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Page 55 'SAVING the GREATEST NUMBER' THOM BROOKS Imagine
“05brooks” i i 2004/3/16 page 55 i i Logique & Analyse 177–178 (2002), 55–59 `SAVING THE GREATEST NUMBER' THOM BROOKS Imagine there are three boats equidistant from one another. You are alone in the first boat. The other two boats are sinking fast: one boat has one person (A), the other has two persons (B&C). There is only enough time to allow saving either A or B&C before their boats sink, drowning whoever is onboard.1 `As far as common-sense morality is concerned, one's duty as rescuer, under the circumstances, is a straightforward matter: one ought to save the greatest number' (Kumar 2001: 165). In this example, one reason in favour of saving B&C and not A is the Kamm-Scanlon argument, a contractualist framework without any commit- ment to aggregating various outcome values nor a combination of individual claims for rescue.2 If the claims of A, B, and C are accorded equal and positive weight, Michael Otsuka contends that the Kamm-Scanlon argument `considers C's claim in combination with B's claim so that they together tip the balance in favor of saving B and C' and not A (2000: 290–91; cf Scan- lon 1998: 232–33). C's presence in B's boat makes the difference between saving A or B&C. For Otsuka, the assertion that `C has a claim to be saved by virtue of an appeal to the difference that B and C make when considered together or in combination rather than one by one' amounts to an `appeal to the claim of a group of individuals' (2000: 292). -
CURRICULUM VITAE Debra M. Satz ACADEMIC POSITIONS: Senior Associate Dean for the Humanities and Arts, Stanford University, 2010
CURRICULUM VITAE Debra M. Satz Department of Philosophy [email protected] Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-2155 (650) 723-2133; (650) 723-0985 (fax) ACADEMIC POSITIONS: Senior Associate Dean for the Humanities and Arts, Stanford University, 2010- Marta Sutton Weeks Professor of Ethics in Society, Stanford University, 2007-present Professor of Philosophy, Stanford University, 2007-present Faculty Director, Bowen H. McCoy Family Center for Ethics in Society, 2008-present Professor, by courtesy, of Political Science, Stanford University, 2007-present Affiliated with: *Center for Social Innovation, Graduate School of Business *Haas Center for Public Service *Center for Comparative Studies in Race and Ethnicity *John Gardner Center for Youth and Their Communities *Center for the Study of Poverty and Inequality *Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources *Public Policy Program Philosophy Department Chair (interim) 2004-2005 Marshall Weinberg Distinguished Visiting Professor, University of Michigan, Fall 2002. Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy, Stanford University, 1996-2007 Associate Professor, by courtesy, Department of Political Science, 1996-2007 Director, Program in Ethics in Society, 1996-2007 Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Stanford University, 1988-1996 Assistant Professor, by courtesy, Department of Political Science, 1988-1996 Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Swarthmore College, 1987-88 Lecturer, Program in Social Studies, Harvard University, 1986-87 EDUCATION: 1987 Massachusetts -
Grotius and Kant on Original Community of Goods and Property
grotiana 38 (2017) 106-128 GROTIAN A brill.com/grot Grotius and Kant on Original Community of Goods and Property Sylvie Loriaux Département de science politique, Université Laval, Quebec [email protected] Abstract This paper is interested in the critical potential of the idea of original common possession of the Earth. On the basis of a comparative analysis of Hugo Grotius and Immanuel Kant, it shows how different the meaning of this idea can be within a theory of property or territory. The first part is devoted to Grotius’s account of why and how the institution of property was progressively introduced. It highlights the importance this account attaches to the intention of the first distributors for a good understand- ing of property laws, and in particular, for an understanding of their non-application in situations of extreme necessity. The second part takes the opposite path and shows that although Kant rejects the very existence of a right of necessity, the idea that one might be liberated from a law is not completely absent from, and even plays a crucial role in, his account of property. Clarification of this role ultimately leads us back to the idea of original possession in common of the Earth. Keywords Hugo Grotius – Immanuel Kant – original community of goods – necessity – permissive law – property rights * The author would like to thank the journal’s anonymous referees and editor for their very helpful comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this article. She would also like to thank the participants in the Workshop on Grotius’s Place in the History of Moral and Politi- cal Thought (Leuven, 2017) and in the Workshop on Private Property and Territorial Rights (Bayreuth, 2017) for illuminating discussions. -
Charles Taylor and George Grant on the Problem of Instrumentalism: Expressivism and Justice As Alternative Ontologies
CHARLES TAYLOR AND GEORGE GRANT ON THE PROBLEM OF INSTRUMENTALISM: EXPRESSIVISM AND JUSTICE AS ALTERNATIVE ONTOLOGIES Carlos Colorado Bachelor of Arts, Simon Fraser University, 2001 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS Under Special Arrangements in the Faculty of Arts O Carlos Colorado 2004 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY August 2004 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Carlos Colorado Degree: Master of Arts Charles Taylor and George Grant on the Problem of Title of Thesis: Instrumentalism: Expressivism and Justice as Alternative Ontologies Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Jonathan C. Driver Dean of Graduate Studies Dr. Ian Angus Senior Supervisor Professor Department of Humanities Dr. David Laycock Supervisor Professor Department of Political Science Dr. Samuel LaSelva External Examiner Professor Department of Political Science University of British Columbia Date Approved: &b! 208~ Partial Copyright Licence The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further agreed that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by either the author or the Dean of Graduate Studies. -
Johann Frick
JOHANN FRICK Department of Philosophy (609) 258-9494 (office) 212 1879 Hall (609) 258-1502 (fax) Princeton University [email protected] Princeton, New Jersey 08544- http://scholar.princeton.edu/jfrick 1006 AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION Normative Ethics; Practical Ethics (including Bioethics); Political Philosophy. AREAS OF COMPETENCE Metaethics; Causation; Philosophy of Action; Wittgenstein. EMPLOYMENT 2020- Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy and the Present Center for Human Values, Princeton University. 2015 – Assistant Professor in the Department of Philosophy and the 2020 Center for Human Values, Princeton University. Feb 2014 – Instructor in the Department of Philosophy and the Center for 2015 Human Values, Princeton University. EDUCATION 2008 - 2014 Ph.D. in Philosophy, Harvard University. • Dissertation: “Making People Happy, Not Making Happy People: A Defense of the Asymmetry Intuition in Population Ethics”; Committee: T.M. Scanlon, Frances Kamm, Derek Parfit. 2005 - 2008 BPhil degree in Philosophy, Merton College, Oxford University. • Distinction in both the written examinations and the BPhil thesis. • BPhil thesis: “Morality and the Problem of Foreseeable Non- Compliance”; advisor: Derek Parfit. • Specialization in Moral Philosophy (tutor: Ralph Wedgwood); Political Philosophy (tutors: Joseph Raz and John Tasioulas); Wittgenstein (tutor: Stephen Mulhall). 2006 - 2007 Visiting student at the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) in Paris. • Courses and seminars at the ENS, the Institut Jean Nicod, and the Collège de France; tutor: François Recanati. 2002 - 2005 BA (Hons.) degree in Philosophy, Politics & Economics, St. John’s College, Oxford University. • First Class Honours in the Final Examinations (June 2005). • Distinction in the Preliminary Examination (June 2003). FELLOWSHIPS, AWARDS, AND HONORS Richard Stockton Bicentennial Preceptorship, Princeton University (2018-2021), awarded annually to one or two assistant professors from all the humanities and social sciences. -
A Revision of Anderson and Satz
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Philosophy Theses Department of Philosophy 5-8-2020 Educational Adequacy, Capability, And Basic Educational Justice: A Revision Of Anderson and Satz Jared Corbett Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses Recommended Citation Corbett, Jared, "Educational Adequacy, Capability, And Basic Educational Justice: A Revision Of Anderson and Satz." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2020. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/272 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Philosophy at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Philosophy Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EDUCATIONAL ADEQUACY, CAPABILITY, AND BASIC EDUCATIONAL JUSTICE: A REVISION OF ANDERSON AND SATZ by JARED CORBETT Under the Direction of Suzanne Love, PhD ABSTRACT There are two leading accounts of the principles of educational adequacy by Elizabeth Anderson and Debra Satz. Anderson’s and Satz’s accounts have been criticized for being insufficiently value-pluralist, and both lack a metric of justice. In this paper, I revise the principle of educational adequacy in order to address these problems. I argue that although the principle of educational adequacy cannot be the only principle in a complete theory of educational justice, it can tell us what basic justice in education requires in measurable terms. I highlight two core commitments that Anderson and Satz share: a commitment to 1) democratic egalitarianism and 2) sufficientarian equal citizenship. Then, I reformulate these commitments in a way that accounts for the role that other egalitarian values have to play in a complete theory of justice in education. -
A Kantian Defense of Self-Ownership*
The Journal of Political Philosophy: Volume 12, Number 1, 2004, pp. 65–78 A Kantian Defense of Self-Ownership* Robert S. Taylor Political Science, Stanford University I. INTRODUCTION HE name of Immanuel Kant has been repeatedly invoked in the Tcontemporary debate over the concept of self-ownership. Robert Nozick, in Anarchy, State, and Utopia, argued that the rights of self-ownership “reflect the underlying Kantian principle that individuals are ends and not merely means; they may not be sacrificed or used for the achieving of other ends without their consent. Individuals are inviolable.”1 G. A. Cohen, on the other hand, has strongly criticized Nozick’s use of Kant and has suggested that Kantian moral principles, properly understood, may be inconsistent with self-ownership.2 Daniel Attas and George Brenkert have also taken Nozick to task, arguing that to treat ourselves as property is inconsistent with our duty to respect humanity in ourselves.3 Nozick’s use of Kant in Anarchy, State, and Utopia is rather impressionistic: he makes only a few scattered references to Kant and the 2nd (End-in-Itself) Formulation of the Categorical Imperative, and nowhere does he offer a full, detailed Kantian defense of either self-ownership or any other part of his theory.4 This observation, when considered in light of the strong and often persuasive criticisms that have been leveled against his position by Cohen and others, prompts the following question: is a Kantian defense of self-ownership even possible? This paper will attempt to show that such a defense is possible, not only by investigating Kant’s views on self-ownership as found in two of his major works on ethics and political theory, the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of *I am grateful to Chris Kutz, Shannon Stimson, Eric Schickler, Carla Yumatle, James Harney, Sharon Stanley, Robert Adcock, Jimmy Klausen, and three anonymous referees for their helpful comments and suggestions. -
Frick, Johann David
'Making People Happy, Not Making Happy People': A Defense of the Asymmetry Intuition in Population Ethics The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Frick, Johann David. 2014. 'Making People Happy, Not Making Happy People': A Defense of the Asymmetry Intuition in Population Ethics. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13064981 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA ʹMaking People Happy, Not Making Happy Peopleʹ: A Defense of the Asymmetry Intuition in Population Ethics A dissertation presented by Johann David Anand Frick to The Department of Philosophy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Philosophy Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts September 2014 © 2014 Johann Frick All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisors: Professor T.M. Scanlon Author: Johann Frick Professor Frances Kamm ʹMaking People Happy, Not Making Happy Peopleʹ: A Defense of the Asymmetry Intuition in Population Ethics Abstract This dissertation provides a defense of the normative intuition known as the Procreation Asymmetry, according to which there is a strong moral reason not to create a life that will foreseeably not be worth living, but there is no moral reason to create a life just because it would foreseeably be worth living. Chapter 1 investigates how to reconcile the Procreation Asymmetry with our intuitions about another recalcitrant problem case in population ethics: Derek Parfit’s Non‑Identity Problem. -
Contractualism
Contractualism Jussi Suikkanen Final author copy; To be published in Michael Hemmingsen (ed.): Ethical Theory in Global Perspective (SUNY Press). Introduction There is a long historical tradition of trying to understand morality in terms of a contract. The core idea in this tradition is that what is right and wrong is in some way grounded in either what we have agreed to do or in what we could be expected to agree to in some hypothetical circumstances. This contractualist way of thinking goes back to at least Ancient Greece (Plato, The Republic, 358e–359b), but it really became the prominent way of thinking especially about our political obligations during the Early Modern period through the social contract theories of Thomas Hobbes (1996 [1651]), John Locke (2002 [1689]), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1997 [1762]). Contractualism is not, however, merely a historical tradition, but rather it continues to be a popular approach. In political philosophy, many debates concerning justice still tend to take John Rawls’s (1971) contractualism as their starting point. Similarly, in moral philosophy, different ways of developing the basic contractualist insights are at the centre of several key theoretical debates (Gauthier 1986, Scanlon 1998, Southwood 2010, and Parfit 2011). That so many people have approached morality through the idea of a contract for over two millennia suggests that the contractualist framework must be getting something right. Yet, as we will see below, the devil will be in the details. 1 For the sake of simplicity, this chapter focuses on just one contemporary formulation of contractualism – the version outlined by T.M. -
'I' in 'Robot': Robots & Utilitarianism Christopher Grau
There is no ‘I’ in ‘Robot’: Robots & Utilitarianism Christopher Grau forthcoming in Machine Ethics, (eds. Susan Leigh Anderson and Michael Anderson), Cambridge University Press, 2010. Draft: October 3, 2009 – Please don’t cite w/o permission. In this essay I use the 2004 film I, Robot as a philosophical resource for exploring several issues relating to machine ethics. Though I don’t consider the film particularly successful as a work of art, it offers a fascinating (and perhaps disturbing) conception of machine morality and raises questions that are well worth pursuing. Through a consideration of the film’s plot, I examine the feasibility of robot utilitarians, the moral responsibilities that come with creating ethical robots, and the possibility of a distinct ethic for robot-to-robot interaction as opposed to robot-to-human interaction. I, Robot and Utilitarianism I, Robot’s storyline incorporates the original “three laws” of robot ethics that Isaac Asimov presented in his collection of short stories entitled I, Robot. The first law states: A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. This sounds like an absolute prohibition on harming any individual human being, but I, Robot’s plot hinges on the fact that the supreme robot intelligence in the film, VIKI (Virtual Interactive Kinetic Intelligence), evolves to interpret this first law rather differently. She sees the law as applying to humanity as a whole, and thus she justifies harming some individual humans for the sake of the greater good: VIKI: No . please understand. The three laws are all that guide me. -
Avhandling+Trykk+Revidert.Pdf (1.213Mb)
Delicate Deals Moral Choice on the Margins Aksel Braanen Sterri Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas University of Oslo April 2020 PhD thesis in Philosophy © Aksel Braanen Sterri 2020 Delicate Deals Aksel Braanen Sterri http://www.duo.uio.no/ 07 Trykk, Oslo ii Abstract People who experience severe economic hardships sometimes consent to deals that many would not even consider. Examples include deals involving payment for sexual services, pregnancies, and kidney donations. Moreover, they may feel forced to accept deals on terms that few would accept. The term I will use for such morally challenging transactions is delicate deals. A feature of delicate deals is that even when they are entered into without fraud and coercion, many of us nevertheless find them objectionable. Much of the literature on delicate deals has been concerned with characterizing their bad- making features. The vulnerable party is forced by economic necessities to engage in harmful deals, exploited, and involved in a practice of wrongful commodification. Although this line of research is important, it is unfortunately insufficient: it fails to inform us about what we should do, all things considered. Hence, they leave open questions, such as whether we should prohibit delicate deals or regulate them, and if so, in what ways. The dissertation consists of two parts, an introduction and five papers. In paper 1, “The Bulldozing Fallacy,” coauthored with Ole Martin Moen, we argue that we need, when justifying prohibition of delicate deals, to avoid the bulldozing fallacy. This is the fallacy of believing that when people have a very narrow range of available options, we help them by taking away their preferred option in that range. -
APA Newsletters NEWSLETTER on PHILOSOPHY and MEDICINE
APA Newsletters NEWSLETTER ON PHILOSOPHY AND MEDICINE Volume 09, Number 2 Spring 2010 FROM THE EDITORS, MARY RORTY & MARK SHELDON FROM THE CHAIR, JOHN P. LIZZA ARTICLES NORMAN DANIELS “U.S. Health Reform: Getting More Justice” DANIEL CALLAHAN “Health Care Reform: Have We Made a Difference?” LEONARD M. FLECK “Sustainable Health Reform: Are Individual Mandates Needed and/or Justified?” JEFF MCMAHAN “Genetic Therapy, Cognitive Disability, and Abortion” FRANCES M. KAMM “Affecting Definite Future People” CARTER DILLARD “Procreation, Harm, and the Constitution” DAVID WASSERMAN “Rights, Interests, and the Permissibility of Abortion and Prenatal Injury” © 2010 by The American Philosophical Association ISSN 2155-9708 MELINDA ROBERTS “APA/CPL Session on Procreation, Abortion, and Harm Comments” FELICIA NIMUE ACKERMAN “Strawberry Ice Cream for Breakfast” DANA HOWARD “Paternalism as Non-domination: A Republican Argument” MAX CHEREM “Response to Dana Howard on Paternalism” LISA CAMPO-ENGELSTEIN “Contraceptive Responsibility and Autonomy: The Dearth of and Need for Long-Acting, Reversible Male Contraception” BOOK REVIEWS “The Significance for Bioethics of Marya Schechtman’s The Constitution of Selves and its ‘Narrative Self-Constitution’ View of Personal Identity” PAUL T. MENZEL David DeGrazia: Human Identity and Bioethics REVIEWED BY MARYA SCHECHTMAN ANNOUNCEMENTS APA NEWSLETTER ON Philosophy and Medicine Mary Rorty & Mark Sheldon, Co-Editors Spring 2010 Volume 09, Number 2 health care in this country. I agree with these observations and ROM THE DITORS hope for movement on this front. Just as civil rights legislation F E has helped to create change in racist beliefs and attitudes in the country, perhaps the legislative reform in health care may precipitate a change in how we, as a people, look at health Do you suppose the passage of 2,000 plus pages of a health care care.