soxumis fizika-teqnikis institutis 70 weli Seqmnisa da ganviTarebis etapebi (1945-2015)

70 YEARS OF THE INSTITUTE OF AND TECHNOLOGY History and Development (1945-2015)

ggamomcemlobaamomcemloba ``universali~universali~ TTbilisibilisi 22015015 1 © gg.. bbokuCava,okuCava, 22015015 weliweli gamomcemloba `universali~, 2015 , 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E–mail: [email protected]

ISBN 978-9941-22-637-3

2 winasityvaoba Foreword mimdi na re wels soxu mis ilia ve- kuas fizi ka-teq ni kis insti tu ti (sfti) 70 wlis iubi les aR niSnavs. rTu li da dra ma tu lia (zo gi erT etapze tragi ku lic) insti tu tis dafuZ ne bi sa da ganvi Ta re bis is- to ria. ma Ra li teq no lo gi e bis uni ka lu- ri centris daar seba saqar Tve- loSi pirve li sabWo Ta birTvu li iara Ris Seqmnas Tan iyo dakav Si- rebu li. insti tu ti yalib de bo da gamo Ce ni li germa ne li mecni e re- bis mona wi le o biT. unda aRiniS- nos, rom esec unika lu ri movle- naa Cveni mecni e re bis isto ri a Si - msof li o Si aRi a re bu li ger ma ne- li mecni e re bis mona wi le o ba Cveni This year Ilia Vekua Sukhumi Ins tute mecni e ru li skolis Camo ya li be- of Physics and Technology (SIPT) is bis saqme Si. celebra ng its seven eth anniversary. pirve li Ziri Ta di amoca nis - bir- The history of the Ins tute’s founda- Tvuli iara Ris Tvis saWi ro ura- on and development is complex and nis gamdid re bis samrew ve lo war- drama c (even tragic some mes). mo e bis teq no lo gi is da mu Sa ve ba- Seqmnis da uSua lod mrewve lo ba- Founda on of the unique High-Tech- Si daner gvis Semdeg, insti tu ti nological Center in is asso- mTel rig umniS vne lo va nes funda- ciated with the fi rst Soviet nuclear mentur proble beb ze warma te biT weapon produc on. The Ins tute was muSa ob da. formed on the ground of the core of soxu mis insti tuts SeuZ lia iama- the famous German scien sts. It is a yos ro gorc Tavi si isto riiT da unuique event in the history of Geor- WeSma ri tad umaRle si donis miR- gian science. weve biT, romle bic araer Tgzi saa The fi rst major task, development of aRi a re bu li axal mniS vne lo van enrichment technology for wvlilad mecni e re ba Si, aseve im ga- moCe ni li adami a ne biT - mecni e re- nuclear weapons and direct introduc- bisa da speci a lis te bis didi ko- on into produc on was fulfi lled. Now hor tiT, ro mel Ta moR va we o bi Tac the Ins tute is successfully working on es saxe lo vani isto ria iqmne bo da. a whole number of the most sophis - maTi miRwe ve bis done sa da wvlil- cated fundamental problems. ze metyve lebs insti tu tis Tanam- Sukhumi Ins tute is proud of its his- Sromle bis mier miRe bu li sta- tory, great achievements, outstand- linu ri (23), leni nu ri (1), ssrk ing people, scien sts and specialists, saxel mwi fo (6) da saqar Tve los highly recognized all over the world saxel mwi fo da saxe lo bi Ti (12) for their crea ve ac vi es. Evidence premi e bi. 3 afxa zeT Si inici re bu li samxed- of the achievements and contribu on ro konfliq ti mZime dar tyma iyo of the scien sts, specialists of the In- soxu mis fizi ka-teq ni kis insti- s tute are Stalin (23), Lenin (1), USSR tutis Tvi sac, misi samo mav lo geg- State (6) and Georgian State (12) priz- mebi saT vis... sao mar moqme de bebs es. aTe u lo biT Ta nam Srom li sa da maTi ojaxe bis wevre bis sicoc- The military confl ict in was xle em sxver pla. so xu mi da to va a hard trial for Sukhumi Ins tute of insti tu tis Tanam Sro mel Ta did- Physics and Technology, to its future ma umrav le so bam. Tanam Sro mel Ta plans… Dozens of co-workers and their Ziri Ta di birTvi saken-Wu be ris families became vic ms of the ac ons. golgo Tis gzis gavliT Tbilis Si The majority of the Ins tute workers Camo vi da. sfti Tbilis Si dafuZ- le Sukhumi. The main body of the In- nda... s tute arrived in Tbilisi having passed mi u xe da vad gan vli li mZi me wle- through the mountains of Saken-Chu- bisa, sfti-m SeZlo saqar Tve los beri like the Calvary Way. SIPT was mTav ro bis, sa er Ta So ri so da sa- founded in Tbilisi... qarTve los samec ni e ro sazo ga do- e bis Ta nad go miT, Ta nam Sro mel Ta With the assistance of Georgian gov- didi Zalis xme viT aRorZi ne bis ernment interna onal and Georgian gza ze dad go ma. vi Tar de ba tra di- scien fi c community, with great ef- ciu li da axali samec ni e ro mimar- forts of the Ins tute’s personnel, SIPT- Tule be bi da insti tu ti opti miz- survived in spite of the passed severe miT Sescqe ris moma vals. years. Now it follows tradi onal way winam de ba re krebu li pirve li and develops new scietnifi c direc ons, mcde lo baa sa zo ga do e bis Tvis in- looking ahead with op mism. forma ci is miwo de bi sa soxu mis fi- The present collec on is the fi rst at- zika-teq ni kis insti tu tis Seqmni sa tempt to acknowledge the community da ganvi Ta re bis etape bis Sesa xeb. with informa on on the forma on and madli e re biT minda aRvniS no, development stages of the Ins tute. praqti ku lad saar qi vo masa le bis uqonlo bis piro beb Si, insti tu- I would like to express the gra tude to tis Tanam Sro mel Ta Zalis xme va da the Ins tute personnel under the lead- wvlili (direq to ris moad gi lis ership of the Science Deputy Director samec ni e ro nawil Si vladi mer ku- Vladimer Kuchukhodze for their great Wuxu Zis xelmZRva ne lo biT) krebu- eff orts and contribu on in compil- lis Sedge na Si. aseve minda madlo- ing this collec on under condi ons of ba gada vu xa do insti tu tis yofi li prac cal absence of archive materials. wamyva ni Tanam Srom le bis ojaxebs, I would like to thank the families of our rom lebmac maTTan dacu li masa- former leading co-workers for impor- lebi mogva wo des. tant materials kindly provided to us.

sfti-s di req to ri SIPT Director guram boku Ca va Guram Bokuchava

4 institutis dafuZnebis History of Creation of istoria the Institute

ZiriTadi miRwevebi Main Achievements (1945-1955) (1945-1955) wels soxu mis fizi ka-teq ni kis insti- This year we celebrate 70 years since tuts Seus rul da daar se bi dan 70 we- Sukhumi Physical-Technical Institute was li. sa in te re soa in sti tu tis Seq mnis established. The creation of the institute has isto ria. interesting history.

1945 weli, meo re msoflio omis da- 1945... The end of the World War II. sas ru li. sab Wo Ta ja re bi ika ve ben The Soviet Army occupied Eastern germa ni is aRmo sav leT nawils, sadac , where many research institutes ganla ge bu li iyo birTvul proble- and laboratories engaged in the nuclear mati ka ze momu Sa ve cnobi li insti tu- research were located. The necessity of the tebi. amri gad, sakvle vi insti tu te- development of was evident bis da la bo ra to ri e bis ma Ral kva li- and the Soviet Government offered German fi ci u ri fi zi kos-mec ni e re bi da Ta- specialists to continue the scientifi c activities namSrom le bi moxvdnen okupi re bul te ri to ri a ze. in the USSR. The negotiations were not easy. At last leading German scientists got the omma aCve na birTvu li fizi kis da mas- privilege of choosing the place for living and Tan dakav Si re bu li teqno lo gi e bis work on the territory of the . ganvi Ta re bis auci leb lo ba. sabWo Ta mTavro bam wina da de ba misca germa nel The outstanding German engineer- mecni e rebs, rom maT Tavi an Ti mecni- and inventor, Director of Kaiser Wilhelm e ru li moR va we o ba ga eg rZe le bi naT Institute of Physics ssrk-Si. ra Tqma un da mo la pa ra ke be- called one of the chapters of his memoirs bi ar iyo advi li. Sede gad mecni e rebs “Choice Fell on Georgia” [1]: mi e caT uf le ba aer Ci aT sac xov re be- li da samu Sao adgi li sabWo Ta kavSi- “In the end of July the fi rst negotiations ris teri to ria ze. es iyo da saw yi si were held at last in Moscow. L. Beria started soxu mis fizi ka-teq ni kis insti tu tis the meeting with: ‘The Institute headed by Seqmni sa. ai ras wers gamo Ce ni li ger- you should start development of an atomic mane li inJi ner-fi zi ko si da gamom go- bomb!’ ne be li, ber li nis teq ni ku ri fi zi kis insti tu tis direq to ri manfred fon I had just ten seconds for response that arde ne Tavis memu a re bis [1] erT-erT would decide the fate of my employees, my TavSi `arCe va ni saqar Tve lo ze SeCer- family and myself. da~: iv ni sis bo los, ro gorc iq na mos-

5 kovSi Sedga mola pa ra keba. l. be ri am I answered something like this: ‘This offer is TaTbi ri gaxsna Semde gi mowo de biT : a great honor for me and confi dence in my insti tut ma, romel sac Tqven xel- person. The problem being discussed here mZRvane lobT, unda daiw yos atomu- has two aspects: creation of a bomb and ri bombis damu Sa ve ba. me mxolod aTi development of technology for industrial wami mqonda sapa su xod, romel sac production of the uranium isotope U-235. SeeZ lo gada ew yvi ta Cemi Tanam Srom- The latter seems to me the most labor- le bis, oja xi sa da pi ra dad Ce mi be di. intensive, and I regard it as the main task − vupa su xe daax lo e biT ase mo ce mu li for our future institute, while Soviet atomic wina da de ba metad sapa ti oa CemTvis present here can take the rest’. da gamo xa tavs Cemi pirov ne bis mimarT did ndo bas. prob le mas, ro mel sac L. Beria quickly left the room together with vixi lavT, gaaC nia ori mxare : bom bis Soviet specialists. Soon I was informed that Seqmna da uran-235 izoto pis miRe bis he agreed to my proposal. This meeting with samrew ve lo teqno lo gi is damu Sa ve- that person greatly impressed me. ba. uka nas kne li maT ga ni mi maC nia yve- laze Sroma te vad samu Sa od da vTvli Then the government representatives Cveni moma va li insti tu tis mTavar informed me that the location of our future amo ca nad, xo lo da nar Ce nis Ses ru- work would be Moscow, Crimea or Georgia. leba saku Tar Tavze aiRon sabWo Ta The choice of the location of the institute me a to me eb ma. l. be ri am sab Wo Ta spe- was entrusted in me. Without hesitation ci a lis teb Tan er Tad swra fad da to- the choice fell on Georgia. Our request va oTa xi. male macno bes, rom is dae- was to choose a place where the Caucasus Tanxma Cems wina da de bas. am pirvel ma Mountains were the closest to the sea. The da ukanas knel ma Sexved ram Cemze udi- request was fulfi lled. desi STabeW di le ba moax di na. Semdeg mTavro bis warmo mad gen leb ma Semat- Once the matter of the future location of the yo bi nes, rom Cve ni mo ma va li sa mu Sao institute – the outskirts of Sukhumi – had been adgi li iqne bo da moskov Si, yirim Si an settled, the drawings and photographs of sa qar Tve lo Si. in sti tu tis gan Tav se- Sinop sanatorium were delivered to me. I was bis ar Ceva ni me mo mani Wes da mec uyoy- charged to work out a plan for reconstruction ma nod avir Cie sa qar Tve lo. viT xo ve, – design for setting up the institute of physics SesaZ leb lo bis fargleb Si aerCi aT with the required infrastructure. ad gi li, sa dac kav ka si is mTe bi yve la- ze axlos iqne bo da zRvasTan. Txov na I was aware that Prof. Gustav Hertz with Seas ru les. his colleagues used to come to the USSR to ro gorc ki ga daw yda mo ma va li in sti- handle similar problem, the setting up of a tutis ganTav se bis sakiT xi q. soxu mis research center. ga re u ban Si, gad mom ces sa na to ri um `sino pi~-s naxa ze bi da sura Ti, dama- I presented a proposal to the authorities va les sa na to ri u mis re kon struq ci- to locate the Hertz Institute near us. The is gegmis Sedge na Sesa ba mi si infras- advantages of such a solution I grounded truqtu ris mqone teqni ku ri fizi kis by the necessity of cooperation of the insti tu tis gansa Tav seb lad. scientists of the both centers. My proposal CemTvis cnobi li iyo, rom profe so ri was accepted and soon Prof. G. Hertz settled gustav herci Tanam Srom leb Tan er- down in 8 kilometers from Sinop, in the Tad Camo su li iyo ssrk-Si analo gi u- settlement of Agudzera”.

6 ri dava le bis Sesas ru leb lad kvlevi- The most numerous group of Ti centris Sesaq mne lad. (specialists in the area of nuclear physics, radiochemistry, physical , mTavro bas warvud gi ne wina da de ba, instrument-making and booster machinery) rom hercis insti tu ti gane Tav se bi- naT maxlob lad. am wina da de bis upi- was conveyed to Sukhumi and secretly ra teso bas vxsnidi ori ve centris lodged at the former estates of the prince mecni e re bis Tanam Srom lo bis auci- N.N. Smetskoy, in the Sinop and Agudzera leb lo biT. Ce mi wi na da de ba mi i Res da sanatoriums, where, at the decisions of the male prof. g. herci dafuZ nda daba State Defense Committee of the USSR, aguZe ra Si sino pi dan 8 km-is daSo re- signed by J. Stalin, two institutes were set biT. up [2, 3]. One – on the premises of “Sinop” sanatorium located in an arboretum, within germa ne le bis yvela ze didi jgufi borders of Sukhumi. It was marked by letter (spe ci a lis te bi bir Tvul fi zi ka Si, “A” in honor of the outstanding engineer- ra di o qi mi a Si, fi zi kur qi mi a Si, xel- physicist Manfred von Ardenne, who was sawyoT mSe neb lo ba sa da amaCqa re bel its scientifi c leader. In the fi rst period of teqni ka Si) Camo iy va nes soxum Si da ma- lulad gana Tav ses Tavad smecko is research work, 16 specialists were invited, yofil mamul Si sana to ri um `sinop sa~ including Prof. Peter Thiessen (former head da `aguZe ra Si~, sa dac ssrk Tav dac vis of Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics), who komi te tis dadge ni le bi Ta da stali- was appointed Ardenne’s deputy, and his nis pira di xelmo we riT Seiq mna ori 13 co-workers. The main topics assigned insti tu ti [2, 3]. to Institute “A” (Sinop sanatorium) were as follows [4-8]: erTi maTga ni ganTav sda soxu mis far- glebSi, dendro par kSi, sakav Si ro • Development of techniques for cen tra lu ri aR mas ko mis sa na to ri um electromagmetic separation of uranium

sakavSiro cak-is sanatoriumi manfred fon ardene `sinopi~ stalinuri premiis orgzis laureati “Sinop” sanatorium building Manfred von Ardenne Twice Stalin Prize Winner 7 `sino pis~ Seno ba Si. is aRiniS ne bo da isotopes and mass-spectrometry of heavy `a~ asoTi gamo Ce ni li germa ne li inJi- atoms; ner-fizi ko sis manfred fon arde nes pativ sa ce mad, rome lic am insti tu- • Work on the improvement of electron tis samec ni e ro xelmZRva ne li iyo. microscopes and participation in the mu Sa o bis saw yis etap ze mow ve ul iq na organization of their production; 16 speci a lis ti, maT Soris profe- • sori peter tise ni (kai zer vilhel- Development of ancillary equipment for mis insti tu tis yofi li direq to ri), nuclear research; ro me lic ar de nes mo ad gi led da i niS- • Development of techniques for separation na da misi 13 Tanam Sro me li. manfred of isotopes by diffusion. fon arde nes insti tu tis Ziri Ta di [ ]: amo ca nebi ase Camo ya lib da 4-8 A group of biologists headed by Dr. Menke • uranis izoto pe bis gancal ke ve bis established to study the action of radiation eleqtro mag ni tu ri meTo dis damu Sa- on living organisms and its toxic activity was veba da mZime meta le bis masspeq tro- also operating in the Institute. metria. • The other institute was accommodated on mu Sa o ba eleq tro nu li mik ros ko pe- the premises of “Agudzera” sanatorium in bis srulyo fa ze da mona wi le o ba maTi the Gulripsh settlement, located at a distance war mo e bis or ga ni ze ba Si. of 8-10 km from Sukhumi. It was marked by • birTvu li kvleve bi saT vis damxma re letter “G” in honor of - apara tu ris damu Sa ve ba. the outstanding German physicist, a nephew of the famous Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the • izoto pe bis gancal ke ve bis difu- Nobel Prize winner in 1925 “for determining zuri meTo dis damu Sa ve ba. the laws governing the impact of an electron `a~ insti tut Si muSa ob da aseve bio- on an atom” (together with James Franck), loge bis jgufi doqtor menkes xel- subsequently a foreign member of the USSR mZRvane lo biT, rome lic cocxal Academy of Sciences. In the fi rst years he

profesori peter tiseni, profesori maqs Steenbe- doqtori hainc barvixi, stalinuri premiis ki, ssrk ma ucxoeli wevri stalinuri premiis laureati laureati laureati (1949) Prof. Prof. Peter Thiessen Foreign Member of the Dr. Heinz Barwich Stalin Prize Winner USSR AS Vice-President of Stalin Prize Winner (1949) the GDR 8 or ga niz mze ra di a ci is ze moq me de bas was a head of the Institute. Together with ikvlev da. Gustav Hertz, who had worked earlier in Company and engaged in the me o re in sti tu ti gan Tav sda sa na to- problems of isotope separation, the following rium `aguZe ras~ Seno ba Si, daba gul- outstanding scientists were involved in the rif SSi, so xu mi dan 8 km-is da So re biT. works in the Institute: is `g~ asoTi aRiniS ne bo da misi samec- ni e ro xel mZRva ne lis, ga mo Ce ni li • Prof. Max Vollmer, Deputy Director of germa ne li fizi ko sis gustav ludvig the Institute of Physical Chemistry in the her cis (hen rix her cis Zmis Svi li) pa- amalgamation Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of tivsa ce mad. Semdgom Si gustav herci Physics. gax da ssrk mec ni e re ba Ta aka de mi is uc xo e li wev ri. is iyo no be lis pre- • Doctor, radio-chemist , mi is la u re a ti, ro me lic mas mieniWa former director of Auergesellschaft who 1925 wels jeimz frankTan erTad had developed in Germany a technology eleqtro ni sa da atomis Seja xe bis ka- for processing raw uranium into uranium nonzomierebis dadgeni saT vis. gus- products and metallic uranium. tav her cTan erTad, ro melic adre simen sis firma Si muSa ob da izoto pe- • Prof. Robert Döpel, who had worked at bis gancal ke ve bis sakiT xeb ze, samu- the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the Sa o Si Ca er Tvnen ga mo Ce ni li mec ni e- University of Leipzig under distinguished re bi: researcher Werner Heisenberg to build what • pro fe so ri m. fol me ri, fi zi ku ri they called “the uranium machine” – the fi rst qimi is insti tu tis direq to ris moad- functional reactor in the world. gi le `ka i zer vil helm in sti tu tis~ ga er Ti a ne ba Si; The major topics assigned to Hertz’s Institute included [4-8]: doq to ri, ra di o qi mi ko si ni ko la us rili, firma `auer gezel Saf tis~ sa- • Development of techniques for separation

gustav ludvig herci, sakavSiro cak-is sanatoriumi nobelis premiis laureati, „aguZera“ stalinuri premiis laureati

“Agudzera” sanatorium building Gustav Ludwig Hertz Nobel Prize winner Stalin Prize winner 9 profesori maqs folmeri, profesori nikolaus doqtori stalinuri premiis lau- rili, stalinuru georgi depeli reati ssrk ma ucx. wevri, premiis orgzis lau- gdr-is ma prezidenti reati, soc. Sromis gmiri Doctor Prof. Max Vollmer Georg Robert Döpel Stalin Prize winner Prof. Nikolaus Riehl Foreign Member of the USSR AS Hero of Socialist Labor President of the GDR AS Stalin Prize winner mecni e ro-kvle vi Ti insti tu tis di- of uranium isotopes; req to ri, ro mel mac ger ma ni a Si da a- muSa va uranis nedle u lis gada mu Sa- • Development of techniques for producing vebiT uranis produq te bi sa da liTo- ; nuri ura nis miRe bis teqno logia; • Development of techniques for analyzing • pro fe so ri f. de pe li, ro me lic uranium isotopes upon minor enrichments; leip ci gis univer si tet Si muSa ob da v. ha i zen ber gTan er Tad mZi me wylis • Techniques for accurate measurement of `qvabis~ (reaq to ris) Seqmna ze. neutrons energy.

her cis insti tu tis mTavar amo ca nad These institutes were equipped with gani saz Rvra [4-8]: instrumentation and facilities brought • uranis izoto pe bis gancal ke ve bis from Germany ( Institute of Physics meTo de bis damu Sa ve ba; and Keiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics, Ministry of Posts near Zeuthen, outside • mZime wylis miRe bis meTo de bis da- of Berlin, Ardenne’s private laboratory, muSa ve ba; Siemen Research Laboratory and works, • mcire gamdid re bis ura nis izoto- the Chemical and Metallurgical Institute of pebis anali zis meTo de bis damu Sa ve ba; the industrial fi rm Auergesellschaft). The • neit ro ne bis energi is gansaz Rvris equipment brought to Sukhumi included: zusti meTo dikis dadge na. one of the three cyclotrons with a 600-ton magnet, Van de Graaf accelerator, the best in orive insti tu ti aRWur vi li iyo ger- the world electron microscope designed by ma ni i dan de mon ti re bu li xel saw yo e- Ardenne, mass spectrometer, etc. biTa da da nadga re biT (berli nis fi-

10 zi ki sa da ka i zer vil hel mis fi zi ku ri This is how one of the participants, Doctor qimi is insti tu te bi, fostis sami nis- Heinz Barwich describes these events tros kvleviTi centri, co iten-ber- [9]: “According to the plans of Soviet lin Si, ar de nes teq ni ku ri fi zi kis authorities, the German specialists were to kerZo insti tu ti, simen sis qar xne bi turn the Sinop sanatorium into a modern da kvlevi Ti labo ra to ria, auer-ge- research laboratory. Its fi rst re-arrangement zelSaf tis qimi ur-me ta lur gi u li in- should have been made at the expense of the stitu ti). am danad ga re bi dan soxum Si equipment dismantled in German research Ca mo i ta nes ger ma ni a Si ar se bu li sa mi institutes. For the same purpose a sanatorium ciklot ro ni dan erT-erTi 60-toni- in the Agudzera settlement had to be a ni mag ni tiT, msof li o Si sa u ke Te so reconstructed, where Prof. Hertz’ team was arde nes konstruq ci is eleqtro nu li intended to work, and to As Heinz Barwich mikros ko pi, vandeg ra fis amaCqa re be- remarks, the infrastructure of the institutes li, masspeq tro metri da sxv. was so planned as to ensure their full-value ai ro gor aR wers am movle nebs misi functioning, even upon complete isolation erT-erTi Tana mo na wi le doqto ri ha- from the outer world. inc barvi xi [9]: `sab Wo Ta xel mZRva ne- lobis gegmiT germa nel speci a lis- At the very beginning only German tebs un da ga da e ke Te bi naT sa na to- specialists worked in “A” and “G” institutes. ri u mi `si no pi~ Ta na med ro ve sak vlev Later, Soviet specialists from German la bo ra to ri ad. mi si Tav da pir ve li prisoners of war (POWs) came to work aR Wur va ger ma ni i dan Ca mo ta ni li da- there. After organizational incorporation nad ga re biT mox da. ama ve miz niT un- of these institutes, they were assigned the da gada ke Te bu li yo sana to ri u mi da- post box number 0908. The both “A” and ba aguZe ra Si, sa dac prof. g. her cis “G” departments were governed from Sinop jgufs unda emuSa va. l. beri as rCe- (Sukhumi). It was done by the commissioner viT am jgufs mogvi a ne biT mec Sevu- of the USSR Council of Minister in the erTdi. rogorc prof. barvi xi aRniS- “A” and “G” institutes of the Minister of navs, obi eq te bis in fras truq tu ra Internal Affairs of the USSR General A.I. ise igegme bo da, rom SesaZ le be li yo- Kochlavashvili [10]. In 1949, “A” and “G” fili yo misi srulfa so va ni muSa o ba institutes were transformed into a research sruli izola ci is piro bebSic. institute (NII-5), and afterwards (since 1950) into Sukhumi Institute of Physics and Tavda pir ve lad `a~ da `g~ obieq teb- Technology (SIPT), General Kochlavashvili ze mxolod germa ne le bi muSa ob dnen. being appointed its acting director. In 1951- mog vi a ne biT ma Ti ri ge bi Se iv so spe- ci a lis te biT ger ma ne li tyve e bi dan 1954, director of the Institute was Prof. V.V. da sabWo Ta moqa la qe e bi dan. am ori Migulin, and in 1954-1958 – Prof. B.M. obieq tis orga ni za ci ul gaer Ti a ne- Isaev. bas da er qva sa fos to yu Ti no me ri To solve the above-mentioned tasks, which 0908. ori ve obi eq ti imar Te bo da si- were, generally, techniques for producing no pi dan (so xu mi), sa dac im yo fe bo da explosive substance for an atomic bomb, ssrk Sss `a~ da `g~ insti tu teb Tan ar- more laboratories were set up in the Institute, sebu li ssrk minis trTa sabWos rwmu- nebu li gene ra li a. i. koWla vaS vi li where together with German scientists Soviet [10]. specialists worked: 1949 w. `a~ da `g~ obi eq te bi ga da keT- • Laboratory of isotope separation by da samec ni e ro-kvle viT insti tu tad gravitation (leader - von Ardenne; main 11 generali a. i. koWlavaS- prof. v. v. migulini prof. b. m. isaevi vili, sft-is pirveli sft-is direqtori sft-is direqtori (1954- direqtori (1945-1951) (1951-1954) stalinuri 1958) stalinuri premiis saxelmwifo premiis premiis orgzis laureati orgzis laureati laureati General A.I. Kochlavashvili Prof. V.V. Migulin Prof. B.M. Isaev First Director of SIPT Director of SIPT (1951-1954) Director of SIPT (1954-1958) (1945-1951) Twice Stalin Prize Twice Stalin Prize winner State Prize Laureate winner

`ski-5~, xolo 1950 wlidan soxu mis staff: Dr. Uerlinge, Dr. Egger, Lorenz, D.V. fizi ka-teq ni kis insti tu tad. direq- Chkuaseli, R.A. Demirkhanov, B. Zhvania, to ris mo va le o bis Sem sru leb lad O.M. Oganesyan, V.M. Gusev, M.I. Guseva, da i niS na ge ne ra li koW la vaS vi li. I.F. Kvartskhava, A.M. Chistyakova, 1951-1954 ww. in sti tuts xel mZRva- R. Zhvania, N.A. Frezenovskaya, nelob da prof. v.v. migu li ni, xolo Yu.V. Kursanov). Later Agrest Mattes 1954-1958 ww. profe so ri b. m. isae vi. Mendeleevich – mathematician, employee zemo aR niS nu li amoca ne bis gada saw- of the Institute of Chemical Physics, since yve tad, ro me lic zo ga dad sa er To 1946 had worked in Ya.B. Zeldovich’s amo ca na ze - ato mu ri bom bi saT vis am- group, head of the mathematical group in the feTqe be li masa lis Seqmna ze dadi o- theoretical department of the Nuclear Center da, in sti tut Si Ca mo ya lib da ram de- Arzamas-16 (1948-1951). nime labo ra to ria, sa dac ger ma nel • Laboratory of physical chemistry (leader mecni e reb Tan erTad sabWo Ta mecni e- - Prof. Peter Thiessen; main staff: L. Zill, re bic muSa ob dnen. Sh.S. Burdiashvili, Dr. Krekker, Meidahl, • izo to pe bis gra vi ta ci u li me To- N.A. Shamba, B.I. Elkin, E. Oziashvili, diT gancal ke ve bis labo ra to ria E.D. Lomadze, Dr. B. Ikkert, Dr. G. Sieverg, (xelmZRva ne li m. arde ne; Ziri Ta di B.P. Mitrenin, I. Inozemtseva, etc.); Tanam Srom le bi : doq to re bi fro i li- xi, uerlin ge, egeri; inJi ne ri loren- • Laboratory for separation of isotopes by ci; mecni er-Ta nam Srom le bi d. v. Wku- a centrifuge (leader - Dr. M. Steenbeck; a se li, r. a. de mir xa no vi, b. Jva nia, o. main staff: Dr. Steudahl, Dr. Zippe, Dr. m. oga ne si a ni, v. m. gu se vi, m. i. gu se va, Melchior, I.D. Kirvalidze, O.M. Oganesyan, t.a. kar pen ko, a.m. Cis ti a ko va, r. Jva- G.I. Khelaya, D. Eristavi, A.M. Reziknayan, nia, n. a. fre ze nov ska ia, i. v. kur sa no- N.F. Lazarev, Sh. Gogichaishvili, U. vi da sxva). mog vi a ne biT maT Se u er Tda Nikolaishvili, Klaus Thiessen , etc.) 12 mates mende lis Ze agres ti, maTe ma- • Laboratory for separation of isotopes ti ko si, qi mi u ri fi zi kis in sti tu tis by diffusion in solvent’s fi lm (leader - D.P. Ta nam Sro me li, 1946 wli dan mu Sa ob da Andreev; main staff: res. worker A.F. i. b. zel do vi Cis jguf Si, xel mZRva- Andreeva, M.N. Frolova, etc.); nelob da birTvu li centris arza mas- 16-is Te o ri u li gan yo fi le bis ma Te- • Laboratory to study the impact of mati kur jgufs (1948-1951 ww.); radioactivity on living organisms (leader • - Dr. Menke; main staff: Dr. Riptelen, Dr. fizi ku ri qimi is labo ra to ria Hochorst, Dr. Pani, Dr. Fux, Gorkunova A.I., (xelmZRva ne li prof. piter tise ni; etc.); Ziri Ta di Tanam Srom le bi : inJi ne ri l. cili, mecni er-Ta nam Sro me li S.s. • Laboratory of mass-spectrometry burdi aS vi li, doqto ri kreke ri, in- (leader - Dr. Schütze; main staff: K.G. Ji ne ri ma i da li, in Ji ne ri n. a. Sam ba, Orjonikidze, N.A. Shekhovtseva, A.A. mecni er-Ta nam Sro me li b.i. elki ni, Chernov, A.A. Bolotnikov, N.I. Leontyev, inJi ne ri e. oziaS vi li, mecni er-Ta- O.A. Samadashvili, N.L. Oliferchuk, N.P. namSro me li e. d.loma Ze, doqto ri Chernov, L.V. Vasilyev, L.V. Aleksandrov, b. ikerti, doqto ri g. ziver ti, b. p. R.V. Kupriyanov, etc.); mitre nini, i. inozem ce va da sxva); • centri fu giT izoto pe bis gancal- • Laboratory for separation of a sublimate keve bis labo ra to ria (xelmZRva ne li by diffusion against steam fl ow (leader doqto ri m. Steen be ki, Ziri Ta di Ta- Dr. Hertz; deputy science leader I.G. namSrom le bi : doq to re bi Sto i da li, Gverdtsiteli, Dr. Barwich, Prof. Krutkov, cipe, melxi o ri, fiz.-maT. mecn.kandi- M.M. Mirianashvili, G.M. Mirianashvili, dati i.d. kirva li Ze; mecni er-Ta nam- Dr. Muellenpford, O.F. Poroshin, Yu.V. Sromle bi o.m. ogane si a ni, g.i. xela ia, Nikolaev, etc.); d. eris Ta vi, a. m. re zik ni a ni, n. f. la- zare vi, S. go giCa iSvi li; u. niko la iS- • Laboratory for corrosion problems vili, klaus tise ni da sxva); (leader – Dr. V.A. Karzhavin; main staff: I. F. Kvartskhava, V.F. Khachishvili, Dr. • gamxsne lis firSi difu zi iT izo- Zühlke, Dr. Ikkert, T.A. Gagua, etc.); tope bis gancal ke ve bis labo ra to ria (xelmZRva ne li fiz. maT. mecn. kandi- • Laboratory for tubular ceramic fi lters da ti d. p. an dre e vi, Zi ri Ta di Ta nam- (leader – V.N. Ermin (former leader – Sromle bi : mec ni er-Ta nam Srom le bi Reichmann); main staff: Dr. Schnaaze, a.f. andre e va, m. n. fro lo va da sxva); I.F. Kvartskhava, N.N. Ermina and A.L. • coc xal or ga niz mze ra di o aq ti u ri Sokolova, etc.); gamos xi ve bis gavle nis Semswav le li • labo ra to ria (xelmZRva ne li doqto- Laboratory for measuring equipment ri v. men ke, Zi ri Ta di Ta nam Srom le bi (leader – Dr. Hartmann; main staff: P. doq to re bi rip te le ni, ho xor sti, Zensky, I.F. Kvartskhava). pa ni, fuq si, mec ni er-Ta nam Sro me li Before re-arrangement of research l. garku no va, da sxva); laboratories with devices and equipment • masspeq tro met ri is labo ra to ria (partially delivered from Germany, the (xelmZRva ne li doqto ri Sutce, Zi- Institute was engaged in theoretical work, riTa di Tanam Srom le bi : mec ni er-Ta- in particular: Roehl’s group was developing namSro meli q. g. or joni ki Ze, n. a. Se- a technology for producing pure metallic xovce vi, teqni ko se bi a.a. Cerno vi da uranium based on the German industrial 13 a.a. bolot ni ko vi, mecni er Tanam Srom- experience. On the basis of these data a le bi n. i. le on ti e vi, o. a. sa ma daS vi- design of a pilot plant with the annual output li, n. l. oli fer Cu ki, n. p. Cer no vi, of 20 tons of metallic uranium, as compared l. v. va si li e vi, l. v. aleq san dro vi, with the output of 10 tons before the plant’s k. v. kupri a ni ko vi da sxva); dismantling in Germany, was developed. For practical implementation of this project • orTqlis naka dis sapi ris pi rod subli ma tis difu zi is meTo diT izo- its group, which consisted of A. Baroni, G. tope bis gancal ke ve bis labo ra to ria Wirtz, G. Timme, G. Ortmann and others, (xelmZRva ne li doqto ri gustav her- was transferred to the plant No. 12 in the ci, moad gi le mecni e re bis dargSi i.g. town of Elektrostal. Already in the end of gverdwi Te li, doqto ri g. barvi xi, 1946 the plant’s daily output of metallic pro fe so ri krut ko vi, m.m. mi ri a naS- uranium made 0.5, being increased up to one vi li, g.m. mi ri a naS vi li, doq to ri mi- ton in 1950. For implementing and heading u len for di, mec ni er-Ta nam Sro me li these works Nikolaus Riehl (the only o.f. po ro Si ni, v. cxakaia, i.v. ni ko la- German specialist) was awarded in 1949 the e vi da sxva); title of the Hero of the Soviet Union, Stalin • Prize of the fi rst degree (for development ko ro zi is sa kiT xe bis la bo ra to ria and introduction of a pure metallic uranium (xelmZRva ne li qimi ur mecni e re ba Ta production technology). Also awarded doqto ri v.a. karJa vi ni, Ziri Ta di Ta- were his associates: Gunter Wirtz, Herbert namSrom le bi : mec ni er-Ta nam Sro me li Timme – twice winners of Stalin Prize of the v.i. xaCiS vi li, doqto ri k. ciul ke, second degree in 1948 (for “development doq to ri b. iker ti, mec ni er-Ta nam- and introduction of a pure metallic uranium Sro meli t. a. gagua da sxva); production technology”) and in 1951 (“for • kera mi ku li mili seb ri filtre bis development of a technology for production labo ra to ria (xelmZRva ne li v. n. er- of pure uranium and manufacturing products mini, yofi li xelmZRva ne li raix ma ni, thereof”). Ziri Ta di Tanam Srom le bi : doq to ri Snaa ze, fiz.- maT. mecn. kan di da ti i.f. In SIPT, under the leadership of Manfred qvarcxa va, mecni er- Tanam Srom le bi n. von Ardenne, the fi rst in the USSR and best n. erio mi na, a. l. so ko lo va da sxva); in the world for that time scanning electron microscope with a lens of permanent magnet • gam zo mi teq ni kis la bo ra to ria and transparent screen with resolution of 30 (xelmZRva ne li doqto ri hartma ni, nm was developed and manufactured, for Ziri Ta di Tanam Srom le bi : inJi ne ri zenski, fiz. maT. mecn. kan di da ti i. which in 1947 he was awarded Stalin Prize of f. qvarcxa va da sxva). the fi rst degree (“For Development of Electron Microscope”). Von Ardenne also headed the sa mec ni e ro la bo ra to ri e bis xel saw- work on the design of an electromagnetic ion yo-danad ga re biT Sevse bam de insti- separator of isotopes using the transit-time tut Si (ro me lic na wi lob riv ger ma- difference. For these works Manfred von ni i dan kom pleq tde bo da) war mo eb da Ardenne was awarded the second-degree Te o ri u li kvle ve bi. ker Zod, ri lis Stalin Prize (for “electromagnetic separation jgufi, germa nul gamoc di le ba ze of isotopes, lithium-6”) in 1953. Stalin Prize day rdno biT, suf Ta li To nu ri ura- of the third degree was also conferred on the nis miRe bis teqno lo gi u ri proce sis following workers of Ardennes’s laboratory: damu Sa ve ba ze muSa ob da. miRe bu li David Chkuaseli, Rachia Demirkhanov, mona ce me bis gaTva lis wi ne biT damu- Viktor Gusev, and engineer Eger Herard Savda qarxnis proeq ti weli wad Si 20 14 tona liTo nu ri uranis misa Re bad nacvlad demon ta Jam de germa ni a Si ar sebu li 10 t. warma do bis qarxni sa. am pro eqtis praqti ku li ganxor ci- e le bi saT vis jgu fi, ro mel Sic Se- diod nen a. baro ni, g. virci, h. ti- me, g. hor tma ni da sxv. ga da iy va nes q. eleqtros talSi, №12 qar xana Si. 1946 wlis bolos qar xana ukve awar- moeb da 0,5 t liTo nur urans yovel- dRiu rad, xo lo 1950 wlis Tvis ki 1 to nas yo vel dRi u rad. am pro eq tis gan xor ci e le bi sa da xel mZRva ne lo- bisaT vis niko la us rils mie ni Wa (er- TaderTs germa nel mecni e rebs Soris) socialisturi Sromis gmiris wode ba da pirve li xaris xis stali nu ri pre- mia (`sufTa liTo nu ri uranis samrew- eleqtronuli mikroskopi manfred fon ardene velo teqno lo gi is damu Sa ve bi sa da da nergvi saT vis~). Manfred von Ardenne’s electron microscope me o re xa ris xis sta li nu ri pre mi is or gzis la u re a te bi gax dnen gi un ter virci da her bert time 1949 w. (`sufTa (for “electromagnetic separation of isotopes, liTo nu ri uranis samrew ve lo teqno- lithium-6”). logi is damu Sa ve bi sa da daner gvi saT- vis~) da 1951 w. (`ma Ra li si suf Ta vis By the end of 1947 in Peter Thiessen’s liTo nu ri uranis samrew ve lo teqno- laboratory the work on the manufacture of logi is damu Sa ve bi sa da misgan nake- fl at branching fi lters for diffusion separation To baTa damza debi saT vis~). of isotopes was completed; the diffusion sfti-Si manfred fon ar denes xel- constants for hexafl uoride uranium through mZRvane lo biT ssrk-Si pirve lad Se- porous materials were determined by way of iq mna im dro i saT vis msof li o Si sa u- calculations and experiments. On the basis keTe so maska ni re be li eleqtro nu li of these works, a design of tubular fi lters and mikros ko pi mudmi vi magni tu ri lin- their manufacturing technology were worked zebiT da gamWvir va le ekra niT, 30 nm out and a small-scale production of the gar Ce vis una riT. am mik ros ko pi saT- fi lter was arranged in the Institute. In 1948, vis mas 1947 w. mi e ni Wa pir ve li xa ris- the technologies developed by Thiessen xis stali nu ri premia (`eleqtro nuli were introduced in the Plant No. 12 (in the mikros ko pis Seqmni saT vis~). arde nes outskirts of Moscow), where a pilot and xelmZRva ne lo biT mimdi na re ob da mu- then a permanent shop for the production of Sa o ba io ne bis eleq tro mag ni tu ri se- tubular fi lters of the rated output 2,000 fi lters pa ra to ris dap ro eq te ba ze, sa dac ga- per diem was constructed. moye ne bu li iyo ione bis ganar be ne bis dro Si sxva o ba. am sa mu Sa o saT vis mas For these works a large group of SIPT 1953 w. mi e ni Wa me o re xa ris xis sta li- workers was awarded the Stalin Prize of the nuri premia (`liTi um-6 izoto pe bis fi rst degree: Prof. Peter Thiessen, research eleqtro mag ni tu ri gancal ke ve ba~). workers Shalva Burdiashvili, Ludwig Ziel, 15 d. v. Wkuaseli r. a. demirxanovi stalinuri premiis eleqtromagnituri separatori stalinuri premiis laureati laureati Electromagnetic Chkuaseli D.V. separator Demirxanov R. A. Stalin Prize winner Stalin Prize winner mesa me xaris xis stali nu ri premia mie- Roman Trubnikov, and Vsevolod Olshansky niWaT arde nes Semdeg Tanam Srom lebs : (for “development of a technology for da viT viq to ris Ze Wku a sels, ra Cia production of tubular fi lters and diffusion ara mis Ze demir xa novs, viq tor mi xe- machines”). i lis Ze gu sev sa da in Ji ner he rard egers (`liTi um-6 izoto pe bis eleq- Another group of SIPT scientists – Reinhold tromag ni tu ri gancal ke ve ba~). Reichmann (posthumously), engineer Vladimir Ermin, Doctor of Chemical profe sor piter tise nis labo ra to- Sciences Vsevolod Karzhavin, senior ria Si ukve 1947 w. miwu ru lis Tvis dam- researcher Natalia Ermina, researchers Tav rda sa mu Sa o e bi izo to pe bis di- Konstantin Glinsky, Aleksey Lyubimtsev, fuzu ri gancal ke ve bis meTo di saT vis and Margarita Aginosova were awarded brtyeli ganma cal ke ve be li filtre- Stalin Prizes (for “development of tubular bis dasam za deb lad. Teo ri u li gaT- ceramic fi lters for diffusion machines”). vlebi Ta da eqspe ri men tiT gani saz- Rvra fo ro van ma sa leb Si ura nis fto- The laboratory headed by Prof. Max ridis (UF ) di fu zi is kon stan te bi. am 6 Steenbeck developed a method for separation sa mu Sa o e bis sa fuZ vel ze in sti tut Si of uranium isotopes by means of a gas damu Sav da mili seb ri filtre bis kon- centrifuge. When designing the centrifuge, struq cia da ma Ti war mo e bis teq no- Steenbeck and co-workers had to get over logia. daiw yo filtre bis mcire par- serious technical problems associated with tiis warmo e ba. 1948 w. tise nis mier the development of a method for the tube damu Sa ve bu li teqno lo gia dai ner ga anti-hunting, manufacture of bearing with №12 qarxa na Si (moskov Tan axlos), sa- continuous supply of UF and extraction of dac aSenda jer sacde li, xolo Sem- 6 U235F in the rotating tube at a speed 60,000 deg mudmi vi saam qro sapro eqto sim- 6 ZlavriT 2000 mili seb ri filtri dRe- rpm. The pilot centrifuge, 50 cm in length, Si. am sa mu Sa o e bi saT vis 1951w. sfti-s that ensured the desired enrichment was Tanam Sro mel Ta did jgufs mie ni Wa constructed and tested for separation of pirve li xaris xis stali nu ri premia : uranium isotopes. profe sor peter tisens, mecni er Ta- Max Steenbeck recollected: “My work namSrom lebs Salva sabas Ze burdi aS- 16 v. a. karJavini leninis S. s. burdiaSvili v. n. ermini da stalinuri premiis stalinuri premiis stalinuri premiis laureati laureati laureati V.A. Karzhavin Sh. S. Burdiashvili V.N. Yermin Lenin Prize Stalin Prize winner Stalin Prize winner and Stalin Prize winner vils, ludvig cils, roman aleqsis Ze on centrifuges ended in Leningrad. trubni kov sa da vsevo lod iuli a nes Together with several co-workers from Ze olSev skis (`mili seb ri filtre bi- Sukhumi I shared our experience with a sa da difu zu ri manqa ne bis sawar moo group of production-skilled physicists, teqno lo gi is damu Sa ve ba~). mathematicians and designers, who soon left our advances behind by using own ideas in sfti-is mecni er Ta meo re jgufs − re- i nold ernst ra ix mans (sik vdi lis the technical application” [11]. Semdeg), inJi ner vladi mer ermins, In the late 1950s, this centrifuge, after qimi ur mecni e re ba Ta doqtor vsevo- defi nite design debugging (by Isaak Kikoin’s lod kar Ja vins, uf ros mec ni er-Ta- group), made the USSR the holder of namSro mel nata lia ermi nas, mecni er- the most advanced uranium enrichment Tanam Sro mels konstan ti ne glinskis, technology. These works resulted in the aleqsi liu bim cev sa da marga ri ta

doqtori g. cippe, gazuri centrifugis sacdeli centrifugis erT-erTi nimuSebi Semqmneli

Centrifuge prototypes Doctor Zippe One of gas centrifuge developers

17 agino so vas (`difu zu ri manqa ne bi saT- commissioning of the fi rst in the world gas- vis kera mi ku li mili seb ri filtre bis rotary plant for uranium enrichment at the sawar moo teqno lo gi is damu Sa ve ba~). Ural Electrochemical Combine in 1946. maqs kristi an Teo dor Steen be kis la- One of the main tasks of the Institute was bo ra to ri a Si da mu Sav da ura nis izo- the making of uranium diffusiion plants. The tope bis gazu ri centri fu giT gan- work in this direction was conducted by a calke ve bis meTo di. centri fu gis group composesd of Heintz Barwich, Prof. proeq ti re bi sas Stein bek ma da misma Yu. Krutkov (transferred to the Institute from Tanam Srom leb ma daZli es seri o zu- a Soviet camp of PWOs) under the general li teqni ku ri sirTu le, rome lic leadership of Gustav Hertz. ukavSir de bo da milis rxevis CaxSo- bis proble mas, 60 000 br/wT mbruna- The results of these works were used upon vi milis sakis re bis damza de ba UF -is 6 construction of the Ural Electrochemical uwyve tad Sesay va nad da U235F -is gan- 6 Combine (in Novo-Uralsk), after sacal ke veb lad. 50 sm sig rZis sac de- commissionining of which in 1949 Doctor li centri fu ga, romel zec misa Re bi Heintz Barwich, Prof. Gustav Hertz, and gamdid re ba iqna miRe bu li. Seiq mna da Prof. Yuri Krutkov were awarded Stalin war ma te biT ga mo i ca da ura nis izo to- Prizes of the second degree for “conduct of pebis gancal ke ve ba ze. theoretic research for stability of the process m. Steen be ki igoneb da : `Ce mi sa mu Sao of gaseous diffusion in the cascades of centri fu ga ze dasrul da lenin- diffusion machines”. grad Si. so xu mel Ta nam Sro mel Ta jgufTan erTad Cveni gamoc di le ba The development in the institute of one of ga vu zi a re war mo e ba Si ga mob rZme dil the most priority tasks – production of heavy jgufs, rome lic Sedge bo da fizi- water, the production technology of which ko se bis, ma Te ma ti ko se bi sa da kon- did not exist in the USSR, was charged to struq to re bi sa gan, rom leb mac teq- Max Vollmer’s group, which was composed niku ri gamo ye ne bis saku Ta ri idee bi of W. Bayerl, G. Richter and others. They ga na xor ci e les da ukan mo i to ves Cve- developed a technology for producing heavy ni miRwe ve bi~ [11]. water by means of ammonia distillation,

i. a krutkovi (1949) doqtori doqtori vilhelm stalinuri premiis verner harmani menke laureati Krutkov Yu. А. Dr. Werner Hartmann Dr. Wilhelm Menke Stalin Prize Laureate

18 50-iani wlebis bolos am centri fu- conducted theoretical and experimental gam gar kve u li da mu Sa ve bis Sem deg (i. works on measuring the coeffi cient of k. kiko i nis jgu fis mi er) ssrk uz run- separation of heavy and light hydrogene velyo ura nis gamdid re bis yvela ze isotope upon isotope exchange between mowi na ve teqno lo gi iT. am samu Sa- water and ammonia. In the end of 1946, Max oe bis Sede gi iyo 1946 wels uralis Vollmer’s group was transferred to the NII- eleqtro qi mi u ri kombi na tis gaSve ba, 9 (today A. Bochvar All-Russian Scientifi c rome lic msofli o Si uranis centri- Research Institute for Inorganic Materials), fugu ri gamdid re bis pirvel qarxa nas where a specialized design bureau was set to warmo ad gen da. design and establish a heavy water product in sti tu tis erT-erT um Tav res amo ca- ion plant in Norilsk. Afterwards Volmer’s na iyo uranis difu zu ri gamdid re bis group was transferred to the danad ga re bis Seqmna. am mimar Tu le- laboratory of NII-9 for extracting Plutonium biT samu Sa os asru leb da jgufi hainc isotopes. barvi xi sa, prof. i. n. krutko vis (ro- melic insti tut Si sasje laR sru le bis A weighty contribution to the development adgi le bi dan gadmoiyvanes) da sxvebis of Soviet nuclear instrumentation was made Semad gen lo bi T, gustav hercis xel- by the Laboratory for mass-spectrometry mZRvane lo biT. Semdgom am samu Sa os under the leadership of Dr. W. Schütze. Sede ge bi gamo ye ne bul iqna uralis A mass-spectrometer enabling to register eleqtro qi mi u ri kombi nat Si (novo- isotopes of heavy elements was designed uralskSi), romlis gaSve bis Semdeg and manufactured in the laboratory. Such 1949 wels fizi ka-ma Te ma ti kur mecni- mass-spectrometers were not manufactured ere ba Ta doqtor hain rix barvixs, pro- in the USSR, neither they were made in fesor gustav hercsa da profe sor . In 1949, two prototypes of the iuri aleqsan dres Ze krutkovs mie ni- mass-spectrometer were manufactured in WaT meo re xaris xis stali nu ri premia the Institute’s shops, one of which was `difu zu ri manqa ne bis kaskad Si gazu ri delivered to the Ministry of the Means of difu zi is proce sis mdgrado bis Teo- Communication Insdustry of the USSR for ri u li kvle ve bi saT vis~. organizing their serial production, another insti tut Si maqs folme ris jgufs, being sent to a plant in Novouralsk for ro melSic Sedi od nen v. bai er li, g. making routine analyses. rix te ri da sxv., da e va la mZi me wylis miRe bis urTu le si teqno lo gi u ri Already in the second half of 1949 the amo ca nis ga daW ra, rom lis teq no lo- Ministry of the Means of Communication giac ssrk-Si ar ar sebob da. maT da a- Industry produced 5 mass-spectrometers mu Sa ves ami a kis dis ti la ti dan mZi me developed by SIPT. wylis miRe bis meTo di. Catar da Te- o ri u li da eq spe ri men tu li sa mu Sa o- Under decision of the Council of Misters of e bi wyal ba dis mZi me da msu bu qi izo- the USSR, Dr. Werner Schütze was awarded tope bis gancal ke ve bis koe fi ci en tis a Stalin Prize, while his co-workers Ketevan da sadge nad wyalsa da amiaks So ris Orjonikidze and Nikolay Shekhovtsev izoto pu ri gacvlis proces Si. 1946 w. received the Order of the Red Banner of bolos m. folme ris jgufi gada iy va- Labor; Alexey Bolotnikov and Anatoly nes ski-9-Si (amJa mad a. a. boC varis sax. Chernov – the Order of the Badge of Honor araor ga nu li masa le bis insti tu ti), (for “design and manufacture of a mass- sa dac da ar sda spe ci a lu ri sa kon- spectrograph”). The Institute started to work struq to ro bi u ro, no ril skis mZi me on the manufacture of a high-precision mass- 19 wylis mwar mo e be li qar xnis pro eq ti- spectrograph that could enable detecting rebi sa da Seqmni saT vis. amis Semdeg defects of the mass of nuclei and be of great folme ris jgufi gada iy va nes ski-9-is assistance for researchers engaged in the ra di u mis la bo ra to ri a Si plu to ni u- area of nuclear physics. In the 1950s the mis izoto pe bis gancal ke ve bis samu- work was successfully completed. Sa o eb ze. sabWo Ta birTvu li gamzo mi teqni kis Doctor Hartmann’s laboratory designed and ganvi Ta re ba Si mniSvne lo va ni wvlili manufactured fi ve a-counters to measure the Se i ta na mas speq tro met ri is la bo ra- uranium concentration rate according to the to riam, ro melsac doqto ri v. Sutce intensity of a-rays. The devices tested at the xelmZRva ne lob da. labo ra to ri a Si Institute demonstrated positive results and damu Sav da da Seiq mna masspeq tro met- were sent to Novouralsk plant for further ri, rom li Tac mZi me ele men te bis izo- testing and introduction. tope bis regis tra cia xdebo da. msgav- si speqtro metri ssrk-Si ar mzad- In 1948-1949, the main tasks assigned to debob da, iseve rogorc evro pa Si. Sukhumi institutes were implemented and 1949 w. in sti tut Si dam zad da ori introduced at different plants of the USSR masspeq tro met ri, erTi gada e ca kav- with the participation of specialists from Sirgab mu lo bis saSu a le ba Ta sami nis- SIPT. tros ma Ti se ri u li war mo e bi saT vis, me o re ga ag zav nes no vo u ral skis qar- To master the designs and methods developed xana Si mimdi na re anali ze bis Casa ta- at SIPT, the following specialists were sent reblad. to different plants: 1949 w. me o re na xev ri saT vis kav Sir- gabmu lo bis saSu a le ba Ta sami nis- Ermin V.N. – to the Elektrostal Center of trom gamo uS va sfti-Si damu Sa ve bu li Hard Alloys for industrial development of xuTi masspeq tro metri. ceramic fi lters. ssrk minis trTa sabWos dadge ni le biT Karzhavin V.A. – to the Novouralsk Center

Sexovcevi n. a. sfti-Si Seqmnili,msoflioSi q. g. orjonikiZe saxelmwifo premiis erT-erTi pirveli saxelmwifo premiis orgzis laureati masspeqtrometri laureati 1945-1950 wlebi Shekhovtsev N.A. Orjonikidze Twice Stalin Prize One of the fi rst in the world K.G. USSR State winner mass-spectrometers designed Prize winner at SIPT in 1945-1950

20 1949 w. verner Sutces mie ni Wa stali- to implement anti-corrosion activities. nuri premia, xolo misi Ta namSrom- lebi qeTe van orjo ni ki Ze da niko lai Shekhovtsev N.A. – to the Novouralsk Sexov ce vi dajil dov dnen Sromis wi- Center for industrial development of mass- Teli droSis orde ne biT, aleqsi bo- spectrometers. lot ni ko vi da ana to li Cer no vi Rir- sebis niSnis or deniT (`mas speqtro- Prof. Thiessen – to the Elektrostal plant metris konstruq ci is damu Sa ve ba da No. 12 to assist in the production of tubular damza de ba~). insti tut Si daiw yes mu- fi lters. Sa o ba ma Ra li si zus tis mas speq tro- A report on the carried out theoretical and grafis Sesaq mne lad birTve bis masis practical investigations of the radioactivity defeq tis gansaz Rvri saT vis, rac di- di xelSew yo ba iqne bo da mkvleva re- impact on simple organisms conducted in Dr. bisaT vis, radgan es sakiT xi im dros Menke’s laboratory was heard in the biology me tad sa ka ma To iyo. sa mu Sao war ma te- section of the PGU Scientifi c Council of biT dasrul da 50-ian wlebSi. the First Chief Directorate and received a doq tor har tma nis la bo ra to ri a Si positive assessment. Menke’s laboratory damu Sav da konstruq cia da damzad- was decided to transfer to Laboratory “B” da alfa-na wi la ke bis 5 mTvleli ura- in Sungul, Chelyabinsk district, where the nis gamdid re bis xaris xis da sadge nad. topic developed by the group was the main xelsaw yo gamo i ca da insti tut Si da direction of this lab’s activity and research dade bi Ti Sede gi iqna miRe bu li, ris leader – worldwide biophysicist N. V. Semdeg gaig zav na novo u ral skSi Sem- Timofeev-Resovski. dgomi kvleve bi saT vis da warmo e ba Si dasa ner gad. In 1951, Hartmann’s laboratory completed 1948-1949 ww. soxu mis obieq te bi sad- the development of equipment for measuring mi mice mu li dava le be bi srulad iyo nuclear magnetic moments according to the Sesru le bu li da daner gi li ssrk molecular beams technique. Measurements sxvadas xva sawar mo Si. sfti-Si damu- of magnetic moments of the nuclei of Save bu li konstruq ci e bi sa da meTo- different elements were initiated. The debis sxvadas xva sawar mo eb Si dasa- method of molecular beams is of interest nergad gaig zav nen speci a lis te bi : in studying a number of elements, to which ermi ni v.n. jgufTan erTad − mya ri Se- other research methods are inapplicable. nadno be bis kombi nat Si kera mi ku li mfiltra vi mile bis warmo e ba Si CasaS- In addition to the aforesaid, Ardenne’s group vebad; had also designed and built an electronic pro feso ri kar Javi ni v.a. jgufiT − source, the current density of which exceeded no vo u ral skis kom bi nat Si, ko ro zi is ten times that of the known prototypes. The sawi na aR mde go Ronis Zi e be bis gansa- beam direction in this source also exceeded xor ci e leb lad; ten times the maximum achieved by other Sexov ce vi n.a. - novo u ral skis kombi- methods. Currents over 200 ampere per nat Si, war mo e ba Si mas speq tro met re- square centimeter were produced in the bis dasa ner gad; source. profe so ri piter tise ni jgufiT − №12 qarxa na Si eleqtros tal Si, mi- After the test of fi rst atomic bomb in the liseb ri filtre bis warmo e bi saT vis USSR in August 1949, German specialists daxma re bis gasa we vad. were gradually taken out from secret works moxse ne ba doqtor menkes labo ra to- and transferred to the development of non-

21 ri a Si Ca ta re bu li mar tiv or ga niz mze secret topics. ra di a ci is gav le nis Te o ri u li da eq- speri men tu li kvleve bis Sede ge bis From 1955 to 1958 German specialists Sesa xeb wardge ni li iqna pirve li mTa- started to return to their homeland, but the vari sammar Tve los bio lo gi u ri seq- research institute SIPT – best equipped by ciis samec ni e ro-teq ni kur sabWo ze that time in the USSR and staffed with the da dade bi Ti Sefa se ba mii Ro. gadaw- specialists of the highest qualifi cation. yda menkes jgufis ga dayva na `b~ la- bo ra to ri a Si (sun gu li, Ce li a bin skis All this and the traditional German diligence, olqi), sadac es Tema am obieq tis Zi- punctuality, correctness and responsibility riTa di samu Sao mimar Tule ba gaxda. adopted by our specialists have had a 1951 w. har tma nis la bo ra to ri a Si das- dramatic effect on the further development rulda mole ku lu ri sxive biT bir- and progress of SIPT. Tvebis magni tu ri momen tis ganmsaz- Rvreli apara tu ris damu Sa ve ba. da- iwyo mTeli rigi birTve bis magni tu- ri momen te bis gansaz Rvra. es meTo di ga mo i ye ne ba im ele men te bis Se sas wav- lad, romle bi saT vis sxva meTo de bis gamo ye ne ba SeuZ le be lia. gar da ami sa, ar de nes jguf ma da ap ro- eqta da Seqmna eleqtro ne bis wyaro, romlis denis simkvri ve gaci le biT aWar beb da cno bil ana lo gebs. sxi vis ko nis mi mar Tva aTe ul jer uke Te si iyo sxva meTo de biT miRe bul Tan Se- da re biT, xo lo de nis sim kvri ve aRe- mate bo da 200 a/sm-2. 1949 w. ag vis to Si ssrk-Si pir ve li atomu ri bombis warma te bu li gamoc- dis Semdeg daiw yo germa ne li mecni e- re bis sa i dum lo sa mu Sa o e bi dan eta- pobri vi gamoy va na da Ria saxis samu- Sa o eb ze ga day va na. 1955-1958 ww. germa ne li speci a lis te- bi Ta na da Ta no biT dab run dnen sam- Sob lo Si, mag ram sa qar Tve lo Si dar- Ca insti tu ti − sfti, aR Wur vi li im dro i saT vis ssrk-Si sa u ke Te so xel- sawyo-da nad ga re biT da dakom pleq- te bu li, ger ma ne li mec ni e re bis mi er aR zrdi li sa u ke Te so kad re biT, rom- lebsac samec ni e ro-kvle vi Ti samu Sa- o e bis mdi da ri ga moc di le ba hqon daT miRe bu li da romleb mac Semdgom Si didi wvlili Sei ta nes mecni e re bi sa da teqni kis sxvadas xva aqtu a lu ri sa- kiTxe bis gadaw yve ta Si.

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