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Kerikeri 'Gold' : a Behavioural Investigation of the Process Involved in the Evolution of Spatial Patterning And

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Kerikeri 'Gold' : a Behavioural Investigation of the Process Involved in the Evolution of Spatial Patterning And Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. KERIKERI ' GOLD ' A Behavioural Investigation of the Process Involved in the Evolution of . /_ Spatial Patter ning and the 'Pcrsonalite' of Kerikerip Bay of Islands A t hesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the D~gr ce of Master of Arts in Geography by Christine Elizabet h Pearson Elson- White Massey University 1971 There will be orange groves, where the f ruit will shine l i ke balls of gold against the dark green foliage ••• Beautiful Kerikeri . 26/9/29. Northern News ACKNO\-lLEDGJ>iENT S I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my Supervisor, Mr B.G.R. Saunders, Re ader in Geography, Massey University for his guidance and assistance , I thank the many residents of Ke rikeri, too numerous to mention individually and particularly those early p ioneers who have gene rously given me of their time and inter est. In addition my thanks are due to the staffs of various na tiona l, r e gional and local organisutions and government departments, in particular the Lands and Survey Department (Whangare i and Auckland), the Valuation Department (Whan gar e i), the Agriculture Department (Whangar e i and Auckland), the National Archive s Records Centre (Auckland), the Auckland I nstitut e and Mu seum, the Whangare i Public Libra ry, the Northern Advocat e:: and Northe rn News '"ho have assisted me in mc.1ny wuys throughout the y e:: ar. I ac-kncwl cdgc the valued help of Mrs J. Mackintosh and Mr D. Stcnhouse, Senior Lecturer in Education, Massey University for the ir critical comments in proof r eading the thesis script. Finally, without the unceasing encouragement of my mother, father and two brothers £r um the time of first interest in this r e search and throughout the entire preparation proce ss, Kerikeri ' G.9M_' could not have been possible . ii PREFACE This the sis wa s initiated by two prime factors. In the first place , local knowledge of this area, acquired over a period of four year s , indicated the existence of a not a ble and unfortunate void of r e c orded informat·i on concerning the growth and devel opment of the Kerikeri area a s an important citrus and subtropical fruit producer I with its own distinctive ' per sonalit~' ; and secondly there was an inter est in, and a desire t o explore , one of the cont empor ary geogr aphical r esearch frontiers - tha t of the growing alliance of the f i elds of geography and psychology, coupled with a vi ew tha t ev e rything in the physical world is basically process and nothing simply spatial or tempor al, a view in wh ich 'patt~rn' and ' pr ocess' a r e seen as s i mply occupying differ ent locations upon a space-time . 1 c ontinuum. In addition t o the desire to fill in some measure the apparent hi atus of information dealing specifically with the evolution and rela t ed aspects of citrus gr ow ing a t Kerikeri, the writer was a lso 11 motivated by the assertion of David Harvey tha t ••• geographic 1 Blaut, J.M. 1961. Spac e and process. Prof Geog. 13: 2. iii theory can no longer rest content with implicit assumptions about human behaviour; : and tha t the sooner these assumptions are made 2 e xplicit the be tter." The main title of the the sis Kerikeri ~old' may be seen t o embrace two face t s of gold, simultaneously symbolic of t he r e gion' s citrus growing history, and the ' gold' or its numerous individua lly a nd group perce ived pr omise s tha t have eventuated in succes s i ve p i oneering wave s of settler s . 2 Harvey, D.W. 1966. Behavioural postulates and the construction of theory in human geography. Ge og. Polonica. 18: 42. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS oooeooooo•o•ooooo•••o•ooec,C1•••••0•••••••0oeooo ii PREFACE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••e1•••••••••0•0000•0 ]. ]. ]. LIST OF TABLES •o••••••••••••••••o•••••o•o•••••o•••••••••••••• X LIST OF FIGURES ••••••••••••••••oooeoo•••••••••••••••••••••••• xi LIST OF MAPS ••••o••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••o••••••oeooo xii LIST OF PLATES •••••••••o•••••ooooxiii Chapt e r I • INTRODUCTION oooeo<ieooeo o oeooeeoeoeooooooeooooeoeeoeeeeooo SEC'!'ION ONE II. BEHAVIOURAL POSTULATES - THE IMPORTANCE OF ' PROCESS' AND OF INDI VIDUAL DECISION MAKERS I N GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY •• • • • 16 Ge ography-Psycho l o gy Interrela tionships 16 Be h avioura l postula t es in ge ogra phy•••• ••••••••• •••• 17 The act of de cision making••••••• ••••••• • •• • •••••••• 20 The Behavioural Ma trix •• ••••••••••••• o•oo• •••••••••••o 21 Determinants of ' actor ' location within the behavioural matrix o ••••••••••• " ••••••• ".. • • • • • • • • • • • 24 Accessibility of private information•••••••••••••• 24 Accessibility of public information••••••••••••••• 25 Visual impre ssions•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25 Past experience •• ••••••••o••••••••••••Q••••••••••• 26 .V Page Aspiration l evel of the individua l 27 Place in the life cycle 27 Group norms 9 r eferenc e groups and acquaintance circle bias oooooo• • ooooooo e oooooo o o oooooooooeooo o 27 Other f o.ctors OOOOOOOOOOCIOOOOOO OOOO OOOO O OCIOOOOOOOO 28 The dynamic behavi our al matrix ooooooooc,0000000000 0 0 29 The element of chance oooooooooooooooocoooo o oooooooo 29 Circula r and cumulative causation 000000000000000000 30 Par ame tric shocks ooooooooooooooooooo o ooooooooeooooo 33 Actor frequency OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOltOOCIOOODOOOOOO 33 I mita tive o.nd pi oneering i nnovati ve deci sion making acts oooociooo oo o o ooeoo oooooo ooo oooo ooo ooo o o ooo oo oooo 34 Aim of the Study ....•..• " " o • " ••••• •• o • o •• •• •• o ••• " • • • 36 Pioneering Indi vidual Decision Makers 38 III . GEORGE ED '.JIH .-LDERTOlT •••••00000 000 00000000000 00 000 00000 48 Journalist interests 00 00080QOOOOOOOO OOO O O OOOG0 0000 0CIO 49 Rail way development s ••• •• • •••••••••••••• •• • • ••••••••• 50 Mining and timber i nter ests •• o•o • eoooo ooooeoooo o o eeoo 51 Fruit farming 51 Real estate 53 Authorship 000000000000000000000 00 00000000000000001000 54 Kerikeri Syndicat e Limited ci••oooooooooooooooooeooo••• 54 SECTION TWO IV. EARLY DEVELOPMENTS 1927- 33 •••••0••••••••••••••000000000 58 vi Page Initial Deve l opments 00• • 0 0000000000 00 • 0 00000000000000 59 a ) Agricultur e ooc-0000 0 00 0 0 0 00000 00 0 0 0000 0 000000000 0 59 b) Settlement 0 0 000000 0 00000 0 000000 0 00000 00 000 0 00000 62 Subsidia r y Compani es ...... .. ... ... .. .. .... .. .... .. ... 63 Proce s s of Spatial Pa tterning 67 Deci s i on making by Geor ge Edwin Alderton. .......... 67 Infor mation accumula tion 0 000000 0 0000 0 0 0 0000 0 00 0 00 68 Visual i mp r essi ons 0 00 000 0 0 0 00000 0 000 0 00 0 0000 0 0 00 0 70 Indivi dual a s pi ration l eve l 71 Speci al per sonality tra its 0 •• •••• • 1111 • • ••• • 000 0 0 00 0 71 Gr oup norms o o o oooo oo ooo oo o o oo o o o o oooo oo o oo o o o oci o o 72 Decision making by the North Auckland Land Devel opment Cor por a tion 73 Ke r ikeri Syndi ca t e Limitee 0 11 000 00 0000 0 00000 0 0 0000 75 The North Auckland Land Development Corpor a t ion 75 Information accumulation 0• •• ••• • •00 0 00 0 0 0 00 0 000 75 Developmental pr oposal s • ••••••••• • • •• • •• • •• •• ••• • 81 Income home s ..... ... .... .. .... ..... ...... .... ... 81 Expert gui danct • •• • •••• • • • • • • • • •••••••• • •• •• ••• 82 Productivity illld be auti f i cation..... ..... 82 Tenur e .. ......... ... .. ..... .. ....... .. ..... .... 83 A gr oup sett l ement • •• • • •• •••• •• •• • ••• • • ••• •• • • • 83 Circular and cumula tive movement • O o o o o o O • 0 o o O O O O 0 83 Decis i on making by t he s ettler-gr owe r s. .. .... 84 v ii Page Information accumulation oooooooooooooo•oooooocoe•o 85 Visual impressions oci oo•ooeoo 000000 ooo oo oooe ooc ciooo 85 Opinion leaders oo ooo 00000 oo o coo 00000 0 oooo•ooooogoo 86 Group norms and the nei ghbourhood effect 89 Reminiscent imitation oooooooooooooooooooooooocioooo 89 F 1 or a o o •• o o o • o • o • o •• o " •• o o •• o •• o •••• o o o a o o a • c o • • 90 House style 0-00000000000 00 o 0000000000000000000000 92 Spiralling upward success ooo ooo ooooo o o cooo ooooo ocio 92 V. LATER DEVELOPMENTS 1934-50 100 Agricultural Developments••••••• •••••• •• •••••••••••• 700 Urban and Social Structuring••••• •••••• ••••• •••••• •• 104 Proce ss of Agricultural Patterning •••••• •••••••••••• 707 Parametric shocks ooo ooo oooo ooo oooooo ooooooeoooooo o 108 Cumula tive nature of developments ••••••••••• •••••• 111 Ne i ghbourhood eff ect •• •••• ••• ••• ••••••• • •••••••••• 111 Proce ss of Settlement and Social Structuring 11 2 Cumulative deveiopments ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11 2 Multi-decisional locational actors 11 3 SECTION THREE VI, MODERN KERIKERI AND THE INFLUENCE OF G.E. ALDERTON 117 Agricultural Landuse Emphases ••••••••••••••••••••••• 11 7 Urban and Social Structuring•••••••••••••••••••••••• 120 The Regional Behavioural Matrix••••••••••••••••••••• 1 21 viii Influence of present decision makers on agricultural landuse patterns •• • •••• • •••••••••• 1 21 Relict features 123 Neighbourhood effect 124 Settlement and social structuring •••• •••• •••••• 124 Environmental appreciation ••••••••••••••• • ••• 124 The Influence of George Edwin Alderton ••••••• 1 25 Selected aspects of Alderton' s influence 1 30 Aspects of the Behavioural Matrix and Other Parameters o o o Cl Cl o o o o o o • o o o o o • o o o o o • o • o o o o •• o o o o o o o 134 Disadvantages of the mode l •••••••••••••••••••• • 1 35 Division of developmental sequence into phases .
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