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Názov Vysokej Školy JANÁČKOVÁ AKADEMIE MÚZICKÝCH UMĚNÍ V BŘNE Hudební fakulta Katedra zpěvu Obor zpěv POSTAVA MARGARÉTY V OPERNEJ TVORBE Bakalářská práce Autor práce: Mária Havriľaková Vedoucí práce: prof. PhDr. Jindřiška Bártová Oponent práce: PhDr. Alena Borková Brno 2015 Bibliografický záznam HAVRIĽAKOVÁ, Mária. Postava Margaréty v opernej tvorbe [Character of Margaret in opera work ]. Brno: Janáčkova akademie múzických umění v Brně, Hudební fakulta, Katedra zpěvu, 2015. 41 s. Vedoucí bakalářské práce prof. PhDr. Jindřiška Bártová. Anotácia Bakalárska práca „Postava Margaréty v opernej tvorbe“ je zameraná na interpretačnú a charakterovú analýzu postavy Margaréty. Práca je rozdelená do piatich kapitol a obsahuje 18 obrázkov. Jednotlivé kapitoly pojednávajú o histórii Fausta, stručnej biografii Johanna Wolfganga Goetheho, Charlesa Gounoda, Arriga Boita, ich prínose v umeleckej sfére a konkrétnych dielach. V ďalších kapitolách sa autka práce snaží o bližšiu špecifikáciu postavy Margaréty z interpretačného a hudobno- dramatického aspektu. Anotacion The Bachelor thesis „Character of Margaret in opera work“ is focused on the interpretation and the character analysis role of Margaret. The work is diveded into five chapters, contains 18 pictures. Several chapters contain the history of Faust, a brief biography of Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Charles Gounod and Arrigo Boito, their contribution in the field of the art and specific works. In the following chapters, the author thesis tries to the further specification of the character of Margaret from the interpretative and musical-dramatic aspect. Kľúčové slová Faust, Margaréta, Johan Wolggang Goethe, Charles Gounod, Arrigo Boito, Mefistofeles, Šperková ária, intepretácia Key words Faust, Margaréta, Johan Wolfgang Goethe, Charles Gounod, Arrigo Boito, Mefistofeles, Jewel song, intepretation Čestné prehlásenie Týmto čestne prehlasujem, že som diplomovú prácu „Postava Margaréty v opernej tvorbe“ vypracovala sama na základe svojich znalostí a pomocou uvedenej literatúry. Brno 21. 4. 2015 ....................................................... Mária Havriľaková Poďakovanie Ďakujem vedúcej mojej diplomovej práce prof. PhDr. Jindřiške Bártovej a doc. Mgr. art. Marte Beňačkovej za poskytnuté rady, pomoc a pripomienky k práci. Obsah Úvod .................................................................................................................................. 7 1. Pojem Faust z rôznych aspektov .............................................................................. 8 1.1 Faust v hudbe ......................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Hudba v období romantizmu ............................................................................... 10 1.3 História faustovskej tematiky .............................................................................. 11 2. Johann Wolfgang Goethe ...................................................................................... 13 2.1 Goetheho Faust .................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Obsah Geotheho Fausta ....................................................................................... 15 3. Charles Gounod ....................................................................................................... 17 3.1 Faust a Margaréta................................................................................................. 18 3.2 Interpretácia postavy Margaréty v Gounodovej opere Faust ............................... 20 4. Arrigo Boito ............................................................................................................. 29 4.1 Mefistofeles ......................................................................................................... 30 4.2 Interpretácia postavy Margaréty v Boitovej opere Mefistofeles ......................... 31 4.3 Komparácia Boitovej a Gounodovej Margaréty .................................................. 35 5. Faustovský námet v opernom spracovaní ............................................................. 36 Záver............................................................................................................................... 39 Použité informačné zdroje ............................................................................................ 40 5 Zoznam ilustrácií Obrázok 1 ....................................................................................................................... 13 Obrázok 2 ....................................................................................................................... 17 Obrázok 3 ....................................................................................................................... 21 Obrázok 4 ....................................................................................................................... 21 Obrázok 5 ....................................................................................................................... 22 Obrázok 6 ....................................................................................................................... 22 Obrázok 7 ....................................................................................................................... 23 Obrázok 8 ....................................................................................................................... 24 Obrázok 9 ....................................................................................................................... 25 Obrázok 10 ..................................................................................................................... 25 Obrázok 11 ..................................................................................................................... 26 Obrázok 12 ..................................................................................................................... 27 Obrázok 13 ..................................................................................................................... 27 Obrázok 14 ..................................................................................................................... 29 Obrázok 15 ..................................................................................................................... 32 Obrázok 16 ..................................................................................................................... 32 Obrázok 17 ..................................................................................................................... 33 Obrázok 18 ..................................................................................................................... 34 6 Úvod J. W. Goethe bol jednou z najväčších osobností svetovej literatúry, v ktorého nesmrteľnom odkaze môžeme nájsť aj dnes odpovede na otázky moderného sveta. Jeho majstrovské dielo Faust sa stalo inšpiráciou pre mnohých hudobných skladateľov a umelcov. Charles Gounod si zvolil za ústredný príbeh lásku medzi Faustom a Margarétou, Arrigo Boito zhudobnil celé Goethovo veľdielo (prvý aj druhý diel). Gounodov Faust sa stal bezpochyby najúspešnejšou francúzskou operou v druhej polovici 19. storočia. Jeho obľúbenosť pretrváva dodnes, keďže je titulom, ktorý aj v súčasnosti patrí do repertoáru významných svetových divadiel. V prvej kapitole sa snaží autorka práce priblížiť rôzne pohľady na vnímanie faustovského mýtu, ako aj pohľad do hudobnej sféry a do minulosti v súvislosti s touto témou. Nasledujúce kapitoly opisujú život Goetheho, Gounoda, Boita a sústreďujú pozornosť na ich faustovskú tvorbu. Nosnou kapitolou je rozbor postavy Margaréty v dielach spomínaných autorov. Cieľom tejto práce je podrobne sa zoznámiť s konkrétnymi titulmi, nájsť v nich charakteristiku Margarétinho konania, ako aj priblížiť vokálny a interpretačný prejav tejto postavy. Pri písaní práce budem používať metódu analytickú, metódu popisnú, deduktívnu a metódu komparácie. Najprv analyzujem zmieňovanú postavu, a potom na základe zistených poznatkov sa pokúsim metódou komparácie porovnať túto postavu v jednotlivých dielach. Postava Margaréty je veľmi vhodná ako debutová postava pre lyrický soprán, hlavne kvôli svojej jemnosti a lyrickosti, ktorú si táto postava bezprostredne vyžaduje. Speváčka v takomto prípade môže dohliadať na svoju hlasovú hygienu a nezaťažovať hlasový aparát dramatickejším spôsobom spievania. Gounodova opera Faust a Margaréta bola úplne prvou operou, ktorú som kedy videla. Zanechala vo mne veľmi silné emócie, ktoré boli rozhodujúce aj pri voľbe témy bakalárskej práce. Opera ma oslovila a zaujala od prvého počutia krásnymi klenutými melódiami, hlbokou myšlienkou a efektnými sólovými číslami. Už ako študentka konzervatória som túžila spievať Šperkovú áriu a som rada, že prostredníctvom tejto práce môžem získať komplexnejší pohľad na jej interpretáciu a celkovú problematiku spojenú s faustovskou témou. 7 1. Pojem Faust z rôznych aspektov Faust je mnohokrát označovaný ako európsky novoveký mýtus, ktorý svojimi koreňmi zasahuje ďaleko, až do obdobia stredoveku. Pojem Faust nezasahuje len do oblasti divadla a literatúry, ale môžeme sa s ním stretnúť aj v súvislosti s hudbou, filmom, filozofiou, históriou, teológiou, antropológiou, mágiou, psychológiou, hermetizmom, atď. Z uvedeného je zrejmé, že Faust ako mýtus je považovaný za medziodborový fenomén. Komplexný pohľad na problematiku faustovského mýtu je dôležité vnímať ako interdisciplinárnu záležitosť.1 Kľúčovou
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