DOCSLIB.ORG

Conservation and Utilisation of Genetic Resources of European Elms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

EUROPEAN COMMISSION Conservation and utilisation of genetic resources of European elms Eric Collin Cemagref. UR. Ecosystèmes Forestiers 45290 Nogent-sur-Vernisson Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Presentation plan 1. Elm species and Dutch elm disease 2. Achievements of elm Breeding 3. Methods and progress in elm GR conservation 4. Evaluation of native European elm material 5. Growing elms as valuable broadleaves ? 6. Perspectives : ElmPops project proposal Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Elm taxonomy - no agreement on the number of elm species - 30-40 species in the world - > 20 in Asia -ca 6 in North America - ca 3–4 « large species » in Europe Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) The 3 major ‘kinds’ of European elms EUROPEAN COMMISSION ns tai un mo riparian forests + hedges ri fo pa r re ia s n Wych elm Field elm White elm ts Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Latin names for Field elms… Ö cannot be Ulmus campestris L. (nomen ambiguum) because Linneaus mixed up Field elms and Wych elms Ö are very variable in leaf size and branching habit Ö can be split in different species (Melville = splitter) or in different varieties (Richens = lumper) Ö form a species complex with the Wych elm and show many hybrid and introgressed forms Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION The English elm: a species or a cultivar introduced by the Romans ? Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Field elm and English elm Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Distribution of the English elm (Richens 1983) Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION cpDNA haplotypes of the English elm and other European elms (Gil et al. 2004) Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION The Cornish elm: species or variety ? Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Distribution of the Cornish elm (Richens 1983) Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable BroadleavesE. COLLIN(Leuven, 04/1998 BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Field elms: Melville (1946) vs Richens (1983) U. plotii U. stricta U. carpinifolia U. procera Druce Lind. Gled. Salisb. Plot elm Cornish elm Smooth-leaved elm English elm U. minor U. minor var. lockii var. cornubiensis U. minor var. vulgaris U. minor Mill. sensu lato U. minor Mill. sensu latissimo Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION The 3 major ‘kinds’ of European elms Wych elm Field elm White elm U. minor Mill. U. glabra Huds. U. carpinifolia Gled. U. laevis Pall. Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Field elms - mature trees lost to DED - but resprouts and root suckering - ‘semi-artificial pops’ in hedgerows Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION The Wych elm (= mountain elm) Ö moderately variable in leaf shape (‘atlantic’ form in the UK, ‘northern’ race in Scandinavia) Ö has not been of much interest to ‘species splitters’ Ö can hybridize with and be introgressed by field elms Ö preferred Latin name: Ulmus glabra Huds. Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Wych elm - very susceptible to DED - no suckering, little resprouting - reproduces by seed - natural populations Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION The European white elm Ö not a major issue for elm taxonomists (shows no or little morphological variation) Ö does not hybridize with other elm species Ö preferred Latin name: Ulmus laevis Pall. (but the old binomial: Ulmus peduncalata Foug. was more explicit) Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION White elm - less threatened by DED than by the destruction of its habitat - rare or absent in western Europe - small natural populations - risk of genetic drift in fragmented populations Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Asiatic elm sp. of major interest (1) Ulmus pumila L. (China, Korea, Mongolia, Siberia) Ö generally very resistant to DED ; used in breeding Ö introduced in Spain in the XVIth century ; Ö hybridizes spontaneously with the European field elm Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Asiatic elm sp. of major interest (2) Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Japan) Ö used in breeding for resistance to DED Ulmus wallichiana L. (India: Himalaya) Ö related to Ulmus glabra Ö used in breeding for resistance to DED Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Presentation plan 1. Elm species and Dutch elm disease 2. Achievements of elm Breeding 3. Methods and progress in elm GR conservation 4. Evaluation of native European elm material 5. Growing elms as valuable broadleaves ? 6. Perspectives : ElmPops project proposal Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Dutch elm disease (DED) Ophiostoma sp. Scolytus sp. Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION DED host/vector/pathogen system (Pajares et al. 2003) Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Bark beetle and its feeding groove at a twig crotch photo: D. Piou Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION photo: Pajares et al. 2003 Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Two enormously destructive pandemics Brasier, 1996 Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Names for the agent of DED Perfect stage Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Ophiostoma ulmi formerly: Ceratocystis ulmi Imperfect stage Pesotum ulmi formerly: Graphium ulmi Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION A virus (d-infected) culture of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Distribution of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi subsp. americana and subsp. novo-ulmi in 1990 (Brasier 2004) Subsp. americana introduced in the UK in the 1960’s Subsp. novo-ulmi introduced in Moldova in the 1940’s Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Presentation plan 1. Elm species and Dutch elm disease 2. Achievements of elm Breeding 3. Methods and progress in elm GR conservation 4. Evaluation of native European elm material 5. Growing elms as valuable broadleaves ? 6. Perspectives : ElmPops project proposal Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Breeding elms for resistance to DED Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Elm Breeding programmes (1) Dorschkamp Res. Inst. (NL) : 1928Î1992 ª 4 generations of clones released by Hans Heybroek (e.g. ‘Commelin’, ‘Lobel’, ‘Dodoens’, ‘Plantyn’, ‘Columella’) ª EU project (1978) for tests in 9 countries (e.g. ‘Lutèce’,… selected by INRA, FR) CNR Florence (IT) : late 1970sÎ ª crosses of U. pumila x Heybroek’s clones obtained by Lorenzo Mittempergher (released: ‘San Zanobi’, ‘Plinio’,…) Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Great-grandparents, grandparents, parents of cultivar NANGUEN ‘Lutèce’® Lutèce Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION ‘San Zanobi’ ( ‘Plantyn’ x U. pumila ) Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Elm Breeding programmes (2) UPM Madrid (SP) : late 1980sÎ ª crosses of U. pumila x native U. minor are being evaluated by Luis Gil Wisconsin Uni. (USA) : 1969Îlate 1990 ª different types of hybrids released by Gene Smalley (e.g. ‘Sapporo Autumn Gold’, an U. japonica x U. pumila natural hybrid widely planted in Europe) Other breeding programmes ª are/were carried out in the USA (USDA; Morton Arb.) Uni. of Abertay (Scotland): Genetically Modified elms ª obtained and being tested by Kevan Gartland Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20 april 2006) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Presentation plan 1. Elm species and Dutch elm disease 2. Achievements of elm Breeding 3. Methods and progress in elm GR conservation 4. Evaluation of native European elm material 5. Growing elms as valuable broadleaves ? 6. Perspectives : ElmPops project proposal Collin E., COST Action E42 Growing Valuable Broadleaves (Leuven, BE, 20
Recommended publications
  • Stegophora Ulmea

    Stegophora Ulmea

    EuropeanBlackwell Publishing, Ltd. and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Organisation Européenne et Méditerranéenne pour la Protection des Plantes Data sheets on quarantine pests Fiches informatives sur les organismes de quarantaine Stegophora ulmea widespread from the Great Plains to the Atlantic Ocean. Sydow Identity (1936) reported a foliar disease of Ulmus davidiana caused by Name: Stegophora ulmea (Fries) Sydow & Sydow Stegophora aemula in China stating that the pathogen differs Synonyms: Gnomonia ulmea (Fries) Thümen, Sphaeria ulmea from ‘the closely related Gnomonia ulmea’ by the ‘mode of Fries, Dothidella ulmea (Fries) Ellis & Everhart, Lambro ulmea growth’ on elm. Since, 1999, S. ulmea has repeatedly been (Fries) E. Müller detected in consignments of bonsais from China, in UK and the Taxonomic position: Fungi: Ascomycetes: Diaporthales Netherlands, suggesting that the pathogen probably occurs in Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature: the anamorph is of China. In Europe, there is a doubtful record of ‘G. ulmicolum’ acervular type, containing both macroconidia, of ‘Gloeosporium’ on leaves and fruits of elm in Romania (Georgescu & Petrescu, type, and microconidia, of ‘Cylindrosporella’ type. Various cited by Peace (1962)), which has not been confirmed since. In anamorph names in different form-genera have been the Netherlands, S. ulmea was introduced into a glasshouse in used (‘Gloeosporium’ ulmeum ‘Gloeosporium’ ulmicolum, 2000, on ornamental bonsais, but was successfully eradicated Cylindrosporella ulmea, Asteroma ulmeum),
  • Museum of Economic Botany, Kew. Specimens Distributed 1901 - 1990

    Museum of Economic Botany, Kew. Specimens Distributed 1901 - 1990

    Museum of Economic Botany, Kew. Specimens distributed 1901 - 1990 Page 1 - https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57407494 15 July 1901 Dr T Johnson FLS, Science and Art Museum, Dublin Two cases containing the following:- Ackd 20.7.01 1. Wood of Chloroxylon swietenia, Godaveri (2 pieces) Paris Exibition 1900 2. Wood of Chloroxylon swietenia, Godaveri (2 pieces) Paris Exibition 1900 3. Wood of Melia indica, Anantapur, Paris Exhibition 1900 4. Wood of Anogeissus acuminata, Ganjam, Paris Exhibition 1900 5. Wood of Xylia dolabriformis, Godaveri, Paris Exhibition 1900 6. Wood of Pterocarpus Marsupium, Kistna, Paris Exhibition 1900 7. Wood of Lagerstremia parviflora, Godaveri, Paris Exhibition 1900 8. Wood of Anogeissus latifolia , Godaveri, Paris Exhibition 1900 9. Wood of Gyrocarpus jacquini, Kistna, Paris Exhibition 1900 10. Wood of Acrocarpus fraxinifolium, Nilgiris, Paris Exhibition 1900 11. Wood of Ulmus integrifolia, Nilgiris, Paris Exhibition 1900 12. Wood of Phyllanthus emblica, Assam, Paris Exhibition 1900 13. Wood of Adina cordifolia, Godaveri, Paris Exhibition 1900 14. Wood of Melia indica, Anantapur, Paris Exhibition 1900 15. Wood of Cedrela toona, Nilgiris, Paris Exhibition 1900 16. Wood of Premna bengalensis, Assam, Paris Exhibition 1900 17. Wood of Artocarpus chaplasha, Assam, Paris Exhibition 1900 18. Wood of Artocarpus integrifolia, Nilgiris, Paris Exhibition 1900 19. Wood of Ulmus wallichiana, N. India, Paris Exhibition 1900 20. Wood of Diospyros kurzii , India, Paris Exhibition 1900 21. Wood of Hardwickia binata, Kistna, Paris Exhibition 1900 22. Flowers of Heterotheca inuloides, Mexico, Paris Exhibition 1900 23. Leaves of Datura Stramonium, Paris Exhibition 1900 24. Plant of Mentha viridis, Paris Exhibition 1900 25. Plant of Monsonia ovata, S.
  • The Elms of Co Cork- a Survey of Species, Varieties and Forms

    The Elms of Co Cork- a Survey of Species, Varieties and Forms

    IRISH FORESTRY The elms of Co Cork- a survey of species, varieties and forms Gordon L. Mackenthun' Abstract In a survey of the elms in County Cork, Ireland, some 50 single trees, groups of trees and populations were examined. Four main taxa were recognised, these being 'W)'ch elm, Cornish elm, Coritanian elm and Dutch elm plus a number of ambiguous hybrids. While a large overall number of elms were found, the number of mature or even ancient elms is relatively small. Still, there are sufficient numbers of elms in the county to base a future elm protection programme 011. Keywords Ulmus, 'N)'ch elm, field elm, hybrid elm, Dutch elm disease. Introduction Elm taxonomy is known to be notoriously difficult. For the British Isles there are many different concepts, varying between just two elm species and more than one hundred so-called microspecies (Richens 1983, Armstrong 1992, Armstrong and Sell 1996). The main reason for the difficulty with elm taxonomy lies in the fact that the variability within the genus is extreme. This is especially tme for the group of elms we know under the name field elm. As a result, there is no generally accepted system for classification of the elms of the world. Some British researchers claim to host up to eight elm species in their country (Melville 1975, Clapham et a1. 1987, Stace 1997). The approach taken here follows the lines being drawn by Richard H. Richens (1983) who followed a fairly simple strategy. He assumcd that there are just two species of elms prescnt in the British Isles, the native wych elm, Ulmus glabra and the introduced field ehil, U minor.
  • Discovery Elm Ulmus Davidiana

    Discovery Elm Ulmus Davidiana

    DiscoveryDiscovery ElmElm UlmusUlmus davidianadavidiana var.var. JaponicaJaponica ‘Discovery’‘Discovery’ • ResistantResistant toto DEDDED • VaVa s s e e--shaped,shaped, uprightupright crowncrown NORTHERNNORTHERN GARDENGARDEN COLLECTIONCOLLECTION © Jeffries Nurseries Ltd., 2004 Discovery Elm Ulmus davidiana var. Japonica ‘Discovery’ A new and exciting introduction with improved crown form and excellent resistance to Dutch Elm Disease, leaf aphids and elm leaf beetle. __________________________________________________________________ Botanical Name: Ulmus davidiana var. Japonica ‘Discovery’ __________________________________________________________________ Family: Ulmaceae __________________________________________________________________ Common Name: Discovery Elm __________________________________________________________________ Origin: A clonal selection from a seedling population. The seedling source was an open pollinated cross of Japanese Elm trees from a Manchurian source, growing at the Morden Research Station. Developed by Rick Durand of Portage la Prairie, MB. __________________________________________________________________ Hardiness: Zone 3 (Canadian and USDA) __________________________________________________________________ Growth Rate: Medium to fast. __________________________________________________________________ Description: Discovery Elm is similar in shape to the American Elm but is approximately 30% smaller. The crown form of Discovery Elm is unique for Japanese Elm. Instead of the irregular and broad-shaped crown
  • 'Camperdownii' Samt Ulmus Minor 'Hoersholmiensis'

    'Camperdownii' Samt Ulmus Minor 'Hoersholmiensis'

    Efter almsjukan Förslag till ersättare för Ulmus glabra, Ulmus glabra ©Camperdownii© samt Ulmus minor ©Hoersholmiensis© Självständigt arbete vid LTJ-fakulteten, SLU Landskapsingenjörsprogrammet 2009 Marcus Persson SLU, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet Fakulteten för landskapsplanering, trädgårds- och jordbruksvetenskap, LTJ Författare: Marcus Persson Titel: Ersättare för alm Nyckelord: Ulmus, glabra, Camperdownii, minor, Hoersholmiensis, alm, almsjuka, ersättare. Handledare: Mark Huisman Examinator: Eva-Lou Gustafsson Kurstitel: Examensarbete för Landskapsingenjörer Kurskod: EX0359 Omfattning, högskolepoäng: 15hp Nivå och fördjupning: C-nivå Utgivningsort: Alnarp Utgivningsår: 2009 Fotot på försättsbladet är en frisk Ulmus glabra vilken är i full gång att slå ut sina blad på försommaren. Trädet är planterat år 1859 utanför gamla fängelset i Visby hamn. Foto av Arne Persson. II Förord Detta examensarbete är skrivet vid Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, SLU, fakulteten för landskapsplanering, trädgårds- och jordbruksvetenskap inom Landskapsingenjörsprogrammet. Ämnet är landskapsplanering. Jag skulle vilja tacka min handledare Mark Huisman för att ha gett sig tid och stöttat mig igenom hela arbetet. Jag skulle även vilja tacka de som har bidragit med fotografier. III Sammanfattning Jag valde att skriva om ersättare för alm då jag sett almar av olika slag dö bort och försvinna i städer, parker och andra platser med ett snabbt förlopp på grund av almsjukan. Under sommaren 2008 när jag arbetade med att inventera alm och almsjuka på Gotland väcktes frågan om vilket träd som skulle kunna ersätta almen. Sedan den aggressiva formen av almsjuka kom till Sverige under 1980 ± talet har många almar fått ge vika. Almsjukan är en vissningssjukdom vilken uppstår då en svamp täpper till trädets kärlsträngar. Detta bidrar till att trädet inte får någon tillgång till vatten och näring.
  • New York Non-Native Plant Invasiveness Ranking Form

    New York Non-Native Plant Invasiveness Ranking Form

    NEW YORK NON-NATIVE PLANT INVASIVENESS RANKING FORM Scientific name: Ulmus pumila L. USDA Plants Code: ULPU Common names: Siberian elm Native distribution: Asia Date assessed: October 18, 2009 Assessors: Gerry Moore Reviewers: LIISMA SRC Date Approved: Form version date: 10 July 2009 New York Invasiveness Rank: Moderate (Relative Maximum Score 50.00-69.99) Distribution and Invasiveness Rank (Obtain from PRISM invasiveness ranking form) PRISM Status of this species in each PRISM: Current Distribution Invasiveness Rank 1 Adirondack Park Invasive Program Not Assessed Not Assessed 2 Capital/Mohawk Not Assessed Not Assessed 3 Catskill Regional Invasive Species Partnership Not Assessed Not Assessed 4 Finger Lakes Not Assessed Not Assessed 5 Long Island Invasive Species Management Area Widespread Moderate 6 Lower Hudson Not Assessed Not Assessed 7 Saint Lawrence/Eastern Lake Ontario Not Assessed Not Assessed 8 Western New York Not Assessed Not Assessed Invasiveness Ranking Summary Total (Total Answered*) Total (see details under appropriate sub-section) Possible 1 Ecological impact 40 (20) 3 2 Biological characteristic and dispersal ability 25 (25) 19 3 Ecological amplitude and distribution 25 (25) 17 4 Difficulty of control 10 (10) 3 Outcome score 100 (80)b 42.00a † Relative maximum score 52.50 § New York Invasiveness Rank Moderate (Relative Maximum Score 50.00-69.99) * For questions answered “unknown” do not include point value in “Total Answered Points Possible.” If “Total Answered Points Possible” is less than 70.00 points, then the overall invasive rank should be listed as “Unknown.” †Calculated as 100(a/b) to two decimal places. §Very High >80.00; High 70.00−80.00; Moderate 50.00−69.99; Low 40.00−49.99; Insignificant <40.00 Not Assessable: not persistent in NY, or not found outside of cultivation.
  • Natural Hybridisation Within Elms (Ulmus L.) in Lithuania R

    Natural Hybridisation Within Elms (Ulmus L.) in Lithuania R

    BALTIC FORESTRY NATURAL HYBRIDISATION WITHIN ELMS (ULMUS L.) IN LITHUANIA R. PETROKAS, V. BALIUCKAS Natural Hybridisation within Elms (Ulmus L.) in Lithuania RAIMUNDAS PETROKAS1 * AND VIRGILIJUS BALIUCKAS12 1 Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Liepu 1, LT-53101 Girionys, Kaunas distr., Lithuania 2 Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Faculty of Forestry and Ecology, Department of Forestry, Studentu 11, LT 53361 Akademija, Kaunas distr. Lithuania *Phone: 00370 37 547289, E-mail: [email protected] Petrokas, R. and Baliuckas, V. 2012. Natural Hybridisation within Elms (Ulmus L.) in Lithuania. Baltic Forestry 18(2): 237246. Abstract Putative natural hybrids (Ulmus × hollandica) between the Smooth-leaved (Ulmus minor ssp. minor) and the Wych elm (Ulmus glabra) were observed in mixed forests along the rivers and rivulets around the central part of Lithuania. Eleven populations of elms (Ulmus L.) were studied to determine 1) the critical groups of phenotypes indicative for their taxonomic identity, 2) the variability of taxa from contact zones. Three characteristics for the trees and twenty one for their leaf, including nineteen applied by WinFOLIA 2004a programme, were used to describe each sample of the fifty eight and to ascertain the degree of affinity between samples. As a result of this approach, four taxa could be distinguished at the contact zones within elms. Three elm species and hybrids, Ulmus glabra, Ulmus minor, Ulmus laevis, and Ulmus × hollandica, were fairly satisfactorily distinguishable, but there is much overlap between the Wych elm and the Field elm in their characters that can be explained only by the equivalence of their statistically discriminant phenotypic distinctness.
  • Dictionary of Cultivated Plants and Their Regions of Diversity Second Edition Revised Of: A.C

    Dictionary of Cultivated Plants and Their Regions of Diversity Second Edition Revised Of: A.C

    Dictionary of cultivated plants and their regions of diversity Second edition revised of: A.C. Zeven and P.M. Zhukovsky, 1975, Dictionary of cultivated plants and their centres of diversity 'N -'\:K 1~ Li Dictionary of cultivated plants and their regions of diversity Excluding most ornamentals, forest trees and lower plants A.C. Zeven andJ.M.J, de Wet K pudoc Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation Wageningen - 1982 ~T—^/-/- /+<>?- •/ CIP-GEGEVENS Zeven, A.C. Dictionary ofcultivate d plants andthei rregion so f diversity: excluding mostornamentals ,fores t treesan d lowerplant s/ A.C .Zeve n andJ.M.J ,d eWet .- Wageninge n : Pudoc. -11 1 Herz,uitg . van:Dictionar y of cultivatedplant s andthei r centreso fdiversit y /A.C .Zeve n andP.M . Zhukovsky, 1975.- Me t index,lit .opg . ISBN 90-220-0785-5 SISO63 2UD C63 3 Trefw.:plantenteelt . ISBN 90-220-0785-5 ©Centre forAgricultura l Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen,1982 . Nopar t of thisboo k mayb e reproduced andpublishe d in any form,b y print, photoprint,microfil m or any othermean swithou t written permission from thepublisher . Contents Preface 7 History of thewor k 8 Origins of agriculture anddomesticatio n ofplant s Cradles of agriculture and regions of diversity 21 1 Chinese-Japanese Region 32 2 Indochinese-IndonesianRegio n 48 3 Australian Region 65 4 Hindustani Region 70 5 Central AsianRegio n 81 6 NearEaster n Region 87 7 Mediterranean Region 103 8 African Region 121 9 European-Siberian Region 148 10 South American Region 164 11 CentralAmerica n andMexica n Region 185 12 NorthAmerica n Region 199 Specieswithou t an identified region 207 References 209 Indexo fbotanica l names 228 Preface The aimo f thiswor k ist ogiv e thereade r quick reference toth e regionso f diversity ofcultivate d plants.Fo r important crops,region so fdiversit y of related wild species areals opresented .Wil d species areofte nusefu l sources of genes to improve thevalu eo fcrops .
  • Classic Lacebark Elm

    Classic Lacebark Elm

    Athena ‘Emer I’ Classic Lacebark Elm Lineage Ulmus parvifolia (Chinese elm, Lacebark elm, Drake elm). Also known as ‘Emerald Isle’. PP7551 Introduced in 1989 (Dave’s Garden, 2011). Tree Form A medium-sized tree with a broad rounded canopy, often with a trunk that forks resulting in a vase shape similar to that of the American elm (Floridata, updated 11/18/2010). Tree size, leaf size and growth rate half of that of the American elm, and they are often planted as a single tree (Warren, 2000). Height: 30 to 40 feet Width: 35 to 45, up to 60 foot wide crown spread (Delmar Learning, undated; UConn, undated)) Foliage Dark green in summer, leathery, almost black; bronze to bronze-brown in fall (Cornell, undated). Leaves simple, 1 to 2 inches long, but half as wide. Ovate, margins rounded to serrate (Delmar Learning, undated). Late deciduous, almost evergreen in mild climates (Floridata, 2010). Culture NA Disease and Insect Information Literature (Dutch elm disease studies, insect resistance assessments, etc.): Resistant to Dutch Elm Disease (DED), phloem necrosis and Elm Leaf Beetles (Delmar Learning, undated). It resists DED and shows very good performance under dry conditions (UConn, undated). Completely immune to Gypsy Moth, and only 10% of the leaf tissue was consumed by Japanese Beetle, the lowest of all the asian elms tested in a no-choice study (Paluch et al., 2006). When the Japanese Beetles were given a choice of species they did not feed on the U. parvifolia at all (Paluch et al., 2006). In an earlier similar study, U. parvifolia was the most resistant of all cultivars and hybrids to the Japanese Beetle (Miller et al., 1999).
  • ELMS for NEBRASKA Justin Evertson & Bob Henrickson, NSA 2011

    ELMS for NEBRASKA Justin Evertson & Bob Henrickson, NSA 2011

    THE NEBRASKA STATEWIDE ARBORETUM PRESENTS ELMS FOR NEBRASKA Justin Evertson & Bob Henrickson, NSA 2011. For more plant information, visit arboretum.unl.edu or retreenbraska.unl.edu. Elms are majestic trees with a tall, arching habit that makes them useful for providing shade along streets, parks, and backyards. Elms are also relatively tolerant of poor soils and extreme weather. While Dutch elm disease has eliminated much of the old elm population in Nebraska, many new hybrids and cultivars show promising resistance and are making the elm o.k. to plant again. Elm Species 1. American Elm - Ulmus americana: disease resistant varieties include ‘Princeton’, ‘Jefferson’, ‘Valley Forge’ and ‘New Harmony’; 50-70’x50-70’. Note that ‘Valley Forge’ has poor branch angles and shows a tendency to break apart in wind storms. 2. Japanese Elm - Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (very cold tolerant; rounded habit; glossy green; 45’x 45’) 3. Lacebark Elm - Ulmus parvifolia (distinctive mottled bark; small glossy leaves; 35’x 25’) 4. Rock Elm - Ulmus thomasii (distinctive corky stems; upright habit; DED resistance in west; 50-60’x 30-40’) Elm Hybrids and Cultivars 5. ‘Accolade’ - looks like American elm; Morton Arboretum hybrid of U. japonica and U. wilsoniana; 50’x 40’. 6. ‘Cathedral’ - tough and adaptable; developed in Wisconsin; U. pumila x U. japonica; 40-50’x 40-50’. 7. ‘Discovery’ is a promising U. davidiana cultivar selected from Manitoba Canada; 45-50’x40-45’. 8. ‘Emerald Sunshine’ is a cultivar of Ulmus propinqua known for clean habit and yellow fall color; 30-40’. 9. ‘Frontier’ - smaller, glossy leaves; lacy bark pattern; purple fall color; U.
  • Disease Resistant Elm Selections Bruce R

    Disease Resistant Elm Selections Bruce R

    RESEARCH LABORATORY TECHNICAL REPORT Disease Resistant Elm Selections Bruce R. Fraedrich, PhD, Plant Pathology Many hybrids and selections of Asian elm that have reliable resistance to Dutch elm disease (DED) are available for landscape planting. In addition to disease resistance, these elms tolerate urban stress and are adapted to a wide range of soil conditions. These selections are suitable for routine planting in areas where they are adapted to the climate. Descriptions in this report are based primarily on performance of trees growing in the arboretum at the Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories in Charlotte, North Carolina (Zone 8). Accolade Elm in Northern Plains States where low temperatures and low rainfall limit successful use of other cultivars. Ulmus davidiana var. japonica ‘Morton’ A selection of Japanese elm, Accolade elm exhibits Commendation Elm strong resistance to DED and is expected to be resistant to elm yellows. This selection is a favored host Ulmus ‘Morton Stalwart’ of Japanese beetle which can cause defoliation in years A hybrid between U. carpinifolia, U. pumila and U. with heavy outbreaks. Accolade grows rapidly and davidiana var. japonica, Commendation has the has a vase shape with a mature height of 60 feet. It has fastest growth of any of the Morton Arboretum been planted extensively in many Midwestern cities introductions. This cultivar has an upright, vase shape (zone 4). Danada Charm (Ulmus ‘Morton Red Tip’) is but has a distinctively wider crown spread than an open pollinated selection from Accolade and has Accolade or Triumph. The leaves are larger than most similar habit and appearance. Danada Charm does hybrid elms and approach the same size as American not grow as rapidly as Accolade or Triumph in elm.
  • Conserving Intraspecific Biodiversity of Forest Trees in France and Europe

    Conserving Intraspecific Biodiversity of Forest Trees in France and Europe

    The necessary scientific contribution 26 to defining public policies for biodiversity conservation Conserving intraspecifi c biodiversity of forest trees in France and Europe Using examples drawn from his work on elms and his experience as secretary of the Forest genetic resources commission, Éric Collin illustrates the issues and methods for the conservation of genetic diversity of forest trees in light of climate change. or the general public, the slogan "Stop bio- but the criteria or combinations of criteria used to defi ne diversity erosion" means taking measures an ESU (inter-population differentiation measured using to protect plants and animals whose sur- molecular markers and/or adaptive characters) are simply vival as a species is threatened. The Eura- guidelines for our work, not absolute truths. sian lynx, the common snipe, Hermann's F tortoise and the Aveyron ophrys are thus all listed for protection in the 2010 Biodiversity agenda for ➊ Distribution of the Cornish elm continental France. Forest trees will probably be excluded, (Ulmus stricta Lindley) according to Richens (1983). except perhaps elms, the well known victims of a terrible epidemic, and the Spanish black pine, a rare species of which only a few communities still exist in Languedoc and the eastern Pyrenees. For specialists in forest genetic resources, it is however indispensable and urgent to address the intraspecifi c bio- diversity of forest trees, i.e. the diversity within species. This diversity is not very visible and generally has no name, but it is crucial for species adaptation. It is neces- sary to stop its erosion if we want to avoid endangering species.