and noble a race of men as are to be met with in any part danced for joy. Duaterra was now to be trusted of the world. I trust I shall be able, in some measure, when he told them that the missionaries were to put a stop to those dreadful murders which have good men. And thus the :first favourable im­ been committed upon the island for some years past, pression was made upon the savage Maoris, both by the Europeans and the natives. They are a whose race was in the next generation to become much injured people, notwithstanding all that has i a civilized and Christian people. been advanced against them. The time is now come, Messrs. Hall and Kendall, having introduced in my opinion, for them to be favoured with the ever­ themselves and their mission in New Zealand, lasting Gospel; and I trust to hear the joyful sound in , now, in obedience to their instructions, returned those dark and dreary regions of sin and spiritual to Sydney accompanied by Duaterra and six bondage. I have long had the most ardent wish to · other chiefs, amongst whom was Duaterra's visit these poor heathen, but have never till the present time obtained permission. I have submitted my views uncle, the famous Shunghie, or Hongi, * the most to the Church Missionary Society, and solicited their powerful of New Zealand chiefs ; such was aid. The expense of establishing a mission here will the confidence which Mr. Marsden 's name, at first be very considerable. Should the Society *Hongi wa.e one of the most celebra.ted of the Maori chiefs. approve of my views, no doubt they will give their LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 77 76 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN wards a chief followed from the shore, who support, but if they cannbt enter into them in the immediately came on board.'' manner I do, I cannot expect that assistance from Mr. Marsden's fame, as the friend of the New them which may be required. My own means will Zealanders, had arrived before him: "I told enabli; me to set the mission on foot in the first them my name, with which they were all well instance, and I have little doubt but it will succeed. On the 19th of November, 1814, he embarked acquainted. We were now quite free on his great mission, with a motley crew, such from all fear, as the natives seemed desirous to as, except perhaps on some other missionary show us attention by every possible means in ship, bas seldom sailed in one small vessel­ their power." savages and Christian teachers and enter­ The Active dropped her anchor a few days prising mechanics, their wives and children, after at Whangaroa, near the Bay of Islands. cattle and horses. Of this strangely assorted the scene of the massacre of the Boyd's crew, and there amongst the cannibals by whose company he gives the following description:- very hands their countrymen had fallen so recently The number of persons on board the Actvve, the :first Christian mission to New Zealand was including women and children, was thirty-five; the opened. A :fierce and unholy revenge had been master, his wife and son, Messrs. Kendall, Hall, and taken, in the murder of Tippahee,* a native King, with their wives and children, eight New chief, and all his family, by an English Zealanders, (including Duaterra and his uncle the crew who visited Whangaroa the great warrior Shunghie or Hongi), two Otaheitans, had after and four Europeans belonging to the vessel, besides Boyd's destruction, and Tippahee, as Mr. Mr. John Lydiard Nicholas• and myself; there were Marsden always maintained, suffered unjustly, also two sawyers, one smith, and a runaway convict having had no share in the dreadful massacre. whom we afterwards found on board, a horse and two Mr. Marsden 's journal of his :first visit to mares, one bull and two cows, with a few sheep and New Zealand is a document of singular interest, poultry. The bull and cows have been presented by and, when published at the time in England, it Governor Macquarie from his Majesty's herd. made a deep impression. It is written in plain On the 15th of December, they were in sight of and forcible language, and is characterised by land; the next day, the chiefs were sent on that vein of good sense and practical wisdom shore, and a friendly communication was at which distinguished him. There is no display once opened with the natives. But even before of his own sufferings, trials and privations, no they had landed '' a canoe came alongside the affectation of laboured and studied expression, Active, with plenty of :fish, and shortly after- no highly coloured and partial representation of the savage condition of the natives. All his • John Liddiru,d Niohole.s, e.n Austre,lie.n la.ndowner, who published his New ze.,Je.nd experiences in" A Ne,rre.tive of e, Voye.ge to New Zee.le.nd, 'Te Pa.hi. performed in the yea.rs 1814 e.nd 1815, in compa.ny with the Rev. Se.muel Me.rsden," 78 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUl!:L MARSDEN 79 aim is to lay the truth before the Society and pass some time with the Whangaroans; and, the friends of missions, and in doing so he has with a degree of intrepidity truly astonishing written with a degree of accuracy and honest even in him, not only ventured on shore, but feeling, which, while they inform the under­ actually passed the night, accompanied by his standing, at once reach the heart. From this friend Mr. Nicholas alone, with the very unpretending record, a few selections will be savages who had killed and eaten his country­ placed before the reader. And here, too, we men. would, once for all, acknowledge our obligations After a supper of fish and potatoes in the to his "companion in travel," Mr. J. L. camp of Shunghie, they walked over to the Nicholas, to whose manuscript journal of the hostile camp, distant about a mile. The Maoris visit to New Zealand, as well, indeed, as for received the two white strangers very cordially. other communications of great interest on the "We sat down amongst them, and the chiefs subject of Mr. Marsden 's life and labours, we surrounded us.'' Mr. Marsden then introduced shall be much indebted through the future.pages the subject of his embassy, explained the object of our work. of the missionaries in coming to live amongst Duaterra and Shunghie had often told of the them, and showed how much peace would con­ bloody war, arising out of the affair of the duce in every way to the welfare of all parties. Boyd, that was raging while they were at Par­ A chief, to whom the Europeans gave the name r.amatta, between the people of Whangaroa (the of George, acted as interpreter; he had sailed tribe of Tippahee) and the inhabitants of the on board an English ship, and spoke English Bay of Islands, who were their own friends and well. Mr. Marsden tells us how the first night followers; the Whangaroans accusing the people was passed:- of the Bay of Islands of having conspired with the English in the murder of Tippahee. When AB the evening advanced the people began to retire to rest in different groups. About eleven o'clock Mr. the Active arrived, several desperate battles Nicholas and I wrapped ourselves in our great coats, had been fought, and the war was likely to and prepared for rest. George directed me to lie by continue. his side. His wife and child lay on the right hand, Mr. Marsden was determined to establish and Mr. Nicholas close by. The night was clear; the peace amongst these contending tribes. He was stars shone bright, and the sea in our front was known already as the friend of Duaterra and smooth; around us were innumerable spears stuck Shunghie; he now felt that he must convince upright in the ground, and groups of natives lying the other party of his good intentions. He did in all directions, like a flock of sheep upon the grass, not come amongst them as an ally of either, but as there were neither tents nor huts to cover them. I as the friend of both; he resolved therefore to viewed our present situation with sensations and 80 LIFE AND WOBK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 81 feelings that I cannot express, surrounded by can­ which would be employed in bringing axes and such nibals who had massacred and devoured our country­ things as were wanted from Sydney, to enable them men. I wondered much at the mysteries of providence, to cultivate their lands and improve their country. and how these things could be. Never did I behold When these ceremonies were over, I expressed my the blessed advantage of civilization in a more grateful hope that they would have no more wars, but from light than now. I did not sleep much during the that time would be reconciled to each other. Duaterra, night. My mind was too seriously occupied by the Shunghie, and Koro Koro shook hands with the chiefs present scene, and the new and strange ideas it of Whangaroa, and saluted each other as a token of naturally excited. About three in the morning I rose reconciliation by joining their noses together. I was and walked about the camp, surveying the different much gratified to see these men at amity once more. groups of natives. When the morning light returned we beheld men, women, and children, asleep in all The chiefs now took their leave, much pleased directions like the beasts of the field. I had ordered with the attention of Mr. Marsden, and still the boat to come on shore for us at daylight; and soon more so with his presents; and they promised after Duaterra arrived in the camp. for the future to protect the missionaries and In the morning he gave an invitation to the never to injure the European traders. Some chiefs to breakfast on board the Active, which of the presents excited no little wonder; no New they readily accepted:- Zealander, except the few who, like Duaterra, At first I entertained doubts whether the chiefs had been on foreign travel, had even seen either would trust themselves with us or not, on account of cows or horses, for the largest quadruped yet the Boyd, lest we should detain them when we had naturalized in the island was the pig, and even them in our power; but they showed no signs of fear, that had been introduced recently. Duaterra and went on board with apparent confidence. The had often told his countrymen of the horse and axes, billhooks, prints, etc., I intended to give them its rider, and in return was always laughed at; were all got ready after breakfast; the chiefs were but when the horses were now landed and Mr. seated in the cabin in great form to receive the Marsden- actually mounted one of them, they presents, I sat on the one side, and they on the other stood in crowds and gazed in astonishment. side of the table; Duaterra stood and handed me each The :first Sunday on which Divine Service was article separately that I was to give them. Messrs. held New Zealand was Christmas Day, the Kendall, Hall, and King, with the master of the in Active and his son, were all one after the other intro­ 25th of December, 1814, "a day much to be duced to the chiefs. The chiefs were at the same time remembered." Mr. Marsden thus describes it : informed what duty each of the three persons were ap­ Duaterra passed the remaining part of the previous pointed to do-Mr . Kendall to instruct their children, day in preparing for the Sabbath. He. inclosed about Mr. Hall to build houses, boats, etc., Mr. King to make half an acre of land with a fence, erected a pulpit and fishing lines, and Mr. Hanson to command the Active, reading desk in the centre, and covered the whole

F --

82 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WQRK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 83 either with black native cloth or some duck which he side of the pulpit. Koro Koro marched his men, and had brought with him from Port Jackson. He also placed them on my right hand, in the rear of the procured some bottoms of old canoes, an~ fixed them Europeans : and Duaterra placed his men on the left. up as seats on each side of t~e pulpit, for. !he The inhabitants of the town, with the women and Europeans to sit upon; intending to have D1vme children, and a number· of other chiefs, formed a Service performed there the next day. !hese prep~ra­ ci!cle round the whole. A very solemn silence pre­ tions he made of his own accord; and m the evemng vailed-the sight was truly impressive. I rose up in.formed me that everything was ready for Divine and began the service with singing the '' Old Service. I was much pleased with this singular mark Hundredth'' Psalm; and felt my very soul melt of his attention. The reading-desk was about three within me when I viewed my cong:i;egation, and con­ feet from the ground, and the pulpit about six feet. sidered the state they were in. After reading the The black cloth covered the top of the pulpit, and service, during which the natives stood up and sat hung over the sides ; the bottom of the pulpit, as well down at the signals given by Koro Koro 's switch as the reading-desk, was part of a canoe. The whole which was regulated by the movement of th~ was becoming, and had a solemn appearance. He had Europeans, it being Christmas Day, I preached from \ also erected a flagstaff on the highest hiJl in the village, the second chapter of St. Luke's Gospel and tenth which had a very commanding view. verse, '' Behold, I bring you glad tidings of great On Sunday morning, when I was upon deck, I saw joy," etc. The natives told Duaterra that they could the English flag flying, which was a pleasing sight not understand what I meant. He replied, that they in New Zealand. I considered it as the signal and were not to mind that now, for they would understand the dawn of civilization, liberty and religion, in that by-and-by; and that he would explain my meaning dark and benighted land. I never viewed the British as far as he could. When I had done preaching he colours with more gratification; and flattered myself informed them what I had been talking ab~ut. they would never be removed, till the natives of that Dnaterra was very much pleased that he had been island enjoyed all the happiness of British subjects. able to make all the necessary preparations for the ~i\.bout ten o'clock we prepared to go ashore, to performance of Divine worship in so short a time, publish for the first time the glad tidings of the and we felt much obliged to him for his attention Gospel. I was under no apprehension for the safety He was extremely anxious to convince us that h~ of .the vessel ; and, therefore, ordered all on board to would do everything in his power, and that the good go on shore to attend Divine Service, except the master of his country was his principal consideration. In and one man. When we landed, we found Koro Koro, this manner, the Gospel has been introduced into New Duaterra., and Shunghie, dressed in regimentals, Zealand; and I fervently pray that the glory of it which Governor Macquarie had given them, with their may never depart from its inhabitants till time shall men drawn up, ready to be marched into the inclosure be no more. to attend Divine Service. They had their swords by their sides, and switches in their hands. We entered The confidence of the natives in Mr. Marsden the inclosure, and were placed on the seats on each was now unbounded, and scarcely less was the 84 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WOR'K OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 85 confidence he reposed in them; and he resolved discoursed with them upon the evils of poly­ upon a short coasting voyage with the view of gamy, and showed his marked abhorrence of exploring their different harbours, and making th~ir darling vices, theft and lying. A chisel arrangements for the future extension of the bemg lost from the Active, a boat was sent on missions. Many of the chiefs and warriors, led shore, manned by Duaterr a and other chiefs by Dua.terra, wished to sail with him, and to demand restitution; the culprit wa~ without the slightest misgiving twenty-eight not f o~d, nor the implement restored; but a savages, fully armed after the fashion of their whole village was aroused from its slumbers country, were invited on board the Active, at midnight, and the inhabitants literally manned as she was by only seven Europeans. trembled with fear of the consequences when "I do not believe," Mr. Nicholas observes, they ~aw the angry chiefs, though no harm was "that a similar instance can be shown of such permitted to ensue. unlimited confidence placed in a race of savages known to be cannibals. We are wholly .An example of high integrity was always set. in their power, and what is there to hinder them Mr. Marsden might, for instance, have obtained from abusing it! Next to the overruling provi­ land, or timber, or, in short whatever he dence of God, there is nothing but the character required in exchange for a~munition and of the ship, which seems to have something muskets; but he sternly interdicted the sale or of these articles upon any terms what­ almost sacred in their eyes, and the influence of barter ever, and to this resolution he always adhered. Mr. Marsden 's name, which acts as a talisman Again and again does he express his determina­ amongst them. They feel convinced that he is sacrificing his own ease and comfort to promote tion, as well in this its earliest stage as in later periods of the mission, rather to abandon the their welfare.'' Their leave of absence having nearly expired, whole work, .which was far dearer to him than Mr. Marsden and his companions were now life itself, than to suffer it to be tainted by what obliged to prepare for their voyage homeward. he considered so nefarious a barter. "I further They had laid the foundations of a great work told them," he says, "that the smith should make axes or hoes, or any other tools they -how great, none of them could tell. But they­ were f ull of faith in God, while, as patriots, they wante~; but that he was on no account to repair ~ny pistols or muskets, or make any warlike exulted in the prospect of. extending the renown mstruments, no not even for the greatest chiefs of dear old England. upon the island.'' And he took an opportunity Mr. Marsden, in his conversations with the '' upon all occasions to impress upon their minds natives, explained to them the nature of our the horrors their cannibalism excited; how government, and the form of trial by jury ; he 86 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE .A.ND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 87 much their nation was disgraced by it, and into the interior, together with all the rights, ,dreaded on this account.'' members, privileges, and appurtenances thereto One thing still remained to be done. The belonging; to have and to hold to the aforesaid committee of the Church Missionary Society for missionaries possessed no land, and were liable, Africa and the East, instituted in London, in after his departure, to be removed or driven the kingdom of Great Britain, their heirs, out at the mere caprice of the tribes amongst successors, and assigns, for ever, clear and whom they settled. He therefore determined, freed from all taxes, charges, impositions, and if possible, to purchase for them a small estate. contributions whatsoever, as and for their own It consisted of about two hundred acres; and absolute and proper estate for ever. the :first plot of ground to which England can In testimony -whereof I have to these presents, lay claim in New Zealand was formally made thus done and given, set my hand at over in a deed, of which Mr. Nicholas has Hoshee, in the island of New Zealand, this fortunately preserved a transcript. It was twenty-fourth day of February, in the year executed in the presence of a number of chiefs, of Christ, one thousand eight hundred and who were assembled to take leave of the Active :fifteen. on the day before she sailed, and ran as (Signatures to the grant.) THOMASKENDALL. follows:- J. L. NICHOLAS. Know all men to whom these presents shall come, To this was affixed a complete drawing of the that I, Anodee O Gunna, king of Rangheehoo, '' amoco, ''* or tattooing of Gunna 's face, done in the island of New Zealand, have in con­ by Shunghie, on one side of which he set his sideration of twelve axes to me in hand now mark. paid and delivered by the Reverend Samuel Vl e need scarcely remind the reader how Marsden of Parramatta, in the territory of New South Wales, given, granted, bargained, and clor:;ely this transaction resembles the famous sold ; and by this present instrument do give, contract of William Penn with the native grant, bargain, and sell unto the committee of Indians, by which he became possessed of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and Pennsylvania. Much and justly as Penn has the East, instituted in London, in the kingdom been admired, Mr. Marsden 's conduct is even of Great Britain, and to their heirs and suc­ more worthy of respect. Penn sought to found cessors, all that piece and parcel of land a colony, to place himself at its head, and to situate in the district of Hoshee, in the island associate his own name with it through genera­ of New Zealand, bounded on the ·south side by tions to come. The chaplain of Parramatta had the bay of Lippouna and the town of not even these motives of honest and laudable Rangheehoo, on the north side by a creek of fresh water, and on the west by a public road •moko. /

88 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUE L MARSDEN 89 ambition; he sought nothing for himself, nothing for his country, nothing even for the Church of which he was a member, and which CHAPTER VI. he warmly loved. His one aim was to evangelize New Zealand; to bring a nation of cannibals from darkness into the marvellous light of the It was not to be expected that a career of Gospel, and from the power of Satan unto God. unbroken success and easy triumph should His own name appears on the instrument only crown the infant mission in New Zealand. as the agent or representative of a Missionary Reverses and delays were to be looked for; Society in whom the property was vested; and they were in the nature of the work itself; and yet at the time the purchase was made he was for such trials Mr. Marsden was prepared. But uncertain whether the bare expenses of his he had scarcely arrived at Parramatta before voyage, or even the cost and charges of his he was involved in sharper conflicts. vessel, would ever be repaid to him. He sought The first discouragement was the death of neither wealth, nor honour, nor preferment, but Duaterra. Mr. Marsden had left him sick; and acted with a simple aim to the glory of God. four days after Mr. Marsden 's departure he The memorial of such a name can never perish expired, surrounded by his heathen countrymen, amongst men; and should it be forgotten, still from whose superstitions, even to the last, he his record is on high. was by no means free. "He appeared at this Mr. Marsden returned from his first voyage awful moment,'' Mr. Marsden writes, describing to New Zealand accompanied by no fewer than his last interview, "not to know what to do. ten chiefs, and landed at Sydney on the 23rd of He wished me to pray with him, which I did; March, 1815. He and Mr. Nicholas immediately but the superstitions of bis country had presented themselves to the Governor, who evidently a strong hold upon his mind; the "congratulated them on their safe return," priest was always with him, night and day. from what, in common with all the colony, he Dnaterra seemed at a loss where to repose his regarded as a most perilous and rash afflicted mind; his views of the Gospel were not adventure. · sufficiently clear to remove his superstitions; and at the same time he was happy to hear what I had to say to him. What horrors do these poor people suffer when they come to die I''

His favourite wife, Dahoo,~ was inconsolable; and while Shunghie and his near relatives cut • Probably Tab a, 90 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 91 themselves with knives ti}l the blood gushed how unsearchable are His judgments, and His ways out, she sought and found an opportunity to past finding out!'' put a period to her own life by hanging herself He was indeed a noble specimen of human at a short distance from the body of he; nature in its savage state. His character was husb~nd. None of the natives, not even her cast in the mould of heroes. At the very time relatives, appeared shocked or surprised. '' Her of his death, after ten years of as much priva­ mother," Mr. Kendall wrote, "wept while com­ tion, danger, and hardship as Nature could well posing the limbs of her daughter, but applauded bear, his courage was unsubdued, and his her resolution and the sacrifice which she had patriotism and enterprise unabated. He told made for the man she so tenderly loved. Her Mr. Marsden with an air of triumph: "I have father observed her corpse without any now introduced the cultivation of wheat into apparent roncern. I could not discover a tear New Zealand ; New Zealand will become a great at the time it was brought before him. Two country; in two years more I shall be able to of her brothers smiled on the occasion and export wheat to Port Jackson, in exchange for said, 'it was a good thing at New Zealand.' It hoes, axes, spades, tea and sugar." He had is common for women to act thus when their made arrangements for farming on a large husbands die; they think that they then go to scale, and had formed his plan for building a them.'' new town, with regular streets, after the Mr. Marsden, for a time, was almost over­ European mode, on a beautiful situation which whelmed: commanded a view of the harbour and the adjacent country. "I accompanied him to the _I could. not but view Duaterra, as he lay dying, spot,'' says Mr. Marsden ; we examined the w1~h wonder and astonishment; and could scarcely '' brmg myself to believe that the Divine Goodness ground fixed on for the town, and the situation would remove from the earth a man whose life where the church was to stand.'' ap~eared o~ such in~ite importance to his country, Other trials followed the death of Duaterra. w~1:h was Just emergmg from barbarism and super­ Fresh wars broke out. One hostile tribe stit10n. No doubt but he had done his work and encamped in sight of the mission premises, and, ~nis~ed his appointed course, though I fondly no longer restrained by Mr. Marsden 's pre­ 1magmed he had only just begun his race. He was in the prime and vigour of manhood: I judge his age sence, threatened, not indeed to expel the to be about twenty-eight years. In reflecting on this missionaries, but to kill and eat them. For awful and mysterious event, I am led to exclaim, with months the a:ffrighted band kept watch nicrht0 t~e Apostle of the Gentiles, "Oh the depth of the an~ day ; their children were placed to sleep in riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God! their ~ots dressed, to be ready for instant flight, 92 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 93 and the boat was always kept afloat with its ,convicts, of whom upwards of 150, besides 70 oars and sail in readiness. The st~rm blew -children, were employed in a Government over, and they remained steadfast at their· .factory there, and whose condition, as far as we posts. Soon afterwards, the Wesleyan ean venture to describe it, may be gathered Methodists established their important and from the following passage. The scene is painful ; it is the dark side of our colonial his­ successful. . mission in the island' and the mis- s10nanes gamed. strength from one another in tory; but those who will not listen to these so_cie.ty and mutual counsel. The :first Wesleyan recitals can know but little of the obligations m1ss1onary, the Rev. Samuel Leigh, was well which society is under to such men as Howard known at Parramatta, and Mr. Marsden viewed and Samuel Marsden, or to heroic women, such his labours. with thankfulness and hope; but the as Mrs. Fry. In his letter to the Governor reports which reached him from time to time of he says:- the difficulties to which the missions were The number of women employed at the factory is exposed still added much to his anxieties. one hundred and fifty; they have seventy children. ~d no:w a series of persecutions began, There is not any room in the factory that can be called which, while they never cowed his brave spirit a bedroom for these women and children. There are harassed and disturbed him more than thos;

Parramatta, December 9, 1817. REv. Sm,-1 wrote to you very fully by Mr. Hassall, and in.formed you what state I was in at that time. Since that period I have had many hard struggles to maintain my ground. A very shameful attack was made upon me and the missionaries in the South Sea Islands by the Governor's secretary, in an anonymous letter w hi.ch he published in the Sydney Gazette, and of which you are already informed. Since my last I have brought the secretary to the criminal bar for the libel. Every means were used to pervert judgment that the cunning and art of certain persons could exert. After three days' contest, I obtained a verdict against the secretary. This was a matter of much joy to all who loved the cause of religion, and also to the colony in general. The trouble, anxiety, and expense of the trial were very great, as I had only truth on my side. When I had got a verdict, I hoped to enjoy a little quiet, but the next Gazette in the report made of the trial, being so false and scandalous, and casting such reflections on me and my friends, I was compelled to appeal to Cresar once more ; and last Tuesday the cause was heard before the Supreme Court, when I obtained a verdict again. The Supreme Judge, Justice Field, is a very upright man, and acted with great indepen­ dence in the cause. A verdict was given in my favour to the amount of £200, with costs. The expense to the secretary will not be much less than £500. None can tell what I have suffered in my mind for the last five years, on account of the missions, from the opposition of those in power. I must request the Society to use their interest with the British Government to check those in authority here from exposing the missionaries, and those con­ nected with them, to the contempt of the whole world by such scandalous anonymous publications as that

G 98 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 99 of which I complain. I have been very anxious to Majesty's Ministers will interfere, I may expect leave the colony altogether, from the continual anxiety similar attacks from the same quarter. If this should I have suffered, and the opposition thrown in the way be the case, it cannot be expected I should remain in of every measure I have wished promote, the to for the colony to be ruined in my character, circum­ advancement of the Kingdom of Christ among the stances, and peace of mind. The last seven years have heathen. been very dreadful. A solitary individual cannot The letter continues:- withstand the influence of those in power, armed with such a deadly weapon as the public papers, and every I am very happy to inform you that all goes on other means of annoyance at their command. I have well at the Islands, notwithstanding the contests here. written on the subject to Lord Bathurst. . . . I have forwarded to you, by this conveyance, all the letters • from them you will learn the affairs of the I remain, rev. Sir, yours affectionately, missio~aries : I hope all the brethren have joined them. SAMUEL MARSDEN. Four thousand of the natives can now read. I send To Rev. George Burder. you one of Pomare's letters to me. Mr. John Eyre In the same strain he writes to his friend, has translated it. You will see what the views of the Dr. Mason Good, inclosing the letter of Philo­ king are. He is now writing a dictionary of his own '' language, and one of the chiefs is employed at the free, '' and other documents. Amongst other press. I am very sorry they did not meet the ~ng 's threats, representations to the Archbishop and wishes with regard to the printing press, and set 1t up the Bishop of London had been muttered in the at 'l'ahiti, where he lives; taking it away from him colony, with a view, no doubt, of inducing them was unwise. . . . . The main work is done now, to wjthdraw him from his post. '' Should you as far as respects the planting of the gospel. Their learn," he says, "that any representations are native idols are burned in the fire, and many have made to the Bishops, and you should deem it '' tasted that the Lord is gracious'' amongst the in­ necessary, I will thank you to send them the habitants. They sing, and read, and pray, and teach documents I have transmitted, or any part of one another, so that there can be no fear that religion them, for their information. I should also wish will be lost in the Islands again. The work has Mr. WHberforce to be acquainted with them, evidently been of God, and He will carry it on for His own glory. They will now also have their vessel, if yon will at any time take the trouble to lay by which means they can visit the different islands them before him. '' and Port Jackson. I should wish much to see them Then turning to brighter objects, he has the turning their attention to agriculture, etc., so as to following remarkable passage:- induce habits of industry among the natives, so that With regard to New Zealand, I must refer you to the natives of the Society Islands may rank with the Rev. Josiah Pratt, (secretary to the Church civilized nations. I rely with confidence on the Missionary Society). Great difficulties have opposed Society for their support and protection. Unless his the establishment upon that island; but I hope they 100 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 101 will all be overcome in time. We have sent two young would not have been known in this settlement for men to England, as we think this will greatly tend many years to come ; nor would they have gained the to enlarge their ideas, and prepare them for greater friends which they will eventually do here. usefulness in their own country. I have no doubt but that New Zealand will soon become a civilized Letters of congratulation flowed in rapidly, nation. If I were inclined to become a prophet I both on account of his missionary exploits in should say, that all the islands in the South Seas will New Zealand, and of his personal triumph in afford an asylum for thousands of Europeans here­ New South Wales. In addition to gratifying after, and New South Wales will give laws to, and testimonies from Home, Mr. Marsden received regulate, all their Governments in the course of time. a public mark of approbation from the officers The Gospel, humanly speaking, could not be planted of the 46th Regiment, then stationed in the in the South Sea Islands, unless our Government had colony, who, with a high and chivalrous sense established a colony in New South Wales. The British of what was due to one who single handed had Government had no view of this kind when they first formed the colony. How mysterious a.re all the ways so long maintained the cause of truth and of Divine Providence ! Yet may the Divine footsteps righteousness, stepped forward to offer their be traced, if we mark attentively what is passing in tribute of respect. the world. God, the Governor of this World, orders A vote of thanks, in the most cordial terms, all things according to His infinite mind, and all was also presented to him at the anniversary things well. meeting of the Church Missionary Society, at the Freemasons' Tavern, in 1819. It would He soon had -reason to adopt a happier strain. have been presented to the annual meeting of The trial was severe, the more so, perhaps, from the previous year, but it was a mark of respect the ardour of his own temperament, which, no which had never yet been paid to any individual doubt, required the chastisement, which became by the Society. '' The circumstances, however, in the highest sense a blessing both to himself which have lately transpired,'' writes his and others. Writing to the same friend on friend, Dr. Mason Good, who was a member of the 3rd of October, 1818, he says:- the committee, '' the severe and important When T take a retrospect of all that has passed in battle you have fought, and the triumph you this colony since my return, I see, with wonder and have so gloriously achieved, have induced the gratitude, the Divine goodness overruling the wills Society to step out of their usual routine on and affections of sinful men, and making all things this occasion, and to show, not only to yourself, unite in promoting his glory. "Philo-free" will not but to the world at large, the full sense they be without its benefit to the great cause. Had this entertain of the honourable and upright part libel never appeal'ed, the character, constitution and you have taken, and their unanimous determina­ object of the Church and London Missionary Societies tion to give you all their support. I agree with LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 103

you most fully that your contest has not been Mr. Pratt will have informed you that a special a personal one, but that the important objects meeting of the committee of the Church Missionary of the Society have been at stake, and that the Society was held last month for the sole purpose of 'Victory you have obtained is of more import­ deliberating upon the communication you have made to ance to the cause of virtue, honour, and true him of the state of the affairs of the Society, and the religion, and more especially to the cause of disgraceful letter that appeared in the Sydney Gazette, Christian missions in Australasia, than to signed "Philo-free." The result of the c~mmitt~e 's yourself." consultation was that your letters on this subJect should be referred to the consideration of the vice­ \Ve shall conclude our notice of these painful presidents of the Society, requesting them to take conflicts with two letters, the one from Lord such measures as they deemed most advisable to relieve Gambier, the other from the venerable Simeon. you from the distressing and painful ~tuat~on in The former breathes the warm heart of a sailor which you were placed. I had the satisfaction of and the mature wisdom of an experienced being present at the meeting of the vice-presidents; Christian. And thus while British soldiers the Bishop of Gloucester and Mr. Wilberforce were were ;ready to acknowledge the integrity of Mr. of the number. Mr. Pratt was also present, and as he Marsden, the Navy, as represented by one of will communicate to you the judgment that we passed her great heroes, stood forward likewise in his upon the occasion it is unnecessary for me to add behalf:- anything thereto ; but I cannot forbear to express to you the admiration I entertain of your conduct, your zeal, perseverance, and unremitted exertions in the DEAR Sm,-I was happy to hear of your health and welfare by your letters to me of the 22nd January blessed and glorious cause in which you are engaged. and the 5th March, 1817, which came to my hands in May our gracious Lord be your shield ; may ~is due time, though they were rather longer, I believe, powerful arm protect you against all your adversaries, in their passage than is usual. I deeply lament with and enable you to overcome them all with the weapons you that your very zealous and arduous exertions to of a Christian warfare, meekness, patience, faith, and extend the kingdom of our gracious Lord, and to charity; and may He lay them all at :your feet ! May His Grace be sufficient for you, and give you strength diffuse the knowledge of the glorious Gospel of sal­ vation among the inhabitants of the dark regions to go on as you have done in His service, to the glory around you, should meet with the spirit of opposition of His name and to the salvation of the heathen from the persons in the colony whom you naturally nations around! You have achieved great things in would look to for support and assistance. And very New Zealand. May the seed you have sown there be grievous indeed it is that you should stand almost like the grain of mustard, and grow to a large tree ; alone and single in a work of charity that exceeds and may you finally receive the bright reward of your the praises of human language to express its excellence labours, and have that blessing pronounc~d upon you, and blessed effects upon the race of mankind. "Well done, good and faithful servant, enter thou into the joy of thy Lord.'' There is a fine field for 104 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 105 missionary labours in New Zea.land, and I anticipate Mildred's Court, second month, 11th, 1820. the happiest consequences to the race of men in that country from the establishment you have made among REsPECTBD FRIEND,-! have received thy letters, them, and I think it very probable that they will one sent by Deputy-commissary-general Allan, and make more rapid progress in the knowledge and the other written some time before, but only arrived practice of Christianity and civilization than any within a day or two of each other. I am sorry that I heathen nation to whom the Gospel has been preached. happened to be out when Deputy-commissary-general May you live to see this verified! Allan called, but I hope soon to see him, and to consult With cordial and earnest wishes for your health with him as to the steps best to be taken to improve and prosperity, I remain, dear Sir, with sincere regard, the condition of the female convicts in New South Your faithful and humble friend and servant, Wales. Much influence has already been used here, GAMBIER.* and the subject has been brought before the House of Commons. I some time ago obtained a copy of thy Mr. Simeon, from Cambridge, wrote to him in letter to the Governor of New South Wales, and the the same strain of encouragement:- '' Last information contained in it has been much spread in summer I was at Hull, and saw Mr. Scott and this country, and it is quite my opinion that some other of your friends and relatives. It was a beneficial alterations will in time take place ; but the joy to me to see how ardent was their love present Parliament being so soon to be dissolved, towards you. I commissioned Mrs. Scott to tell owing to the death of the King, I fear will retard you, in general terms, that your character and their progress; but much is doing in this country, and I trust that much is likely to be done. Many of cause were duly appreciated by the Government us are deeply interested in the welfare of the poor and by the House of Commons. I take for convicts as to their situation here, and their voyage, granted that Mr. Wilberforce has given you and when they arrive in Botany Bay. And if life particulars. It was from him that I was and ability be granted us, I trust that much will in enabled to declare the general result." time be accomplished; but all these things require Mr. Marsden had taken up the cause of the patience and perseverance, which I hope we shall be degraded fem ale prisoners in New South Wales. endowed with, both here and on your side of the water. Mrs. Fr y in England hears of his benevolent I am sorry thou hast had so many trials and dis­ exertions, and hastens to express her joy; and couragements in filling thy very important station, thus she writes to the prison-philanthropist of and I cannot help hoping and believing that thy the Southern World:- labours will prove not to be in vain; and even if thou shouldst not fully see the fruits of thy labours, others, *L ord _Ja.mesGam_bier, Admira.loft h e Fleet . His notions of religion a.nd m ora.h ty were stricter t ba.n those of most ne.va.1 officers of his time. I trust, will reap the advantage of them, so that the W~en he was commissio ned to the Defence in 1793 the vessel was spoken of words of Scripture may be verified, That both he a.s 'the l)ra.r.ing sl!iP," 9:nd it was questioned wheth er it was l)OSSible for '' her to be a. flghtmg ship " a.a well. She demonst rated the possibility in that soweth and he that reapeth may rejoice together." h Ar first engagement with the F rench, in which sh e behaved admirably Lord Gambier was appointed Governor of Newfoundland in 1802 but I consider myself greatly obliged by thy valuable return ed to the Navy. He died on the 19th of April, 183S. ' 106 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 107 communications, and I think it would be very desir­ able that thou shouldst let us know exactly what sort of place is wanted for the women, and what would be its probable expense, as it would enable us more clearly to state what we wish for. And I should think CHAPTER VII. our Government would give the necessary directions to have the work done.-I remain, etc., thy friend, The New Zealand mission still continued to ELIZABETH FRY.• occupy Mr. Marsden's thoughts. He seems to have been always alert, turning every hint to account, seizing every occasion, and employing every likely instrument to promote the grand design. The excellent quality of the New Zealand flax* had not escaped him. He induced two young New Zealanders, whom he had brought with him to Parramatta, to visit England, which they did in H .M.S. Kangaroo, and were placed under the care of his friends in London. "I wish on no account," he writes to Mr. Pratt, "that they should be idle; if they cannot be useful in forming a vocabulary, let them be put into a rope walk, and be kept close to labour while they remain in England.'' They were both chiefs, Tooi t and Teterree,t still the reader must not suppose the rope walk was to them a degrading employment. Mr. Marsden had another object in view besides their improvement, and he wished to impart to his friends in London something of his own enthusiasm in behalf of the Maori race. '' The Society will see,'' he says in his letter to the secretary, Mr. Pratt-, "from these two young men what the natives of New Zealand are. They are prepared to receive any instruction that we . *The distingu ished phi!Anthropist e.nd member of the Society of Fr~ends, -syho was then carrying on h er work of reforming the temcLle prisoners m Newge.te. She died on the 12th of October, 1845. • Pho rmium tenax. t Tui. : Probably Tetir!. LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 109 108 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN can give them; they are fine young men, and in Their English education being completed, the temper and natural parts very like their young chiefs returned to Parramatta, and Mr. countrymen in general.'' They seem to have Marsden embarked a second time for New deserved the character here given them. We Zealand, taking Tooi and Teterree with him, insert a letter from each, written while they with several missionaries, three mechanics and were in Eng1and. The first is addressed to their families. They landed at Rangheehoa, • Mr. Pratt while Tooi was on a visit amongst in the Bay of Islands, on the 12th of .August. the manufactories of Staffordshire and The rival chiefs Shunghie and Koro-Koro now Shropshire. contended for the site of the new missionary Madeley, Sept. 17, 1818. settlement which Mr. Marsdein contemplated, DEAR Srn,-I am much obliged and thank you, Mr. each being anxious that his own domain should Pratt, for the letter you sent me. I so pleased when be pref erred, and offering a grant of land. Mr. Pratt :finds a ship. I want a ship to go home. I The spot was selected at Kiddee Kiddee ( or have been to Coalport. I made four cups. Mr. Rose Keri-Keri), a district in the territory of tell me, "You soon learn." "Yes," I say, "verrY Shunghie, at the head of a fine harbour; but soon learn with :fingers, but book very hard,'' etc. such was the distress of the disappointed chief, To Mr. Pratt. · THOMASToor. whose part was taken by young Tooi, that Mr. Marsden almost relented: "He made strong The other letter is in a graver strain, and is appeals to our feelings, and urged his request from Teterree to Mr. Marsden:- by every argument that he could advance, so Church Missionary House, October 12, 1818. that we were obliged to promise to accompany MY DEAR FRIEND,-! like Englishman much; he him on the next day to Parroa, t and that we love New Zealand man. I very sick in missionary would build him and Tooi a house if the house, and very near die; nothing but bone. Kind situation pleased us, and send one or two friend missionary pray for me every night. Europeans to reside amongst them. '' I kneel down in my bedroom every night, and pray The stores were landed, and all the beach to Jesus Christ our Saviour to learn me to read the exhibited a scene of happiness and busy civiliza­ book. tion, fourteen natives sawing timber, others Very nice country England. I never see the King cutting trees, etc.: ".A sight more grateful to of. England ; he very poorly, and Queen Charlotte a benevolent mind could not possibly have been very poorly too. seen; our hearts overflowed with gratitude. I see the iron make, and bottle blow. Tooi blow a bottle, and I blow a bottle. I make four cups at We viewed the various operations with delight, China work, etc. Farewell, good friend. and considered them the dawn of civil and TETERREE. • Rangiboua. t Paroa. 110 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE .A.ND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 111 re!i?ious liberty to this land of darkness, super­ circuitous journey of 700 miles, exploring the stition, a~d cruelty." Simply for the good of country. with a view to more extensive opera­ others, without the hope or wish of reaping any tions. His arrival overland, and in health, at other advantage than that of extending the the Bay of Islands, on his return, relieved the kingdom of God amongst a savage race the minds of his anxious friends the missionaries, little missionary band, self exiled, and c~nse­ and '' gave them additional cause,'' they say, crated_ to a _life of unknown toil and hardship, "to bless and thank God for His protecting exult m laymg the foundations of their settle­ care,and that He had again heard and answered ment, as th~ Jew~ of old exulted when they our supplications.'' '' There is not one in ten began to build their temple to the living God. thousand, I think," writes Mr. Hall, "who On the next Sabbath Day, the work was conse­ could or would have borne the privations, crated with prayer and praise. Mr. Marsden's difficulties, and dangers, which he has under­ simple language best describes the scene :- gone. I pray that he may reap the fruits of his labour by the New Zealanders turning from Au~ust 22.-We assembled on the beach for public their degraded state to serve the only living worship, as there was no place sufficiently spacious to and true God. '' hold the people. We were surrounded with natives Mr. Marsden 's journal of this second visit and a number of chiefs from different districts. will be valuable in time to come, as perhaps the It was gratifying to be able to perform worship to best record in existence of the character and the true God in the open air, without fear or danger, ~hen surrounded by cannibals with their spears stuck habits of a wonderful people, on whom civiliza­ m the ground, and their pattoo-pattoos and daggers tion had not yet dawned, and whose spiritual concealed under their mats. We could not doubt but darkness was profound. He landed, during a that the time was at hand for gathering in this noble coasting voyage with young Tooi, on the small people into the fold of Christ. Their misery is island of Motooroa.* "The first object that extreme, the prince of darkness has full dominion over struck my eye was a man's head stuck on a their souls and bodies; under the influence of ignor­ pole near the hut where we were to sleep; the ance and superstition many devote themselves to face appeared beautifully tattooed; it was the death, and the chiefs sacrifice their slaves as a satis­ head of a chief who was killed by Shunghie 's faction for the death of any of their friends. This people. The sight naturally excited feelings of is a tyranny from which nothing but the Gospel can set them free. horror in my breast.'' Most men would have felt something of alarm. But Mr. Marsden Durjng this three months' sojourn besides seems to have been a perfect stranger to fear; the attention which Mr. Marsden ga~e to the and if courage, whether physical or moral, missions in the Bay of Islands, he made a • Moturoe.. 112 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WOBK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 113 makes a hero, he must be ranked high in the While I sat musing under the shelter of a lofty pine, heroic class. He merely adds: '' This caused my thoughts were lost in wonder and surprise, in me to value more and more the blessing of taking a view of the wisdom and goodness of God's Divine revelation, and the blessing of civil providential care, which had attended all my steps to government.'' that very hour. If busy imagination inquired what I did there, I had no answer to seek in wild conjecture: In his journal on a tour to the River I felt with gratitude that I had not come by chance; Shukeangha, t he writes thus :- but had been sent to labour in preparing the way of the Lorn in this dreary wilderness, where the voice of September 28th, 1819.-After we had passed the joy and gladness had never been heard: and I could swamp, we came into a very open country, for many not but anticipate with joyful hope the period when miles round covered with fern. The part through the Daystar from on high would dawn and shine on which we walked was gravelly, and not very good in this dark and heathen land, and cause the very earth general. on which we then reposed to bring forth its increase, The wind increased toward evening, and blew when God himself would give the poor inhabitants his strong from the rainy quarter, so that we had the blessing. After reflecting on the different ideas which prospect of a very wet night, without a single tree to crowded themselves upon my mind, I wrapped myself shelter us from the storm for about eight miles from up in my great coat, and lay down to sleep. the swamp we had passed. At this distance was a wood, through which our road lay, which we were He visited an island where he saw a singular anxious to reach, if possible, in order to shelter our­ spectacle. A number of natives were at work, selves from the wind and rain. With this hope we breaking up the ground with a sort of spatula, pushed forward, and arrived at the edge of the wood or wooden spade,• to plant their sweet potato. abont nine o'clock. The rain now began to fall Amongst these was Koro-Koro's head wife, or heavily. The natives cut branches of fern and boughs queen: "Her Majesty was working hard with a of trees, and made us a little shed under the trees, to wooden spade, digging the ground for potatoes, afford us some shelter. The blackness of the heavens, with several of the women and some The the gloomy darkness of the wood, the roaring of the men.'' wind among the trees, the sound of the falling rain royal infant lay on the ground sprawling and on the thick foliage, united with the idea that we were kicking by her side. '' The old queen earnestly literally at the ends of the earth, with relation to our requested that I would give her a hoe, showing native land, surrounded with cannibals whom we knew me the difficulty she had in digging with a stick; to have fed on human flesh, and wholly in their power, a request with which I promised to comply.'' and yet our minds free from fear of danger-all this We leave the reader to admire at leisure the excited in my breast such new, pleasing, and, at the Homeric simplicity of the scene, or to indulge same time, opposite sensations, as I cannot describe. in those sentiments of contemptuous pity to t Hokie.nga. Ha.rbour. which Englishmen are possibly more prone. *Tho Ko.

H 114 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MABSDEN 115 In another place, he found the head wife of knees, and clung to Tooi. He saluted her in Shungbie, though perfectly blind, digging in the return; when she gave-vent to her feelings in same manner, surrounded by her women, and tears and loud lamentations, which she con­ apparently with as much ease as the rest. The tinued for about an hour. '' Tooi conducted off er of a hoe in exchange for her spatula was himself with great propriety, suppressing all accepted with joy. The scene drew forth these his wild feelings, and at the same time treating reflections : '' When we viewed the wife of one his sister with all the soft and tender feelings of the most military chiefs, possessing large of nature. I could not but view his conduct territories, digging with a spatula for her sub­ with admiration." sistence, this sight kindled within us the best When Tooi was in England, he had been feelings of the human heart. If a woman of taught to read and write, and instructed in the this character, and blind, can thus labour with doctrines of Christianity; and he and his com­ her servants, what will not this people rise to, panion Teterree were general favourites, from if they can procure the means of improving their gentle manners and quick intelligence. their country, and of bettering th~ir condition T They were one day taken to St. Paul's by Mr. Their temporal state must be unproved by Nicholas, who naturally supposed they would agriculture and the simple arts, in connection be lost in astonishment at the grandeur of the with the introduction of Christianity, in order building, but they expressed neither surprise to give permanence and full influence to the nor pleasure; on which that gentleman makes Gospel among them. Our God and Saviour, this just remark: "It is only things of common who is loving to every man, and whose tender occurrence, I suspect, that strike the mind of a mercies are over all His works, is now, blessed savage. The faculties must be cultivated to fit be His name, moving the hearts of His servants them for the enjoyment of the beautiful or the to send relief to the poor heathen, even to the sublime.'' One thing, however, did strike them, very ends of the earth.'' and caused no small excitement. In walking Nothing can be more affecting than the up Fleet Street, they suddenly stopped before meeting of Tooi and his sister, after the absence a hairdresser's shop, in the window of which of the former in England. Tooi himself antici­ were some female busts. They screamed out pated a scene, and half ashamed, when he saw "Wyenee! Wyenee!"* (Women! Women!) his sister at a distance, tried to avoid the inter­ taking them for dried heads of the human view in public, and requested Mr. Marsden to subject. "I took some pains," adds their kind order off the canoe in which they were approach­ conductor, "to beat this notion out of them ing. But her love could not be restrained; in an lest they should tell their co~trymen on thei; instant she sprang into the boat, fell on her • Wa.bine. LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 117 116 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN return that Europeans preserved human heads arrival: '' He invoked the heavens above and as well as New Zealanders.'' the earth beneath to render our visit advan­ These bursts of feeling were, it seems, quite tageous to his people, and agreeable to us, and natural; intense sorrow or savage exultation, that no harm may happen to us, whom he the extremes of tenderness and of brutality, esteemed as the gods of another country. We were indulged by turns, without any suspicion heard the profane adulations with silent grief on their part of insincerity in either. Imme­ and could not but wish most ardently for th; diately after, Mr. Marsden mentions that he light of Divine truth to shine on such a dark passed a canoe in which he recognised an old and superstitious mind.'' acquaintance, Hooratookie, t the first New Yet this man was a ferocious cannibal ; and Zealander introduced into civil society, when Mr. Marsden expressed his anxiety for Governor King having once entertained him the safety of the missionaries after he should with great kindness. Hooratookie was grateful; have left them, he was calmed by the assurance spoke of the Governor's daughter, then a child, that, as they had done them no harm, they had with unfeigned regard, calling her by her no satisfaction to demand, '' and that as for Christian naine, Maria. Bu.t looking into his eating us, the flesh of a New Zealander was. large war-canoe, capable of holding from sixty sweeter than that of an European, in conse­ to eighty men, with provisions, Mr. Marsden quence of the white people eating so much salt.' r observed on the stern the dried head of a chief. From this the conversation turned to that of '' The face was as natural as life, the hair was eating human flesh, which they defended with long, and every lock combed straight, and arguments which to them appeared, no doubt, the whole brought up to the crown, tied in a perfectly conclusive. They alleged that fishes knot, and ornamented with feathers, according animals, and birds preyed upon one another; to the custom of the chiefs when in full dress. and that one god would devour another god, It was placed there as an incentive to revenge. therefore there was in Nature sufficient warrant It is possible the death of this chief may be for the practice. Shunghie explained how it revenged by his children's children; hence the was the gods preyed on each other, "and that foundatjon is laid for new acts of cruelty and when he was to the southward, and had killed blood from generation to generation.'' a number of people and was afraid of their god, Mr. Marsden's fame now preceded him, and he caug~t their god, being a reptile, and ate wherever he went he was received not with part of 1t, and reserved the remainder for his rude hospitality, but with courteous respect. friends.'' One chief offered an oration or ;prayer on their Shunghie, the greatest of New Zealand warriors, was at the same time a striking t Horatuki. LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 11.8 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 119 instance of that union of gentleness and ferocity What rrught not be expected from such a man which characterizes this people. To the mis­ when he returned home again¥ George the sionaries his kindness was always great, and his Fourth invited him to Carlton Palace, and respect for Mr. Marsden knew no bounds. An received him with marked attention, presenting instance of his good feeling may here be noticed. him with some military accoutrements and In the beginning of 1817, a naval expedition, costly :firearms. Yet the heart of a savage under his command, sailed from the Bay of never ceased to beat beneath this polished Islands. It consisted of 30 canoes, and about exterior, while his pride was fanned to madness 800 men. Its object was to obtain peace with by the consideration he received in England. his enemies at the North Cape. The chief took '' There is,'' he exclaimed, ' ' but one king in an affectionate leave of the settl~rs, and told England; there shall be only one king in New them that if he fell they must be kind to his Zealand. '' Returning by way of Sydney he children; and if he survived, he would take care there happened to meet with Inacki, * another of their families when they should die. The chief, with whom he had an ancient feud. He expedition returned, however, in about a fort­ told him that when they got back to New night, his people having qua-rrelled with those Zealand he would :fight him. of Whangaroa, into which place they had put Inacki accepted the challenge, and Shunghie for refreshment; and being afraid, he said, that accordingly assembled, on his return -to New the Whangaroa people would attack the settlers Zealand, no fewer than two thousand men to in his absence, he, for the present, abandoned attack Inacki. The latter was prepared to the expedition. receive him, and for some time the event of the Shunghie was again preparing for war when battle that ensued was doubtful. At length Mr. Marsden paid his second visit to New Shunghie, who had the greater number of Zealand; his army, to the number of several muskets, and who had arranged his men in the thousand men, was already assembled; his form called, in Roman tactics, the cuneus, or war-canoes were ready, and all his preparations wedge, placing himself at the apex and directing complete; yet in deference to the remonstrances those behi;1d him to wheel round the enemy, of Mr. Marsden, he again abandoned his scheme from the right and left, or to fall back into their of conquest or revenge, and dismissed his original position as opportunity offered, shot followers. Inacki. The savage Shunghie immediately Shungbie paid a visit to England about the sprang forward, scooped out the eye of the year 1820. His majestic person, graceful dying man with his knife, and swallowed it; and manners, and gentle yet manly disposition were then, holding his hands to his throat, into much admired. He was one of Nature's nobles. • Hine.ki. 120 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 121 which he had plunged his knife, and from which these revolting details. Amongst the few the blood fl.owed copiously, drank as much of who escaped the general slaughter was Koro­ the horrid beverage as the two hands could hold. mona, a chief who became blind soon after­ Amongst the horrible superstitions of the wards, but hearing Archdeacon W. Williamst Maoris, one was that the eye of a victim thus preach at Matamata, was converted. '' For devoured became a star in the :firmament, and the last four years,'' says the traveller thus the ferocious Shunghie sought for honour mentioned, "Koromona has been a native and immortality. With the sword which he had teacher, and may be seen every Sabbath Day received as a present from King George in with his class instructing them in the truths of England, he immediately cut off the heads of the Scripture with an earnestness which is truly sixteen of his captives in cold blood; this was admirable; he is now about to start to preach done to appease the spirit of his son-in-law, Christianity to a tribe which has not yet who had fallen in battle. received it. His memory is wonderful; he In this battle, Shunghie and his tribe were knows the whole of the Church Service by armed with muskets, his opponents only with heart, and repeats hymns and many long the native weapons, the club and spear. His chapters verbatim.'' Thus the Gospel won its victory, therefore, was an easy one, but his victorious way, and proved itself triumphant revenge was cruel. A New Zealand traveller, over hearts no less depraved and passions no who visited the spot in 1844, says: "The bones less degraded than those of Shunghie himself. of 2000 men still lie whitening on the plain, and .Amidst such scenes the missionaries dwelt the ovens remain in which the flesh of the in peace. War, and its inseparable and more slaughtered was cooked for the horrible repasts hideous companion, cannibalism, showed them- of the victorious party, and yet so numerous 11elves at their gates, but were not allowed to were the slaves taken prisoners that the Nga­ hurt them. No doubt the fearlessness of Mr. Puis ( the tribe of which Shunghie was the Marsden won the admiration of these savages head) killed many of them on their way to the and contributed not a little to his safety. His 1 Bay of Islands merely to get rid of them.' • journal abounds in instances such as that which Such was the gentle Shunghie when his viler follows. The scene is in a Maori village, and nature was let loose-a frightful specimen of the writer is surrounded with cannibals. '' After human nature, varnished by education, but conversing on several subjects, we had supper, unvisited by the grace of God. eang a hymn, and then committed ourselves to We turn aside for a moment to the Angel of the Everlasting Covenant, and so describe a scene in bright contrast with lay down to rest; a number of the natives lay

•'"savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand," b:r ~org& t Afterwards tbe fl.rat Bishop of Walapu. French An11as; London, 184T. 122 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 123 around the hut and some within. I slept well peace, and his presence shed light and joy on until daybreak, being weary with walking.'' everything around him. His circumstances He appears to have arrived home, after were prosperous, for his farm, which was this second visit to New Zealand, towards the almost entirely committed to Mrs. Marsden 's close of November, 1819. In February, 1820, care, was now a source of considerable income; he was once more on his way back to New his chndren were growing up to manhood under Zealand. His letters bear ample testimony to their parents' roof; his circle of friends and a fact which all who were acquainted with him visitors was large, for there were no bounds in private life observed, that his heart was full to his simple hospitality; and the clergy of the of affection, and that his home was the scene colony, men like minded with himself, had now of his greatest happiness. He had not returned, begun to regard him not only with affection, it is true, to be greeted with public honours; on but with the reverence which belongs to years the contrary, he was still a marked man. The and wisdom and wide experience. Governor and many of the leading men in the Yet at the call of duty this veteran was ready, colony were prejudiced against him. on the shortest notice, to resume a life of such We believe it is to this period of his life that toil and hardship as nothing could have ren­ an anecdote which we give on the best possible dered welcome, its novelty once over, but authority belongs. The Governor had consented motives the most solemn and commanding. to his recent visit to New Zealand with reluct­ H.M.S. Dromedary, Captain Skinner, was ance, and had limited the period of his absence directed by the Government to proceed from with military precision, threatening at the same Sydney to the Bay of Islands to receive a cargo time to deprive him of his chaplaincy unless he of New Zealand timber for trial in the dock­ returned within the given time. The last day yards of England; and Sir Byam Martin, con­ arrived, and the expected vessel was not in troller of the navy, knowing something of the sight. The Governor repeated his determina­ energy of Mr. Marsden's character, and his tion to those around him, and Mr. Marsden 's great acquaintance with New Zealand, re­ friends were filled with anxiety, and his wife quested that he would accompany the and family at length gave up all hope. Towards Dromedary, which was joined by the Ooro­ evening the long-wished-for sail appeared in mandel, in order to facilitate the object of their the offing, and at eight o'clock in the evening visit. With this request he felt it his duty to Mr. Marsden quietly walked into the Governor's comply. He arrived in New Zealand on the drawing-room with the laconic and yet respect­ 20th of ]'ebruary, and embarked on board the ful address: "Sir, I am here to report myself." Dromedary to return on the 25th of November. But within the bosom of his family all was 124 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 125

Thus nearly the whole year was given to the civilization and Gospel truth, and receiving service of New Zealand. everywhere from these savages the kindest The time was not lost. On his arrival, a attention and the most hospitable welcome in difficulty occurred which he only could have set return. at rest. The natives had come to the determina­ On their way to Tourangha,* he writes, under tion to exchange nothing, nor to do any kind of the date June the 20th:- work, except for muskets and powder. His first business was to assemble the few European The day was far spent when we reached the plain. settlers, the advanced guard of that mighty We walked on till the sun was nearly set, when we stopped and prepared for the night. The servants, band of European colonists which was soon to who had the provisions to carry, were very tired. follow, and to persuade them not on any account There were no huts on the plain, nor any inhabitants, to supply the natives with these weapons of and we were therefore compelled to take up our war, in their hands so sure a source of mischief. lodging in the open air. I was very weary, having With regard to the duty of the missionaries had no rest the preceding night; and having come a there could be no doubt; and this he explained long day's journey, so that I felt that rest would be to all the powerful chiefs. They had come very acceptable, even on a heap of fern or anything among them to preach the Gospel of Peace, how else. then could they be expected to furnish the means The peculiar scene that surrounded me, furnished and implements of destruction? In writing to the mind with new matter for contemplation on the the Missionary Society at Home he says, and works and ways of God. The mystery of His he must have written such a sentence with an providence, and the still greater mystery of His grace, were all unsearchable to me. I had come from a aching heart: '' I think it much more to the distant country, and was then at the ends of !he honour of religion and the good of New earth, a solitary individual, resting on an extensive Zealand even to give up the mission for the wild, upon which no civilized foot had ever before present, than to trade with the natives in those trodden. My companions were poor savages, who articles.'' nevertheless vied with each other in their attentions After a short time spent in the Bay of to me. I could not but feel attached to them. What Islands, at the mission, he proceeded, sometimes would I have given to have had the Book of Life in company with Europeans, but for the most opened, which was yet a sealed book to them,- to part alone, upon a tour of many hundred miles have shown them that God who made them, and to through regions yet untrodden by the foot of have led them to Calvary's mount, that they may see civilized men, mingling with the native tribes, the Redeemer who had shed His precious blood for the redemption of the world, and was there set up as accompanying them in their wanderings from an ensign for the nations. place to place, teaching the first lessons of •Ta.uro.nga., in the Bo.y of Plenty. 126 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 127

But it was not in my power to take the of the evening, or gathering storm, compelled us to veil from their hearts, I could only pray for seek for shelter. them, and entreat the Father of Mercies to Every day as I advanced from tribe to tribe, visit them with His salvation. I felt very grateful I was introduced to new acquaintances; my that a Divine revelation had been granted to me; that object was to gain from observation and experience I knew the Son of God had come, and believed that that knowledge of savage life which I could not learn Re had made a full and sufficient sacrifice or atone­ from books, and to make myself well acquainted with ment for the sins of a guilty world. With compas­ the wants, wishes, and character of the native sionate feelings for my companions, under a grateful inhabitants, to enable me, if my life should be spared, sense of my own mercies, I lay down to rest, free from to aid to the utmost of my power in their deliverance all fear of danger. from their present temporal miseries, which are great upon them, and from their much sorer bondage to the It was during this tour that the following prince of darkness. I am happy in having obtained letter was addressed to the lady of his excellent this object to a certain extent, at the expense of a few friend, Dr. Mason Good. Let it stand on record temporal privations, and a little bodily evil. as an evidence of the power of true religion in When I have lain down upon the ground after a maintaining amidst the rudest scenes, and the weary day's journey, wrapped up in my great coat, rough warfare of an adventurous life, all the surrounded only by cannibals, I often thought how many thousands are there in civil life, languishing gentleness and affection of the most refined and upon beds of down, and saying, with Job, "in the polished society of a Christian land. evening would God it were morning,'' while I could sleep free from fear or pain, far remote from civil New Zealand, Sept. 22nd, 1820. society under the guardian care of Him who keepeth DEAR MADAM,-Your kind favour arrived in the Israel. Bay of Islands September 7, the evening I returned Though I everywhere met with the greatest kind­ from a long joumey. I had no sooner cast my eye ness from the natives, as well as hospitality, for they over your letter, than busy imagination transported always gave me the best fern-root, potato, or fish in me_from the solitary woods, dreary wastes, and savage their possession, yet I could never have duly estimated society of New Zealand, into "the polished corner" of the sweets of civil life, and the still greater mental Gui~ord Street, and surrounded me with every gratification of Christian communion, if I had not cordial that could refresh the weary traveller, revive passed through these dark regions of Satan's the fainting spirits, and blow the languishing spark dominions, on which the dayspring from on high hath of Christian love with a heavenly flame. I had ne,er cast a single ray. You cannot conceive how literally b~en living for weeks a savage life, as far as great a feast your letter was, after so long a fast. I outward circumstances went. I ate, I slept in the was instantly present with every person you men­ thick wood, in a cave, or on the banks of a river: or tioned, and lived over again some of those happy sea, with my native eompanions, wherever the shadows moments I once spent under your hospitable roof. A LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 129 128 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN various other matters affecting the state of the sacred warmth flowed round my soul, my heart was sweetly melted under the influence of that pure a?-d colony, which had now obtained publi~notoi:iety, undefiled religion which dropped from your pen, like and had already engaged the attention of the the heavenly dew, as it ran through every line. British Parliament; and Commissioner Bigge arrived during Mr. Marsden 's absence to The immediate object of his visit being manage the inquiry. accomplished, he returned to Sydney, where a On his return we find him seeking a strange reception awaited him. public and searching examination of his whole Governor Macquarie had sent to Lord conduct. Addressing a letter to the Com­ Bathurst a despatch in answer to the statements missioner, he says: '' I am happy to meet of the senior chaplain, already noticed, in which every charge that can be brought against me. he brought heavy charges against the latter, I have no wish to do more than set my character which deeply affected his character, not only as right in the opinion of his Majesty's Govern­ a Magistrate, but as a Christian man and a ment and in that of the Christian world; and I minister. am unfeignedly thankful to you for the fair The office of a Magistrate he had been com­ opportlmity you afford me to justify my public pelled to undertake in common with the other and private conduct." . clergy of the colony, who were all included in the Commission of the Peace. For this there Among the many charges brought before the was no justification except hard necessity. Mr. Commission of Inquiry was that already pre­ Marsden, however, had long been :veary of the ferred ag~inst Mr. Miwsden by the Governor irksome task, and had once agam requested in his despatch to Lord Bathurst, namely, that the Governor to accept his resignation. This he had been guilty of extraordinary severity as the Governor had expressly declined to do, a Magistrate. Another, scarcely consistent with on the ground that "his services as a Magistrate the first, was that more profligacy and were too beneficial to the public''; but in fact, depravity were to be found amongst the con­ it would seem, only that he might have the victs of Parramatta than in any other district, opportunity of inflicting upon him the annoy­ and that this was owing to the neglect of the senior chaplain. ance of a formal dismissal, which was shortly afterwards notified in the Sydney Gazette. Perhaps it would have been impossible to Lord Bathurst, in consequence of the bring forward any two charges of a more Governor's despatch, determined upon a step painful nature. Happily first was easily disproved, which 0()'ave great satisfaction to Mr. Marsden's the friends at Home, and sent out a Commissioner to or rather it fell at once to the ground investigate upon the spot the truth of these and I 130 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 131 for want of proof. The second was the more cruel, because, while the facts bore out the ~ha~ M~. Marsden had advanced largely to the statement, Mr. Marsden was the only public mstitut10n, to the amount, indeed, of more than man in the colony who was not guilty, by his £800, for the mere cost of the buildino- · '' and silence at least, to some extent of the iniquities th1s,. " h e says, ' 'must have been knowno' to the which the Governor affected to deplore. Parra­ Governor, as I was obliged to apply to him for matta was, in fact, the receptacle of the most repayment for some of these sums, and received hardened and depraved of the convict class; it an answer that he could not assist me.'' received the sweepings of the gaols in every . Gover.nor Macquarie left the impression of district. There were nearly 200 women and 700 his gem.us upon the youthful institutions of male convicts there, while the factory was so .Australia) where his memory is still honoured small as not to be able to contain more than 60 as that of a great man; yet his conduct to Mr. women, and the remainder were obliged to find Marsden was oppressive and unjust. It is con­ lodging for themselves or to sleep in the open soling to know that there had been nothing in fields. the personal conduct of the latter unworthy of This was Mr. Marsden's answer to the his sacred calling. Commissioner; it was a repetition of the remon­ The Commissioner, at the conclusion of stranc:e which he alone had the •courage, two the investigation, inserts, for Mr. Marsden 's years before, to present to the Governor, and information, the Governor 's testimonial of then to remit Home to England. his character, which, considering the charO'es Thus he found himself arraigned as the cause brought against him, certainly does 0 go of those very evils-evils, too, lying at his own far to prove that misapprehension and exas­ door- which he had obtained so much obloquy perated feelings had betrayed his Excellency for attempting to remove. mto a warmth and precipitancy of which in A third charge was that he had · squan­ ~oments of less irrita tion, he felt asha:died. dered public money in building the Female The Governor admits that Mr. Marsden 's Orphan House. He showed, however, on his manner to him has been constantly civil and defence, that the Lieutenant-Governor, Judge­ accommodating, and that nothing in his manner Advocate, and others, who formed the Com­ could provoke the Governor's warmth. The mittee, had examined the accounts and passed Gover?or admi_ts _his q;1~Iitications, his activity, them every quarter, and that the Governor had and ~ls unr~m1tt~g vigilance as a Magistrate, afterwards approved of them, and published and . m society his cheerful disposition and them in the Sydney Gazette three years before readmess to please." the charge was made. It now appeared further vVhiJe this inquiry was pending at Sydney the Governor addressed a letter to Lord 132 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 133 Sidmouth, and published it in England. It was conduct by night and by day, if I had been a defence of his own line of policy against guilty of that or any other impropriety, it would various attacks which had been made against it have been impossible for me to have escaped in the House of Commons by the Hon. H. Grey detection.'' Bennett and others. In the course of his So far as any pretence of truth could have defence, the Governor not only ridiculed Mr. been urged in support of this vile slander, Marsden 's letter on the necessity for a female namely that "he kept a public-house for the sale factory, and his account of the melancholy con­ of ardent spirits, selling them in any quantity di_tion o~ the convict women, but charged him from a pint to a puncheon,'' it may be stated ~1th bemg ~ccustomed to traffic in spiritous in bis own words : '' In the infancy of the colony liquors, and m consequence of being displeased previously to my arrival, barter was estab~ at having so many publichouses in his lished among all classes, from the Governor neighbourhood. downwards. As there was neither beer nor Malicious and absurd as the accusation was milk, tea nor sugar, to be purchased at any carrying with it its own refutation, it found price, wine and spirits became the medium of SOJ:?e who were weak or wicked enough to exchange. As the colony progressively ad­ beheve, or to repeat it. It was revived in the vanced in agriculture, commerce, and wealth, colony, and republished in one of the Sydney barter gradually decreased, and money transac­ newspapers after Mr. Marsden 's death. Such tions beP-ame more general. I can affirm that is the tenacity of slander. "Only throw mud for the last eighteen years I have not had in my enough," says the eloquent Mr. Burke "and possession as much spirits as would allow my some of it will be sure to stick.'' ' servants half a pint a head per week. And at Mr. Marsden felt his character so seriously no period of my residence did I ever purchase compromised that he wrote Home to the spirits for sale."* Minister in self-defence, and also addressed These were not the only troubles through a statement of the case to the new which he was called to pass. But enough has Governor, ~ir T. B~isbane. After showing been said both to explain the difficulties in the absurdity, and mdeed the impossibility which Mr. Marsden was placed and to clear his of the charge, since, in the :first place the character from tlie vile aspersions cast upon it. Gove:nor himself had granted a monopoiy to It is with pleasure that we turn from these certam contractors to purchase and land all false and disgraceful charges to follow him in spirits brought to the colony, and because in the second he had no license, he adds : '' Such is •aa.tions of spirits, a.a in the ne.vy. would seem e,t this time to h&ve b(een regular!}'. served out to the serve.nts and labourers In the colony. the watchful eye that was kept upoij my whole Note b1 the biographer.) 134 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 135 th~se Chris~ian and philanthropic pursuits which have given splendour to his name. power on earth can overturn it. To impart On the arrival of Sir Thomas Brisbane in these blessings to the New Zealanders is an 1821, to assume the government of New S~uth object worthy of the British nation: a more ~ ales, Mr. Marsden immediately waited upon noble undertaking could not be suggested to the bun, when he received the assurance of his Christian world." This at least was not the counte~ance and support, not only as a colonial mere declamation of the platform, but the cl~ap~am, but as the representative of the great deliberate expression of the views of one who rruss10nary work going forward in New had toiled and suffered in the cause for twenty Zealand. years, and had scarcely been cheered, at present, Such encouragement was opportune; he with the sight of a single New Zealand convert. tba~ked God and took courage; for the diffi­ "Here," at least, "is the patience of the cu)ties were great, and from time to time saints." grievous disappointments and vexations had His home duties were not neglected; nor was OCCl~rred. It was about this time that the his the easy philanthropy which overlooks the s;mm~ry at Parramatta, for the education of humble claims of the rustic flock or obscure N ~W:,Ze~landers, was abandoned. It had its parish, while it stalks abroad on some heroic origm with Mr. Marsden, and was conducted enterprise which may feed the vanity, while it for some time in his own house. It was indeed pacifies the conscience, of the actor. Through one of his most favourite plans, and it~ failur~ his exertions Parramatta had now its associa­ was a severe disappointment. It was found tion in behalf of the Bible Society, which h~wever, that the change of habits and of already collected funds for the parent society climate was injurious to the health of the New in England. Zealander~, while the results were not always Mr. Marsden 's anxiety for the female con­ such as might have been desired. But nothing· victs was not to be abated by ridicule or oppo­ could damp his ardent zeal, or quench his spirit sition. We find him, in August, 1822, addressing of enterorise. a letter to Dr. Douglas, the Police Magistrate '' I se~,'' he says, writing to his friends at of Parra.matta, on their behalf. Some of the Home, ' ' the way preparing for the spread of sentiments are beautifully touching. The sub­ the Gospel. I feel the fullest conviction that stance of the plea is '' that these poor creatures, the ~onth Sea Islands will now receive the who are confined in the penitentiary, and who biess1~g of civilization and the Gospel. The have committed no offence in these settlements, ~ork 1s great, an_d m~ny difficulties may oppose be allowed the privilege of attending at least it. The foundation 1s now firmly laid, and no once on the Sabbath Day on public worship.'' 136 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 137 The request was surely reasonable, and in the spark of hope that he might one day return to urging it he rises to a pathetic eloquence: his father's house and be happy. This parable of our blessed Saviour's most beautifully exhibits the There is no nation under the heavens in whose character of the British nation towards her prodigal bosom the wretched and unfortunate find so warm a· sons and daughters, and is more honourable to her reception as in our own. The unhappy situation of than all the victories she has achieved by sea and the female convicts during their confinement in -the land.'' different gaols in the empire interests the best feelings of the human heart. They are instructed by the The welfare of the female convict population counsels of the wise, consoled by the prayers of the lay near to Mr. Marsden's heart. Scarcely his pious, softened by the tears of the compassionate and beloved New Zealanders and their missions relievP.d by the alms of the benevolent. The ~oble engaged more of his a:ffection . His plans for senator does not pass over their crimes and their the improvement of their temporal condition, . ~unishments unnoticed; he is anxious for the preven­ and his incessant labours for their spiritual tion of the former, and the mitigation of the latter; welfare, occupied no small portion of his time nor does the wise politician consider them beneath his care. and thoughts; and there is good reason to believe that his labours amongst these outcasts He speaks with natural exultation of '' the were not '' in vain in the Lord.'' Standing, as watchful eye with which the British Govern­ we should have thought, himself in need of ment provides for their wants and conveniences encouragement, he stimulated the languid zeal during their voyage to New South Wales even of others. Mrs. Fry and other philanthropists more liberally than for the brave soldie;s and were now engaged in their great work of sailors who have fought the battles of their amending the prison discipline at Honie. We country, and never violated its laws''; and then have inserted a letter from that excellent lady follows a sentence which leaves us uncertain to Mr. Marsden. His answer to it must have whether more to admire his patriotism or the cheered her spirits amidst the many dishearten­ gentleness of his nature and the warmth of his ing toils to which she was exposed: heart: "The W eZlington had just arrived when," he says, This apparently singular conduct may seem as if ' ' I went on board, and was highly gratified with the the British Government wished to encourage crime order which appears to have been maintained in that and afterwards reward it; but upon a nearer view this vessel. I could not have conceived that any ship principle of action will be found to spring spon­ could have been fitted up to have afforded such taneously from virtue, from that inherent laudable accommodation to the unfortunate exiles as the Christian compassion and anxiety, which the fathe; W elllitngton was. All the women looked clean, healthy, of the prodigal felt for his lost son, which kept alive and well. They had not that low, vicious, squalid, 138 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 139

dirty look which the women at former periods have In reference to this, '' I wish,'' says Mr. had when they first arrived. I believe there has been Marsden, in a letter to Dr. Mason Good, "to very 15'.reat attention paid by the master and surgeon avoid the office if I can; but I fear it will not be to their morals and comfort in every possible way. in my power, without giving offence. The The very sight of the arrangements of the vessel Judges as well as the public and the Magis­ showed that the humane and benevolent wishes of the trates have urged me to take the bench at the Christian world had been carried into effect, a.nd present time." In the same letter, he adds: proved beyond all contradiction that order a.nd feel happy I have stood :firm against all morality can be maintained upon so long a voyage in "l that calumnies and reproaches, and have been the ~ female convict ship. . . . The present inquiry mto the state of this colony, before the Committee instrument of bringing to light the abomina­ of the House of Commons, will greatly benefit this tions that have been committed here: and some country. I can speak from painful experience that of the evils are already remedied. '' The friends ~or the last twenty-six years, it has been the most of religion and virtue in England could not fail immoral, wretched society in all the Christian world. to sympathize with him, being well assured that '' Those who are intimate with the miseries and vices substantially he was :fighting the cause of true of large gaols alone can form any idea of the colony piety and equal justice, against profligacy and of New South Wales. I know what Newgate was oppression. when I was in London, in the years 1808 and 1809. I Mr. Wilberforce wrote to him in the year was then in the habit of seeing that miserable abode 1823, with his usual warm of vice and woe. What has since been done in affection:- Newgate may be done elsewhere, if suitable means '' 'l'hough I may be a somewhat doubtful and a~·e adopted ?Yt~ose in authority, seconded by indi­ unfrequent correspondent, I am not an uncertain v1duaJ exertions; much might be done in these friend; and where good will, as in your instance, is c~lonies towards restoring the poor exiles to society grounded on early esteem, and cemented by the con­ with the countenance and support of the Government sciousness of having many mutual friends, I should Great evils are not removed without great difficulties: be ashamed if that should suffer any decay from the When I visited the Wellington, I saw much had been impression not being often renewed. It was with no done in England, and more than I could have credited small concern that I heard that anything unpleasant had I not been an eye witness of the situation of th~ had occurred. I had meant to endeavour to obtain a females.'' sight of any letters or papers to our common friends, and to have consulted with them whether any-and , Sir Thomas Brisbane, the new Governor was if any, what-measures could be taken for the benefit not slow to perceive the worth of services' such of your colony, or in your own support, which, without as those which Mr. Marsden had rendered to a compliment, I hold to be in a degree coincident. . . . the colony, and pressed him to accept once more And now, my dear sir, farewell: but I ought not to the office of a Magistrate. conclude without congratulating you on the progres- ' LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 141 140 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN I have further the pleasing satisfaction of coupling sive advancement, as I trust, of the religious and with it his Lordship's instructions to the ~oven1:or, moral interests of your Australian world, and begging to acquaint you that it has been done in considera~10n that you will always inform me unreservedly when­ of your long, laborious, and p_raiseworthy exertions ever you conceive I can be of use publicly, or to in behalf of religion and morality. yourself personally." I have the honour to be, reverend Sir, Your obedient servant, The report of Commissioner Bigge was made public soon afterwards ; and with it the clouds JOHN OVENS, which had gathered so long around the chaplain Private Secretary. of Parramatta were at last dispersed. He was To the Rev. Samuel Marsden, too prominent a mark not to be again assailed. Principal Chaplain. 'Always in the front of the battle when the oppressed required protection, or when evil doers in high positions incurred bold assaults, it was not in the nature of things that he should lead a quiet life. His calling was peculiar ; so were his talents; and the latter were admirably :fitted for the former. But for the present his triumph was complete, and the Government at Home appreciated his faithful service. The document which follows requires no further comment. It was not received till some time had elapsed, but we insert it here as a fitting conclusion to the chapter:- Private Secretary's Office, Sydney, 9th April, 1825. REvEREND Sm,-! have the honour to acquaint you, by command of his Excellency the Governor, that E arl Bathurst, having taken into consideration your long and useful services in the colony of New South Wales, has determined upon increasing your stipend to the sum of four hundred pounds sterling, per annum. 142 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MAJ!SDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 143 Amongst the missionaries themselves certain evils had appeared, the growth of a secular and commercial spirit, which had injured their CHAPTER VIII. cause; and threatened to frustrate the great end for which the mission was projected. Mr. ~ Jul~, 1823, we :find Mr. Marsden again Marsden heard of these untoward events, and t~ki~g s~p an~ embarking for New Zealand. hastened his departure, full of anxiety, but not his mtenfa_on_bemg to visit the stations of th~ abating one jot of his confidence in the final c:u~ch Mi~s10na:y Society, and to arrange its triumph of God's cause. What his feelings f airs .. Smee his previous visit fresh causes were his own journal testifies:- or a~e~y hi:,d appeared. In consequence of I am still confident that this land of darkness and S~unghie s misconduct, the natives were now superstition will be visited by the day-star from on a 1ienate~ f:om the missionaries; they had high. The glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all become mdi:fferent to education and · ul flesh shall see it together, for the mouth of the Lord t 1 · agnc - u~a improvements; and the Gospel, it was too hath spoken it. 0 Lord, let thy kingdom come; thy evident,_ had made little progress hitherto will be done on earth as it is done in heaven. I have Shunghie declared that as to himself suffered so much annoyance and persecution for some "h. time past, from unreasonable and wicked men, that I wanted his children to learn to :fight and n'ot te read.'' o am happy in leaving the colony for a little time, in which I have experienced so much annow-nce. In The ~aoris_ about the settlement insisted reflecting upon the state of New Zealand there are updon bemg p~id for their services in fire-arms many things which give me both pleasure and pain. an. • ammun1t10n · "Sm·ce Sh ungh" ie ' s return " I am happy the Church Missionary Society has not wntes one of the missionaries, "the nativ~s relinquished the cause, but has sent out more one and all, have treated us with contempt' strength to carry on the work. Many have been the They are almost past bearino-. c ,,,,.,,,,.,g· t · discouragements from the misconduct of some of the h h o , 0 .u..u..u. m o our o_us~s w en they please, demanding food servants of the society; but I am confident that the thiev:_ng whatever they can lay their hands on' sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God, will in time subdue the hearts of these poor people to the br~a!,._mgdown our garden fences, stripping th~ ~hips bo~ts of everything they can. They seem obedience of faith. He was accompanied on his voyage by the mh · fact,Jf ripeb for any mischief·, had Mr. Mars den ' u~se een amongst us, much as he deserves Rev. Henry Williams and his family, who now their esteem, I believe he would not went out to strengthen the New Zealand witho t · ul escape _u ~ns t ; but the Lord is a very present mission, of wbfoh he soon became one of the h e1 P m time of trouble.', most effective leaders. One of Bishop Selwyn's 144 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMU EL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARfi;DEN 145 first steps when he was appointed Bishop of improved in their appearance and man,ne:s; New Zealand was to make Mr. Henry Williams and now for the first time he heard them, with one of his archdeacons.* Could Mr. Marsden strange delight, sing some hymns and ~epeat have foreseen the course which awaited his some prayers in their own language. This con­ companion, how would his soul have been vinced him that, notwithstanding the miscon­ cheered! But it was for him to sow in tears, and for others to reap in joy. The field was duct of a few of the Europeans, the work was gradually going on, and the way preparing for not yet ripe for the harvest; other men the blessings of the Gospel. "I have no doubt laboured, who now sleep in the dust, and we of that the greatest difficulties are now over, and this generation have entered into their labours. that God will either incline the hearts of those Mr. Marsden was not mistaken in his estimate who are now in New Zealand, to devote them­ of his new companion. Indeed, he appears to selves to their work, or he will find other have been very seldom mistaken in the judg­ instruments to do his work.'' ments he formed about other men. "I think," yet he had a painful duty to discharge. Firm he notes, "that Mr. Williams and his family as he was and lion-hearted when danger w~s will prove a great blessing to the society. I to be met, his nature was very gentle, and his hope he will be able to correct and remedy, in affections both deep and warm; and he had now time, many evils that have existed, and also to to rebuke some of the missionaries whom he set an example to the rest what they as loved as his own soul, and even to dismiss one [ missionaries should do.'' of them. This was his fourth visit to New Zealand, Of those whom he had been obliged to and though in some respects it was painful, yet censm-e he writes thus:-'' They expressed in others there was ground for joy. their r~gret for the past, and a determination The cloud which the prophet saw from to act in a different way for the future. Some, Carmel, though no greater than a man's I have no doubt, will retrace -their steps, and hand, foretold abundance of rain; and so will be more cautious and circumspect, but I now, too, at length, after nine years' toil, have not the same confidence in all. Some a few hopef-ql symptoms appeared amongst express sorrow, but I . fear not that which the Maoris. Their anxious visitor observed worketh repentance." with much pleasure, he says, that since his Again he remarks : '' Missionary w01·k is very previous visit, the natives in general were much hard work, unless the heart is fully engaged in * The biographer states in th~ orii:ine.l work (p. 169) the.t Arc~dee.con Helll'Y Willie.me a.fterwarde was 'dee1gne.t~d to!'- New Ze~land B1_eh!)Pri0 it. No consideration can induce a man to do in a district inhabited exclusively by Ohnetie.mzed Ma.one." Thie }8 e.n error. It we.e Archdeacon William Williams who bees.me the ftret Bishop habitually what he has a habitual aversion to. of Waia.pu, The sooner such a one leaves the w~rk the better K 146 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN' LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 147 it will be for himself and the mission.'' · But true. I further added we did not interfere with the though compelled to blame, he did not forget Government of New Zealand; they did what ~hey to sympathize. "The present missionaries, pleased, and the missionaries should be allowed ·to do though some of them have erred greatly from what they pleased. · the right way, yet have all had their trials and Tooi said that this was but just, and observed, "We are· at present in the same state as the Otaheitans were troubles. Some allowance must be made for some time back. The Otaheitans wanted only muskets their peculiar situation, and their want of and powder, and would have nothing else, and now, Christian society, and of the public ordinances as they knew better, they wanted none; and the New of religion.'' Zealanders would care nothing about muskets when Several chiefs, among whom was Tooi, they knew better, which they would in time." All warmly took up the cause of the missionary the chiefs acquiesced in the observations Tooi made. who had been dismissed. The conversation I was happy to find their minds were so enlarged, which followed is a beautiful illustration of the and that they had begun to take such proper views of too much forgotten Scripture which tells us the subject. I said, Tooi 's remarks upon the conduct that '' a soft answer turneth away wrath,'' of the Otaheitans were very just, and told them that while at the same time it presents an interesting the Queen Ohar'f!otte brig, which had sailed from the view the Maori mind character bay the preceding day, belonged to the young king of and at this Pomare; that the Otaheitans had sent oil and various critical pe:riod of their national history:- other articles to Port Jackson, and that they had Tooi, addressing me, said a missionary had informed received in return, tea, sugar, and fl.our, and clothing, him that day that he was going to leave New Zealand, as they wanted these articles, and that the New and the chiefs wished to know whether this person Zealanders might in time have a ship of their own to had been dismissed for selling muskets and powder procure sperm oil, spars, etc., which they might sell, to the natives. To this I replied that Mr. --- was at Port Jackson, and many of them were able to kill directed by the gentlemen in ·England who had sent the whales, having been employed on board the him out as a missionary, not to sell muskets and whalers. When they got a vessel of their own, they powde.r; that it was not the custom in· England for would soon be equal to the Otaheitans, and give over clergymen to sell muskets and powder; and that no their cruel wars. They expressed much pleasure at missionary' could be allowed to sell them in New having a vessel of their own. After some further Zealand. explanation the chiefs were satisfied that Mr. -·-­ As several of the chiefs present had been at had violatt>d our laws and had brought all his distress Port Jackson, I observed that they knew that the upon himself. clergymen there did not sell muskets and powder. They knew that I had not one musket in my house, The conduct of the natives confirmed the and that they had never seen any when they were impression which Mr. Mar!;!den had previously with me. •. They replied, they knew what I said was formed, and which their subsequent history 148 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 149

down to the present day entirely sustains, that I now felt much pleasure in the prospect of a they are a noble race of men, of considerable speedy retum. to my family and people, and being mental capacity, of great perseverance a.nd very weary with various toils and anxieties, both of enterprise, who never lose sight of an object body and mind, I longed for a little rest, and retired upon which they have once set their minds; to my cabin with much thankfulness and comfort. I powerful reasoners upon any subject that has had cause to be thankful for continual good health come within their knowledge; possessed of a during the period I had been in New Zealand, as I quick perception and a natural sagacity, which had not lost one day. I felt great confidence in the enables them to form a just acquaintance with Rev. Mr. Williams, and I doubt not that God will human nature as it presents itself before them. prosper the work, and r'aise up a seed in this benighted land to serve Him; for many shall come Who would not wish that they too may form a from the south as well as the north, and shall sit happy exception to the rule which seems in down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in the kingdom every land to condemn the native population to of God." waste away before the advances of European enterprise? Who would not desire that the But his bright visions were overcast. Like Maori tribes may long be a great and powerful the :first and greatest of Christian missionaries,

nation, protected1 but not oppressed, by English it was ordained that he, too, '' should suffer rule? shipwreck and be cast upon a des~rt island.'' Mr. Marsden now paid a visit, at Whangaroa, His own journal gives us the story of his to the Wesleyan missionary station there. danger and deliverance. Over the Wesleyan missions he, of course, had Sunday, 7th.-This morning we weighed anchor. I no control or oversight, such as that with which spent some time this day reading the Scriptures with he was entrusted towards the missions of the the Rev. S. Leigh. Our subject for contemplation was I;,ondon Missionary Society in the South Sea the 1st chapter of St. Paul to the Romans. The Islands. This, however, did not prevent his weather was very threatening and stormy ; the wind taking an affectionate interest in their affairs. from the eastward and strong, blowing directly into He found Mr. Leigh, the founder of their the mouth of the harbour. We lay in Korororika~ mission, very ill, and invited him to return with Bay, on the south side of the harbour, and had to sail him on a voyage of health and recreation to along a lee rocky shore. In working out with the Port Jackson; and having taken leave of the wind dead on the land, the ship being light and high out of the :water she would not answer her helm, and Church Missionary brethren with solemn and twice missed stays. The lead was kept continually affectionate counsels he embarked on the 6th sounding, and we soon found ourselves in little more of September, 1823, with feelings which he thus than three fathoms water, with a rocky bottom and a describes :- '"Kororareka.,now ca.lled. Russell. LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 151 150 LTI!'.E AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN

shoal of rocks on our lee, and it was then high water. not rest, we most anxiously wished for the morning When the captain found the situation we were in he light, to learn some account of them. immediately ordered to let go the anchor, which ~as · September 8th.-When the day arrived we had done. the happiness to see the vessel still upright, and . When the tide turned the ship struck, the gale driven nearer the shore. No boat or canoe from her; mcreased, and the sea with it; a shipwreck was now the gale still increased; about mid-day we saw the more than probable; there appeared no possible way mainmast go overboard. The natives on the island to preven~ it. The Rev. Mr. Leigh was very ill, and screamed aloud when the mast fell. I concluded they ~elt the dISturbance much, Mrs. Leigh also being very had cut away the mast to relieve the vessel. We 111. I requested the captain to lend me the boat to spent the rest of the day in great suspense, as we take Mr and Mrs. Leigh to the nearest island where could not conjecture why all the passengers sho~d we arrived very safely, the island being b~t two remain on board, in the state the ship was in. miles distant. .At dark in the evening Mr. Hall returned, and The natives expressed much concern ·for us· informed us that the bottom of the vessel ma~e a fire, prepared the best hut they could: was beaten out, and that both her chain which was made of bulrushes, for our reception~ I and best bower· cable were parted; · and that ~equested them to send a canoe to Rungheehet, to she beat with such violence upon t}le rocks mfor1!1 Mr. a_nd Mrs. Hall of the loss of the ship, and when the tide was in that it was impossible to stand to bring their boat to assist in bringing the people upon the deck; at the same time, he said,· there was to land. At the same time, I desired they would tell no danger of any lives being lost, as he did not think the natives to bring a large war canoe. The natives the vessel would go to pieces, as she stood firm upon for some time. alleged that their canoe would be the rock, when the tide was out. He said, the dashe~ to pieces by the waves, but at length I passengers on board had not determined what they p~evailed upon them. They had between five and six would do, or where they would land as yet; they miles to go, through a very rough sea. wished to wait till the gale was abated. Mr. Hall's About three o'clock, Messrs. Hall King and information' relieved us much; as it was now dark, Hanson arrived in Mr. Hall's b~at a~d a the wind high, ·and the sea rough, we could not leave l~rge war canoe with natives; th;y imme­ the island, and therefore took up our lodgings in our diately. pro~eeded to the ship, and we had little hut. the. satisfact~on to see them arrive safe, and waited The natives supplied us . with a few potatoes ·and until d_ark with the greatest anxiety for their return. some fish. My pleasing prospect of returning to Port The ram fell in torrents, the gale increased, and they Jackson was at an end, for some time at least. I was had not returned; we lay down in our little hut full of exceedingly concerned for the loss of so fine a -ves,gel fear for the safety of all on board: The night on many accounts, as individuals who are interested appeared very long, dark, and dreary. As we could in her must suffer as well as the passengers on board, and spent the night in reflections on the difficulties t Rangibihi. 152 LIF-E AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 153 with which I was surrounded; while the ragino- of 0 out to sea we might have been cast on shore under the storm continued without intermission. more dangerous and distressing circumstances. Our Tuesday, 9th.-.At the return of day we discovered shipwreck has been a most merciful one, as no lives the ship still upright, but she appeared to be higher have been lost, nor anything but the ship. on the reef. I now determined to return to Kiddee­ Kiddee* in Mr_. Hall's boat with Mr. and Mrs. Leigh. We left the island for the missionary settlement The shipwreck of the Brampton-for that where we arrived about nine o'clock. Our frien~ was the vessel's name-o ccurred on the 7th of. had not heard of the loss of the ship until our arrival, September, and in consequence Mr. Marsden as there had not been any communication between the was detained in New Zealand until the 14th of different settlements in consequence of the severe November when he returned home in the weather. We were very kindly received by the D ragon, and' arrived at Sydney in the begmmng. . brethren; I informed them in what situation we had of December, i823. The interval was not lost; left the ship, and requested that every assistance for he seems to have been one of those who might be given to land the passengers and luggage. gather up the fragments of time, and turn to The wreck was about twelve or fourteen miles the best account the idle hours and spare from the settlement. Four boats were imme­ moments of life. He drew up some excellent diately sent off; Mr. Hall's boat took the women and children to Rungheehe, and two rules for the guidance of the missionaries and of the boats returned with part of our Christian settlers in their intercourse with the shipping which now began to visit the Bay of luggage, and we went to the station of the Rev . H. e1':ry "'."illiams. All the brethren rendered every Islands . ard m their power. The boats on their return brought He encouraged the erection of a schoolhouse the welcome news that all was well on board and Mr for the natives. "The fpundation," he says, Leigh did not appear to have suffered mu~h inj~ "must be laid in the education of the rising from the wet and cold he endured on the island generation. The children possess strong minds, though in so· weak a state. Divine wisdom has n~ are well-behaved and teachable. They are doubt some wise ends to answer in all that has befallen us. The word of God expressly says all things shall capable of learning anything we wish to teach work together for the good of them that love God and them.'' During his detention he also addressed the Scripture cannot be broken. ' a circular letter to the missionaries respecting . We c8?11ot see through this dark and mysterious a grammar in the Maori language, pointing out . drspensatron at the present time; the why and where­ the necessity for adopting some more sys­ fore w_e must leave to H~ who ordereth all things tematic method both for its arrangement and acco~ding to. the counsel of His own will. As the gale pronunciatio~. This led to a new vocabulary contmued wrth unremitting violence, if we had gone of the native language, and in a short time to a *Ker!keri. new method of spelling. 154 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND' WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 155 But even Mr. Marsden, with all his sagacity, chiefs appeared tired of war and th~ unse~tled did not penetrate New Zealand's future, nor state consequent upon it. So the proJect ~ailed. foresee in how short a time the well-known and At length he returned home, accompamed by familiar sounds of English towns and villages six New Zealand youths, whose eagerness was would be transferred to that still savage island, such that they gladly promised to sle~p upon superseding even· in Maori lips their native the deck rather than miss the opportumty. M~. designations. . Leigh the Wesleyan missionary, was also his Lastly, a political object occupied some of fello~ voyager. Mr. Lei~h's. opinion ~f ~Ir. Mr. Marsden 's time and thoughts. The inces­ Marsden and his la.hours is highly gratifymg, sant and desolating wars which the native tribes and not the less so as coming from one who waged against one another were, he saw, the belonged to another society. great obstacle to the progress of New Zealand. The missions were always insecure, for the "The shipwreck," he says, "which we have ex­ country was always more or less disturbed. perienced will, I have no doubt, prove favourable to Civil war is, under all circumstances, the bane, the reputation of the New Zealanders. F~r several and, if persi_sted in, the ruin of a country; add days we were in their power, and they might have the ferocity of New Zealand warfare, its can­ taken all that we had with the greatest ease ; but nibalism and its undying spirit of revenge and instead of oppressing and ro?bing us, t~e~ actually sympathized with us in our tnals and afflictions. ~r. nothing more was wanted to degrade the finest Marsden, myself, and Mrs. Leigh, w~re at a native country under heaven into a very pit of village for several days and nights, without any food darkness. but what the natives brought us; what they had they All this Mr. Marsden felt; he conceived gave us willingly, and said-'Poor creatures! you that if he could succeed in establishing some one have nothing to eat, and you are not accustomed to chief as supreme, a plan of government might our kind of food.' I shall never forget the sympathy be drawn up - securing life and property and kindness of these poor heathens. throughout_ the island. He consulted Shunghie, "I do hope that the Rev. S. Marsden will be suc­ Wyatto Riva,• and other powerful chiefs. cessful in his endeavours to put an end to the freq~ent Shunghie 's ambitious spirit would have em­ wars in New Zealand. I have heard many natives braced the proposal, the condition being, of and chiefs say: 'It is no good to go to fi~ht and eat course, that he should be the sovereign; but the· men • we wish to cease from war, and retire to some peac~ful place.' I pray God that this ob?e~t may be jealousy of the rest prevented anything like soon effected among this people. The ChrIStian wor.ld, unanimity. Riva justly remarked that to have and especially the Church Missionary Society, will any superior would degrade them; yet all the never be able fully to appreciate the valuable labou1:9 •ProbablT Wai-a.ta Rewa. of the Rev. Samuel Marsden. His fervent zeal, his 156 A.ND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MABSDEN 157 .. a~~dant toil, and extensive charity in the cause of nuss10~, are beyond estimation. May he li..,.e l a burmng d hin • Ii . • ong as an s mg ght m the missionary world ! '' CHAPTER IX.

Scarcely had Mr. Marsden returned to Parra­ matta when we find him in correspondence with the new Governor on the subject of the aborigines of Australia. They were already wasting away in the presence of the European colonists like snow before the sun. Their restless and wandering habits seemed to present insuperable difficulties, whether the object were to convert or merely to protect them. His memorandum to the Governor, and sub­ sequent correspondence with the Church Missionary Society, show his anxiety for their welfare and the largeness of his heart. Each new project, as it came .before him, was wel­ comed with serious attention, while at the same time there was no fickleness, no relaxation of his efforts in his old engagements and pursuits. His interest in the mission to the South Sea Islands continued unabated. The London Mis­ sionary Society had deputed the Rev. Daniel Tyerman and Mr. GeOl'ge Bennett to visit these missions, and bring Home in person a report of all they might see upon the spot. On their voyage, they stayed awhile at Sydney, and -Mr. Marsden addressed a letter to them, which shows his own zeal in the cause, and the painful apathy or profane contempt of others. Such 158 LJFE AND WORE: OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEJ, MARSDEN 159

The work is now done ; this your eyes have seen, and :~~~r~~1sto~:~~sr;:ite~ comparative fervour, your ears heard ; in this I do rejoice and will rejoice. Sydney, November 4' 1824 I wish you, as representatives of the Society, to GENTI..EMEN -I know f . ' . satisfy yourselves, from friends and foes, relatiye to gi ' o no circumstance that h my conduct towards the mission _for the last twenty­ So:~~ :a ~:i::satisfaction than your mission to ti: :6.ve years. You must be aware that many calumnies of civilization ~~dT!: a:mpt to introduce the arts have been heaped upon me, and many things laid to amongst the inhabitants ofo-;!edge. of Christianity my charge which I know not. My connection with ~essedly great. An undertakin ose f ISlands was con­ the missionaries and the concerns of the mission has nnportant tu g O such a new and been purely of a religious nature, without any much labo:ra re could no! be accomplished without secular views or temporal interests ; and my services ' expense anxiety and . k t ll were concerned · th' ' rIS , o a who whether they be great or small, ~ere gratuitous. the :first ten e m e work. The missionaries, for islands from Y ars, su:~red every privation in the The missionaries, as a body, are very valuable m1m, called for ever causes w ich I need not state. They and as such I love them; but some of them, to whom I them to remaJ :piho~ fnd encouragement to induce had been kind, have wounded me severely, both here stations, after they h:d I~ ands, and l to return to their and \:'lsewhere. I have always found it difficult to in New South Wal een compe led to take refuge manage religious men ; what they state, though in a es. bad spirit, is generally believed by the Christian D in myuring these ten y~ars, I used every means world. · PQwer to assist th · · . to_ serve the Societ Isla e m1ss1?naries, and I need not · enter into the circumstances which te:Q years, the ruling ~wers _nds. . Durmg the next urged me to purchase the Queen Charlotte, as you are a very hostile spirit io th ~t~IS colony manifested in full possession of them; you are also acquainted pleasure as well as my d \ m1t1on. As I felt it my with the reason why her expenses became so heavy, fell under the marked u Y. o support the cause, I the fall of colonial produce more than twenty per cent. authority and had a ·m fspleasure of those in in so short a period, which no one could have antici­ so long a' period and pa1 u wa~are to maintain for pated at .that time, and _the increased duty of one The un dl ' many sacrifices I had to make hundred per cent. upon tobacco. If these two circum­ introduc~oth: G:~;l~ a~:ays t:reate~ the attempt t~ stances had not occurred, there would have been no as wild and . . ng e natives of the Islands loss to any individuals or the mission. I enclose the despaired of su::~ary, and the Christian world statement of the accounts of, the Queen ChMlotte, and shall leave the matter in your hands, to act as you ubliIn those· dperiods I · of d oubt and uncertainty in the P c mm , suffered much · think proper. I &hall also leave the society to majre re~ponsibility was placed on !:~ie:,as _very great their own account of the interest upon the £600 I one cause and another l ometrmes, from borrowed. I have no doubt but the society will be though I was d' my seep departed from me· satisfied that I had no motive but the good of the persua ed God would bless the WOrli..,_' 160 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE .A.ND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 161

mission, and that, as Christian men who fear God, was no alternative but to sacrifice all at once. I glory they will do what is just and right. I shall therefore in my disgrace. As long as I live I hope to raise a leave the matter in your hands. standard against vice and wickedness. We have some I have the honour to be, gentlemen, Herods here who would take off the head of ~he ~ who dared to tell them that adultery was a crime. Your most obedient, humble servant, SAMUEL MARSDEN. He was still subject to the most annoying insults. Imputations, ludicrous from t~eir While thus engaged, he was still a faithful absurdity and violence, w:ere heaped UJ?Onhi1;0. minister of the Gospel in its richest consola­ In reading the libels which were publi~he~ m tions, and a bold opponent of vice. His position the colony and in England, too, about this time, as a Magistrate obliged him not only to reprove we should' suppose that the man against whom but also to punish, sin. The task was difficult, they were aimed was some delinquent, notorious when the real offender, in too many cases, was even in a penal settlement. not the wretched culprit at the bar of justice, He was openly accused of being '' a man but some rich and insolent delinquent, beyond of the most vindictive spirit,'' ' ' a turbulent the reach of the limited powers of a colonial and ambitious priest,'' a '' cruel Magistrate,'' Magistrate. In consequence of Mr. Marsden 's an '' avaricious man. '' fearless conduct in a case we shall not describe, These charges, amongst many more, were he was at length formally dismissed from the contained in a work in two octavo volumes, pro­ Magistracy. All that is necessary to be known, f essing to give an account of Australasia! which in order to vindicate his character, is contained reached a third edition, and to which the in an extract of a letter written by himself to author's name was attached. As these were Mr. Nicholas, dated Parramatta, the 12th of if August, 1824 : not sufficient to grind his reputation to the dust, further charges of hypocrisy and bigotry were "My very dear sir," he says, " I have still to strive thrown in. These last were easily repelled; to against sin and immorality, which brings upon me the refute the others was more difficult, inasmuch . hatred of some men in power; this I must expect from as facts were involved which it was necessary those who live on in sin and wickedness. . . You to clear up and place in a just light before the would hear of the whole bench of Magistrates at public. It might have seemed magnanimous. to Parramatta being dismissed at one stroke, five in despise such assailants, and meet them with number-Messrs. . . . and your humble servant. silent pity. .And yet we doubt whether such We fell in the cause of truth and virtue. If certain individuals could have knocked me down, and spared magnanimity would have been wise, for with my colleagues, I should have fallen alone; but there a blemished reputation his usefulness would L 162 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LTh'E AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 163 have been at an end; since his accusers were not But even these anxieties could not engross anonymous hirelings, but Magistrates and men his confidential correspondence. In the same of high position in the colony. letter we have pleasant mention of New Zealand He referred the matter to his friends at and its missionaries :- "I have no doubt about Home, placing his character in their hands. New Zealand; we must pray much for them and He was willing to institute an action for libel, labour hard, and God will bless the labour of if this step were thought advisable; or else to our hands. " Nor is science quite forgotten :­ lay a statement of his wrongs before the House ''I have sent you a small box of fossils and of Commons; and he transmitted the minerals, by Captain Dixon, of the Phcenix, manuscript of a pamphlet, in self-justification, from Point Dalrymple principally; the whole to his friend Dr. Mason Good. It was accom­ of them came from Van Diemen 's Land.'' panied with a letter, remarkable for the modest Mr. Wilberforce and other friends of religion estimate of his own abilities, as well as for true were consulted; and under their D,dvice his. Christian meekness:- pamphlet was published in London, though not I have requested our mutual friend, Baron Field, till the year 1826. It is entitled, "An Answer Esq., to show the documents to you, and to consult to certain Calumnies, etc., by the Rev. Samuel with you on the propriety of publishing them. I Marsden, principal Chaplain to the Colony of have murh more confidence in your superior judgment New South Wales.'' than in my own. . . . Many hard contests I have It contains a temperate, and at the same had in this colony. But God has hitherto overruled time a conclusive answer, to all the charges all for good, and he will continue to do so. As a made against him. To some of these we Christian I rejoice in having all manner of evil spoken have already had occasion to ref er; others of me by wicked men. As a member of society, it is have lost their interest. The charge of my duty to support, by every lawful means, an upright character. The good of society calls upon me hypocrisy was chiefly grounded on the fact that to do this, from the public situation I hold, as well as a windmill, on Mr. Marsden 's property, had that Gospel which I believe; on this principle I think been seen at work on Sunday. But "the mill," it right to notice Mr. W. 's work. I leave it to you he says, ''was not in my possession at that time, and my other friends to publish what I have written nor was 1 in New South Wales. I never heard or not, as you may think proper, and with what of the cireumstance taking place but once; and alterations and arrangements you may think neces­ the Commissioner of Inquiry was the person sary. I do not know how to make a book, any more who told me of it after my return from New than a watch, but you have learned the trade com­ Zealand. I expressed my regret to the Com­ pletely; I therefore beg your assistance, for which I missioner that anything should have taken shall feel very grateful. place, in my absence, which had the appearance ,, .

164 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 165 that I sanctioned the violation of the Sabbath work occasionally for himself, and that there­ Day. As I was twelve hundred miles off the at £ore if there was any blame it lay with him, and time, it was out of my power to prevent what not the prisoner. The Magistrates not only had happened; I assured him should not but it ordered Mr. Marsden to be :fined two shillings happen again, for the mill should be taken and sixpence per day for each day his servant down which was done. Very few, it is to be had been thus at large, under the assumed plea feared,' would make such a sacrifice, simply to of his transgressing a General Government avoid the possibility of a return of the appear­ order, but also ordered Ring to be remanded to ance of evil I'' gaol and ironed; and he was subsequently The case of James Ring we cannot pass un­ worked in irons in a penal gang. noticed. It shows the cruelty with which Mr. '' At this conviction there was no informer, Marsden 's reputation was assailed on the one nor evidence '' ( we are now quoting Mr. hand, and his own :firm and resolute bearing on Marsden 's w~rds, from a statement which the other. Ring was a convict, who for his he made before a Court of Inquiry instituted general good conduct had been assigned as a by Lord Bathurst, the Colonial Minister domestic servant to Mr. Marsden. He was at Home, to investigate the subject at permitted by the latter, in accordance with the Mr. Marsden's request), "but the bench usual custom, to work occasionally at his own convicted me on my own admission that trade, that of a painter and glazier, on his own I had granted indulgence to my servant to do account, and as a reward for his good conduct. jobs in the town. There were two convictions, He was frequently employed in this way by the the first was on the 17th of May, 1823. On the residents at Parramatta ;· amongst others by the 23rd of the same month, without a hearing, or Chief Magistrate himself. This man having being present, without informer, evid~nce, ?r been ill-treated and severely beaten by another notice, on the same charge I was convicted m servant, applied, with Mr. Marsden's approba­ the penal sum of ten pounds. On the 7th of tion, to the Magistrates of Parramatta for June a convict constable entered my house redress; instead of receiving which, he was with 'a warrant of execution, and levied the :fine charged by them with being illegally at large, by distress and sale of my property." and committed to the common gaol. These convictions took place under an Mr. Marsden was then absent on duty in the obsolete colonial regulation of 1802, made in the country: on appea:ring before the bench of :first instance by Governor King, to meet a tem­ Magistrates upon his return home, he at once porary emergency; but virtually set aside by a stated that he had given permission to Ring to general order of Governor Macquarie of a much 166 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 167 later date, granting the indulgence under cer­ pure integrity, and a Christian minister of tain regulations, with which Mr. Marsden had spotless character. complied. More than two years had now passed since Mr. Marsden says, in his official defence, Mr. Marsden 's previous visit to New Zealand. that he "was the · only person in the The close of the year 1826 found him preparing colony who was ever fined under such circum­ for another, his fifth voyage, of 1200 miles, to stances, since the first establishment of the the scene of those missions he had so long colony, to the present time.'' And he adds a regarded with all a parent's fondness. A great statement which, had it not come down to us change had just taken place in the conduct of thus accredited, under his own hand, would have several chiefs towards the missionaries in con­ seemed incredible, namely that '' the two Magis­ sequence of their fierce internecine wars. trates by whom the fines were inflicted, Dr. -­ At Whangaroa the whole of the Wesleyan and Lieut. --, were doing, on that very day, missionary premises had been destroyed ; the the same thing for which they fined me and property of all the missionaries was frequently p1mished my servant, and I pointed that out to plundered, and their lives were exposed to the them at the time they were sitting on the bench greatest danger. The worst consequences were ~nd which they could not deny.'' Denial: apprehend(>d, and the-missionaries, warned of mdeed, was out of the question, since, says Mr. their danger by the friendly natives, were in Marsden, "one of Dr. -'s convict servants daily expectation of being at least stripped of Henry Buckingham, by trade a tailor wa~ everything they possessed, according to the working for me, and had been so for m~nths. New Zealand custom. For a time the Wesleyan Lieut. -- at that very time also had two con­ mission was suspended, and their pious and vict servants belonging to Dr. Harris working zealous missionary, Mr. Turner, took refuge at for him at his own house.'' ' Sydney, and found a home at the parsonage at After two years Lord Bathurst ordered the Parramatta. Governor of New South Wales to establish a As soon as the painful intelligence reached formal inquiry into the case. A court was New South Wales, Mr. Marsden determined to summoned at Sydney, before which Mr. Marsden proceed to the Bay of Islands, and use his appeared. utmost exertions to prevent the abandonment The whole affair was investigated, and the of the mission. He was under no apprehension result was not only Mr. Marsden's entire of suffering injury from the natives; and his acquittal of the charges which wantonness and long acquaintance with their character and malice had pref erred, but the establishment of habits led him to anticipate that the storm his reputation as a man of high courage and would soon pass away. Accordingly, he sailed 168 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 169 for New Zealand in H.M.S. Rainbow, and his co-operation with the missionaries, the b~ne­ arrived in the Bay of Islands on the 5th of :ficial labours of the Press now for the first time April, 1827. reached the Maori tribes. During a visit to He had reached the period of life when even Sydney, Mr. Davis had carried through the the most active crave for some repose, and feel Press a translation of the :first three chapters themselves entitled to the luxury of rest; but of Genesis, the twentieth of Exodus, part of the his ardent zeal never seems to have wanted :fifth of Matthew the first of John, and some other refreshment than a change of duties and hymns. These ;ere small beginnings, but not of scene. to be despised; they prepared the ~ay for th~ He found the state of things improved ; translation of the New Testament mto Maon, peace had been restored; and the mis­ which was printed a few years afterwards at sionaries were once more out of danger. the expense of the British and Foreign Bible He conferred with them, and gave them Society. The importance of this work can spiritual counsel. As far as time would permit scarcely be estimated, and it affords a striking he reasoned with the chiefs upon the baneful example of the way in which that noble institu­ consequences of the late war, and, at the end tion becomes the silent handmaid, to prepare of five days from his arrival, he was again upon the rich repast which our various missionary the ocean, on his way back to Sydney. "He societies are evermore distributing abroad, with was not wanted in New Zealand"· in Australia bounteous hand, to feed the starving myriads besides- domestic cares, many 'circumstances ' of the heathen world. combined to make his presence desirable. Thus he was instant in season, out of season; disin­ terested; nay indifferent and utterly regardless of the honours and preferments which even good men covet; and ever finding in the work itself, and in Him for the love of whom it was undertaken, an abundant recompense. Brief as the visit was, it confirmed his faith and re~ssured his confidence in the speed; convers10n of New Zealand. He found the mis­ sionaries living in unity and godly love and devoting themselves to the work. "I t;ust," he says, "that the Great Head of the Church will bless their labours." In consequence of 170 LI.FE .A.ND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE .A.ND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 171 Church Missionary Society, "if the cause of religion should suffer in my personal conduc~; but I hope it will not. . I. hope I have said CHAPTER X. enough to satisfy the Christian world that I a~ clear in this matter. To justify ~y public conduct was an act due to my farmly and to The shadows of evening now began to fall on all my Christian friends, as well as the general him whose life had hitherto been full of energy interests of religion.'' and to whom sickness appears to have been ~ Nor was it merely the breath of slander that stranger. He had arrived at the period when assailed him; he mentions in a private le~ter to early friendships are almost extinct and the the Rev. Edward Bickersteth, an act of grievous few who survive are dropping into the grave. wrong mflicted by the British Government. '~ I He was still subject to the persecutions of and my family were all struck off the public '' unreasonable. and wicked men' '' and was victualling books in the latter part of Governor agam compelled to vindicate his conduct in a Macquarie 's administration, without any com­ pamphlet, which issued from the Press at pensation. The Rev. R. Cartwrigh~ _and the S)'."dney, in 1828. Transmitting a copy to his Rev. William Cowper, with their farmhes, were f 7iend, the Rev. Josiah Pratt, he says: "I con­ also struck off from the public stor~s at _the sider myself a proscribed person these last few same time. They have both had their clarms years. All the charges against me are contained settled since Governor Darling arrived. On~ in this pamphlet. My public offences, my illegal received £700, and the other more than _£80~, acts, the charges against me for inflicting but I have received nothing. My clarm. 1s torture to extort confession, for which I have equally just, had I only served the same period been condemned unheard and suffered as guilty. as my colleagues, though I have served nearly :V'hat _an ungodly world may think or say of me twenty years longer than eit~er. of ~hem. I can 1s of little moment; but I do not wish to lose the only attribute this act of mJushce to some good opinion of my Christian friends and fall hostile feeling in the Colonial Office. Gover~or in their estimation." ' Darling has always shown me every attention He re~urns to the subject in his correspon­ I couJd wish." dence with other Christian friends; for the The year 1830 found Mr. Marsden once more a~prehension that in him the cause of religion upon the ocean. Neither ~creasing years nor might seem to have received a wound lay heavy the vexations through which he had passed on his mind. "I should feel much~' he says damped his ardour in the missionary cause. writing to Mr. D. Coates, lay secretary of th~ His mind was steadfastly fixed on the progress 172 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LI.FE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 173

of t?-e Gospel in New Zealand, and there he was Zealand must become an English colony. He anx10~s once more in person to assist in foresaw the necessity, and, though at first with carrymg ?n the work. He felt that his time reluctance, cordially acquiesced in it, even for was growmg short, and hastened "before his the sake of the Maoris themselves. decease," _to "set in order the 'things which His concern now was to prepare them were wantrng.'' for a measure which must sooner or later He perceived, too, with mingled feelings that take place. Everything was in a lawless New

186 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 187 with their spacious harbours crowded with aborigines. In the very year of his death, an shipping, were already in existence, and effort was made by the Attorney-General of the English settlers had covered with their flocks colony to pass a Bill to enable the Courts of those inland plains which long after Mr. J·ustice to receive the evidence of the blacks, Marsden 's arrival still lay desolate and hitherto inadmissible. unexplored. Mr. Marsden was now seventy-two years of The religious condition of Australia was no age. On every side the friends of his youth less changed. All denominations were now rep­ were falling, and he was bowed down with resented by a ministry, and accommodated in bodily infirmities, the natural consequence of places of worship not at all inferior to those a life of toil. He often pointed to an aged tree at Home. The Church of England had erected which grew in sight of his windows, as an Sydney into a bishopric, of which the pious and emblem of himself. It had once stood in the energetic Archdeacon Broughton was the :first middle of a thick wood, surrounded on all sides incumbent, and the number of the colonial with :fine timber, which the waste of years and clergy had been greatly increased; under all the ruthless axe had levelled; now it stood these influences the tone of social morality was alone exposed to every blast, its branches improved, and real spiritual religion won its brok;n off, its trunk decayed and its days triumphs in many hearts. numbered. Mr. Marsden was now released from those Yet he resolved to pay another, his seventh, official cares and duties as senior chaplain and as it proved, his last, visit to New which once so heavily pressed upon him. Zeaiand. It was thought by his friends that Beyond his own parish of Parramatta his he would never live to return. His age and ministerial labours did not necessarily extend infirmities seemed to unfit him for any great and in his parish duties he had the efficient aid exertion of either mind or body; but having of his son-in-law and other coadjutors. formed the resolution, nothing could now deter The one spot on which no cheering ray him, or divert him from it. seemed to fall, the sterile :field which after years He sailed on the 9th of February, 1837, in of labo~ious cultivation yielded no return, was the Pyrmnus, accompanied by his youngest the native population, the aborigines of New daughter, and he seemed to be cheered by the South Wales. reflection that if he died upon his voyage he The progress of humanity and righteousness would die in his harness and upon the battle was very slow, and Mr. Marsden did not live to field on which God had chosen him to be a see equal justice, not to speak of Gospel truth leader. or English liberty, carried to the Australian 188 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN .And yet his sturdy spirit scarcely bowed itself to such misgivings. As on former visits, he had no sooner landed than his whole soul was invigorated by scenes from which most others would have shrunk. He landed on the western side of the island, at the River Hokianga, and remained amongst the Wesleyan missionaries for about a fortnight, after which he crossed over to the Bay of I slands, carried part of the way in a litter by the natives. In this way he visited the whole of the mis­ sionary stations in the neighbourhood of the Bay of Islands, as well as Kaitaia. On the arrival of H.M.'S. Rattlesnake, he accompanied Captain Hobson, afterwards Governor of New Zealand, to the River Thames, and the East Cape, returning at length to Sydney in that ship, where he arrived on the 27th of July after an absence of :five months. When entering the heads of Port Ja ckson, one of the officers of the ship observed: "I think, Mr. Marsden, you may look upon this as your last visit to New Zealand"; upon which he replied: "No, I don't, for I intend to be off again in about six weeks; the people in the colony are becoming too :fine for me now. I am too old to preach before them, but I can talk to the New Zealanders." Of this, his last visit, we must give some account. Captain Livesay of the Pyramus, in a valuable letter to Mr. Nicholas, has given some interesting reminiscences of his passenger:-

'l'ho Marsden Cross, Oihi, Bay or lslau

LU'E AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 189

Devonport, November 29th, 1837. MY DEAR Sm,- . I looked forward to meeting you with inexpressible delight, to talk about our much esteemed friend Mr. Marsden, and compare notes about New Zealand ; but we are born to disap­ pointment, although I shall still look forward to have that pleasure on my return to England. From the last account I had of Mr. Marsden, previous to my quitting New Zealand, I was informed that the trip had done him much good. When ·he left the ship, and indeed when I last saw him, which was a month afterwards, he used to walk with a great "Stoop; he was then able to walk upright, and take considerable exercise. The dear old man ! it used to do my heart good to see his pious zeal in his Master's cause. Nothing ever seemed a trouble to him. He was always calm and cheerful, even under intense bodily suffering. His daughter Martha was a very great comfort to him ; she was. con­ stantly with him, and very affectionate in her attentions. I did hope my next voyage would have been to New South Wales, that I might have the pleasure of seeing him once more, should God have -spared him so long; but that thought must now be given up.

Mr. Marsden 's record of his farewell visit was probably not kept with his former accuracy; but the want is well supplied by the interesting journal of his daughter, some extracts from which the reader will peruse with pleasure. We have the whole scene placed before us by her graceful pen, and we gain some glimpses into her father's character, which we should certainly not have gathered

11 190 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 191

from his own modest self-forgetting willingly have stayed up all night. As we .procee~ed memoranda. up the mountains appeared to lessen mto hills. Se;eral native hamlets, and two or three residences February 12th, Sunday.-Had service on deck. of Eur0peans, show that the busy _hand of ~an has The Rev. Mr. Wilkinson read prayers, and my been engaged in the work of redeemmg the wilderness father preached. The sailors were very attentive• from the wild dominion of Nature. Anchored. near the service was truly interesting from its novelty and the Wesleyan mission station, where we w?r~ kmdly the impressiveness of the scene ; nothing around us but the wide waste of waters. welcomed by Mr. and Mrs. Turner. The mission here has been flstablished nearly nine years; they have a . 13th.-At ~he suggestion of Captain L--, reading neat chapel and one or tw? _comforta~le houses, a1:1d m_ the evenmgs was introduced. We began the are about to form an additional station. The mis­ History of Columbus, by Washington Irving and the arrangement is that we are to read by turns.'" sionaries related several instances of the melancholy death of various New Zealanders who. have opposed The weather proved boisterous, and it was the progress of the mission. One chief became ~o not before the 21st that they made the land. incensed against the '' Atua, ''* for the death of his_ 22nd.-Up early on deck to view the land, which child·, that he formed a circle of gunpowder,. plac~d pr~ented a very bold and romantic appearance. Not himself in the centre, and fired it. The explosion did bemg able to obtain a pilot, the captain determined, not immediately destroy him; he lingered a few weeks lest be should Jose the tide, Hokianga being a bar in dreadful agony, and then died. ~arbour, to take the vessel in himself. The dead lights were put in, and every arrangement made as we Saturday.-The natives are coming in great num­ approached the bar. Not a voice was heard but that bers to attend Divine Worship. Mr. Turner preached of the captain and ~e two men in the chains, heaving and afterwards my father addressed them. They the lead. Every sailor was at his station and the listened with earnest attention, and were much anchors in readiness to let go at a moment •dwarning. pleased. Many of the old chiefs were delighte_d to We sounded as shallow as "a quarter less four" see my father, and offered to build ~ a house if he wh?n the ladies became alarmed, though we w:re would remain. One said : '' Stay with us and learn obliged to ke?p our fears to ourselves, as the gentle-­ our language, and then you_ will ?ecome our fath~1; men very politely left us. The wind being light the and our friend and we will build you a house. fear was the breakers would have overtaken the ~hip "No ," replied ~nother, "we cannot build a ~ouse thrown her upon her beam ends, and rendered he; good enough, but we will hire Europeans to do it for unmanageable; but providence guided and preserved us." us. The whole congregation joined in the responses ~nd I seldom remember a more beautiful scene • the singing, and though they have not the most J?leasmg moon i~ near its full, and the banks of the rive~ are voices yet it was delightful to hear them smg one very high, covered with the most luxuriant foliage. of the ' hymns commencing ' ' From Egypt 1ate 1Y come. " We were so delighted with the scenery that we woula •The god or demon. 192 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MABSDEN LIFE AJ).TD WORK OF SAMUEL MABSDEN 193 The journey across from Hokianga to the The prospect of success to the Chu~ch of Engla~d W aimate, · as described by Miss Martha Mission is very great. Since my arrival at the mis­ Marsden, shows, in the absence of railroads sionary station I have not heard one oath spoken by and steam carriages, an agreeable if not expe­ European or native ; the schools and church are well ditious mode of conveyance:- attended, and the greatest order is observed among Took leave of Mrs. Turner; and, mounted in a chair all classes. I met with many wherever I went, who on the shoulders of two New Zealanders, I headed the were anxious after the knowledge of God. Wherever procession. My father, Mr. Wilkinson, and the two I went I found some who could read and write. They children, were carried in "kaw-shores, "* or native are all fond of reading, and there are many who never biers, on which they carry their sick. We entered a ha? an opportunity of attending the schools who, forest of five miles, then stopped to dine. The natives r -,vertheless, can read. They teach one another in all soon cooked their potatoes, corn, etc., in their ovens, parts of the country, from the North to the East which they scoop in the sand, and after heating a Cape. number of stones, the potatoes are put in, covered with grass and leaves, and a quantity of water poured The native tribes were still at war with one upon them; they were exquisitely steamed. .As I another, and with the European settlers. From approached one of the groups sitting at dinner, I was the missionary station at Paihia Mr. Marsden's much affected by seeing one of them get up and ask daughter counted one morning twenty-one a blessing over the basket of potatoes. canoes passing up the bay. A battle followed, Five miles from W aimate I left my chair, mounted which she witnessed at a distance, and the on horseback, and reached Waimate for breakfast. Europeans all around fled to the missionary Old Nini accompanied us the whole way, and told my station. In the engagement three chiefs fell. father if he attempted to ride he would leave him. The n atives carried him the whole way with the A second fight occurred soon afterwards . "We greatest cheerfulness, and brought him through the have heard firing all day," she writes; "many most difficult places with the greatest ease. The have been killed; we saw the canoes pass down

We enjoyed a most lovely evening. I had a long conversation with Mr. Marsden on deck. He spoke of almost all his old friends having preceded him to the eternal world; Romaine, Newton, the Milners, Scott, Atkinson, Robinson, Buchanan, Mason Good, Thomason, Rowland Hill, Legh Richmond, Simeon, and others. He then alluded in a very touching manner to his late wife ; they had passed, he observed, more than forty years of their pilgrimage through this wilderness in company, and he felt their separation the more severely as the months rolled on. I remarked that their separation would be but for a short period longer. '' God grant it,'' was his reply;

•Tho Ba.ttles,,ak, h!Ld no cho.plo.in. Tho clorgymo.n who WM Mr. Mo.rsden's fellow-plll!sengor wo.s the Rov. A- N. Brown, o.fterwo.rds Arch­ deacon of Tauro.ug&, from whose journal this extract Willi mo.de. LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 199 then lifting his eyes towards the moon, which was peacefully shedding her beams on the sails of our gallant bark, he exclaimed with intense feeling: "Prepare me, Lord, for Thy right hand, Then come the joyful day." 200 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 201 look behind him, he turned round, and con­ CHAPTER XII. tinued, while they were in sight, to warn them in the same strain of the certain consequences. of a life of crime. His admonition was soon. Mr. Marsden had now passed the allotted verified; the wretched men were apprehended span of human life, though his days were not l for other outrages and sentenced to death, and yet '' labour and sorrow.'' he attended them from the condemned cell to. Entering upon his seventy-second year the place of execution. with stooping gait and failing eyesight These excursions into the country around and a decaying memory he had other­ Parramatta, where he had gone about for a wise few of the mental infirmities of age. period of nearly forty years doing the work of He was still a perfect stranger to fear, as well an evangelist or home missionary, were con­ as to that nervous restlessness and suscepti­ tinued to the last. To wind through devious. bility which wears the appearance of it, though paths in the bush in his one-horse chaise, where­ often found, as may be daily observed, in con­ his good horse Major seemed as if trained to, nection with the truest courage. penetrate, gave him the highest pleasure. The After his return home from his last voyage way was often trackless, and he was obliged to he was attacked, when driving with his ask his companion whether the trace of a cart­ youngest daughter, upon one of his ex­ wheel could be seen. Yet there was an cursions in the bush by two famous bush­ instinctive feeling of safety in his company, rangers, Wormley and Webber, part of and a refreshment in his conversation, which a gang who for two years kept the whole always made the vacant seat in the gig prized country in a state of terror. One of the ruffians by those who knew and loved him. presented a loaded pistol his breast and at '' As he drove along,'' says a Christian lady, another at his daughter's, threatening with who was his companion on some of his last horrid imprecations to shoot them both if they journeys, "wherever he went there was always said a word, and bidding his daughter to empty to be found some testimony to that goodness. her father's pockets into their hands. and mercy which had followed him all the days Perfectly undismayed, Mr. Marsden remon­ of his life. Some Ebenezer he could raise, strated with them on their wicked course of where he had helped, perhaps, in an encounter life, telling them at last that he should with a bushranger, having only the Sword of soon see them again, he had no doubt, the Spirit with which to defend himself and on the gallows. At parting, though disarm his foe, or some Bethel, it might be, charged with the usual threats not to where like Jacob he had been enabled to - \.

202 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 203 wrestle and prevail. With such a companion carping: "It was not for myself, but for the no one could be a loser. On these excursions, benefit of this colony and New Zealand, that I no matter to what distance, he seemed to think ever tried to promote agriculture or the im­ preparations needless; he would travel miles provement in sheep or cattle.'' and miles without any previous consideration Had he done nothing else for Australia, his for his own comfort or convenience. Even a introduction of Merino sheep with a view to the carpet-bag was an encumbrance. He had been growth of wool would have marked him down too long accustomed to make his toilet with the upon the roll of her greatest benefactors. New Zealander, and take with him his meal of Through life his choicest topics in the pulpit fern-root, to be particular, or to take thought had been the patriarchs, their lives and what he should eat, or wherewithal should he characters, but as he grew old, he seemed be clothed.'' unconsciously to rank amongst their number; His love of the country and of rural scenes to fall into and become one of their own body, gave a strong colouring and great originality himself a Christian patriarch. to his preaching as well as to his own religious It was the frequent remark of his friends that character. He called his estate '' The plains of he spoke of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, just as Mamre.'' This property had been presented to if he had lived in their times, heard their con­ Mr. Marsden in the early days of the colony, versations, and been well acquainted with them. . when land uncleared was absolutely worthless, It is much to be regretted that more full and to eke out his insufficient stipend. It had now accurate reports of his sermons and conversa­ become valuable, and he was exposed both in tions should not have been kept. The truth and the colony and in England to many unjust oricinality of his remarks would have made remarks, even from those who should have the~ invaluable. When seated in his chair on known him better, on the score of his reputed the lawn before his house, surrounded by his wealth. family and friends, his conversations took the His own justification of himself is more prevailing turn of his mind, and he used to than sufficient. Being told that he was dwell on the incidents of patriarchal life with charged with avarice, "Why," said he, "they a depth of feeling and a power of picturesque might as well :find fa ult with Abraham, whose description, and we would be glad if the flocks and herds multiplied. Abraham never memorials had not been allowed to perish. took any trouble about it, nor do I. I can't help At an examination of the grammar-school at their increasing'' ; and he added, a remark so Parramatta, the headmaster, the Rev. R. true and of such pregnant import that it ought Forre st, his highly valued friend, having for ever to have put to silence this miserable requested him to ask the boys some questions upon Scripture history, forgetting' the business 204 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 205 in hand, he broke out into a long and interesting address on patriarchal life and manners. they would direct one another's attention to His o]d age exhibited some traits not always what they considered worthy of notice, with to be found, even in good men, after a long life extraordinary intelligence; but when the boiled passed among scenes of danger or amidst the rice and sweets made their appearance, they hardening warfare of personal animosities. dug their elbows into one another's sides, with Though to the last bold in reproving sin his gesticulations of all sorts, and knowing looks, real character was that of gentleness and the putting their fingers to their mouths, and warmest social affection. None but the bad laughing with greedy joy, Mr. Marsden all the were ever _afraid of him; on the contrary, his time watching their movements and expressive presence diffused a genial light and warmth in faces, as a kind nurse would the gambols and every company. Cruel savages and little frolics of her playful charge, saying with children loved him alike; the wisest men restrained but graceful emotion: 'Yes, sir, gathered instruction from his lips, while they nothing like bringing the Gospel at once to the found pleasure in his simple courtesy and heathen. If "music charms the savage breast," manly open-heartedness. sir, why should not the sweetest sounds that He brought home with him in the Rattlesnake­ ever met man's ear do more1 Why, sir, the from New Zealand several Maori youths. Gospel turns a worse than savage into a man, '' They seemed to love and respect their M atua ~ ay, and into a woman too.' He then related to as. they c~Jled him, more than any one, or an;­ us the anecdote of a New Zealand woman who t!im~, besides; They used to run after his gig for the last remaining years of her life preached like Joyous children, and to attempt to catch his the Gospel among her own sex, having acknow­ eye as if to bask in the sunshine of his. ledged to him that before he had brought the benevolent countenance.'' Word of God to New Zealand, and the Spirit '' They delighted,'' says Mrs. B--, to applied it to her heart, she had killed and eaten whose manuscript dealing with Mr. Marsden's:. nineteen children. '' last years we are again indebted, '' to His last communication to the Church Mis­ come to our barrack apartments with sionary Society, dated the 10th of December. him, always making their way to the bookcase 1837, and received after his death, is full of :firs~, take out a book and point upwards, hope for his beloved New Zealanders :-"I am as if everybody who had anything to do with happy to say the mission goes on well amidst ' Matua' must have all their books leadino- to every difficulty. I visited many places in my heaven. Pictures pleased them next; ;hen last voyage from the North Cape to Cloudy Bay. The Gospel has made a deep impression *Pa.rent. upon many of the natives, who now lead godly lives.'' 206 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 207 The letter, which is written in a large and It was observed that though always unembar­ straggling hand, as though the pen was no rassed in the presence of strangers whatever longer under its usual firm control, concludes their rank or importance might be, he with these touching words: "I am now very never seemed completely happy but in the company of persons of true piety. feeble. My eyes are dim, and my memory fails ii He does not appear to have spoken I me. I have done no duty on the Sabbath for l some weeks through weakness. When I review very freely in ordinary society on the all the way the Lord has led me through this subject of personal religion, still less on the wilderness I am constrained to say: 'Bless the subject of his own experience; but his emotions Lord, 0 my soul,' etc.'' were deep, and out of the fulness of the heart The innocent games of children pleased him his lips would speak, in the midst of such a to the last. When such meetings were more circle, of the loving-kindness of the Lord. rare than they have now become, the children of The sense of his own unworthiness seems to the Parramatta school once a year assembled have been always present. Of all God's servants on his lawn, and then his happiness was almost he might have been, as he verily thought him­ equal to their own. In his own family, and self to be, the most unprofitable; and when any amongst the children of his friends, he would circumstance occurred which led him to contrast even take his share in their youthful gambols, the justice of God to others who were left to and join the merry party at blind man's bluff. die impenitent with the mercy shown to Though, as he said of himself, he '' never sang himself, he spoke with a humiliation deeply a song in his life, for he learned to sing hymns affecting. when ten years old, and never sang anything With scenes of vice and human depravity else," yet he was charmed with the sweet and few men living were more conversant than hearty voices of children joining in some he, yet to the last such was the delicacy of innocent little song, and it pleased him better his conscience that the presence of vice shocked still if it finished off with a noisy chorus. Yet him as much as if the sight were new. "Riding all this was consistent with his character as a down to the barracks one morning,' ' says the grave, wise old man. Though mirthful, he was lady whose narrative we have already quoted never frivolous; in a moment, if occasion called "to invite Captain B-- and myself that da; for it, .he was ready to discuss the most serious to dinner to meet the Bishop, he had passed subjects, or to give his opinion upon matters what, alas, used to be too frequent an object, a of importance; and he had the enviable talent man lying insensible and intoxicated in the of mingling even pious conversation with the road. His usually cheerful countenance was sports of children. saddened, and after telling us his errand, we 208 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 209 could not but ask the cause of his distress. He impossible to present the Gospel with success gave us the unhappy cause, and turning his to minds wholly unenlightened. Mr. Marsden's horse's head round to leave us, he uttered with answer is thus recorded : deep emotion- Civilization is not necessary before Christianity, sir; do both together if you will, but you will find , Why was I made to hear thy voice And enter while there's room ?' civilization follow Christianity, easier than Chris­ tianity follow civilization. Tell a poor heathen of Throughout the day the subject dwelt upon his his true God and Saviour, point him to the works he mind· after dinner the conversation turned to can see with his own eyes, for these heathen are no it and' he was casually asked who was the author fools, sir-great mistake to send illiterate men to ofthe hymn he had quoted in the morning. He them-they don't want men learned after the fashion shook his head and said, 'I cannot tell, perhaps of this world, but men taught in the spirit and letter was Watts, Wesley,' and several hymn of the Scripture. I shan 't live to see it, sir, but I may it or hear of it in heaven, that New Zealand with all its books were produced in which the Bishop and cannibalism and idolatry will yet set an example of others instituted a fruitless search, the Bishop Christianity to some of the nations now before her in at length saying: 'I can't find the hymn, Mr. civilization. Marsden.' ' Can't you, sir,' was the reply, 'that is a pity, for it is a good hymn, sir-says what It will not be out of place to offer a passing the Bible says, free sovereign grace for poor remark upon Mr. Marsden's conduct to Dr. sinners. No self-righteous man can get into Broughton, the first Bishop of Sydney. As an heaven, sir; he would rather starve than take Episcopalian, sincerely attached to the Church the free gift.'' of England, he had long desired the introduc­ In the course of the day the conversation tion of the episcopate into the colonial Church, turning upon New Zealand, the Bishop ex­ of which, as senior chaplain, he himself had pressed the opinion, once almost universal been the acknowledged leader for so many though now happily exploded-an opinion, too, years. When the appointment was made it was which Mr. Marsden himself had regarded with a matter of just surprise to his friends that some favour in his younger days-that civiliza­ he was passed over in silence, while an English tion must precede the introduction of the clergyman was placed over him to govern the Gospel ; and his lordship argued, as Mr. clergy, amongst whom he had so long presided, Marsden himself had argued thirty years and whose entire respect and confidence he had · before, in favour of expanding the mind of gained. There is no doubt that his integrity savages by the introduction of arts and sciences, and fear less honesty had rendered him some­ being impressed with the idea that it was what unacceptable to men in power, and that 210 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 211 to this his exclusion is, in a great measure, to n~w lettest thou Thy servant depart in peace, for be ascribed. mme eyes have seen Thy salvation.'' But this slight brought out some of the finest features in his truly noble character. He had Conscious that in the course of Nature his never sought honours, wealth, or preferment decease could not be far distant death was now for himself. If a disinterested man ever lived his frequent meditation. He viewed its it was Samuel Marsden. The only remark approach without levity and without alarm which his family remember to have heard him He continued his pastoral visits to the sick and make upon the subject was in an·swer to a dY_ing to the last, and some of those who were raised from a bed of languishino- and who friend who had expressed surprise at the slight 0 thus put upon him, in these words: "Jt is better survived their pastor, speak of the ~:ffectionate as it is; I am an old man; my work is almost kindness, the delicacy and tenderness, as well done.'' And when Dr. Broughton, the new as the deep-toned spirituality of mind he Bishop, arrived in the colony, he was received sh~wed in the sick chamber, as something by Mr. Marsden not with cold and formal which those who had not witnessed it would be respect, but with Christian cordiality. backward to credit. When the Bishop was installed he assisted at A_s !1e stepped out of his gig, his family easily the solemn service. The eloquent author of perceived from his manner if he had been the "Prisoners of Australia,"* who chanced visiting the chamber of death, and never pre­ to be present, thus describes the scene :- sumed to break a sacred silence that was sure to follow ~is deep-drawn sigh till he was pleased On a more touching sight mine eyes had never to do so hrmself. This he did in general by the looked than when the aged man, tears streaming down solemn and subdued utterance of a text from his venerable cheek, poured forth, amidst a crowded Scripture, or some verse of a favourite hymn. and yet silent assemblage, the benediction upon him The tears often fell down his aged cheeks while into whose hands he had thus, as it were, to use his slowly articulating, in a suppressed voice: own metaphor, "yielded up the keys of a most '' Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord.'' precious charge''; a charge which had been his own from one of hymns. ' devoted care throughout the storms and the tempests or Watts 's of a long and difficult pilotage. And now, like · " Oh could we die with those that die." another Simeon, his work well nigh accomplished, the Gospel spreading far and wide over the colony and its After , t~s touching relief he seemed to feel dependencies, and the prayer of his adopted people more at liberty to speak on future events con­ answered, he could say without another wish: "Lord, n_ec~ed with his own decease, when he would be *London : Ha.tcba.rd, 1sn. sittmg down, as he frequently said, with 212 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 213 Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, in the kingdom of of, Mr. Cartwright.' 'Indeed,' responded Mr. God. Indeed his happy, social spirit led him to Cartwright, 'it is too true. Come, and I will connect the joys of heaven with the society of convince you, ' and then led him to the room saints and patriarchs and his own departed where the remains of his departed wife lay. friends. Sitting at dinner with the Bishop and Mr. Marsden approached the body, saying, others as his guests, his mind abstracted itself 'Oh! she is not dead; no, no, she is not dead;' from the surrounding scene, and he addressed (the bright complexion remaining unchanged), the Christian friend to whose notices of his last 'she is not dead ; ' and then, passing his hand days we have already had recourse : "You over the face, the cold chill of death dissipated know, madam, you and I are to take an alpha­ the delusion. 'Yes, she is dead, she is dead,' betical list some day of all the names of the and leaving the room, he hurried away to give good men I expect soon to meet in heaven; vent to his feelings.'' there will be ( counting them up upon his As he ·contemplated his own near approach :fingers) John Wesley, Isaac Watts, the two to the eternal state, a few chosen passages of Milners, Joseph and Isaac, John Newton and Scripture fell often from his lips; and it was Thomas Scott, Mr. Howells of Long Acre, and remarked they were almost the only repetitions Matthew Henry- ·-'' Here the conversation he made use of; for his mind was richly stored of the party broke off the solemn reverie. with Scripture, which he seemed to bring forth "In the month of September, after his last with endless variety, and often in the happiest voyage, he called at the house of his· friend, the combination; but now be often repeated the Rev. R. Cartwright, with a young lady from wor~s of Job: "He cometh forth like a flower, New Zealand, to introduce her to Mrs. Cart­ and 1s cut down; be fleeth also as a shadow, and wright. The door was opened by his aged and continueth not" ( chapter xiv. 2). And those of now deeply affiicted friend and brother in the Zechariah, "Your fathers, where are they? and ministry, for Mrs. Cartwright had expired in the prophets, do they live for ever?" (chapter the night, after a few hours' illness. Mr. i. 5). Marsden, with his usual cheerfulness of On Tuesday the 8th of May, 1838, a few of manner, said, 'Well! I have brought Miss W. bis friends visited him at his own house. He to introduce her to Mrs. Cartwright.' 'Stop I wore his usual cheerfulness, and they wished stop, my friend,' responded the mourner, in a him, as they thought, a short farewell as he solemn manner, 'don't you know that Mrs. stepped into his gig on a journey of about five Cartwright is dead?' 'Dead ? dead?' replied and twenty miles. In passing through the low Mr. Marsden. 'Oh no; oh no. You must be in lands contiguous to Windsor, the cold suddenly joke; it is too serious a matter to make a joke affected him, and he complained of illness on 214 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 215 his arrival at the house of his friend, the Rev. last to offer an unfeigned tribute of deep Mr. S~yles, the chaplain of the parish. respect. A few had been his early associates Erysipelas in the head broke out, and a general in the ministry, and in every good word and stupor followed, so that he became insensible. work. The majority were a youthful genera­ His mind wandered amongst the scenes to tion, to whom he was only known as ·a wise and which his life had been devoted, and he uttered venerable minister of God. Most of his a few incoherent expressions about the parishioners had been brought up under his factory, the orphan school, and the New instructions, and had been taught from their Zealand mission. infancy to look up to him with respect and love. "Though he spoke but little," said Mr. The solemn burial service was read by the Styles, in his funeral sermon, "yet in his few Rev. Dr. Cowper, who :first came out to the conscious moments he said quite enough to colony at Mr. Marsden 's solicitation. He stood show that the Saviour whom he served through over the grave and addressed the mourners on life was with him in the time of trial. A single the early devotedness of their departed friend remark was made to him by a bystander on the and pastor to the great work of the ministry, value of good hope in Christ in the hour of told them how solemnly he had dedicated him­ need. 'Yes,' said he, 'that hope is indeed self to God before he left England in his youth, precious to me now;' and on the following and reminded them of the fidelity with which evening, his last on earth, he was heard through evil and good report he had endured repeating the words 'precious, precious,' as if his Master's cross, despising the shame. still in the same train of thought which that It was proposed to erect a monument to his remark had suggested. Soon after, inflamma­ memory by public subscription; the proposition tion having reached the brain, his spirit was was warmly approved on all sides, and sub­ released. scriptions were offered to a considerable On Saturday morning, the 12th of May, he amount. Whole families became subscribers­ entered-who can doubt?- upon the enjoyment parents, and children, and domestic servants, of his '' eternal and exceeding great reward. '' all ready thus to testify their reverence. On He was buried in his own churchyard at further consideration, it was thought better to Parramatta. Upwards of sixty carriages erect a church to his memory on a piece of his formed the mourning train, and a numerous own land, which he himself had devised for that assemblage of mourners, including most of the purpose, to which the name of Mars:field should public functionaries in the colony, followed him be given. to the grave. Of these, some who had in years The public P ress, not only in Australia but long past thwarted and opposed him came at also in England, published biographical 216 LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN LIFE AND WORK OF SAMUEL MARSDEN 217 sketches of his life and labours, with articles on his motives and character. The great mis­ sionary societies recorded his death with feelings of reverential love. The notice of him CHAPTER XIII. in the minutes of the Church Missionary Society was read at the annual meeting at The reader may naturally expect in conclu­ Exeter-hall, and published in the thirtieth sion a summary of Mr. Marsden 's character. report. It is too instructive to be lost. Perhaps And thus was the man honoured in his death, few great men ever lived whose example whose life had been one long conflict with was more calculated for general useful­ obloquy and slander. With few exceptions his ness for the simple reason that he dis­ enemies had died away, or been gradually led play~d no gigantic powers, no splendid genius; to abandon their prejudices, and many of them he had only a solid, well ordered mind, with now loved and revered the man whom they had which to work, no other endowments than those once hated or despised. which thousands of his fell ow men possess. It was in the use of his materials that his great­ ness lay. Mr. Marsden was a man of a masculine understanding, of great decision of character, and of an energy which nothing could subdue. He naturally possessed such directness and honesty of purpose, that his intentions could never be mistaken; and he seemed incapable of attempting to gain his purpose by those dexterous shifts and manreuvres which often pass current, even amongst professing · Christians, as the proper, if not laudable, resources of a good diplomatist, or a thorough man of business. When he had .an object in view, it was always worthy of his strenuous pursuit, and nothing stopped him in his e:fforts · to obtain it, except the impossibility of pro­ fhis powerf? her· scheme, and at once invited her to Parra:· and opportunities, as the use he put them· to matta,· offering her a suitable house·and all the proves ab,undantly. There was nothing in him pecuniary aid she might require, and tliis under of the shyness.which disqualifies•for p~blic life; the feeling of a recent disappointment in an· he was . bold without effrontery, cou_r~geous undertaking of the same nature. , without rashness, firm without obstinacy; but Of the large sums he ·expended on the New withal he was a humble man. His. private cor-• Zealand 'mission from his -own private resources respondence- will have shown how anxious he it· is impossible even to conjecture the total, to · was to submit his own judgment, even on ques­ say- nothing of a life in · a great measure tions affecting his p~_rsonal character, to what devoted to the service. · · ' · he considered the better judgment of hi!,! He one day . called upon a young ·ma~ of ·friends at home. To vanity. or ostentation p.e enterprise and piety, whom he was· anxious to seems to have been a perfect stranger. '!'here induce to settle in New Zealand and offered js not a passage in his corresp9ndence, ~or ~an ~m £50 per ~nnum out of his 6wn .purse, as we learn that a word ever fell from his hps, well as to raise a further sum for him from .which .would lead us to suppose that he ever other sources. thought. himself i;n any way_an extraordinary . "!.i!or should it be forg~tten; in_proof of this inan. · · Flattery disgusted him, and even ~1smterestedness, that with all his opportuni­ moderate praise :,was o·ffensive .to his feelings. ties . and influence . in ,,.New Zealand, he never When the life of his friend, Dr. Mason Good, posses_sed a,single acre of land there, or sought appeared from the pen of J?r. ~~inthus the slightest advantage either for himself or Gregory, it contained an appendix, . g1vmg an for any member of his family. · account of his own labours and trmmphs at Another feature in hi.s character was his Parramatta and in New Zealand. This he clit unaffected humility. This was not in. him the out of the volume with his penknife, without nervous weakness which disqualifies some men any remark before he permitted it to lie upon fo_r vigorous action, rendering them either his table or' to be read by his family. un~ons?i?us of. their power, or incapable of He was so far from thinking he had accom­ mamtammg and asserting their position, and plished much either in the colony or amongst co~sequently of discharging its · obligations. the heathen that he was rather disposed, in his '\his, though often caUed humility, is, in fact, later days,' to lament that his life had been disease, and ought to be resisted rather than almost useless ; and indeed he was heard more indulged. · than once to express a doubt whether he had 228 LfFJil AND WOBX OF SAMUEL MARSDEN not mistaken his calling, and been no better than an intruder into the sacred ministry. INDEX When told one day, by_ a justly indignant friend, how basely he was misrepresented, Acliv~, 67, 72, 74, 75, 77, 80, 84. Doaterra (Ruatara), 48; his Albio1l, 4Q. story, 49·51!; his atory COD· "'Sir," he exclaimed, and the solemnity of his Aneas, Georea French, 120. tilloed, 72; a-rinds corn, 74; Ann, 48, 61. on board the .d.otitle, 76; also manner showed the depth of his meaning, Apostle of New Zealand, 2, 88. 78, 80, 81; his death, ·81l•91. "these men don't know the worst. Why, 'sir, if Argo, 49. Du; , missionary shiP, 24. Bathurst, Lord, Oolonial Becretazy, Elland Society, 8. I were to walk down the streets of Parramatta 95, 128, 165. Eyre, John, 98. Baxter, Richard, 65. with my heart laid bare, the very boys would Ba:, of Islanda, 49, 71, 75, 78, Factor:, for female convicts, 61, 98. pelt me." 109, 111, 167, 172, 188, 197. Farsle:,, birthplace of Marsden-, 2. Bennett, George, 157. Female Penitentiary, 86. Bennett, Hon. H. Grey, 192. Field, Baron, 162. Such was Samuel Marsden, a man whose Bickersteth, Rev. Edward, 171_. Firearms, elfect of, 172. Blr&e Oommisaioner of Inquiry, Flaz, N.Z., 107. memory is to 'be revered and his example i29 i. his report, 140. Forreat, Rev. ~-, 208. Botany »a:,, 15, 105. Prederick, 72. imitated. "Not merely a good man," says the Bottd, ma•aacre of crew of, 54, 71, Friendly Islands, mission, 69. 77, 80. Fr:,, Mrs. 93, 104, 106, 187. preacher of his funeral sermon '' who filled up Brainerd, David, 9. the place allotted to him on earth, and then BramJJton, 158. Gambler, Lord, 102, 104. Brisbane, Bir Thomas, 182, 184, Gregory, Dr. OlinthUI, 44, 45, 227. sank into his grave ; not merely a faithful 188. 08 Grey, Sir Georre, 44, 52. :Brouehton, Archdeacon, 186, 2 , Good, Dr. Mason, Ii, 44, 46, 99, minister of Christ, who loved and served his 209, 210, 212. 101, 189, 162, 1118, 227. Brown, Rev. A. N., 198. Grant of land to oflicers, 18. Saviour and turned many to repentance, but Bu/alo, 80. Gunna, king of Rangheehoo, 86. Burder, Rev. Georee, 67. more than either of these. Rightly to estimate Butler, Rev. John, 48. Hall, Mr. William, 42, 48, 58, 70, 74, 76, 80, 111, 160. . his character we must view him as a peculiar Oalverle:,, P11rish, 2. . Hassell, Rev. T., Marsden'a son•m• Oannlbalism, 71, 84, 117, 121, law and curate, 61. man, raised up for an especial purpose.'' 154. Haweis, Dr., 24. Oartwrtrht, Re•. Robert, 86, 171, Hanson, Mr. 150. 188, 212. , Hobson, Capt,, 188. . Castlereash, Lord, •eeks Marsden s Holdanga, 112, 188, 190, 192, 194. ad•ice, 81. Hooratookie (Horatukl), 116. Oburoh Missionary Society, 40, 41, Howard, -prison reformer, 99. 52 64, 66, 70, 75, 86, 99, Hunter, Captain, 18. 100, 142, 167, 171, 195, 205, 216. Inacki (Hlnaki), 119. Coates, Mr, D., 170. Inlloenza, deaths from, 172. THE END. 0 0oloniat," newapaper, 228. Insurrection of New South Wale1 Oommiaaioner of Inquiry ap- Oorps, so. pointed, 128; exonerates Marsden, 149. Jackaoo, Port, 15, 49, 51, 98, 146, Oon1'1cts a11lrned ae servants, 18, 188. OoromAncul, 128. Johnson, Rev. P., resisns appoint• Oonrt of Inquiry, Sydney, 166. ment as principal chaplain, Oourt of Judicature at Sydney, 12. lnlqolt:, of, 28. John•tone, Rev. R., 68. Oowper, Rev. Mr. 86, 171, 215. Kaltaia, 188, 194. Darling, Gonrnor, 171. Kongaroo, H.M.8., 107. Dealtr:,, Dr., 2. Kendall, Mr. Thoma•, 49, 70, 74, Doqlaa, Dr., police marlstrate, 76, 80, 90. 185. Kerl-Kerl, 152, 174, 198. DrAgon 159. Kiddee-Klddee (Kerikerl), 152. Dromed. for tho . wolfau of · f~maie con­ 80, 150. Governor King's administra· lish peace, 78; hill drat ·night victs, 187; his character vin­ Koro Koro, 81, 82, 109, 118. tion, 21 ; defines character of ashore witli Mr. Nicholas, dicated, 140 ; four th visit to Koromona, 121. a missionary, 26; confidential 79; makes pres11nts to Maori Now Zealand, 148, 144; notes Korororika (Koror11reka) , 149. advisor to tho London Mis• chiefs, 81; conducts · drat Di­ marked improvement in the Kumara, 78. sionary Society, 27; efforts vine service Christmas Day, Maoris, 145; censure, certain for reform thwarted, 28; pre· 1814; his unboW1ded conlld­ missionaries and dismisses La Perouse, 1.9. pares to re-visit England, 28; onco in the Maoris, -84; his one, 145; visits Wesleyan Leigh, Rev. Samuel, 89, 92, 148, is presented .with tin address, discourse ,vith the Maoris, 84, mission at Whangaroa, 148; 155. 29; retur ns homo . in H.M.S. 85; intcrdicta sale or barter invftrie, Lieut ..Qo l., sent out as convicts as magistrntos, 82, 23rd, 1815, 88; overwhelmed failure of his project 'of a Governor, 80; comes into col• 66; enlists artisans and by the death of Duaterw, l!0 ; Maori kingdom, 155, 172; lision with Marsden, 66, 95; manufacturers to Instruct , urges npon the Governor the corresponds with tho new despotism of, 56; consults Mr. convicts, 88; returns tc Aus• need for providing barracks Governor r• aborigines of M1>rsden re Australian Natives, tra lia, 84, 48; procures tho for female convicts, 94; ap· Australia, 157; his lotter to 62; presents cattle to N.Z. despatch to Australia of addi­ peals to the Bri\ish Govern• . visiting representatives of mission, 76; makes his tional clergymen and tiohool• ment, '95; attacked by scan· London Miasiollary Society, charges against Marsden, 128; masters, 85; · µ..rges foundation dalous libels, 96; suspects 157; his labours as a Magis­ his injustice to Marsden, 181"; of a female penitentiary, 8!1; "Philofree" to be tho ~verno~•s trate, 160; further persecu · his testimonial of Marsdon's efforts . frustrated, 87 ; carries secretary, 96 .i. his letter tion, 161; transmits pamphlet ch1>racter, 181; strikes Mars­ tc Australia a valua)>le lib­ to the Rev. 1:teorge Burder, in solf-iustillcation to Dr. den off public victualling rary, 88; entertains Maoris 96; obtains verdicts against Mason Good, 162; published books, 171. at Paramatta, 89, 40; ' en­ tho sec~otary for libel, 97 ; in London 1886, 168; illakes Maoris, Marsden'• high estimate of, gages a rope-maker to teach writes to Dr. Mason Good, n statement before Oourt of 89, 58; deaths due to dro· the New · Zealanders, 46 ; 99, 100; speaks of despatch Inquiry in case of James nrms and influenza, 172; writes to Mrs. Mason Good, of two young Maori chiefs to Ring, 166; Marsden's acquit­ teach one another, 198, 195; 47; returns to · Australil> on England to be educated, 100, tal at Oonrt of Inquicy , 166; still at war, 198; many bap­ the ship A nil, . 48 ; meets with 107; receives letters of con­ his fifth voyage .to New Zea­ tized, 195. Duaterra , 48 ; protects him, gratulation, 101; receives letter land, April 5th, 1827, 167; Maori, translations of · New Testa· 52 ; receives him into · his from Mrs. Fry, 105; makes zeal and activity, 168; re­ ment into, 169. house, 52 ; · lnnds at Rio second visit to New Zealand, turns to Sydney five days Marsden, Miss, 61, 181, 187, 189, Janeiro, 52; writes to John 109; describes the service later, 168; strnck off :public 192, :ioo, 221. Terry, 58; occasions of differ• conducted on tho beach, 110; vict nalling books without Marsden, Samuel, character, 1. 217: ence with Governor Mac· 8Xl)loros the country, 111; compensation, 171; sixth visit birth, 2 ; education, 2; adop• quarie, 55 ; reprimanded by lands on Motooroa (Moturoa) , to New Zealand, 1880, 171, tion by the Elland Society, the Governor for a. sermon, 55 i 111.; his fearlessness, 112 ; 178 ; with Mr. HonrY. Williams 8 ; studies for Ohurch of threatened with court-martial, d'oscribes tour to Shukeangh1> visits camps of contending England ministry, 8; offered 56; his daily life, 56; rescues river (Hokianga), 112; re­ Maoris as modia tor, and OhaJ?lnincy in New South ·a ' convict from drowning, 57; spected by Shunghie, 118; re­ brings about peace, 174-178; Wales, 4; · 1>ppointplain · Jan. 1st., 1798, 5; 58 ; his power o·f governing, Now Zealand in Nov., 1819, ianity, · 179; reports improved marriage, 5; embarks on 59; schQols for orphans, 60; 122; makes third visit to New condition of :Mo.ori women, board convict ship, 6; his Sunday school, 61 ; ap• Zealand in 1820, "122, 182; his grief at death of Mrs. preaches at Brading Ohurch , proves of tho establishment of 128 ; still regarded \vith pre­ Marsden, 1835, 182; contem­ isle of Wight, 7; conducts Di• n farm and reformatory judice by authorities, 122; plates near approach of death, vine service on board, 9 ; school for Australian, natives, domestic happiness and bound• 188; his deep sense of un­ arrinl in AustraHa, 11; 62 ; his view of tho .A:nstra• Joas hospitality, 128; returns worthiness, 184; retires from settles at Parramatta March, lian aborigine, 62; his recre­ to Sydney, November, 128, his position as senior chap• 1794, 11 ; becomes principal ations in the missionary llold, 128; again urges European lain, 186; efforts on behalf· of chaplain, 18 ; accidental death 65; succours missionaries s~ttlers not to supply natives aborigines of Australia un• of son, 14; also of baby, 14; from Tahiti, 66 ; buys a mis­ with weapons, 124; makes an availing, 186; bowed down calumnies against, 16; as sonary ship, the .d.ctiva, 67; oxtended tour, 124; his letter with bodily infirmities, lll7; Ooloni1>l Magistrate, 16 ; fre­ writes to Rev. George B'urdor, to Mrs. Mason Goo<}, 126; his seventh journey . to Now Zea­ quent collisions with ·magis- 67; describes tho openings of resignation as magistrate de· land, 1887 , 187; landing at tratnies Captain Hobson 161, 170, 202; obtains grant terrs with wheat for sowinr, Minister in self-dafonce, a1so to the river Thames, oto., 188 ; of land, 18; his model farm, 78 ; · embarks on his 11.rn voy• t-0 the new Governor, Sir 'I!. his cheerfulneas, 189; jour• 18; endeavours . to improve ago to Now Zealnnd Nov., Brisbane, 182; abandons his neys from Hokianga to Wai­ the condition of female coil• 19th, 1814, 76; his journal Maori seminary at Parramatta, mate in native litter, 192; victs, 20; founds a achoo! . at of first visit to New Zeal811d, 184; forms Parramatta branch ·everywhere greet

atant le•ee at Kaltala, 194.; "Presa," !rat established in New addreaaes queries on the sub­ Zealand, 169. ject of education to Rev. J. P11rcsmu8, 187, 188. Matthews, 196; describes the Ohristlan settlement at Wai­ Quae,1 Charlotte, 147, ~59. mat<1 and reiterat<1s the need for a New Zealand Governor, Rainbow, H.Y.S., 168. 197; enters his seventy-second Rangheehoa, 109. year, 200 ; attacked by bush­ Battu,n11ke, H.M.S., 188, 198, rangera, whom he fearlessly 204.. admonishes, 200 ; hla excur• Richmond, Legh, 7, 198. aions Into the country around Ring, James. case of, 164.. Parramatta, 201; hi1 estate, Rungheehe (Rangihihi), 150, 152. 202; his benevolence, 20,; entertains Maoris, 204.; writes Santa AnrnJ, 4.9, 71. to the Ohurch Mlssioni,ry Selwyn, Bishop, 148. Society, 205; entertains Par• Sheep, Merino, 8,, 208. ramatla school children, 206; Shipping at Bay of Islands, 172. his horror of vice, 207; his Shunghie (Hong!), 74, 76, 79, 82, conviction that civilisation 109, 114, 117, 118, 119, 142, need not precede Ohrist· 172. ianity, 209; views of near ap· Simeon, Oharles, 8, 4., 4,, 4.7, 102, proach of death, 211, 213; 104, 198. contracts a cold at Windsor, Skinner, Oaptain, 128. 213; dies of erysipelas May Socinian principles, 45. 12th, 1887, 214; buried in South Sea Islands Mission, 22, church-yard at Parramatta, .18,, 157, 158. 214; church erected to his Styles, ReY., 214. memory at Marsfleld, 215; ~ydney, 49, 52, 68, 74, 81, 119, 81lllll11ary of his character, 185, 186. 217-228. "Sydney Guette" libels Marsden, Martin, Sir Byam, 128. 96, 97, 108, 128, 180. M:atamata, 121. Matthews, Rev, J. 196, 197. Tahitian Mieslon, 28, 25, 54., 65, Milner, Dr. Iaaae, 2, 8, 198, 212. 67, 98. Milner, Mr. Joseph, 2, 8, 4, 85, Terry, Mr. John, 89, 58. 198, 21Z. Teterree (Tetirl), 107. Missions, 18, 22, 81, 88. Tooi (Tui), 107, 109, 114., 115, Ml18ionarles In danger, 91. 14.6. Tourangha (Tauranga) , 125. New Zealanders, 81, 89, 4.6, 58, Tippahee (Te Pahi), 77, 78. 75, 185 188. Turner, Mr., Wesle:,an Missionary, New Zealand Minion, 88, 39, 48, 167, 191. 64, 70, 86, 107, 121, 222. Tyerman, Rev. Daniel, 157. New Zealand visited by whalers, Venn, Rev. Harry, 8, 35. ,8; supplies potatoes and pork, 50. Waimate, 192, 194, 195, 197, 198. Nicholas, Mr. John Lydiard, 76, Watts, Isaac, 208, 211, 212. 78, 84, 88, 115, 188. WeUington, con'tict ahlp, 187. Wesley, John, 207, 212. Paihla, 198. Wesleyan Mission, 89, 92, 167, Pamphlet, Marsden'& 18, 22, 25, 188, 191. 162, 168. Whangaroa, 118, 14.8, 167. Parramatla, 11, 18, 21, 89, 89, 107, Wheat, introduced into New Zea• 18', 157, 201, 220, 221, 227, land, 78, 91. 228, Wilberforce, William, 8, 4, 44, 99, Patriarchs. 208. 108, 104, 189. Perron, M., 19. Wilkinson, Mr., 192. Phllllp, Governor, 18, 27. Willialll.l, Rev. Henry, 1'8, 144, "Phllofree," 96, 97, 99, 108. 149, 152, 178, 194. Polynesian Mission, 40. Williams, Archdeacon W., 121. Pomo.re, King of Tahiti, 67, 98, Wilson, Rev. Daniel ( Bishop of 147. Oalcutta), ,a. Pratt, ReY. Josiah, 4.4., 54, 99, Windsor, 218, 224. 109, 107, 170. Wool, Australian, 84, 208.

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