A New Species of Marmara (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Marmarinae), with an Annotated List of Known Hostplants for the Genus
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Zootaxa 4337 (2): 198–222 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4337.2.2 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4DC4B753-3A04-41F0-94D7-C25FB9F4A713 A new species of Marmara (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Marmarinae), with an Annotated List of Known Hostplants for the Genus CHARLES S. EISEMAN1, DONALD R. DAVIS2, JULIA A. BLYTH1, DAVID L. WAGNER3, MICHAEL W. PALMER4 & TRACY S. FELDMAN5 1276 Old Wendell Rd., Northfield, MA 01360-9674, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012 MRC 105, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, U.S.A. Email: [email protected] 3Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3043, U.S.A. Email: [email protected] 4Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Evolution, 301 Physical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3013, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] 5 Department of Natural and Life Sciences, St. Andrews University, a branch of Webber International University, 1700 Dogwood Mile, Laurinburg, NC 28352-5521, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Larvae of the New World gracillariid moth genus Marmara are primarily stem/bark miners, with some species mining in leaves or fruits. We describe a new species, M. viburnella Eiseman & Davis, which feeds on Viburnum, initially mining the leaves but completing development as a stem miner. The type series is from Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, with observations of leaf mines indicating the species is widespread in the eastern USA. Combining previously published data, our own observations, and other sources, we present a list of known Marmara hostplants, many of which represent unde- scribed species. Key words: Ageniaspis, Quadrastichus, barkminer, leafminer, stem miner, Viburnum Introduction The genus Marmara Clemens (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Marmarinae) includes 19 described North American species and five from South America. Larvae of most species are stem miners, typically in bark of woody plants, with a few mining instead (or additionally) in leaves or fruits. When mature, larvae of all the leaf and fruit feeders, and most of the stem feeders, molt to a non-feeding final instar that cuts a transverse semicircular slit at the end of the mine and wanders for some distance before spinning a cocoon. This cocoon may be spun on a leaf, in a bark crevice, or in leaf litter, and is adorned with numerous pearly globules or “bubbles” extruded from the anus (Wagner et al. 2000). A few stem-mining species instead cut a much larger, lateral, semicircular flap at the end of the mine and spin an unadorned cocoon on the underside of this flap, causing the overlying stem tissues to buckle over the cocoon (Braun 1915; Vinal 1917; De Gryse 1943; Fitzgerald 1973; Wagner et al. 2000). One Marmara species from the southwestern USA and all of the South American species were described by E. Meyrick without knowledge of larval biology, although adults reared from cacao pods were subsequently determined as M. isortha (Meyrick) (Bondar 1939). Marmara gulosa Guillén & Davis is polyphagous, mining in peels, shoots, and occasionally leaves in California and Arizona (Guillén et al. 2001; Neff 2002; Semet 2010). Known hosts include an array of cultivated plants as well as some native species, although there has yet to be a focused effort to assess its host range on natives. As far as is known, the remaining described species each feed on plants of one genus or two closely related genera. Marmara smilacisella (Chambers) mines leaves of Smilax L. (Smilacaceae), M. arbutiella Busck mines leaves and occasionally green stems of Arbutus L. (Ericaceae), and the rest are apparently exclusively stem miners (Wagner et al. 2000; Guillén et al. 2001). A table of the host and tissue specificity of described Marmara species was presented by Guillén et al. (2001), and one additional species has been described since then (Davis et al. 2011). 198 Accepted by J. De Prins: 11 Jul. 2017; published: 18 Jul. 2017 Here we describe a new species that is intermediate in habits, with young larvae mining in leaves and later instars feeding in stems. The cocoon is spun under a bark flap cut at the mine terminus but is sometimes adorned with pearly bubbles. In the hope of stimulating further investigation of this genus, we present an annotated list of known and suspected Marmara host plants assembled from the literature and our own observations (Table 1). Materials and methods In June 2016, CSE and JAB spent several hours on Nantucket Island (Massachusetts, USA) searching Viburnum dentatum L. (Adoxaceae) plants for Marmara bark flaps, either gently peeling them off or using a knife to cut off stem portions that included the flaps. These were collected in plastic vials, which were checked daily for emerging adults. Adult moths were pinned, spread, and double mounted by JAB. After CSE described the external characters, the specimens were sent to DRD for dissection and illustrations, and were deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (USNM). Parasitoids were preserved in 95% ethanol. Encyrtids were examined by R. L. Zuparko, Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, and deposited in the Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley. Eulophids were examined by C. Hansson, Department of Zoology, Lund University, Sweden, and deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. We have followed Stevens (2016) for higher taxonomy of plants. Otherwise, plant taxonomy follows USDA, NRCS (2016), and literature records have been brought into agreement with this classification without comment except in ambiguous cases. Marmara viburnella Eiseman & Davis, sp. nov. Figs. 1–11 Adult (Figs. 1, 10, 11). Wingspan ~6 mm. Head: Vestiture smooth; frons and vertex silvery white; back of head blackish. Eyes red in live specimens. Maxillary palpus white with prominent black tip; haustellum white; labial palpus with first two segments black (one specimen with inner surfaces white) and third segment white with a black ventral spot. Antenna dusky, paler beneath; pedicel with black scales (conspicuously elongated in female). Thorax: Shining blackish above, pale golden beneath. Forewing shining blackish with silvery markings: a broad transverse fascia in the basal ¼, gradually broadening dorsally; at ½, opposing dorsal and costal spots, separate (1 specimen) or narrowly joined in the middle (2 specimens); at ¾, a prominent costal spot (extending to middle of wing) and a smaller, opposing dorsal spot; a fainter costal spot of similar size at apex, mottled with blackish scales; fringe white. Hindwing dusky, slightly paler than forewing. Coxae white with black scales distally. Fore femur mostly black, with variable amounts of white proximally, laterally, and posteriorly; fore tibia mostly black, with variable amounts of white proximally, distally, and posteriorly; fore tarsus white with black bands anteriorly. Middle femur mostly black (including spurs); middle tibia black with a broad, white central band, more or less interrupted centrally with black scales; middle tarsus white with a few black scales. Hind femur white with a broad black band distally; hind tibia black with two broad white bands, contiguous with the white proximal and distal spurs; hind tarsus white with a broad black band proximally and a few black scales distally. Abdomen: Shining blackish dorsally; ventrally silvery with intersegmental boundaries black; anal tuft silvery (concolorous with abdomen in female). Male genitalia (Figs. 2A–B): Uncus absent. Tegumen a slender, dorsal arched band. Vinculum a moderately broad ventral band with anterior margin slightly curved caudally; anterior margin reflexed medially to form slender triangular lobe. Gnathos membranous and poorly defined. Valva separated nearly from base into three distinct lobes: a relatively short, slender, costal lobe bearing a dense comb of 18–20 short, stout spines; an elongate, slender, more lateral cucullar lobe that expands abruptly to form a setose, triangular distal lobe; and the largest, most ventral, valvular lobe that gradually broadens apically to a nearly truncate, inwardly curved apex. Phallus short, acute, with greatly inflated phallobase, approximately equal in length to distal, tubular portion of phallus. A NEW SPECIES OF MARMARA Zootaxa 4337 (2) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 199 FIGURE 1. Marmara viburnella holotype male. FIGURE 2. Marmara viburnella male genitalia. 2a, Genital capsule with valvae, ventral view. 2b, Phallus, lateral view. Female genitalia: Not examined. The abdomen is now missing from the single female specimen. Larva. Early instar as in Fig. 3; immature stages otherwise not examined. Cocoon. An oblong envelope of white silk, approximately 5–6 mm long and 2–3 mm wide, spun on the underside of a semicircular bark flap cut by the larva at the end of the mine; unadorned or with a cluster of 1–12 or so pearly bubbles near each end (Figs. 4–6). Type material. Holotype: ♂, UNITED STATES: Massachusetts: Nantucket Co.: Nantucket State Forest, 11.vi.2016, em. 2.vii.2016, C. S. Eiseman & J. A. Blyth, ex Viburnum dentatum, #CSE2692, slide USNM 34733, digital image captured (USNM 01325414). Paratypes: Same collection data as holotype, 1 ♂, em. 24.vi.2016, #CSE2625 (USNM); Nantucket, Lost Farm, 1 ♀, 12.vi.2016, em. 27.vi.2016, C. Eiseman, ex Viburnum dentatum, #CSE2642 (USNM). 200 · Zootaxa 4337 (2) © 2017 Magnolia Press EISEMAN ET AL. FIGURES 3–11. Marmara viburnella. 3, early instar larva; 4, bark flap cut by the larva, under which the cocoon is spun; 5, cocoon of male paratype, with pupal exuviae protruding from right end; 6, cocoon with numerous pearly bubbles, found in Illinois; 7, the first documented leaf mine, from Tuckernuck Island, September 2011; 8, mine tract departing the leaf blade, visible as a brown line in the petiole and twig; 9, bark mine; 10, holotype male; 11, paratype male.