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Review Article Current Status of Ulmus Wallichiana: Himalayan Endangered Elm *Nazima Batool1, Yamin Bibi1 and Noshin Ilyas1 1Dep

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Review Article Current Status of Ulmus Wallichiana: Himalayan Endangered Elm *Nazima Batool1, Yamin Bibi1 and Noshin Ilyas1 1Dep Pure Appl. Bio., 3(2): 60-65, June-2014. Review Article Current status of Ulmus wallichiana: Himalayan endangered Elm *Nazima Batool1, Yamin Bibi1 and Noshin Ilyas1 1Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan *corresponding author email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Ulmus wallichiana is important traditional and endangered plant species of western Himalaya used for treatment of fractured bones in animals as well as human being. The U. wallichiana (Planchon) is a mountain tree ranging from central Nuristan in Afghanistan, through Northern Pakistan and Northern India to western Nepal at elevations from 800 m to 3000 m. In Pakistan restricted to Nandiar and Hillian sub valleys of district Battagram between 1300 to 2000 m., U. wallichana is found in spruce pine, temperate and lower temperate forest area. The Himalayan Elm grows to 30 m tall, with a broad crown featuring several ascending branches. Mostly flowers exist in a clusters form on branches and maximum flowering offers during March. A strong fibre is obtained from the inner bark. Plant is used for cordage, slow matches and sandals. Chemical investigation of U. wallichiana revealed flavonoides present in stem bark. In IUCN red list U. wallichiana falls in vulnerable category. However, U. wallichiana falls under criteria D of critically endangered species in Pakistan as only 44 mature individuals were found in different parts of district Battagram. There are number of threats responsible for decrease in U. wallichiana number in western Himalayan which may include deforestation, over exploitation and climate changes. Conservation strategies need to follow and improve number of U. wallichiana number. U. wallichiana has the potential to prevent and treat osteoporosis, so an attempt should be made to conserve this important plant species with possible ant osteoporosis properties. Key words: Endangered elm, Osteoporosis, Ulmus wallichiana, Western Himalaya. Distribution of Ulmus wallichian: species of western Himalayas. In Pakistan it is Ulmus wallichiana is a member of family restricted to Nandiar and Hillian sub valleys of Ulmaceae. U. wallichiana (Planchon) is a mountain district Battagram (1300 to 2000 m) [2]. Most of tree and found at elevations from 800 m to 3000 m. the plants are found in districts Battagram along Its ranges start from central Nuristan in graveyards and only few plants of this taxon are Afghanistan, through Gilgit Baltistan Pakistan and found along the paddy fields and other water bodies Northern India & goes to western Nepal (Fig. 1) [3]. [1]. U. wallichiana is a rare and endemic plant Figure.1: Distribution of Ulmus wallichiana (Yellow dots shows plant distribution) 60 Nazima Batool et al., Habitat and community structure clusters on branches, maximum flowering time is U. wallichana is found in broad leaved, moist March to April. Inflorescence is elongated pedicels ravines, temperate and lower temperate forest at a in fruit more than 5 mm long, articulated to lower height of 1800 to 3000 meter and mostly with portion one third of the length of pedicel, uniformly Celtis tetrandra, Juglans regis, Hippophae pilose. Perianth tube is narrowed into the pedicel, salicifolia and Betula alnoides [4, 5]. lobes 5.6, obtuse, pubescent to subglabrous. Morphological description of Ulmus wallichiana Stamens are 5-6 in number, filaments longer than The Himalayan Elm grows upto 30 m height (Fig. the perianth and anthers red. Ovary is slightly 2), with a broad crown featuring several ascending pubescent nature. Samara is orbicular-obovate with branches. The bark of the trunk is greyish brown 12-15 mm in length and narrowed into a short stipe and longitudinally furrowed. The leaves are of 2-3 mm long. Stipe is longer than the perianth. elliptic-acuminate, less than 13 cm long and 6 cm Ulmus seeds are central and hirsute to sub broad (Fig. 3). The samarae are usually orbicular, glabrous. less than 13 mm in diameter [6]. Flowers present in Figure. 2: Ulmus wallichiana (30 mTall plant) 61 Pure Appl. Bio., 3(2): 60-65, June-2014. [7] Figure. 3: U. wallichiana twig, Inflorescence and fruit credit goes to Brandis, 1874 (leaves 6- 10 cm long and 4-6 cm broad) Importance of Ulmus wallichiana: Fractured part of body is washed and properly set Plant biodiversity is a precious endowment of by experienced bone setter. Cooled semisolid nature upon which mankind has always been laxative substrate is thoroughly poured and lapped dependent. The authentic knowledge of plants is around fractured part and tightened with a clean based on trial and error and passed on from one cloth followed by giving proper support to generation to another, after refinements and fractured part with thick card board. Patient is then additions (3). allowed for minimum 30 days rest [12, 13]. Fuel Wood Species Glycosylation is a common metabolic fate for The local people use plant species as fuel wood, for majority of flavonoids, an event that is also known cooking and heating during winter. They lack the to influence their stability. For example, rutin natural gas facility [8] (quercetin-3-Oglucose rhamnose), distributed in Thatching / Sheltering Plants many plants, dietary glycosides, are converted to Young shoots of U. wallichiana are used to make aglycones, such as quercetin, in the large intestine strong ropes as strong fibre is obtained from the in reactions catalyzed by the glycosidase of inner bark. It is used for cordage. Due to lack of intestinal bacteria [14]. C-glycosylated flavonoids facilities in the area, the local people construct their will be better therapeutic candidates given their houses from stones and clay and use Ulmus species stability over aglycone or O-glycosylated for timber upon which thatching and sheltering flavonoids [15]. From U. Wallichiana, a plant plant species are kept to support the roof [5]. known in traditional Indian medicinal practice to Timber Yielding Plants treat the bone fracture, flavonoid-C-glycosides U. wallichiana wood is fairly hard, scented and fine have been isolated and assessed for their activity in grained. Wood takes a good polish and in used for stimulating osteoblast differentiation. Stimulation furniture making. of osteoblast differentiation is a bone anabolic Allelopathic effect function that is desirable for osteoporosis therapy Allelopathic components play an important role by [16, 17, 18, 19]. Chemical investigation of Ulmus influencing the growth and establishment of plants wallichiana by [15] revealed that stem bark and availability of soil inorganic ions. U. resulted in isolation and identification of three new wallichiana shows allelopathic potential [9]. compounds (2S,3S)-(+)-3',4',5,7 - Medicinal importance tetrahydroxydihydroflavonol-6-C-b-D- Bark of U. wallichiana is commonly used for glucopyranoside, (2S, 3S)-(+)-4’,5, 7 treatment of fractured bones in animals as well as trihydroxyhydroflavonol-6-C-b-Dglucopyranoside in human beings in folk tradition of Himalaya [10, and 3-C- β-D-glucopyranoside-2,4,6- 11]. Local people collect U. wallichiana fresh trihydroxymethylbenzoate, together with five bark, crushed minutely and boiled in water for 1/2 known flavonoid-6-Cglucosides. During chemical h to make fine semi-solid substrate. As bark investigation, Ulmoside A & Ulmoside B (Fig. 4) contains strong fibers and high percentage of were isolated from bark of this plant species. mucilage, substrate became laxative and sticky. 62 Nazima Batool et al., Figure.4: phytochemicals of Ulmus wallichiana Conservation status fuel wood, and timber. On the other hand, social U. wallichiana is in vulnerable category of IUCN issues such as social relationships, perceptions and red list A1c ver2.3 [20]. However, Walter and values about natural resources as seen by different Gillett in1998 categorised U. wallichiana as social groups, issues of access to and control over endangered plant. In Pakistan only 44 mature resources, and issues of power in relation to individuals of U. wallichiana are present in deforestation, have rarely been discussed in current different parts of district Battagram [2, 5]. Hence literature as possible driving forces to deforestation locally it falls under criteria D of critically [21, 22]. endangered species. Collection chain of medicinal plants in Pakistan: Threats towards Its Extinction In Pakistan medicinal plants are collected from the Increase in human population and constant wild. Local collectors are unaware of the best unplanned overexploitation of plants for medicinal, collection procedures. U. wallichiana from the sites timber, firewood, fodder and thatching purposes of collection to the national and international has resulted damage into the Ulmus spp. markets pass through various middle men. Deforestation Consequently, the prices of the crude drugs Deforestation in the Himalayas is generally increase more than 100% along the trade chain attributed to demographic pressure and other [23]. related effects like: increase in demand for land for Environmental changes: cultivation; livestock population; use of the Seeds viability and vigor decreases with increasing remaining forest to meet growing needs for fodder, moisture and temperature fluctuations U. 63 Pure Appl. Bio., 3(2): 60-65, June-2014. wallichiana seeds are short lived. Seeds may be 5. Haq, F. 2012. Critically endangered flora and damaged by temperature variation due climate fauna of District Battagram Pakistan. Advances in changes [24]. Life Sciences, 2(4), 118-123. Conservation strategies 6. Melville, R. and Heybroek, H. (1971). The Elms Extensive and intensive surveys are required to of the Himalaya. Kew Bulletin, 26(1), Royal prepare a comprehensive inventory of fodder Botanic Garden Kew, London. resources of Himalaya. 7. Brandis, D. (1874) The Forest Flora of North A mass awareness campaign should be launched on West & Central India. W.H. Allen and Co., both governmental and community level in order to London, U.K., pp. 168–169. promote awareness among the people about the 8. Negi, A.K. (1993). Fuelwood evaluation of some importance of plants and conservation of the flora. Himalayan trees and shrubs. Energy, 18(8): 799– Cultivation of medicinal plants on scientific lines 801.
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