Metodologia Della Critica Musicale La Musica Di Miles Davis: Aspetti E Problemi Critici

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Metodologia Della Critica Musicale La Musica Di Miles Davis: Aspetti E Problemi Critici Metodologia della critica musicale La musica di Miles Davis: aspetti e problemi critici Miles Davis Miles Davis (Alton, IL 1926 – Santa Monica, CA1991) Studi a East St. Louis 1945, New York: brevemente alla Juilliard School of Music, sideman con Billy Eckstine, Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie e altri. 1947-48: membro stabile del quintetto di Parker e partecipazione al workshop di Gil Evans che culmina nel 1949-50: registrazioni, firmate come leader di Birth of the Cool con Gerry Mulligan, Johnny Carisi, John Lewis, Lee Konitz… 1949-54: varia attività con musicisti bebop (a parte Parker e Gillespie, J.J. Johnson, Horace Silver, Sonny Rollins, Thelonius Monk, Milt Jackson) e dipendenza dall’eroina 1955-57: I quintetto con John Coltrane (ts), Red Garland (p), Paul Chambers (b), Philly Joe Jones (d) Relaxin’, Steamin’, Workin’, Cookin’,’Round Midnight (tutti del 1956) 1957: a Parigi, musiche per Ascenseur pour l’échafaud di Louis Malle Ancora con Gil Evans: Miles Ahead (1957) 1957-59: il quintetto è ampliato a sestetto con Julian Cannonball Adderley (ts, as), a Red Garland succedono Wynton Kelly e Bill Evans (p), e a Philly Joe Jones succede Jimmy Cobb (d) Milestones (1958), Porgy and Bess (1958), Kind of Blue (1959), Sketches of Spain (1959-60) Lasciano Miles per formare gruppi propri: Bill Evans (1958), Julian Cannonball Adderley (1959), John Coltrane (1960), Kelly con Chambers e Cobb (1962) e nei primi anni Sessanta Miles impiega nelle sue formazioni diversi musicisti tra cui Victor Feldman (p), George Coleman e Sam Rivers (ts) 1963-68: II quintetto con Wayne Shorter (1964-70), Herbie Hancock (1963-68), Ron Carter (1963- 68), Tony Williams (1963-69) 1968-69: popolarizzazione del jazz-rock o della fusion, inizio del periodo elettrico In A Silent Way, Bitches Brew (1969) Fine anni Sessanta-inizio anni Settanta, numerosi musicisti entrano nella – ed escono dalla – band di Miles: Chick Corea, Joe Zawinul, Keith Jarrett (p/k), John McLaughlin (g), Miroslav Vitous, Dave Holland, Michael Henderson (b), Jack DeJohnette, Billy Cobham, Al Foster, Airto Moreira (d/p), Bennie Maupin, Steve Grossman, Gary Bartz, Dave Liebman (s) 1975-80: ritiro dalle scene, malattie, depressione 1981: ritorno con nuovi gruppi Giovani nuovi musicisti che entrano nella band: i saxofonisti Bill Evans (1980-84), Branford Marsalis (1984-85), Bob Berg (1985-87) e Kenny Garrett (dal 1987), i chitarristi Mike Stern (1981- 83), John Scofield (1982-85), il tastierista Bobby Irving III (1980 e dal 1983). Negli anni Ottanta molti musicisti che suonano con Miles non provengono più dal jazz ma piuttosto dal rock o da altri tipi di musica. - La musica di Miles: continuo rinnovamento, apertura a sollecitazioni diverse nel corso dei decenni, cambi di direzione che spesso hanno disorientato la critica (Duke Ellington: Miles Davis è “il Picasso del jazz”). Dal bop al cool (1949-50) allo hard bop (anni Cinquanta) al jazz modale (1958-59) alla fusion (1969) sino al pop (1980-91): percorso che attraversa la storia del jazz moderno, ne anticipa e ne segna alcune svolte essenziali - Miles talent scout e il rapporto complesso e controverso con i suoi sidemen - Miles compositore: aspetto multiforme e problematico, spesso non chiarito da quanto dichiarato nelle registrazioni: 1) Autore di temi come Boplicity, Milestones, So What, All Blues, Freddie Freeloader, Nardis 2) Leader che si appropria di brani composti in realtà dai suoi sidemen come Blue in Green (di Bill Evans) e forse anche Solar (in origine Sonny di Chuck Wayne) 3) Leader che sviluppa, modifica e amplia idee dei suoi sidemen come Flamenco Sketches (da Bill Evans) o In A Silent Way (da Joe Zawinul), prassi di appropriazione-collaborazione creativa poi diventata comune nel periodo fusion 4) Personalità complessa, contraddittoria, controversa tanto nell’attività musicale quanto nella vita: egocentrico e insicuro, carismatico e sensitivo, orgoglioso e autodistruttivo, irascibile e scontroso e ironioco e giocoso…Gli aggettivi per definirlo potrebbero essere infiniti. * The Miles Davis Story DVD Video, Mike Dibb Producer/Director Legacy 82876898679, 2001 Sin dagli esordi ricerca di una via alternativa allo stile dell’improvvisazione bop negli anni Quaranta definito per la tromba da Dizzy Gillespie sia per una tecnica strumentale limitata – e in ogni caso non paragonabile a quella di virtuosi come Gillespie e Roy Eldridge – sia per interessi diversi. Definizione invece di alcune caratteristiche che rimarranno essenziali nel modo di suonare di Miles anche nei decenni a venire: - melodie liriche e distese imperniate attorno al registro medio - repertorio di licks limitato e ripetitivo al punto da far apparire molti assoli tanto “composti” quanto “improvvisati” - armonia conservatrice, in stretto accordo con l’accompagnamento (fino al II quintetto) - sottile senso della distribuzione ritmica e delle sfumature espressive - sordina harmon (dal 1954), suono divenuto una sorta di marchio distintivo di Miles - impiego del flicorno in alternativa alla tromba (nelle registrazioni con Gil Evans) Birth of the Cool (1949-50) Serie di 12 registrazioni realizzate nel 1949-50 per la Capitol da Miles Davis come leader con un nonetto e soltanto in seguito raccolte con il titolo editoriale Birth of the Cool (1957). In origine i pezzi furono pubblicati su 78 giri e per questo durano all’incirca 3’ ciascuno (poi in LP, 1964, 1957, 1971) Le registrazioni si avvalgono di musicisti di grande valore, utilizzano un organico inusuale, arrangiamenti innovativi influenzati dalla musica eurocolta e sono considerate in genere come uno sviluppo molto significativo del post-bebop e come l’inizio del cosiddetto cool jazz. All’origine ci sono gli incontri informali dei musicisti nell’appartamento di Gil Evans nella 55a strada (non lontano dai jazz club dalla 52a): Evans aveva acquistato grande reputazione come orchestratore dell’orchestra di Claude Thornhill e agiva da catalizzatore nella ricerca di un nuovo tipo di musica e sonorità. Come scrive Ted Gioia: “[The salon members] were developing a range of tools that would change the sound of contemporary music. In their work together, they relied on a rich palette of harmonies, many of them drawn from European impressionist composers. They explored new instrumental textures, preferring to blend the voices of the horns like a choir rather than pit them against each other as the big bands had traditionally done with their thrusting [ambiziose] and parrying [combattive] sections. They brought down the tempos of their music . they adopted a more lyrical approach to improvisation…” (Ted Gioia, The Birth (And Death) of the Cool. Golden, Colo.: Speck Press, 2009, p. 83). Evans all’inizio sperava che al progetto potesse lavorare Charlie Parker, poi comprese che Parker non poteva essere interessato a un progetto collettivo anziché individuale, al suono di un ensemble; l’incontro con Miles nell’estate del 1947 fu decisivo. Sarebbe stato Miles a dirigere il progetto; e fu anche l’inizio di una lunga, fruttuosa collaborazione e amicizia. Decisiva fu anche l’ingresso nel gruppo di Gerry Mulligan, che contribuì attivamente con Evans alla definizione dell’ensemble, ampliando il consueto quintetto bop a un nonetto con l’aggiunta di sax baritono, trombone, corno, tuba, accoppiando i fiati così da creare – come ricorda Mulligan – tre diversi registri per gli strumenti melodici (omettendo, tra l’altro, in modo piuttosto inusuale il sax tenore in favore del contralto) e una sorta di orchestra in miniatura, ricca di colori diversi, con 6 fiati e 3 strumenti per la sezione ritmica: Quintetto bop Nonetto Birth of the Cool Tromba Tromba Registro acuto Sax contralto Sax contralto + Sax baritono Registro medio Trombone + Corno Registro grave Tuba Sezione ritmica Sezione ritmica Pianoforte Pianoforte Basso Basso Batteria Batteria Le idee sonore che ispirarono questa formazione derivavano in larga misura dall’orchestra di Claude Thornhill (da cui provenivano Gerry Mulligan e Lee Konitz), famosa per le sue sonorità impressionistiche, la raffinatezza delle dinamiche e delle armonie e per un particolare uso della strumentazione (con corni e tuba), nonché per uno stile esecutivo senza vibrato. Gil Evans ricorda che “Miles had liked some of what Gerry and I had written for Claude. The instrumentation for the Miles session was caused by the fact that this was the smallest number of instruments that could get the sound and still express all the harmonies the Thornhill band used. Miles wanted to his idiom with that kind of sound”(Stephanie Crease, “Gil Evans: Forever Cool." Down Beat, May 2012. p. 33). Davis, Evans e Mulligan iniziarono poi a chiamare i musicisti; Davis era alla tromba e Mulligan al sax baritono; per il sax contralto Miles pensava a Sonny Stitt, il cui suono molto bop s’avvicinava a quello di Charlie Parker, per cui poi fu ingaggiato per il suo suono leggero Lee Konitz, dell’orchestra di Thornhill, da cui furono chiamati anche molti altri sidemen. Altri musicisti furono chiamati dai gruppi bop attivi a New York in quel periodo: il trombonista J.J. Johnson, i pianisti John Lewis e Al Haig, i batteristi Max Roach e Kenny Clarke. Ingaggio al Royal Roost per due settimane nel settembre 1948, dove Pete Rugolo ascolta il gruppo e gli propone di realizzare alcune registrazioni per la Capitol: tre sessioni tra il 1949 e il 1950 con soli quattro musicisti presenti a tutte e tre (Miles, Mulligan, Konitz e il suonatore di tuba John Barber); altri musicisti di rilievo a prendere parte alla registrazione furono Kai Winding al trombone e Gunther Schuller al corno. Fonte generativa di successive esperienze per Davis e molti degli altri partecipanti alla registrazione a dispetto del fatto che il nonetto suonò poco dal vivo prima della registrazione stessa e che questa rimase unica. Rapporto dialettico con il bop – da cui peraltro l’esperienza in questione indubitabilmente nasce – per cercare di superarne alcuni aspetti: in particolare gli arrangiamenti elementari, le sonorità aggressive e le strutture esecutive dei piccoli gruppi.
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