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Acalyptris Amazonensis Sp. Nov.: Documentation of Another Leaf-Mining Species Supplementing the Unique but Disputable A

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Acalyptris Amazonensis Sp. Nov.: Documentation of Another Leaf-Mining Species Supplementing the Unique but Disputable A BIOLOGIJA. 2018. Vol. 64. No. 3. P. 191–202 © Lietuvos mokslų akademija, 2018 Acalyptris amazonensis sp. nov.: documentation of another leaf-mining species supplementing the unique but disputable A. latipennata group (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae) Jonas R. Stonis1, 2*, We describe one new species (Acalyptris amazonensis sp. nov.) from the Amazonian rainforest of Ecuador and provide the first 1 Arūnas Diškus photographic documentation of two other related species also oc- curring in Ecuador (A. onorei Puplesis & Diškus and A. ecuadori- 1 Vytautas Magnus University ana Puplesis & Diškus). We briefly discuss diagnostic characters and Baltic-American of the A. latipennata species group, which has an outstanding but Biotaxonomy Institute, Studentų St. 39, Vilnius 08106, disputable position within the genus Acalyptris Meyrick. Lithuania Keywords: Acalyptris amazonensis, Acalyptris Meyrick, leaf mines, 2 Institute of Ecology, Nepticulidae, new species, latipennata group Nature Research Centre, Akademijos St. 2, Vilnius 08412, Lithuania INTRODUCTION Nepticulidae also covering Ecuador was published, notably, Remeikis et al., 2014; Stonis et al., 2014, The history of documentation of the Nepticulidae 2015, 2016a, 2016c, 2016b, 2016d, 2017a, 2017c, fauna of Ecuador counts only the past 16 years. 2017d, 2018a, 2018b. The first species recorded from this equatorial Nepticulidae (or pygmy moths) is a rather pecu- South American country with outstanding biodi- liar group of monotrysian Lepidoptera. The family versity were described in a paper by Puplesis and comprises the world’s smallest moths, the larvae Robinson (Puplesis et al., 2002a) that enriched sci- of which are leaf miners during all stages of their ence with sixteen new species from the western development. Documentation of these tiny but Amazonian rainforest and the Andes of Ecuador. ecologically and economically important insects is This study was followed by another paper adding often hampered by the lack of qualified specialists a couple more species to the fauna of Ecuador: one and also, possibly, by the minute size of the adults of species previously known from the USA (Florida), Nepticulidae. They are usually neglected on a light- Belize, and the Caribbean, and one species previ- trap screen, absent or rare in many scientific collec- ously known from Belize (Puplesis et al., 2002b). tions, and, when collected, the dissection of these Recently a series of taxonomic publications on “pygmies” requires great skills and experience. Thanks to Professor Onore Giovanni, the * Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] first field collecting, specifically targeted at the 192 Jonas R. Stonis, Arūnas Diškus Ecuadorian Oriente (Amazon) region, was con- cleaning, male genital capsules were removed ducted in 1999 and in the following years. Later, from the abdomen and mounted ventral side up- Nepticulidae were discovered practically in all permost. The phallus was removed and mounted major terrestrial habitats of Ecuador, sometimes in Euparal separately, but on the same genitalia being very prolific, particularly in the Andes. slide. Abdominal pelts and female genitalia were Despite the ongoing effort and the continuously stained with Chlorazol Black (Direct Black 38/ rising number of registered species, the current- Azo Black) (for a detailed description of the me- ly known number – about 30 species – is very far thod see Stonis et al., 2014). from an expected number of actually occurring Permanent slides were photographed and species in this exceptional country. studied using a Leica DM2500 microscope and Here, we are continuing to document the Leica DFC420 digital camera. The descriptive Nepticulidae fauna of Ecuador and describe one terminology of morphological structures follows more species, Acalyptris amazonensis sp. nov., Puplesis, Robinson (2000), except for the term from the western Amazonian rainforest. This “aedeagus”, which is here referred to as “phallus”, particular species belongs to the unique infor- and the term “cilia”, which is here referred to as mal group among Nepticulidae, the Acalyptris “fringe”. latipennata group. The group was already known Institutional abbreviation used in the text: from the Amazonian rainforest due to two other BMNH – The Natural History Museum, Lon- earlier described Acalyptris species. The discov- don, United Kingdom; PUCE – Pontificia Uni- ery of A. amazonensis is important. It sheds more versidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador. light on taxonomic and morphological diversity of the latipennata group, a unit whose taxonomic DESCRIPTION OF ACALYPTRIS AMA- placement in Acalyptris is still debatable. We also ZONENSIS STONIS & DIŠKUS, SP. N OV. provide the first photographic documentation of previously described members of the A. lati- (Figs. 1–3, 6–9, 14, 27–35) pennata group from Ecuador, and for the first Type material. Holotype: ♂, ECUADOR: time report on a host plant for the A. latipennata Napo Province, Misahualli, 17 km SE of Tena, group with previously fully unknown biology. 1°01’32”S, 77°40’16”W, elevation 410 m, mining larvae on Psychotria L. (Rubiaceae), 28.i.2001, MATERIALS AND METHODS fieldwork card nos. 4743, 4723, R. Puple- sis & S. Hill, genitalia slide no. AD352 (BMNH). Description of the new species and documen- Diagnosis. Acalyptris amazonensis sp. nov. tation of the previously described species are belongs to the A. latipennata species group and based on the material deposited in the collection it most resembles two other species in this group of the Natural History Museum, London, Unit- also occurring in the western Amazonian rain- ed Kingdom, which was collected in Ecuador forest of Ecuador: A. onorei Puplesis & Diškus by J. R. Stonis, formerly Rimantas Puplesis, and and A. ecuadoriana Puplesis & Diškus. However, S. R. Hill thanks to research projects conducted by the external characters such as the forewing together with Ecuadorian scientific partners, in- pattern and the male genitalia, the new species cluding the initial project of 1999 together with A. amazonensis sp. nov. can be easily distin- Professor Giovanni Onore, a former professor guished from these species, also from all the re- at the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, maining Acalyptris. Quito, Ecuador. A. amazonensis sp. nov. differs fromAcalyptris Collecting methods and protocols for spe- onorei Puplesis & Diškus, 2002 in the very glossy cies identification and description are outlined forewing with large, distinct, silvery shiny, sub- in Puplesis (1994); Puplesis, Robinson (2000); apical patches, and in the absence of androconia and Puplesis, Diškus (2003). After maceration on hindwing; in the male genitalia, A. amazon- of the abdomen in 10% KOH and subsequent ensis sp. nov. differs in the significantly reduced, The Neotropical Acalyptris latipennata group (Nepticulidae) 193 Figs. 1–7. Species of the Acalyptris latipennata group. 1 – distribution map; 2, 3 – type locality and habitat of A. ecuadoriana Puplesis & Diškus and A. amazonensis Stonis & Diškus, sp. nov., western Amazonian rainforest, 1°01’32”S, 77°40’16”W, elevation 410 m, Misahualli, 17 km SE of Tena, Napo Province, Ecuador; 4, 5 – A. ecuadoriana, male adult, paratype (BMNH); 6 – A. amazonensis, male adult, holotype (BMNH); 7 – same, cocoon. * artefact; the hole of the minutien pin. 194 Jonas R. Stonis, Arūnas Diškus Figs. 8, 9. Documentation of leaf mines of Acalyptris amazonensis Stonis & Diškus, sp. nov., collected in western Amazonian rainforest, 1°01’32”S, 77°40’16”W, elevation 410 m, Misahualli, 17 km SE of Tena, Napo Province, Ecuador. 8 – general morphology; 9 – frass deposition The Neotropical Acalyptris latipennata group (Nepticulidae) 195 slender arms of gnathos (stout in A. onorei), nar- forewing; flagellum with 29 segments, blackish row posterior lobes of vinculum (wide in A. on- brown on upper side, pale grey with some pur- orei, see Fig. 19), straight sublateral proceeses ple iridescence on underside. Thorax and tegula of valva (bent outwardly in A. onorei), presence shiny, blackish brown with some blue and purple of basal and median thickenings of valva, wider iridescence. Forewing relatively wide but short; gap between valval processes, and the wide phal- basal half of forewing dark grey, with strong blue lus in its apical half. and some purple iridescence; apical half with From Acalyptris ecuadoriana Puplesis & wide, oblique facia of black-brown scales (with- Diškus, 2002, A. amazonensis sp. nov. differs in out purple iridescence), and with two large, al- the dark, glossy forewing with large, distinct, most merged patches of silvery shiny scales with silvery shiny, subapical patches, and the dark little blue iridescence; fringe dark grey-brown; fringe (golden cream in A. ecuadoriana); in fringe-line comprised of black scales; underside the male genitalia, A. amazonensis sp. nov. dif- of forewing blackish brown, without spots or an- fers in the valva with two large processes (only droconia. Hindwing relatively wide, brown-grey one, apical, in A. ecuadoriana), deeply caudally on upper side and underside, without androco- divided pseuduncus (undivided, widely round- nia; fringe brown-grey. Legs glossy, black-grey ed in A. ecuadoriana), greatly reduced gnathos, on upper side, dark brownish grey on under- presence of two short lobes on posterior margin side; tarsi of hind legs brown-ochre to brownish of vinculum (one lobe in A. ecuadoriana, see cream distally. Fig. 26), presence of basal and median thicken- Female. Unknown. ings of valva (absent
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