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COVID-19 Vaccines: Comparison of Biological, Pharmacological Characteristics and Adverse Effects of Pfizer/Biontech and Moderna Vaccines

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COVID-19 Vaccines: Comparison of Biological, Pharmacological Characteristics and Adverse Effects of Pfizer/Biontech and Moderna Vaccines European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2021; 25: 1663-1669 COVID-19 vaccines: comparison of biological, pharmacological characteristics and adverse effects of Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines S.A. MEO1, I.A. BUKHARI2, J. AKRAM3, A.S. MEO4, D.C. KLONOFF5 1Department of Physiology, 2Pharmacology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 3Department of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan 4Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan 5Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, CA, USA Abstract. – OBJECTIVE: The “Severe Acute Re- 50 μg (0.5 mL) at a cost of $32-37. It provides im- spiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)” munogenicity for at least 119 days after the first disease has caused a worldwide challenging vaccination and is 94.5% effective in preventing and threatening pandemic (COVID-19), with huge the SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, some as- health and economic losses. The US Food and sociated allergic symptoms have been reported Drug Administration, (FDA) has granted emergen- for both vaccines. The COVID-19 vaccines can cy use authorization for treatment with the Pfizer/ cause mild adverse effects after the first or sec- BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines. Ma- ond doses, including pain, redness or swelling ny people have a history of a significant allergic at the site of vaccine shot, fever, fatigue, head- reaction to a specific food, medicine, or vaccine; ache, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, itching, hence, people all over the world have great con- chills, and joint pain, and can also rarely cause cerns about these two authorized vaccines. This anaphylactic shock. The occurrence of adverse article compares the pharmacology, indications, effects is reported to be lower in the Pfizer/Bi- contraindications, and adverse effects of the Pfiz- oNTech vaccine compared to the Moderna vac- er/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines. cine; however, the Moderna vaccine compared MATERIALS AND METHODS: The required to the Pfizer vaccine is easier to transport and documents and information were collected from store because it is less temperature sensitive. the relevant databases, including Web of Science CONCLUSIONS: The FDA has granted emer- (Clarivate Analytics), PubMed, EMBASE, World gency use authorization for the Pfizer/BioNTech Health Organization (WHO), Food and Drug Au- and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines. These vac- thorities (FDA) USA, Local Ministries, Health In- cines can protect recipients from a SARS-CoV- 2 stitutes, and Google Scholar. The key terms used infection by formation of antibodies and provide were: Coronavirus, SARS-COV-2, COVID-19 pan- immunity against a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Both demic, vaccines, Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, Mod- vaccines can cause various adverse effects, but erna vaccine, pharmacology, benefits, allergic these reactions are reported to be less frequent responses, indications, contraindications, and in the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine compared to the adverse effects. The descriptive information was Moderna COVID-19 vaccine; however, the Mod- recorded, and we eventually included 12 docu- erna vaccine compared to the Pfizer vaccine is ments including research articles, clinical trials, easier to transport and store because it is less and websites to record the required information. temperature sensitive. RESULTS: Based on the currently available literature, both vaccines are beneficial to pro- Key Words: vide immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna vac- Pfizer/BioNTech Vaccine has been recommend- cine, Pharmacology, Adverse effects. ed to people 16 years of age and older, with a dose of 30 μg (0.3 m) at a cost of $19.50. It pro- vides immunogenicity for at least 119 days af- ter the first vaccination and is 95% effective in Introduction preventing the SARS-COV-2 infection. Howev- er, Moderna Vaccine has been recommended to The “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Co- people 18 years of age and older, with a dose of rona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)” disease has caused Corresponding Author: Sultan Ayoub Meo MD, Ph.D; e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] 1663 S.A. Meo, I.A. Bukhari, J. Akram, A.S. Meo, D.C. Klonoff a challenging and threatening pandemic global- pharmacological characteristics, benefits, aller- ly (COVID-19). This virus is highly contagious gic responses, indications, contraindications, and and has caused disruption of the world’s health adverse effects. The descriptive information was and economy1. The prevalence and mortality recorded and 42 articles, documents were identi- rates of SARSCOV-2 are changing on a daily fied. The studies, international organizations, and basis2. According to World Health Organization weblinks in which SARS-COV-2 and COVID-19 (WHO) as of December 25, 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic Vaccine were discussed were eligi- pandemic involved 216 countries, and had affect- ble for inclusion. No limitations on publication ed 80.161.578,00 people with a fatality rate of status, study design, or language of publication 1.756.379,00 (2.19%)3. were imposed. The descriptive information was During the COVID-19 pandemic, globally retrieved from the selected literature. Two co-au- people are facing major health care challenges, thors reviewed the literature, and their findings lockdowns, anxiety and stress4, as there is no spe- were entered into tabular form. After that, a third cific treatment and vaccination for this pandem- co-author rechecked the literature and their find- ic. Given the lack of specific therapy for and the ings. From the 24 identified documents, finally rapid spread of this virus, vaccination would be we included 12 documents including publications a significant tool in the fight against the SARS- and few organizations such as “World Health Or- CoV-2 pandemic. More recently, on December 11, ganization (WHO), US Food and Drug Admin- 2020 and December 18, 2020, respectively, the istration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), grant- Prevention (CDC). ed emergency authorization to the Pfizer/BioN- Tech 5,6 and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines7. These Data extraction and Ethics statement two COVID-19 vaccines were developed quick- The findings were documented by using a stan- ly to benefit humanity and arrest the rise in the dardized form including a full description of the number of SARS-CoV-2 cases. From the time study characteristics. In this study we recorded when the SARS-CoV-2 genome was released the publicly available database literature on coro- in early 20208 until these two vaccines received navirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 vaccine, Pfiz- EUA status, less than one year passed. The fast- er/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines; hence, Ethi- est any vaccine had previously been developed, cal approval was not required. from viral sampling to approval, was four years, for mumps in the 1960s9. There have been some concerns about potential adverse effects of these Results vaccines. The present study aims to highlight ev- idence about the pharmacological characteristics, Table I presents a comparison between the indications, contraindications and adverse effects pharmacology, indications, and adverse effects of of Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines. Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines. The US Food and Drug Authorities (FDA) have granted emergency authorization for use of the Pfizer/Bi- Materials and Methods oNTech and Moderna vaccines. Pfizer/BioNTech Vaccine has been recommended to people 16 years The required informations were collected from of age and older, with a dose of 30 μg (0.3 ml) at relevant databases, regarding the pharmacology, a cost of $19.50. It provides immunogenicity for indications, contraindications, and adverse effects at least about 119 days after the first vaccination of Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines. We and is 95% effective in preventing the SARS- reviewed the literature from various databases COV-2 infection. However, Moderna Vaccine has including “Web of Science Clarivate Analytics10, been recommended to people 18 years of age and PubMed11, “Medline, EMBASE, World Health older, with a dose of 50 μg (0.5 mL) at a cost of Organization (WHO), US Food and Drug Admin- $32-37. It provides immunogenicity for at least istration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and 119 days after the first vaccination and is 94.5% Prevention (CDC), regional ministries, health in- effective in preventing the SARS-CoV-2 infec- stitutes, and Google Scholar. The literature was tion (Table I). Based on the currently available searched by using the key terms: Coronavirus, literature, both vaccines are beneficial to provide SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines, immunity against a SARS-CoV-2 infection. How- Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, Moderna vaccine, ever, some allergic responses have been reported. 1664 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Table I. Comparison between pharmacology, indications, and adverse effects of Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines. Characteristics Pfizer/BioNTech Vaccine Moderna Vaccine General name Pfizer/BioNTech Vaccine12. Moderna Vaccine13. Generic name Tozinameran, brand name Comirnaty12. Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine13. Manufacturer Pfizer, Inc and BioNTech12. ModernaTX, Inc13. Type of vaccine mRNA (BNT162b2)12 . mRNA (mRNA-1273)13. FDA Approval Emergency authorization Dec 11, 202012. Emergency authorization Dec 18, 202013. Dose Each dose contains 30 μg (0.3 mL)14,15. Each dose contains 50 μg (0.5 mL)16,17. Number of injections 2 shots, given 21 days apart14. 2 shots, given 28 days apart16. Route of administra- Intramuscular-deltoid muscle12. Intramuscular-deltoid muscle13. tion Booster shots Further research is needed to determine, Further research is needed to determine whether boost- whether shots will be required over the er shots will be required over the year to maintain im- year to maintain immunity, or to be given munity, or to be given annually like the flu shot. annually like the flu shot. Age group for vacci- 16 years of age and older14. 18 years of age and older17. nation Effectiveness 95% in preventing the SARS-COV-2 94.5% in preventing the SARS-COV-2 infection16.
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